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Diffstat (limited to 'doc')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/draft/draft-ietf-behave-dns64-11.txt (renamed from doc/draft/draft-ietf-behave-dns64-10.txt) | 804 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/draft/draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-bis-updates-12.txt (renamed from doc/draft/draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-bis-updates-10.txt) | 398 |
2 files changed, 629 insertions, 573 deletions
diff --git a/doc/draft/draft-ietf-behave-dns64-10.txt b/doc/draft/draft-ietf-behave-dns64-11.txt index 3d8200f9..3c5ac813 100644 --- a/doc/draft/draft-ietf-behave-dns64-10.txt +++ b/doc/draft/draft-ietf-behave-dns64-11.txt @@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ BEHAVE WG M. Bagnulo Internet-Draft UC3M Intended status: Standards Track A. Sullivan -Expires: January 6, 2011 Shinkuro +Expires: April 4, 2011 Shinkuro P. Matthews Alcatel-Lucent I. van Beijnum IMDEA Networks - July 5, 2010 + October 1, 2010 DNS64: DNS extensions for Network Address Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers - draft-ietf-behave-dns64-10 + draft-ietf-behave-dns64-11 Abstract @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Status of this Memo time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." - This Internet-Draft will expire on January 6, 2011. + This Internet-Draft will expire on April 4, 2011. Copyright Notice @@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ Copyright Notice -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 1] +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 1] -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents @@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 2] +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 2] -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 Table of Contents @@ -118,58 +118,58 @@ Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Background to DNS64-DNSSEC interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 4. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 5. DNS64 Normative Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 4. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 5. DNS64 Normative Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.1. Resolving AAAA queries and the answer section . . . . . . 11 - 5.1.1. The answer when there is AAAA data available . . . . . 11 - 5.1.2. The answer when there is an error . . . . . . . . . . 11 + 5.1.1. The answer when there is AAAA data available . . . . . 12 + 5.1.2. The answer when there is an error . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.1.3. Dealing with timeouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 5.1.4. Special exclusion set for AAAA records . . . . . . . . 12 - 5.1.5. Dealing with CNAME and DNAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 5.1.4. Special exclusion set for AAAA records . . . . . . . . 13 + 5.1.5. Dealing with CNAME and DNAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.1.6. Data for the answer when performing synthesis . . . . 13 - 5.1.7. Performing the synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 + 5.1.7. Performing the synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.1.8. Querying in parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.2. Generation of the IPv6 representations of IPv4 - addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 + addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.3. Handling other Resource Records and the Additional - Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 5.3.1. PTR Resource Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 5.3.2. Handling the additional section . . . . . . . . . . . 16 + Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 + 5.3.1. PTR Resource Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 + 5.3.2. Handling the additional section . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.3.3. Other Resource Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 - 5.4. Assembling a synthesized response to a AAAA query . . . . 17 - 5.5. DNSSEC processing: DNS64 in recursive resolver mode . . . 17 - 6. Deployment notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + 5.4. Assembling a synthesized response to a AAAA query . . . . 18 + 5.5. DNSSEC processing: DNS64 in validating resolver mode . . . 18 + 6. Deployment notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.1. DNS resolvers and DNS64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 - 6.2. DNSSEC validators and DNS64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 - 6.3. DNS64 and multihomed and dual-stack hosts . . . . . . . . 19 - 6.3.1. IPv6 multihomed hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 - 6.3.2. Accidental dual-stack DNS64 use . . . . . . . . . . . 20 - 6.3.3. Intentional dual-stack DNS64 use . . . . . . . . . . . 20 - 7. Deployment scenarios and examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 + 6.2. DNSSEC validators and DNS64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 + 6.3. DNS64 and multihomed and dual-stack hosts . . . . . . . . 20 + 6.3.1. IPv6 multihomed hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 + 6.3.2. Accidental dual-stack DNS64 use . . . . . . . . . . . 21 + 6.3.3. Intentional dual-stack DNS64 use . . . . . . . . . . . 21 + 7. Deployment scenarios and examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7.1. Example of An-IPv6-network-to-IPv4-Internet setup with DNS64 in DNS server mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7.2. An example of an-IPv6-network-to-IPv4-Internet setup - with DNS64 in stub-resolver mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 + with DNS64 in stub-resolver mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7.3. Example of IPv6-Internet-to-an-IPv4-network setup - DNS64 in DNS server mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 + DNS64 in DNS server mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 - 9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 - 10. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 - 11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 + 9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 + 10. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 + 11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 - 12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 + 12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Appendix A. Motivations and Implications of synthesizing AAAA Resource Records when real AAAA Resource Records -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 3] +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 3] -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 - exist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 + exist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 @@ -220,9 +220,9 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 4] +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 4] -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 1. Introduction @@ -254,17 +254,33 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 connect to IPv4-only servers. In the typical case, the approach only requires the deployment of IPv6/IPv4 translators that connect an IPv6-only network to an IPv4-only network, along with the deployment - of one or more DNS64-enabled name servers. However, some advanced - features require performing the DNS64 function directly in the end- - hosts themselves. + of one or more DNS64-enabled name servers. However, some features + require performing the DNS64 function directly in the end-hosts + themselves. + + This document is structured as follows: section 2 provides a non- + normative overview of the behaviour of DNS64. Section 3 provides a + non-normative background required to understand the interaction + between DNS64 and DNSSEC. The normative specification of DNS64 is + provided in sections 4, 5 and 6. Section 4 defines the terminology, + section 5 is the actual DNS64 specification and section 6 covers + deployments issues. Section 7 is non-normative and provides a set of + examples and typical deployment scenarios. 