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diff --git a/usr/src/man/man1/man.1 b/usr/src/man/man1/man.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b63971549 --- /dev/null +++ b/usr/src/man/man1/man.1 @@ -0,0 +1,720 @@ +'\" te +.\" Copyright (c) 2008, Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. +.\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California. The Berkeley software License Agreement specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution. +.TH man 1 "8 May 2008" "SunOS 5.11" "User Commands" +.SH NAME +man \- find and display reference manual pages +.SH SYNOPSIS +.LP +.nf +\fBman\fR [\fB-\fR] [\fB-adFlrt\fR] [\fB-M\fR \fIpath\fR] [\fB-T\fR \fImacro-package\fR] [\fB-s\fR \fIsection\fR] \fIname\fR... +.fi + +.LP +.nf +\fBman\fR [\fB-M\fR \fIpath\fR] \fB-k\fR \fIkeyword\fR... +.fi + +.LP +.nf +\fBman\fR [\fB-M\fR \fIpath\fR] \fB-f\fR \fIfile\fR... +.fi + +.SH DESCRIPTION +.sp +.LP +The \fBman\fR command displays information from the reference manuals. It +displays complete manual pages that you select by \fIname\fR, or one-line +summaries selected either by \fIkeyword\fR (\fB-k\fR), or by the name of an +associated file (\fB-f\fR). If no manual page is located, \fBman\fR prints an +error message. +.SS "Source Format" +.sp +.LP +Reference Manual pages are marked up with either \fBnroff\fR (see +\fBnroff\fR(1)) or \fBSGML\fR (Standard Generalized Markup Language) tags (see +\fBsgml\fR(5)). The \fBman\fR command recognizes the type of markup and +processes the file accordingly. The various source files are kept in separate +directories depending on the type of markup. +.SS "Location of Manual Pages" +.sp +.LP +The online Reference Manual page directories are conventionally located in +\fB/usr/share/man\fR. The nroff sources are located in the +\fB/usr/share/man/man\fR* directories. The \fBSGML\fR sources are located in +the \fB/usr/share/man/sman\fR* directories. Each directory corresponds to a +section of the manual. Since these directories are optionally installed, they +might not reside on your host. You might have to mount \fB/usr/share/man\fR +from a host on which they do reside. +.sp +.LP +If there are preformatted, up-to-date versions in the corresponding \fBcat\fR* +or \fBfmt\fR* directories, \fBman\fR simply displays or prints those versions. +If the preformatted version of interest is out of date or missing, \fBman\fR +reformats it prior to display and stores the preformatted version if \fBcat\fR* +or \fBfmt\fR* is writable. The \fBwindex\fR database is not updated. See +\fBcatman\fR(1M). If directories for the preformatted versions are not +provided, \fBman\fR reformats a page whenever it is requested. \fBman\fR uses a +temporary file to store the formatted text during display. +.sp +.LP +If the standard output is not a terminal, or if the `\fB-\fR' flag is given, +\fBman\fR pipes its output through \fBcat\fR(1). Otherwise, \fBman\fR pipes its +output through \fBmore\fR(1) to handle paging and underlining on the screen. +.SH OPTIONS +.sp +.LP +The following options are supported: +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-a\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +Shows all manual pages matching \fIname\fR within the \fBMANPATH\fR search +path. Manual pages are displayed in the order found. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-d\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +Debugs. Displays what a section-specifier evaluates to, method used for +searching, and paths searched by \fBman\fR. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-f\fR \fIfile ...\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +\fBman\fR attempts to locate manual pages related to any of the given +\fIfile\fRs. It strips the leading path name components from each \fIfile\fR, +and then prints one-line summaries containing the resulting basename or names. +This option also uses the \fBwindex\fR database. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-F\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +Forces \fBman\fR to search all directories specified by \fBMANPATH\fR or the +\fBman.cf\fR file, rather than using the \fBwindex\fR lookup database. This +option is useful if the database is not up to date and it has been made the +default behavior of the \fBman\fR command. The option therefore does not have +to be invoked and is documented here for reference only. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-k\fR \fIkeyword ...\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +Prints out one-line summaries from the \fBwindex\fR database (table of +contents) that contain any of the given \fIkeyword\fRs. The \fBwindex\fR +database is created using \fBcatman\fR(1M). +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-l\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +Lists all manual pages found matching \fIname\fR within the search path. