path: root/usr/src/man/man1/jobs.1

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.TH JOBS 1 "Nov 2, 2007"
.SH NAME
jobs, fg, bg, stop, notify \- control process execution
.SH SYNOPSIS
.SS "sh"
.LP
.nf
\fBjobs\fR [\fB-p\fR | \fB-l\fR] [% \fIjob_id\fR...]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBjobs\fR \fB-x\fR \fIcommand\fR [\fIarguments\fR]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBfg\fR [% \fIjob_id\fR...]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBbg\fR [% \fIjob_id\fR...]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBstop\fR % \fIjob_id\fR...
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBstop\fR \fIpid\fR...
.fi

.SS "csh"
.LP
.nf
\fBjobs\fR [\fB-l\fR]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBfg\fR [% \fIjob_id\fR]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBbg\fR [% \fIjob_id\fR]...
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBnotify\fR [% \fIjob_id\fR]...
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBstop\fR % \fIjob_id\fR...
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBstop\fR \fIpid\fR...
.fi

.SS "ksh"
.LP
.nf
\fBjobs\fR [\fB-lnp\fR] [% \fIjob_id\fR...]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBfg\fR [% \fIjob_id\fR...]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBbg\fR [% \fIjob_id\fR...]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBstop\fR % \fIjob_id\fR...
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBstop\fR \fIpid\fR...
.fi

.SS "ksh93"
.LP
.nf
\fBjobs\fR [\fB-lnp\fR] [\fIjob_id\fR...]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBfg\fR [\fIjob_id\fR...]
.fi

.LP
.nf
\fBbg\fR [\fIjob_id\fR...]
.fi

.SH DESCRIPTION
.SS "sh"
.sp
.LP
When Job Control is enabled, the Bourne shell built-in \fBjobs\fR reports all
jobs that are stopped or executing in the background. If \fB%\fR\fIjob_id\fR is
omitted, all jobs that are stopped or running in the background is reported.
The following options modify or enhance the output of \fBjobs\fR:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-l\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Reports the process group \fBID\fR and working directory of the jobs.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-p\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Reports only the process group \fBID\fR of the jobs.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-x\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Replaces any \fIjob_id\fR found in \fIcommand\fR or \fIarguments\fR with the
corresponding process group \fBID\fR, and then executes \fIcommand\fR passing
it \fIarguments\fR.
.RE

.sp
.LP
When the shell is invoked as \fBjsh\fR, Job Control is enabled in addition to
all of the functionality described previously for \fBsh\fR. Typically Job
Control is enabled for the interactive shell only. Non-interactive shells
typically do not benefit from the added functionality of Job Control.
.sp
.LP
With Job Control enabled every command or pipeline the user enters at the
terminal is called a \fIjob_id\fR. All jobs exist in one of the following
states: foreground, background or stopped. These terms are defined as follows:
.RS +4
.TP
1.
A job in the \fBforeground\fR has read and write access to the controlling
terminal.
.RE
.RS +4
.TP
2.
A job in the \fBbackground\fR is denied read access and has conditional
write access to the controlling terminal (see \fBstty\fR(1))
.RE
.RS +4
.TP
3.
A \fBstopped\fR job is a job that has been placed in a suspended state,
usually as a result of a \fBSIGTSTP\fR signal (see \fBsignal.h\fR(3HEAD)).
.RE
.sp
.LP
Every job that the shell starts is assigned a positive integer, called a
\fIjob_id number\fR which is tracked by the shell and are used as an identifier
to indicate a specific job. Additionally, the shell keeps track of the
\fBcurrent\fR and \fBprevious\fR jobs. The \fBcurrent job\fR is the most recent
job to be started or restarted. The \fBprevious job\fR is the first non-current
job.
.sp
.LP
The acceptable syntax for a Job Identifier is of the form:
.sp
.LP
\fB%\fR\fIjob_id\fR
.sp
.LP
where \fIjob_id\fR can be specified in any of the following formats:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%\fR or \fB+\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 13n
for the current job
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB\(mi\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 13n
for the previous job
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB?\fR\fI<string>\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 13n
specify the job for which the command line uniquely contains \fIstring\fR.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIn\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 13n
for job number \fIn\fR, where \fIn\fR is a job number
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIpref\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 13n
where \fIpref\fR is a unique prefix of the command name (for example, if the
command \fBls \(mil name\fR were running in the background, it could be
referred to as \fB%ls\fR); \fIpref\fR cannot contain blanks unless it is
quoted.
.RE