2. Overview - This section provides a non-normative introduction to the DNS64 - mechanism. + This section provides an introduction to the DNS64 mechanism. We assume that we have one or more IPv6/IPv4 translator boxes + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 5] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + connecting an IPv4 network and an IPv6 network. The IPv6/IPv4 translator device provides translation services between the two networks enabling communication between IPv4-only hosts and IPv6-only @@ -273,14 +289,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 only IPv6 connectivity is available to the client. By IPv4-only servers we mean servers running IPv4-only applications, servers that can only use IPv4, as well as cases where only IPv4 connectivity is - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 5] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - available to the server). Each IPv6/IPv4 translator used in conjunction with DNS64 must allow communications initiated from the IPv6-only host to the IPv4-only host. @@ -321,6 +329,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 has that particular Pref64::/n configured, so they can be translated into IPv4 packets. + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 6] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + Once the DNS64 has synthesized the AAAA RRs, the synthetic AAAA RRs are passed back to the IPv6 initiator, which will initiate an IPv6 communication with the IPv6 address associated with the IPv4 @@ -329,14 +345,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 In general, the only shared state between the DNS64 and the IPv6/IPv4 translator is the Pref64::/n and an optional set of static - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 6] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - parameters. The Pref64::/n and the set of static parameters must be configured to be the same on both; there is no communication between the DNS64 device and IPv6/IPv4 translator functions. The mechanism @@ -377,27 +385,27 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 the IPv6-only initiator. The main advantage of this mode is that current IPv6 nodes can use this mechanism without requiring any modification. This mode is called "DNS64 in DNS recursive resolver - mode" . This is a second type of DNS64 server, and it is also one - type of DNS64 resolver. - - The last option is to place the DNS64 function in the end hosts, - coupled to the local (stub) resolver. In this case, the stub - resolver will try to obtain (real) AAAA RRs and in case they are not - available, the DNS64 function will synthesize AAAA RRs for internal - usage. This mode is compatible with some advanced functions like -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 7] +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 7] -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 - DNSSEC validation in the end host. The main drawback of this mode is - its deployability, since it requires changes in the end hosts. This - mode is called "DNS64 in stub-resolver mode". This is the second + mode". This is a second type of DNS64 server, and it is also one type of DNS64 resolver. + The last option is to place the DNS64 function in the end hosts, + coupled to the local (stub) resolver. In this case, the stub + resolver will try to obtain (real) AAAA RRs and in case they are not + available, the DNS64 function will synthesize AAAA RRs for internal + usage. This mode is compatible with some functions like DNSSEC + validation in the end host. The main drawback of this mode is its + deployability, since it requires changes in the end hosts. This mode + is called "DNS64 in stub-resolver mode". This is the second type of + DNS64 resolver. + 3. Background to DNS64-DNSSEC interaction @@ -432,23 +440,26 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 Here are the possible cases: + + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 8] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + 1. A DNS64 (DNSSEC-aware or DNSSEC-oblivious) receives a query with the DO bit clear. In this case, DNSSEC is not a concern, because - the querying agent does not understand DNSSEC responses. + the querying agent does not understand DNSSEC responses. The + DNS64 can do validation of the response, if dictated by its local + policy. 2. A security-oblivious DNS64 receives a query with the DO bit set, and the CD bit clear or set. This is just like the case of a non-DNS64 case: the server doesn't support it, so the querying agent is out of luck. - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 8] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - 3. A security-aware and non-validating DNS64 receives a query with the DO bit set and the CD bit clear. Such a resolver is not validating responses, likely due to local policy (see [RFC4035], @@ -456,16 +467,16 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 the previous case, and no validation happens. 4. A security-aware and non-validating DNS64 receives a query with - the DO bit set and the CD bit set. In this case, the resolver is + the DO bit set and the CD bit set. In this case, the DNS64 is supposed to pass on all the data it gets to the query initiator (see section 3.2.2 of [RFC4035]). This case will not work with DNS64, unless the validating resolver is prepared to do DNS64 - itself. If the DNS64 server modifies the record, the client will - get the data back and try to validate it, and the data will be + itself. If the DNS64 modifies the record, the client will get + the data back and try to validate it, and the data will be invalid as far as the client is concerned. - 5. A security-aware and validating DNS64 node receives a query with - the DO bit clear and CD clear. In this case, the resolver + 5. A security-aware and validating DNS64 resolver receives a query + with the DO bit clear and CD clear. In this case, the resolver validates the data. If it fails, it returns RCODE 2 (Server failure); otherwise, it returns the answer. This is the ideal case for vDNS64. The resolver validates the data, and then @@ -473,18 +484,25 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 client, which is presumably not validating (else it should have set DO and CD), cannot tell that DNS64 is involved. - 6. A security-aware and validating DNS64 node receives a query with - the DO bit set and CD clear. This works like the previous case, - except that the resolver should also set the "Authentic Data" - (AD) bit on the response. + 6. A security-aware and validating DNS64 resolver receives a query + with the DO bit set and CD clear. This works like the previous + case, except that the resolver should also set the "Authentic + Data" (AD) bit on the response. + + 7. A security-aware and validating DNS64 resolver receives a query + with the DO bit set and CD set. This is effectively the same as + the case where a security-aware and non-validating recursive + resolver receives a similar query, and the same thing will + happen: the downstream validator will mark the data as invalid if + DNS64 has performed synthesis. The node needs to do DNS64 + itself, or else communication will fail. - 7. A security-aware and validating DNS64 node receives a query with - the DO bit set and CD set. This is effectively the same as the - case where a security-aware and non-validating recursive resolver - receives a similar query, and the same thing will happen: the - downstream validator will mark the data as invalid if DNS64 has - performed synthesis. The node needs to do DNS64 itself, or else - communication will fail. + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 9] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 4. Terminology @@ -496,39 +514,52 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. - - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 9] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - Authoritative server: A DNS server that can answer authoritatively a - given DNS question. + given DNS request. DNS64: A logical function that synthesizes DNS resource records (e.g AAAA records containing IPv6 addresses) from DNS resource records actually contained in the DNS (e.g., A records containing IPv4 addresses). - DNS64 recursor: A recursive resolver that provides the DNS64 - functionality as part of its operation. This is the same thing as - "DNS64 in recursive resolver mode". + DNS64 recursive resolver: A recursive resolver that provides the + DNS64 functionality as part of its operation. This is the same + thing as "DNS64 in recursive resolver mode". DNS64 resolver: Any resolver (stub resolver or recursive resolver) that provides the DNS64 function. - DNS64 server: Any server providing the DNS64 function. + DNS64 server: Any server providing the DNS64 function. This + includes the server portion of a recursive resolver when it is + providing the DNS64 function. + + IPv4-only server: Servers running IPv4-only applications, servers + that can only use IPv4, as well as cases where only IPv4 + connectivity is available to the server. + + IPv6-only hosts: Hosts running IPv6-only applications, hosts that + can only use IPv6, as well as cases where only IPv6 connectivity + is available to the client. Recursive resolver: A DNS server that accepts requests from one resolver, and asks another server (of some description) for the - answer on behalf of the first resolver. + answer on behalf of the first resolver. Full discussion of DNS + recursion is beyond the scope of this document; see [RFC1034] and + [RFC1035] for full details. Synthetic RR: A DNS resource record (RR) that is not contained in - any zone data file, but has been synthesized from other RRs. An - example is a synthetic AAAA record created from an A record. + the authoritative servers' zone data, but which is instead + synthesized from other RRs in the same zone. An example is a + synthetic AAAA record created from an A record. + + + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 10] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + IPv6/IPv4 translator: A device that translates IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets and vice-versa. It is only required that the @@ -554,17 +585,17 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 though it were a "plain" DNS resolver or name server conforming to [RFC1034], and [RFC1035]. - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 10] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - The implementation SHOULD support mapping of separate IPv4 address ranges to separate IPv6 prefixes for AAAA record synthesis. This allows handling of special use IPv4 addresses [RFC5735]. + DNS messages contain several sections. The portion of a DNS message + that is altered by DNS64 is the Answer section, which is discussed + below in section Section 5.1. The resulting synthetic answer is put + together with other sections, and that creates the message that is + actually returned as the response to the DNS query. Assembling that + response