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-M\fR \fIpath\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +Specifies an alternate search path for manual pages. \fIpath\fR is a +colon-separated list of directories that contain manual page directory +subtrees. For example, if \fIpath\fR is \fB/usr/share/man:/usr/local/man\fR, +\fBman\fR searches for \fIname\fR in the standard location, and then +\fB/usr/local/man\fR. When used with the \fB-k\fR or \fB-f\fR options, the +\fB-M\fR option must appear first. Each directory in the \fIpath\fR is assumed +to contain subdirectories of the form \fBman\fR* or \fBsman\fR* , one for each +section. This option overrides the \fBMANPATH\fR environment variable. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-r\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +Reformats the manual page, but does not display it. This replaces the \fBman\fR +\fB-\fR \fB-t\fR \fIname\fR combination. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-s\fR \fIsection ...\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +Specifies sections of the manual for \fBman\fR to search. The directories +searched for \fIname\fR are limited to those specified by \fIsection\fR. +\fIsection\fR can be a numerical digit, perhaps followed by one or more letters +to match the desired section of the manual, for example, "\fB3libucb\fR". Also, +\fIsection\fR can be a word, for example, \fBlocal\fR, \fBnew\fR, \fBold\fR, +\fBpublic\fR. \fIsection\fR can also be a letter. To specify multiple sections, +separate each section with a comma. This option overrides the \fBMANPATH\fR +environment variable and the \fBman.cf\fR file. See \fBSearch\fR \fBPath\fR +below for an explanation of how \fBman\fR conducts its search. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-t\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +\fBman\fR arranges for the specified manual pages to be \fBtroff\fRed to a +suitable raster output device (see \fBtroff\fR(1)). If both the \fB-\fR and +\fB-t\fR flags are given, \fBman\fR updates the \fBtroff\fRed versions of each +named \fIname\fR (if necessary), but does not display them. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB-T\fR \fImacro-package\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 20n +.rt +Formats manual pages using \fImacro-package\fR rather than the standard +\fB-man\fR macros defined in \fB/usr/share/lib/tmac/an\fR. See \fBSearch +Path\fR under USAGE for a complete explanation of the default search path +order. +.RE + +.SH OPERANDS +.sp +.LP +The following operand is supported: +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fIname\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 8n +.rt +The name of a standard utility or a keyword. +.RE + +.SH USAGE +.sp +.LP +The usage of \fBman\fR is described below: +.SS "Manual Page Sections" +.sp +.LP +Entries in the reference manuals are organized into \fIsection\fRs. A section +name consists of a major section name, typically a single digit, optionally +followed by a subsection name, typically one or more letters. An unadorned +major section name, for example, "\fB9\fR", does not act as an abbreviation for +the subsections of that name, such as "\fB9e\fR", "\fB9f\fR", or "\fB9s\fR". +That is, each subsection must be searched separately by \fBman\fR \fB-s\fR. +Each section contains descriptions apropos to a particular reference category, +with subsections refining these distinctions. See the \fBintro\fR manual pages +for an explanation of the classification used in this release. +.SS "Search Path" +.sp +.LP +Before searching for a given \fIname\fR, \fBman\fR constructs a list of +candidate directories and sections. \fBman\fR searches for \fIname\fR in the +directories specified by the \fBMANPATH\fR environment variable. +.sp +.LP +In the absence of \fBMANPATH\fR, \fBman\fR constructs its search path based +upon the \fBPATH\fR environment variable, primarily by substituting \fBman\fR +for the last component of the \fBPATH\fR element. Special provisions are added +to account for unique characteristics of directories such as \fB/sbin\fR, +\fB/usr/ucb\fR, \fB/usr/xpg4/bin\fR, and others. If the file argument contains +a \fB/\fR character, the \fIdirname\fR portion of the argument is used in place +of \fBPATH\fR elements to construct the search path. +.sp +.LP +Within the manual page directories, \fBman\fR confines its search to the +sections specified in the following order: +.RS +4 +.TP +.ie t \(bu +.el o +\fIsection\fRs specified on the command line with the \fB-s\fR option +.RE +.RS +4 +.TP +.ie t \(bu +.el o +\fIsection\fRs embedded in the \fBMANPATH\fR environment variable +.RE +.RS +4 +.TP +.ie t \(bu +.el o +\fIsection\fRs specified in the \fBman.cf\fR file for each directory