.sp
.LP
When Job Control is enabled, \fBfg\fR resumes the execution of a stopped job in
the foreground, also moves an executing background job into the foreground. If
\fB%\fR\fIjob_id\fR is omitted the current job is assumed.
.sp
.LP
When Job Control is enabled, \fBbg\fR resumes the execution of a stopped job in
the background. If \fB%\fR\fIjob_id\fR is omitted the current job is assumed.
.sp
.LP
\fBstop\fR stops the execution of a background job(s) by using its
\fIjob_id\fR, or of any process by using its \fIpid\fR; see \fBps\fR(1).
.SS "csh"
.sp
.LP
The C shell built-in, \fBjobs\fR, without an argument, lists the active jobs
under job control.
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-l\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
List process \fBID\fRs, in addition to the normal information.
.RE

.sp
.LP
The shell associates a numbered \fIjob_id\fR with each command sequence to keep
track of those commands that are running in the background or have been stopped
with \fBTSTP\fR signals (typically Control-Z). When a command or command
sequence (semicolon-separated list) is started in the background using the
\fB&\fR metacharacter, the shell displays a line with the job number in
brackets and a list of associated process numbers:
.sp
.LP
\fB[1] 1234\fR
.sp
.LP
To see the current list of jobs, use the \fBjobs\fR built-in command. The job
most recently stopped (or put into the background if none are stopped) is
referred to as the \fBcurrent\fR job and is indicated with a `\fB+\fR'. The
previous job is indicated with a `\fB\(mi\fR\&'; when the current job is
terminated or moved to the foreground, this job takes its place (becomes the
new current job).
.sp
.LP
To manipulate jobs, refer to the \fBbg\fR, \fBfg\fR, \fBkill\fR, \fBstop\fR,
and \fB%\fR built-in commands.
.sp
.LP
A reference to a job begins with a `\fB%\fR'. By itself, the percent sign
refers to the current job.
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%\fR \fB%+\fR \fB%%\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The current job.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%\(mi\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The previous job.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%\fR\fIj\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
Refer to job \fIj\fR as in: `\fBkill\fR \fB-9\fR \fB%\fR\fIj\fR'. \fIj\fR can
be a job number, or a string that uniquely specifies the command line by which
it was started; `\fBfg %vi\fR' might bring a stopped \fBvi\fR job to the
foreground, for instance.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%?\fR\fIstring\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
Specify the job for which the command line uniquely contains \fIstring\fR.
.RE

.sp
.LP
A job running in the background stops when it attempts to read from the
terminal. Background jobs can normally produce output, but this can be
suppressed using the `\fBstty tostop\fR' command.
.sp
.LP
\fBfg\fR brings the current or specified \fIjob_id\fR into the foreground.
.sp
.LP
\fBbg\fR runs the current or specified jobs in the background.
.sp
.LP
\fBstop\fR stops the execution of a background job(s) by using its
\fIjob_id\fR, or of any process by using its \fIpid\fR; see \fBps\fR(1).
.sp
.LP
\fBnotify\fR notifies the user asynchronously when the status of the current
job or specified jobs changes.
.SS "ksh"
.sp
.LP
\fBjobs\fR displays the status of the jobs that were started in the current
shell environment. When \fBjobs\fR reports the termination status of a job, the
shell removes its process \fBID\fR from the list of those known in the current
shell execution environment.
.sp
.LP
\fIjob_id\fR specifies the jobs for which the status is to be displayed. If no
\fIjob_id\fR is specified, the status information for all jobs are displayed.
.sp
.LP
The following options modify or enhance the output of \fBjobs\fR:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-l\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
(The letter ell.) Provides more information about each job listed. This
information includes the job number, current job, process group \fBID\fR, state
and the command that formed the job.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-n\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Displays only jobs that have stopped or exited since last notified.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-p\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Displays only the process \fBID\fRs for the process group leaders of the
selected jobs.
.RE