is covered below in section Section 5.4. + DNS64 also responds to PTR queries involving addresses containing any of the IPv6 prefixes it uses for synthesis of AAAA RRs. @@ -578,6 +609,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 other than IN is undefined, and a DNS64 MUST behave as though no DNS64 function is configured. + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 11] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + 5.1.1. The answer when there is AAAA data available If the query results in one or more AAAA records in the answer @@ -601,21 +640,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 to the client does not need any special assembly than would usually happen in DNS operation. - Any other RCODE is treated as though the RCODE were 0 and the answer - section were empty. This is because of the large number of different - responses from deployed name servers when they receive AAAA queries - without a AAAA record being available (see [RFC4074]). Note that - this means, for practical purposes, that several different classes of - error in the DNS are all treated as though a AAAA record is not - available for that owner name. - - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 11] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - + Any other RCODE is treated as though the RCODE were 0 (see sections + Section 5.1.6 and Section 5.1.7) and the answer section were empty. + This is because of the large number of different responses from + deployed name servers when they receive AAAA queries without a AAAA + record being available (see [RFC4074]). Note that this means, for + practical purposes, that several different classes of error in the + DNS are all treated as though a AAAA record is not available for that + owner name. It is important to note that, as of this writing, some servers respond with RCODE=3 to a AAAA query even if there is an A record @@ -628,7 +660,18 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 If the query receives no answer before the timeout (which might be the timeout from every authoritative server, depending on whether the DNS64 is in recursive resolver mode), it is treated as RCODE=2 - (Server failure). . + (Server failure). + + + + + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 12] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + 5.1.4. Special exclusion set for AAAA records @@ -665,14 +708,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 chain is followed until the first terminating A or AAAA record is reached. This may require the DNS64 to ask for an A record, in case the response to the original AAAA query is a CNAME or DNAME without a - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 12] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - AAAA record to follow. The resulting AAAA or A record is treated like any other AAAA or A case, as appropriate. @@ -686,6 +721,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 response, the DNS64 attempts to retrieve A records for the name in question, either by performing another query or, in the case of an authoritative server, by examining its own results. If this new A RR + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 13] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + query results in an empty answer or in an error, then the empty result or error is used as the basis for the answer returned to the querying client. If instead the query results in one or more A RRs, @@ -698,9 +741,9 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 A synthetic AAAA record is created from an A record as follows: - o The NAME field is set to the NAME field from the A record + o The NAME field is set to the NAME field from the A record. - o The TYPE field is set to 28 (AAAA) + o The TYPE field is set to 28 (AAAA). o The CLASS field is set to the original CLASS field, 1. Under this specification, DNS64 for any CLASS other than 1 is undefined. @@ -711,24 +754,17 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 new query, but it can remember the TTL from the SOA RR in the negative response to the AAAA query. If the SOA RR was not delivered with the negative response to the AAAA query, then the - DNS64 SHOULD use a default value of 600 seconds. It is possible - instead to query explicitly for the SOA RR and use the result of - that query, but this will increase query load and time to - resolution for little additional benefit.) This is in keeping - with the approach used in negative caching ([RFC2308] + DNS64 SHOULD use a the minimum of the TTL of the original A RR and + 600 seconds. It is possible instead to query explicitly for the + SOA RR and use the result of that query, but this will increase + query load and time to resolution for little additional benefit.) + This is in keeping with the approach used in negative caching + ([RFC2308]. - o The RDLENGTH field is set to 16 + o The RDLENGTH field is set to 16. o The RDATA field is set to the IPv6 representation of the IPv4 - address from the RDATA field of the A record. The DNS64 SHOULD - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 13] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - + address from the RDATA field of the A record. The DNS64 MUST check each A RR against configured IPv4 address ranges and select the corresponding IPv6 prefix to use in synthesizing the AAAA RR. See Section 5.2 for discussion of the algorithms to be used in @@ -737,15 +773,25 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 5.1.8. Querying in parallel The DNS64 MAY perform the query for the AAAA RR and for the A RR in - parallel, in order to minimize the delay. However, this would result - in performing unnecessary A RR queries in the case where no AAAA RR - synthesis is required. A possible trade-off would be to perform them - sequentially but with a very short interval between them, so if we - obtain a fast reply, we avoid doing the additional query. (Note that - this discussion is relevant only if the DNS64 function needs to - perform external queries to fetch the RR. If the needed RR - information is available locally, as in the case of an authoritative - server, the issue is no longer relevant.) + parallel, in order to minimize the delay. + + Note: Querying in parallel will result in performing unnecessary A RR + queries in the case where no AAAA RR synthesis is required. A + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 14] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + + possible trade-off would be to perform them sequentially but with a + very short interval between them, so if we obtain a fast reply, we + avoid doing the additional query. (Note that this discussion is + relevant only if the DNS64 function needs to perform external queries + t fetch the RR. If the needed RR information is available locally, + as in the case of an authoritative server, the issue is no longer + relevant.) 5.2. Generation of the IPv6 representations of IPv4 addresses @@ -777,24 +823,24 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 MUST use these prefixes (and not use the Well-Known Prefix). If no prefix is available, the algorithm MUST use the Well- Known Prefix 64:FF9B::/96 defined in - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 14] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - [I-D.ietf-behave-address-format] to represent the IPv4 unicast address range - [[anchor8: Note in document: The value 64:FF9B::/96 is proposed as + [[anchor6: Note in document: The value 64:FF9B::/96 is proposed as the value for the Well-Known prefix and needs to be confirmed whenis published as RFC.]][I-D.ietf-behave-address-format] A DNS64 MUST support the algorithm for generating IPv6 representations of IPv4 addresses defined in Section 2 of [I-D.ietf-behave-address-format]. Moreover, the aforementioned + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 15] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + algorithm MUST be the default algorithm used by the DNS64. While the normative description of the algorithm is provided in [I-D.ietf-behave-address-format], a sample description of the @@ -810,10 +856,11 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 address portion of the QNAME according to the encoding scheme outlined in section 2.5 of [RFC3596], and examine the resulting address to see whether its prefix matches any of the locally- - configured Pref64::/n. There are two alternatives for a DNS64 server - to respond to such PTR queries. A DNS64 server MUST provide one of - these, and SHOULD NOT provide both at the same time unless different - IP6.ARPA zones require answers of different sorts: + configured Pref64::/n or the default Well-known prefix. There are + two alternatives for a DNS64 server to respond to such PTR queries. + A DNS64 server MUST provide one of these, and SHOULD NOT provide both + at the same time unless different IP6.ARPA zones require answers of + different sorts: 1. The first option is for the DNS64 server to respond authoritatively for its prefixes. If the address prefix matches @@ -833,26 +880,28 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 information that might be in the global DNS is unavailable to the clients querying the DNS64. + 2. The second option is for the DNS64 nameserver to synthesize a + CNAME mapping the IP6.ARPA namespace to the corresponding IN- + ADDR.ARPA name. In this case, the DNS64 nameserver SHOULD ensure + that there is RDATA at the PTR of the corresponding IN-ADDR.ARPA + name, and that there is not an existing CNAME at that name. This + is in order to avoid synthesizing a CNAME that makes a CNAME + chain longer