specified +in the \fBMANPATH\fR environment variable +.RE +.sp +.LP +If none of the above exist, \fBman\fR searches each directory in the manual +page path, and displays the first matching manual page found. +.sp +.LP +The \fBman.cf\fR file has the following format: +.sp +.in +2 +.nf +MANSECTS=\fIsection\fR[,\fIsection\fR]... +.fi +.in -2 +.sp + +.sp +.LP +Lines beginning with `\fB#\fR' and blank lines are considered comments, and are +ignored. Each directory specified in \fBMANPATH\fR can contain a manual page +configuration file, specifying the default search order for that directory. +.SH FORMATTING MANUAL PAGES +.sp +.LP +Manual pages are marked up in \fBnroff\fR(1) or \fBsgml\fR(5). Nroff manual +pages are processed by \fBnroff\fR(1) or \fBtroff\fR(1) with the \fB-man\fR +macro package. Please refer to \fBman\fR(5) for information on macro usage. +\fBSGML\fR\(emtagged manual pages are processed by an \fBSGML\fR parser and +passed to the formatter. +.SS "Preprocessing Nroff Manual Pages" +.sp +.LP +When formatting an nroff manual page, \fBman\fR examines the first line to +determine whether it requires special processing. If the first line is a string +of the form: +.sp +.in +2 +.nf +\&'\e" \fIX\fR +.fi +.in -2 +.sp + +.sp +.LP +where \fIX\fR is separated from the `\fB"\fR' by a single SPACE and consists of +any combination of characters in the following list, \fBman\fR pipes its input +to \fBtroff\fR(1) or \fBnroff\fR(1) through the corresponding preprocessors. +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fBe\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 5n +.rt +\fBeqn\fR(1), or \fBneqn\fR for \fBnroff\fR +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fBr\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 5n +.rt +\fBrefer\fR(1) +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fBt\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 5n +.rt +\fBtbl\fR(1) +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fBv\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 5n +.rt +\fBvgrind\fR(1) +.RE + +.sp +.LP +If \fBeqn\fR or \fBneqn\fR is invoked, it automatically reads the file +\fB/usr/pub/eqnchar\fR (see \fBeqnchar\fR(5)). If \fBnroff\fR(1) is invoked, +\fBcol\fR(1) is automatically used. +.SS "Referring to Other nroff Manual Pages" +.sp +.LP +If the first line of the nroff manual page is a reference to another manual +page entry fitting the pattern: +.sp +.in +2 +.nf +\&.so man*/\fIsourcefile\fR +.fi +.in -2 +.sp + +.sp +.LP +\fBman\fR processes the indicated file in place of the current one. The +reference must be expressed as a path name relative to the root of the manual +page directory subtree. +.sp +.LP +When the second or any subsequent line starts with \fB\&.so\fR, \fBman\fR +ignores it; \fBtroff\fR(1) or \fBnroff\fR(1) processes the request in the usual +manner. +.SS "Processing SGML Manual Pages" +.sp +.LP +Manual pages are identified as being marked up in SGML by the presence of the +string \fB<!DOCTYPE\fR\&. If the file also contains the string +\fBSHADOW_PAGE\fR, the file refers to another manual page for the content. The +reference is made with a file entity reference to the manual page that contains +the text. This is similar to the \fB\&.so\fR mechanism used in the nroff +formatted man pages. +.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES +.sp +.LP +See \fBenviron\fR(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables +that affect the execution of \fBman\fR: \fBLANG\fR, \fBLC_ALL\fR, +\fBLC_CTYPE\fR, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fR, and \fBNLSPATH\fR. +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fBMANPATH\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 11n +.rt +A colon-separated list of directories; each directory can be followed by a +comma-separated list of sections. If set, its value overrides +\fB/usr/share/man\fR as the default directory search path, and the \fBman.cf\fR +file as the default section search path. The \fB-M\fR and \fB-s\fR flags, in +turn, override these values.) +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fBPAGER\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 11n +.rt +A program to use for interactively delivering \fBman\fR's output to the screen. +If not set, `\fBmore\fR \fB-s\fR' is used. See \fBmore\fR(1). +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fBTCAT\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 11n +.rt +The name of the program to use to display \fBtroff\fRed manual pages. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fBTROFF\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 11n +.rt +The name of the formatter to use when the \fB-t\fR flag is given. If not set, +\fBtroff\fR(1) is used. +.RE + +.SH EXAMPLES +.LP +\fBExample 1 \fRCreating a PostScript Version of a man page +.sp +.LP +The following example creates the \fBpipe\fR(2) man page in postscript for csh, +tcsh, ksh and sh users: + +.sp +.in +2 +.nf + % env TCAT=/usr/lib/lp/postscript/dpost man -t -s 2 pipe > pipe.ps +.fi +.in -2 +.sp + +.sp +.LP +This is an alternative to using \fBman\fR \fB-t\fR, which sends the man page to +the default printer, if the user wants a postscript file version of the man +page. + +.LP +\fBExample 2 \fRCreating a Text Version of a man page +.sp +.LP +The following example creates the \fBpipe\fR(2) man page in ascii text: + +.sp +.in +2 +.nf +man pipe.2 | col -x -b > pipe.text +.fi +.in -2 +.sp + +.sp +.LP +This is an alternative to using \fBman\fR \fB-t\fR, which sends the man page to +the default printer, if the user wants a text file version of the man page. + +.SH EXIT STATUS +.sp +.LP +The following exit values are returned: +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB0\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 6n +.rt +Successful completion. +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB>0\fR\fR +.ad +.RS 6n +.rt +An error occurred. +.RE + +.SH FILES +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/man\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +Root of the standard manual page directory subtree +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/man/man?/*\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +Unformatted nroff manual entries +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/man/sman?/*\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +Unformatted \fBSGML\fR manual entries +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/man/cat?/*\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +\fBnroff\fRed manual entries +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/man/fmt?/*\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +\fBtroff\fRed manual entries +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/man/windex\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +Table of contents and keyword database +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/lib/tmac/an\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +Standard \fB-man\fR macro package +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/lib/sgml/locale/C/dtd/*\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +\fBSGML\fR document type definition files +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/lib/sgml/locale/C/solbook/*\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +\fBSGML\fR style sheet and entity definitions directories +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fB/usr/share/lib/pub/eqnchar\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +Standard definitions for \fBeqn\fR and \fBneqn\fR +.RE + +.sp +.ne 2 +.mk +.na +\fB\fBman.cf\fR\fR +.ad +.sp .6 +.RS 4n +Default search order by section +.RE + +.SH ATTRIBUTES +.sp +.LP +See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes: +.sp + +.sp +.TS +tab() box; +cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) +lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) +. +ATTRIBUTE TYPEATTRIBUTE VALUE +_ +CSIEnabled, see \fBNOTES\fR. +_ +Interface StabilityCommitted +_ +StandardSee \fBstandards\fR(5). +.TE + +.SH SEE ALSO +.sp +.LP +\fBapropos\fR(1), \fBcat\fR(1), \fBcol\fR(1), \fBdpost\fR(1), \fBeqn\fR(1), +\fBmore\fR(1), \fBnroff\fR(1), \fBrefer\fR(1), \fBtbl\fR(1), \fBtroff\fR(1), +\fBvgrind\fR(1), \fBwhatis\fR(1), \fBcatman\fR(1M), \fBattributes\fR(5), +\fBenviron\fR(5), \fBeqnchar\fR(5), \fBman\fR(5), \fBsgml\fR(5), +\fBstandards\fR(5) +.SH NOTES +.sp +.LP +The \fB-f\fR and \fB-k\fR options use the \fBwindex\fR database, which is +created by \fBcatman\fR(1M). +.sp +.LP +The \fBman\fR command is CSI-capable. However, some utilities invoked by the +\fBman\fR command, namely, \fBtroff\fR, \fBeqn\fR, \fBneqn\fR, \fBrefer\fR, +\fBtbl\fR, and \fBvgrind\fR, are not verified to be CSI-capable. Because of +this, the man command with the \fB-t\fR option can not handle non-EUC data. +Also, using the \fBman\fR command to display man pages that require special +processing through \fBeqn\fR, \fBneqn\fR, \fBrefer\fR, \fBtbl\fR, or +\fBvgrind\fR can not be CSI-capable. +.SH BUGS +.sp +.LP +The manual is supposed to be reproducible either on a phototypesetter or on an +\fBASCII\fR terminal. However, on a terminal some information (indicated by +font changes, for instance) is lost. +.sp +.LP +Some dumb terminals cannot process the vertical motions produced by the \fBe\fR +(see \fBeqn\fR(1)) preprocessing flag. To prevent garbled output on these +terminals, when you use \fBe\fR, also use \fBt\fR, to invoke \fBcol\fR(1) +implicitly. This workaround has the disadvantage of eliminating superscripts +and subscripts, even on those terminals that can display them. Control-q clears +a terminal that gets confused by \fBeqn\fR(1) output. |