.sp
.LP
By default, \fBjobs\fR displays the status of all the stopped jobs, running
background jobs, and all jobs whose status has changed and have not been
reported by the shell.
.sp
.LP
If the \fBmonitor\fR option of the \fBset\fR command is turned on, an
interactive shell associates a \fBjob\fR with each pipeline. It keeps a table
of current jobs, printed by the \fBjobs\fR command, and assigns them small
integer numbers. When a job is started asynchronously with \fB&\fR, the shell
prints a line which looks like:
.sp
.LP
\fB[1]\fR \fB1234\fR
.sp
.LP
indicating that the job, which was started asynchronously, was job number
\fB1\fR and had one (top-level) process, whose process id was \fB1234\fR.
.sp
.LP
If you are running a job and wish to do something else you can hit the key ^Z
(Control-Z) which sends a \fBSTOP\fR signal to the current job. The shell then
normally indicates that the job has been "\fBStopped\fR" (see \fBOUTPUT\fR
below), and print another prompt. You can then manipulate the state of this
job, putting it in the background with the \fBbg\fR command, or run some other
commands and then eventually bring the job back into the foreground with the
foreground command \fBfg\fR. A ^Z takes effect immediately and is like an
interrupt, in that pending output and unread input are discarded when it is
typed.
.sp
.LP
There are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell. A job can be referred to
by the process id of any process of the job or by one of the following:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%\fR\fInumber\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The job with the specified number.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%\fR\fIstring\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
Any job whose command line begins with \fIstring\fR; works only in the
interactive mode when the history file is active.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%?\fR\fIstring\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
Any job whose command line contains \fIstring\fR; works only in the interactive
mode when the history file is active.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%%\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
Current job.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%+\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
Equivalent to \fB%%\fR.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%\(mi\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
Previous job.
.RE

.sp
.LP
The shell learns immediately whenever a process changes state. It normally
informs you whenever a job becomes blocked so that no further progress is
possible, but only just before it prints a prompt. This is done so that it does
not otherwise disturb your work. When the monitor mode is on, each background
job that completes triggers any trap set for \fBCHLD\fR. When you try to leave
the shell while jobs are running or stopped, you are warned that `You have
stopped (running) jobs.' You can use the \fBjobs\fR command to see what they
are. If you do this or immediately try to exit again, the shell does not warn
you a second time, and the stopped jobs are terminated.
.sp
.LP
\fBfg\fR moves a background job from the current environment into the
foreground. Using \fBfg\fR to place a job in the foreground removes its process
\fBID\fR from the list of those known in the current shell execution
environment. The \fBfg\fR command is available only on systems that support job
control. If \fIjob_id\fR is not specified, the current job is brought into the
foreground.
.sp
.LP
\fBbg\fR resumes suspended jobs from the current environment by running them as
background jobs. If the job specified by \fIjob_id\fR is already a running
background job, \fBbg\fR has no effect and exits successfully. Using \fBbg\fR
to place a job into the background causes its process \fBID\fR to become `known
in the current shell execution environment, as if it had been started as an
asynchronous list. The \fBbg\fR command is available only on systems that
support job control. If \fIjob_id\fR is not specified, the current job is
placed in the background.
.sp
.LP
\fBstop\fR stops the execution of a background job(s) by using its
\fIjob_id\fR, or of any process by using its \fIpid\fR. See \fBps\fR(1).
.SS "ksh93"
.sp
.LP
\fBjobs\fR displays information about specified jobs that were started by the
current shell environment on standard output. The information contains the job
number enclosed in \fB[...]\fR, the status, and the command line that started
the job.
.sp
.LP
If \fIjob_id\fR is omitted, \fBjobs\fR displays the status of all stopped jobs,
background jobs, and all jobs whose status has changed since last reported by
the shell.
.sp
.LP
When \fBjobs\fR reports the termination status of a job, the shell removes the
job from the list of known jobs in the current shell environment.
.sp
.LP
The following options modify or enhances the output of \fBjobs\fR:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-l\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Displays process IDs after the job number in addition to the usual information.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-n\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Displays only the jobs whose status has changed since the last prompt was
displayed.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-p\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Displays the process group leader IDs for the specified jobs.
.RE