or that does not actually point to anything. The + rest of the response would be the normal DNS processing. The + CNAME can be signed on the fly if need be. The advantage of this -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 15] +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 16] -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 - 2. The second option is for the DNS64 nameserver to synthesize a - CNAME mapping the IP6.ARPA namespace to the corresponding IN- - ADDR.ARPA name. The rest of the response would be the normal DNS - processing. The CNAME can be signed on the fly if need be. The - advantage of this approach is that any useful information in the - reverse tree is available to the querying client. The - disadvantage is that it adds additional load to the DNS64 - (because CNAMEs have to be synthesized for each PTR query that - matches the Pref64::/n), and that it may require signing on the - fly. In addition, the generated CNAME could correspond to an - unpopulated in-addr.arpa zone, so the CNAME would provide a - reference to a non-existent record. + approach is that any useful information in the reverse tree is + available to the querying client. The disadvantage is that it + adds additional load to the DNS64 (because CNAMEs have to be + synthesized for each PTR query that matches the Pref64::/n), and + that it may require signing on the fly. If the address prefix does not match any Pref64::/n, then the DNS64 server MUST process the query as though it were any other query; i.e. @@ -866,44 +915,43 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 additional section of synthesized answers. The DNS64 MUST pass the additional section unchanged. - It may appear that adding synthetic records to the additional section - is desirable, because clients sometimes use the data in the - additional section to proceed without having to re-query. There is - in general no promise, however, that the additional section will - contain all the relevant records, so any client that depends on the - additional section being able to satisfy its needs (i.e. without - additional queries) is necessarily broken. An IPv6-only client that - needs a AAAA record, therefore, will send a query for the necessary - AAAA record if it is unable to find such a record in the additional - section of an answer it is consuming. For a correctly-functioning - client, the effect would be no different if the additional section - were empty. + NOTE: It may appear that adding synthetic records to the + additional section is desirable, because clients sometimes use the + data in the additional section to proceed without having to re- + query. There is in general no promise, however, that the + additional section will contain all the relevant records, so any + client that depends on the additional section being able to + satisfy its needs (i.e. without additional queries) is necessarily + broken. An IPv6-only client that needs a AAAA record, therefore, + will send a query for the necessary AAAA record if it is unable to + find such a record in the additional section of an answer it is + consuming. For a correctly-functioning client, the effect would + be no different if the additional section were empty.The + alternative, of removing the A records in the additional section + and replacing them with synthetic AAAA records, may cause a host + behind a NAT64 to query directly a nameserver that is unaware of + the NAT64 in question. The result in this case will be resolution + failure anyway, only later in the resolution operation. The + prohibition on synthetic data in the additional section reduces, + but does not eliminate, the possibility of resolution failures due + to cached DNS data from behind the DNS64. See Section 6. - The alternative, of removing the A records in the additional section - and replacing them with synthetic AAAA records, may cause a host - behind a NAT64 to query directly a nameserver that is unaware of the - NAT64 in question. The result in this case will be resolution - failure anyway, only later in the resolution operation. - - The prohibition on synthetic data in the additional section reduces, - but does not eliminate, the possibility of resolution failures due to - cached DNS data from behind the DNS64. See Section 6. +5.3.3. Other Resource Records + If the DNS64 is in recursive resolver mode, then considerations + outlined in [I-D.ietf-dnsop-default-local-zones] may be relevant. + All other RRs MUST be returned unchanged. This includes responses to + queries for A RRs. -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 16] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 -5.3.3. Other Resource Records - If the DNS64 is in recursive resolver mode, then considerations - outlined in [I-D.ietf-dnsop-default-local-zones] may be relevant. +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 17] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 - All other RRs MUST be returned unchanged. This includes responses to - queries for A RRs. 5.4. Assembling a synthesized response to a AAAA query @@ -928,7 +976,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 The final response from the DNS64 is subject to all the standard DNS rules, including truncation [RFC1035] and EDNS0 handling [RFC2671]. -5.5. DNSSEC processing: DNS64 in recursive resolver mode +5.5. DNSSEC processing: DNS64 in validating resolver mode We consider the case where a recursive resolver that is performing DNS64 also has a local policy to validate the answers according to @@ -944,15 +992,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 rules about how to do validation and synthesis. In this case, however, vDNS64 MUST NOT set the AD bit in any response. - - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 17] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - 2. If CD is not set and DO is set, then vDNS64 SHOULD perform validation. Whenever vDNS64 performs validation, it MUST validate the negative answer for AAAA queries before proceeding @@ -962,6 +1001,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 as a mechanism to circumvent DNSSEC. If the negative response validates, and the response to the A query validates, then the vDNS64 MAY perform synthesis and SHOULD set the AD bit in the + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 18] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + answer to the client. This is acceptable, because [RFC4035], section 3.2.3 says that the AD bit is set by the name server side of a security-aware recursive name server if and only if it @@ -1001,14 +1048,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 deployment in an internetworking environment with some IPv4-only and IPv6-only networks, it is important to realise that it is incompatible with some things that may be deployed in an IPv4-only or - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 18] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - dual-stack context. 6.1. DNS resolvers and DNS64 @@ -1018,6 +1057,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 resolvers. In a native IPv4 context, this sort of configuration may appear to work. It is impossible to make it work properly without it being aware of the DNS64 function, because it will likely at some + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 19] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + point obtain IPv4-only glue records and attempt to use them for resolution. The result that is returned will contain only A records, and without the ability to perform the DNS64 function the resolver @@ -1031,7 +1078,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 to have validation behind the DNS64, then the validator must know how to perform the DNS64 function itself. Alternatively, the validating host may establish a trusted connection with a DNS64, and allow the - DNS64 recursor to do all validation on its behalf. + DNS64 recursive resolver to do all validation on its behalf. 6.3. DNS64 and multihomed and dual-stack hosts @@ -1058,13 +1105,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 Figure 1: IPv6 multihomed hosts - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 19] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - This example illustrates why it is generally preferable that hosts treat DNS answers from one interface as local to that interface. The answer received on one interface will not work on the other @@ -1073,6 +1113,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 Note that the issue is not that there are two interfaces, but that there are two networks involved. The same results could be achieved + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 20] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + with a single interface routed to two different networks. 6.3.2. Accidental dual-stack DNS64 use @@ -1113,20 +1161,22 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 only accessible using the NAT64. In this case, it is critical that the DNS64 not synthesize AAAA responses for hosts in the LAN, or else that the DNS64 be aware of hosts in the LAN and provide context- - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 20] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - sensitive answers ("split view" DNS answers) for hosts inside the LAN. As with any split view DNS arrangement, operators must be prepared for data to leak from one context to another, and for failures to occur because nodes accessible from one context are not accessible from the other. + + + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 21] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + +---------------+ +-------------+ | i1 (IPv6)+----NAT64--------+IPv4 Internet| | | +-------------+ @@ -1148,13 +1198,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 7. Deployment scenarios and examples - In this section, we walk through some sample scenarios that are - expected to be common deployment cases. It should be noted that this - is provided for illustrative purposes and this section is not - normative. The normative definition of DNS64 is provided in - Section 5 and the normative definition of the address transformation - algorithm is provided in [I-D.ietf-behave-address-format]. - In this section we illustrate how the DNS64 behaves in different scenarios that are expected to be common. In particular we will consider the following scenarios defined in @@ -1170,13 +1213,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 examples, the DNS64 function learns which IPv6 prefix it needs to use to map the IPv4 address space through manual configuration. - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 21] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - 7.1. Example of An-IPv6-network-to-IPv4-Internet setup with DNS64 in DNS server mode @@ -1187,6 +1223,16 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 The scenario for this case is depicted in the following figure: + + + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 22] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + +---------------------+ +---------------+ |IPv6 network | | IPv4 | | | +-------------+ | Internet | @@ -1205,7 +1251,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 server mode The figure shows an IPv6 node H1 and an IPv4 node H2 with IPv4 - address 192.0.2.1 and FQDN h2.example.com + address 192.0.2.1 and FQDN h2.example.com. The IPv6/IPv4 Translator has an IPv4 address 203.0.113.1 assigned to its IPv4 interface and it is using the WKP 64:FF9B::/96 to create @@ -1224,15 +1270,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 server. The recursive name server implements DNS64 functionality. - - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 22] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - 2. The recursive name server resolves the query, and discovers that there are no AAAA records for H2. @@ -1242,7 +1279,15 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 record. The IPv6 address in the AAAA record contains the prefix assigned to the IPv6/IPv4 Translator in the upper 96 bits and the received IPv4 address in the lower 32 bits i.e. the resulting - IPv6 address is 64:FF9B::192.0.2.1 + IPv6 address is 64:FF9B::192.0.2.1. + + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 23] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + 4. H1 receives the synthetic AAAA record and sends a packet towards H2. The packet is sent to the destination address 64:FF9B:: @@ -1277,18 +1322,10 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 resolver mode The figure shows an IPv6 node H1 implementing the DNS64 function and - an IPv4 node H2 with IPv4 address 192.0.2.1 and FQDN h2.example.com + an IPv4 node H2 with IPv4 address 192.0.2.1 and FQDN h2.example.com. The IPv6/IPv4 Translator has an IPv4 address 203.0.113.1 assigned to its IPv4 interface and it is using the WKP 64:FF9B::/96 to create - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 23] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - IPv6 representations of IPv4 addresses. The same prefix is configured in the DNS64 function in H1. @@ -1300,6 +1337,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 The steps by which H1 establishes communication with H2 are: + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 24] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + 1. H1 does a DNS lookup for h2.example.com. H1 does this by sending a DNS query for a AAAA record for H2 to the recursive name server. @@ -1337,14 +1382,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 defined in [I-D.ietf-behave-address-format] that takes as input the Pref64::/96 and the IPv4 address of the IPv4 node. Note that the IPv4 address can be a public or a private address; the latter does - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 24] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - not present any additional difficulty, since an NSP must be used as Pref64::/96 (in this scenario the usage of the Well-Known prefix is not supported as discussed in [I-D.ietf-behave-address-format]). @@ -1356,6 +1393,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 However, there are some more dynamic scenarios, where synthesizing AAAA RRs in this setup may be needed. In particular, when DNS Update + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 25] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + [RFC2136] is used in the IPv4 site to update the A RRs for the IPv4 nodes, there are two options: One option is to modify the DNS server that receives the dynamic DNS updates. That would normally be the @@ -1380,27 +1425,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 The scenario for this case is depicted in the following figure: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 25] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - +-----------+ +----------------------+ | | | IPv4 site | | IPv6 | +------------+ | +----+ | @@ -1425,6 +1449,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 The IPv6/IPv4 Translator is using a NSP 2001:DB8::/96 to create IPv6 representations of IPv4 addresses. The same prefix is configured in + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 26] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + the DNS64 function in the local name server. The name server that implements the DNS64 function is the authoritative name server for the local domain. @@ -1448,15 +1480,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 H2. The packet is sent to the destination address 2001:DB8:: 192.0.2.1. - - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 26] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - 5. The packet is routed through the IPv6 Internet to the IPv6 interface of the IPv6/IPv4 translator and the communication flows using the IPv6/IPv4 translator mechanisms. @@ -1474,6 +1497,25 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 such modification and to treat modified answers as bogus. See the discussion above in Section 3, Section 5.5, and Section 6.2. + Additionally, for the correct functioning of the translation + services, the DNS64 and the NAT64 need to use the same Pref64. If an + attacker manages to change the Pref64 used by the DNS64, the traffic + generated by the host that receives the synthetic reply will be + delivered to the altered Pref64. This can result in either a DoS + attack (if resulting IPv6 addresses are not assigned to any device) + or in a flooding attack (if the resulting IPv6 addresses are assigned + to devices that do not wish to receive the traffic) or in + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 27] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + + eavesdropping attack (in case the Pref64 is routed through the + attacker). + 9. IANA Considerations @@ -1505,14 +1547,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 Weimer, Dan Wing, Xu Xiaohu, Xiangsong Cui. Marcelo Bagnulo and Iljitsch van Beijnum are partly funded by - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 27] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - Trilogy, a research project supported by the European Commission under its Seventh Framework Program. @@ -1527,6 +1561,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 [RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987. + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 28] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987. @@ -1540,8 +1582,8 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 [I-D.ietf-behave-address-format] Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X. Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", - draft-ietf-behave-address-format-08 (work in progress), - May 2010. + draft-ietf-behave-address-format-10 (work in progress), + August 2010. 12.2. Informative References @@ -1549,8 +1591,8 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. Beijnum, "Stateful NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", - draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful-11 (work in - progress), March 2010. + draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful-12 (work in + progress), July 2010. [RFC2136] Vixie, P., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound, "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)", @@ -1562,13 +1604,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 [RFC3484] Draves, R., "Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 3484, February 2003. - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 28] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - [RFC3596] Thomson, S., Huitema, C., Ksinant, V., and M. Souissi, "DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6", RFC 3596, October 2003. @@ -1582,6 +1617,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 RFC 4034, March 2005. [RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 29] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005. @@ -1594,13 +1637,13 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-framework] Baker, F., Li, X., Bao, C., and K. Yin, "Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation", - draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-framework-09 (work in progress), - May 2010. + draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-framework-10 (work in progress), + August 2010. [I-D.ietf-dnsop-default-local-zones] Andrews, M., "Locally-served DNS Zones", - draft-ietf-dnsop-default-local-zones-13 (work in - progress), April 2010. + draft-ietf-dnsop-default-local-zones-14 (work in + progress), September 2010. Appendix A. Motivations and Implications of synthesizing AAAA Resource @@ -1617,14 +1660,6 @@ Appendix A. Motivations and Implications of synthesizing AAAA Resource An IPv6-only client (regardless of whether the client application is IPv6-only, the client stack is IPv6-only, or it only has an - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 29] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - IPv6 address) wants to access the above server. The client issues a DNS query to a DNS64 resolver. @@ -1638,6 +1673,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 The implication of including synthetic AAAA RRs when real AAAA RRs exist is that translated connectivity may be preferred over native + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 30] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + connectivity in some cases where the DNS64 is operated in DNS server mode. @@ -1673,14 +1716,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 [RFC3484] policy table. - - - -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 30] - -Internet-Draft DNS64 July 2010 - - Authors' Addresses Marcelo Bagnulo @@ -1695,6 +1730,13 @@ Authors' Addresses URI: http://www.it.uc3m.es/marcelo + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 31] + +Internet-Draft DNS64 October 2010 + + Andrew Sullivan Shinkuro 4922 Fairmont Avenue, Suite 250 @@ -1732,5 +1774,19 @@ Authors' Addresses -Bagnulo, et al. Expires January 6, 2011 [Page 31] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Bagnulo, et al. Expires April 4, 2011 [Page 32] diff --git a/doc/draft/draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-bis-updates-10.txt b/doc/draft/draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-bis-updates-12.txt index eef3308e..7228ad1b 100644 --- a/doc/draft/draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-bis-updates-10.txt +++ b/doc/draft/draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-bis-updates-12.txt @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ Network Working Group S. Weiler Internet-Draft SPARTA, Inc. Updates: 4033, 4034, 4035, 5155 D. Blacka (if approved) VeriSign, Inc. -Intended status: Standards Track March 8, 2010 -Expires: September 9, 2010 +Intended status: Standards Track November 10, 2010 +Expires: May 14, 2011 Clarifications and Implementation Notes for DNSSECbis - draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-bis-updates-10 + draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-bis-updates-12 Abstract @@ -20,26 +20,20 @@ Abstract Status of this Memo - This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the + This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering - Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that - other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- - Drafts. + Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute + working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- + Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." - The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at - http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. - - The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at - http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. - - This Internet-Draft will expire on September 9, 2010. + This Internet-Draft will expire on May 14, 2011. Copyright Notice @@ -49,20 +43,18 @@ Copyright Notice This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of - - - -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 1] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 - - publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as - described in the BSD License. + described in the Simplified BSD License. + + + +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 1] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 Table of Contents @@ -72,45 +64,53 @@ Table of Contents 1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Important Additions to DNSSSECbis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. NSEC3 Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2.2. SHA-256 Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 3. Security Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 3.1. Clarifications on Non-Existence Proofs . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 3.2. Validating Responses to an ANY Query . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 3.3. Check for CNAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 3.4. Insecure Delegation Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4. Interoperability Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4.1. Errors in Canonical Form Type Code List . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4.2. Unknown DS Message Digest Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 4.3. Private Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 4.4. Caution About Local Policy and Multiple RRSIGs . . . . . . 7 - 4.5. Key Tag Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 4.6. Setting the DO Bit on Replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 4.7. Setting the AD Bit on Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 4.8. Setting the AD Bit on Replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 4.9. Setting the CD bit on Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 4.10. Nested Trust Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 4.10.1. Closest Encloser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 4.10.2. Accept Any Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 4.10.3. Preference Based on Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 5. Minor Corrections and Clarifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 5.1. Finding Zone Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 5.2. Clarifications on DNSKEY Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 5.3. Errors in Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 5.4. Errors in RFC 5155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 + 2.2. SHA-2 Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + 3. Scaling Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + 3.1. Implement a BAD cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + 4. Security Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 + 4.1. Clarifications on Non-Existence Proofs . . . . . . . . . . 4 + 4.2. Validating Responses to an ANY Query . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + 4.3. Check for CNAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + 4.4. Insecure Delegation Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + 5. Interoperability Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + 5.1. Errors in Canonical Form Type Code List . . . . . . . . . 6 + 5.2. Unknown DS Message Digest Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . 6 + 5.3. Private Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 + 5.4. Caution About Local Policy and Multiple RRSIGs . . . . . . 7 + 5.5. Key Tag Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 + 5.6. Setting the DO Bit on Replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 5.7. Setting the AD Bit on Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 5.8. Setting the AD Bit on Replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 5.9. Handling Queries With the CD Bit Set . . . . . . . . . . . 8 + 5.10. Nested Trust Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 5.10.1. Closest Encloser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 5.10.2. Accept Any Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 5.10.3. Preference Based on Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 6. Minor Corrections and Clarifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 6.1. Finding Zone Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 6.2. Clarifications on DNSKEY Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 + 6.3. Errors in Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 + 6.4. Errors in RFC 5155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 + 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 2] + + + + + + +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 2] -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 1. Introduction and Terminology @@ -158,37 +158,47 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 Family as described by [RFC4033], Section 10. Note that the algorithm identifiers defined in RFC5155 (DSA-NSEC3- - SHA1 and RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1) signal that a zone MAY be using NSEC3, - rather than NSEC. The zone MAY indeed be using either and validators - supporting these algorithms MUST support both NSEC3 and NSEC + SHA1 and RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1) and RFC5702 (RSASHA256 and RSASHA512) + signal that a zone MAY be using NSEC3, rather than NSEC. The zone + MAY indeed be using either and validators supporting these algorithms -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 3] +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 3] -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 - responses. + MUST support both NSEC3 and NSEC responses. -2.2. SHA-256 Support +2.2. SHA-2 Support [RFC4509] describes the use of SHA-256 as a digest algorithm in Delegation Signer (DS) RRs. [RFC5702] describes the use of the - RSASHA256 algorithm in DNSKEY and RRSIG RRs. Validator - implementations are strongly encouraged to include support for this - algorithm for DS, DNSKEY, and RRSIG records. + RSASHA256 and RSASHA512 algorithms in DNSKEY and RRSIG RRs. + Validator implementations are strongly encouraged to include support + for these algorithms for DS, DNSKEY, and RRSIG records. Both [RFC4509] and [RFC5702] should also be considered part of the DNS Security Document Family as described by [RFC4033], Section 10. -3. Security Concerns +3. Scaling Concerns + +3.1. Implement a BAD cache + + Section 4.7 of RFC4035 permits security-aware resolvers to implement + a BAD cache. Because of scaling concerns not discussed in this + document, that guidance has changed: security-aware resolvers SHOULD + implement a BAD cache, as described in RFC4035. + + +4. Security Concerns This section provides clarifications that, if overlooked, could lead to security issues. -3.1. Clarifications on Non-Existence Proofs +4.1. Clarifications on Non-Existence Proofs [RFC4035] Section 5.4 under-specifies the algorithm for checking non- existence proofs. In particular, the algorithm as presented would @@ -207,6 +217,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 that (original) owner name other than DS RRs, and all RRs below that owner name regardless of type. + + + +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 4] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 + + Similarly, the algorithm would also allow an NSEC RR at the same owner name as a DNAME RR, or an NSEC3 RR at the same original owner name as a DNAME, to prove the non-existence of names beneath that @@ -214,18 +232,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 to assume the non-existence of any subdomain of that NSEC/NSEC3 RR's (original) owner name. - - - - - - -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 4] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 - - -3.2. Validating Responses to an ANY Query +4.2. Validating Responses to an ANY Query [RFC4035] does not address how to validate responses when QTYPE=*. As described in Section 6.2.2 of [RFC1034], a proper response to @@ -241,7 +248,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 To be clear, a validator must not expect to receive all records at the QNAME in response to QTYPE=*. -3.3. Check for CNAME +4.3. Check for CNAME Section 5 of [RFC4035] says little about validating responses based on (or that should be based on) CNAMEs. When validating a NOERROR/ @@ -250,7 +257,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 type. Without this check, an attacker could successfully transform a positive CNAME response into a NOERROR/NODATA response. -3.4. Insecure Delegation Proofs +4.4. Insecure Delegation Proofs [RFC4035] Section 5.2 specifies that a validator, when proving a delegation is not secure, needs to check for the absence of the DS @@ -263,24 +270,25 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 not signed. -4. Interoperability Concerns +5. Interoperability Concerns -4.1. Errors in Canonical Form Type Code List - When canonicalizing DNS names, DNS names in the RDATA section of NSEC - and RRSIG resource records are not downcased. - - [RFC4034] Section 6.2 item 3 has a list of resource record types for - which DNS names in the RDATA are downcased for purposes of DNSSEC - canonical form (for both ordering and signing). That list -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 5] +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 5] -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 +5.1. Errors in Canonical Form Type Code List + + When canonicalizing DNS names, DNS names in the RDATA section of NSEC + and RRSIG resource records are not downcased. + + [RFC4034] Section 6.2 item 3 has a list of resource record types for + which DNS names in the RDATA are downcased for purposes of DNSSEC + canonical form (for both ordering and signing). That list erroneously contains NSEC and RRSIG. According to [RFC3755], DNS names in the RDATA of NSEC and RRSIG should not be downcased. @@ -288,7 +296,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 Since HINFO records contain no domain names, they are not subject to downcasing. -4.2. Unknown DS Message Digest Algorithms +5.2. Unknown DS Message Digest Algorithms Section 5.2 of [RFC4035] includes rules for how to handle delegations to zones that are signed with entirely unsupported public key @@ -317,10 +325,18 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 disregards any DS records using unknown or unsupported message digest algorithms. -4.3. Private Algorithms +5.3. Private Algorithms As discussed above, section 5.2 of [RFC4035] requires that validators make decisions about the security status of zones based on the public + + + +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 6] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 + + key algorithms shown in the DS records for those zones. In the case of private algorithms, as described in [RFC4034] Appendix A.1.1, the eight-bit algorithm field in the DS RR is not conclusive about what @@ -329,17 +345,9 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 If no private algorithms appear in the DS set or if any supported algorithm appears in the DS set, no special processing will be needed. In the remaining cases, the security status of the zone - - - -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 6] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 - - depends on whether or not the resolver supports any of the private algorithms in use (provided that these DS records use supported hash - functions, as discussed in Section 4.2). In these cases, the + functions, as discussed in Section 5.2). In these cases, the resolver MUST retrieve the corresponding DNSKEY for each private algorithm DS record and examine the public key field to determine the algorithm in use. The security-aware resolver MUST ensure that the @@ -351,7 +359,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 This clarification facilitates the broader use of private algorithms, as suggested by [RFC4955]. -4.4. Caution About Local Policy and Multiple RRSIGs +5.4. Caution About Local Policy and Multiple RRSIGs When multiple RRSIGs cover a given RRset, [RFC4035] Section 5.3.3 suggests that "the local resolver security policy determines whether @@ -370,30 +378,30 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 method described in section 4.2.1.2 of [RFC4641] might not work reliably. -4.5. Key Tag Calculation +5.5. Key Tag Calculation [RFC4034] Appendix B.1 incorrectly defines the Key Tag field calculation for algorithm 1. It correctly says that the Key Tag is the most significant 16 of the least significant 24 bits of the public key modulus. However, [RFC4034] then goes on to incorrectly say that this is 4th to last and 3rd to last octets of the public key - modulus. It is, in fact, the 3rd to last and 2nd to last octets. -4.6. Setting the DO Bit on Replies - As stated in [RFC3225], the DO bit of the query MUST be copied in the - response. At least one implementation has done something different, - so it may be wise for resolvers to be liberal in what they accept. +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 7] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 + modulus. It is, in fact, the 3rd to last and 2nd to last octets. -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 7] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 +5.6. Setting the DO Bit on Replies + As stated in [RFC3225], the DO bit of the query MUST be copied in the + response. At least one implementation has done something different, + so it may be wise for resolvers to be liberal in what they accept. -4.7. Setting the AD Bit on Queries +5.7. Setting the AD Bit on Queries The use of the AD bit in the query was previously undefined. This document defines it as a signal indicating that the requester @@ -401,7 +409,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 response. This allows a requestor to indicate that it understands the AD bit without also requesting DNSSEC data via the DO bit. -4.8. Setting the AD Bit on Replies +5.8. Setting the AD Bit on Replies Section 3.2.3 of [RFC4035] describes under which conditions a validating resolver should set or clear the AD bit in a response. In @@ -410,7 +418,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 conditions listed in RFC 4035, section 3.2.3, and the request contained either a set DO bit or a set AD bit. -4.9. Setting the CD bit on Requests +5.9. Handling Queries With the CD Bit Set When processing a request with the CD bit set, a resolver SHOULD attempt to return all responsive data, even data that has failed @@ -428,11 +436,20 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 up to five minutes.) In these cases, a new query with the CD bit set is required. - For efficiency, a validator may wish to set the CD bit on all - upstream queries when it has a trust anchor at or above the QNAME - (and thus can reasonably expect to be able to validate the response). + For efficiency, a validator SHOULD set the CD bit on upstream queries + when it has a trust anchor at or above the QNAME (and thus can + reasonably expect to be able to validate the response). + + + -4.10. Nested Trust Anchors + +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 8] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 + + +5.10. Nested Trust Anchors A DNSSEC validator may be configured such that, for a given response, more than one trust anchor could be used to validate the chain of @@ -441,24 +458,16 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 When the validator is asked to validate a response to "www.sub.zone.example.", either trust anchor could apply. - - - -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 8] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 - - When presented with this situation, DNSSEC validators have a choice of which trust anchor(s) to use. Which to use is a matter of implementation choice. It is possible and perhaps advisable to expose the choice of policy as a configuration option. The rest of this section discusses some possible policies. As a default, we suggest that validators implement the "Accept Any Success" policy - described below in Section 4.10.2 while exposing other policies as + described below in Section 5.10.2 while exposing other policies as configuration options. -4.10.1. Closest Encloser +5.10.1. Closest Encloser One policy is to choose the trust anchor closest to the QNAME of the response. In our example, that would be the "zone.example." trust @@ -480,7 +489,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 trust anchor. With the "closest encloser" policy, the validator gets validation failures. -4.10.2. Accept Any Success +5.10.2. Accept Any Success Another policy is to try all applicable trust anchors until one gives a validation result of Secure, in which case the final validation @@ -489,6 +498,13 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 or more trust anchors lead to a Bogus result and there is no Secure result, then the final validation result is Bogus. + + +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 9] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 + + This has the advantage of causing the fewer validation failures, which may deliver a better user experience. If one trust anchor is out of date (as in our above example), the user may still be able to @@ -497,17 +513,9 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 This policy has the disadvantage of making the validator subject to compromise of the weakest of these trust anchors while making its relatively painless to keep old trust anchors configured in - - - -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 9] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 - - perpetuity. -4.10.3. Preference Based on Source +5.10.3. Preference Based on Source When the trust anchors have come from different sources (e.g. automated updates ([RFC5011]), one or more DLV registries @@ -532,9 +540,9 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 configured trust anchors. -5. Minor Corrections and Clarifications +6. Minor Corrections and Clarifications -5.1. Finding Zone Cuts +6.1. Finding Zone Cuts Appendix C.8 of [RFC4035] discusses sending DS queries to the servers for a parent zone. To do that, a resolver may first need to apply @@ -545,22 +553,22 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 and in some situations the resolver may also need to apply special rules to locate the name servers for the parent zone if the resolver does not already have the parent's NS RRset. Section 4.2 of - [RFC4035] specifies a mechanism for doing that. -5.2. Clarifications on DNSKEY Usage - Questions of the form "can I use a different DNSKEY for signing this - RRset" have occasionally arisen. - The short answer is "yes, absolutely". You can even use a different +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 10] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 + [RFC4035] specifies a mechanism for doing that. -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 10] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 +6.2. Clarifications on DNSKEY Usage + Questions of the form "can I use a different DNSKEY for signing this + RRset" have occasionally arisen. + The short answer is "yes, absolutely". You can even use a different DNSKEY for each RRset in a zone, subject only to practical limits on the size of the DNSKEY RRset. However, be aware that there is no way to tell resolvers what a particularly DNSKEY is supposed to be used @@ -579,7 +587,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 possible to use a single DNSKEY, with or without the SEP bit set, to sign the entire zone, including the DNSKEY RRset itself. -5.3. Errors in Examples +6.3. Errors in Examples The text in [RFC4035] Section C.1 refers to the examples in B.1 as "x.w.example.com" while B.1 uses "x.w.example". This is painfully @@ -594,12 +602,21 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 the reference to "a.z.w.w.example" should instead be "a.z.w.example", as in the previous line. -5.4. Errors in RFC 5155 +6.4. Errors in RFC 5155 A NSEC3 record that matches an Empty Non-Terminal effectively has no type associated with it. This NSEC3 record has an empty type bit map. Section 3.2.1 of [RFC5155] contains the statement: + + + + +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 11] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 + + Blocks with no types present MUST NOT be included. However, the same section contains a regular expression: @@ -609,41 +626,33 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 The plus sign in the regular expression indicates that there is one or more of the preceding element. This means that there must be at least one window block. If this window block has no types, it - - - -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 11] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 - - contradicts with the first statement. Therefore, the correct text in RFC 5155 3.2.1 should be: Type Bit Maps Field = ( Window Block # | Bitmap Length | Bitmap )* -6. IANA Considerations +7. IANA Considerations This document specifies no IANA Actions. -7. Security Considerations +8. Security Considerations This document adds two cryptographic features to the core DNSSEC protocol. Additionally, it addresses some ambiguities and omissions in the core DNSSEC documents that, if not recognized and addressed in implementations, could lead to security failures. In particular, the - validation algorithm clarifications in Section 3 are critical for + validation algorithm clarifications in Section 4 are critical for preserving the security properties DNSSEC offers. Furthermore, - failure to address some of the interoperability concerns in Section 4 + failure to address some of the interoperability concerns in Section 5 could limit the ability to later change or expand DNSSEC, including adding new algorithms. -8. References +9. References -8.1. Normative References +9.1. Normative References [RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987. @@ -656,6 +665,14 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 [RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", + + + +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 12] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 + + RFC 4033, March 2005. [RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. @@ -666,13 +683,6 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005. - - -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 12] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 - - [RFC4509] Hardaker, W., "Use of SHA-256 in DNSSEC Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Records (RRs)", RFC 4509, May 2006. @@ -684,7 +694,7 @@ Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 and RRSIG Resource Records for DNSSEC", RFC 5702, October 2009. -8.2. Informative References +9.2. Informative References [RFC3755] Weiler, S., "Legacy Resolver Compatibility for Delegation Signer (DS)", RFC 3755, May 2004. @@ -711,32 +721,33 @@ Appendix A. Acknowledgments finding errors and omissions in the DNSSECbis document set, have provided text suitable for inclusion in this document. - The lack of specificity about handling private algorithms, as - described in Section 4.3, and the lack of specificity in handling ANY - queries, as described in Section 3.2, were discovered by David - Blacka. - The error in algorithm 1 key tag calculation, as described in - Section 4.5, was found by Abhijit Hayatnagarkar. Donald Eastlake - contributed text for Section 4.5. - The bug relating to delegation NSEC RR's in Section 3.1 was found by +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 13] + +Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes November 2010 -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 13] - -Internet-Draft DNSSECbis Implementation Notes March 2010 + The lack of specificity about handling private algorithms, as + described in Section 5.3, and the lack of specificity in handling ANY + queries, as described in Section 4.2, were discovered by David + Blacka. + The error in algorithm 1 key tag calculation, as described in + Section 5.5, was found by Abhijit Hayatnagarkar. Donald Eastlake + contributed text for Section 5.5. + The bug relating to delegation NSEC RR's in Section 4.1 was found by Roy Badami. Roy Arends found the related problem with DNAME. The errors in the [RFC4035] examples were found by Roy Arends, who - also contributed text for Section 5.3 of this document. + also contributed text for Section 6.3 of this document. The editors would like to thank Alfred Hoenes, Ed Lewis, Danny Mayer, - Olafur Gudmundsson, Suzanne Woolf, and Scott Rose for their - substantive comments on the text of this document. + Olafur Gudmundsson, Suzanne Woolf, Rickard Bellgrim, Mike St. Johns, + and Scott Rose for their substantive comments on the text of this + document. Authors' Addresses @@ -769,17 +780,6 @@ Authors' Addresses - - - - - - - - - - - -Weiler & Blacka Expires September 9, 2010 [Page 14] +Weiler & Blacka Expires May 14, 2011 [Page 14] |