.sp
.LP
\fIjob_id\fR can be specified to \fBjobs\fR, \fBfg\fR, and \fBbg\fR as one of
the following:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fInumber\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The process id of \fBjob\fR.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB-\fR\fInumber\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The process group id of \fBjob\fR.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%\fR\fInumber\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The job number.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%\fR\fIstring\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The job whose name begins with \fIstring\fR.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%?\fR\fIstring\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The job whose name contains \fIstring\fR.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%+\fR\fR
.ad
.br
.na
\fB\fB%%\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The current job.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB%-\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 12n
The previous job.
.RE

.sp
.LP
\fBfg\fR places the specified jobs into the foreground in sequence and sends a
\fBCONT\fR signal to start each running. If \fIjob_id\fR is omitted, the most
recently started or stopped background job is moved to the foreground.
.sp
.LP
\fBbg\fR places the specified jobs into the background and sends a \fBCONT\fR
signal to start them running. If \fIjob_id\fR is omitted, the most recently
started or stopped background job is resumed or continued in the background.
.SH OUTPUT
.sp
.LP
If the \fB-p\fR option is specified, the output consists of one line for each
process \fBID\fR:
.sp
.LP
\fB"%d\en",\fR \fI"process ID"\fR
.sp
.LP
Otherwise, if the \fB-l\fR option is not specified, the output is a series of
lines of the form:
.sp
.LP
\fB"[%d] %c %s %s\en"\fR, \fIjob-number\fR, \fIcurrent\fR, \fIstate\fR,
\fIcommand\fR
.sp
.LP
where the fields are as follows:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIcurrent\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 14n
The character \fB+\fR identifies the job that would be used as a default for
the \fBfg\fR or \fBbg\fR commands. This job can also be specified using the
\fIjob_id\fR \fB%+\fR or \fB%%\fR \fB\&.\fR The character \fB\(mi\fR identifies
the job that would become the default if the current default job were to exit;
this job can also be specified using the \fIjob_id\fR \fB%\(mi\fR \fB\&.\fR For
other jobs, this field is a space character. At most, one job can be identified
with \fB+\fR and at most one job can be identified with \fB\(mi\fR\&. If there
is any suspended job, then the current job is a suspended job. If there are at
least two suspended jobs, then the previous job is also a suspended job.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIjob-number\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 14n
A number that can be used to identify the process group to the \fBwait\fR,
\fBfg\fR, \fBbg,\fR and \fBkill\fR utilities. Using these utilities, the job
can be identified by prefixing the job number with \fB%\fR.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIstate\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 14n
One of the following strings in the POSIX Locale:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBRunning\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
Indicates that the job has not been suspended by a signal and has not exited.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBDone\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
Indicates that the job completed and returned exit status zero.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBDone\fR(\fIcode\fR)\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
Indicates that the job completed normally and that it exited with the specified
\fBnon-zero\fR exit status, \fIcode\fR, expressed as a decimal number.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBStopped\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
Indicates that the job was stopped.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBStopped(SIGTSTP)\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
Indicates that the job was suspended by the \fBSIGTSTP\fR signal.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBStopped(SIGSTOP)\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
Indicates that the job was suspended by the \fBSIGSTOP\fR signal.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBStopped(SIGTTIN)\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
Indicates that the job was suspended by the \fBSIGTTIN\fR signal.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBStopped(SIGTTOU)\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 20n
Indicates that the job was suspended by the \fBSIGTTOU\fR signal.
.RE

The implementation can substitute the string \fBSuspended\fR in place of
\fBStopped\fR. If the job was terminated by a signal, the format of \fBstate\fR
is unspecified, but it is visibly distinct from all of the other \fBstate\fR
formats shown here and indicates the name or description of the signal causing
the termination.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fIcommand\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 14n
The associated command that was specified to the shell.
.RE

.sp
.LP
If the \fB-l\fR option is specified, a field containing the process group
\fBID\fR is inserted before the \fBstate\fR field. Also, more processes in a
process group can be output on separate lines, using only the process \fBID\fR
and \fBcommand\fR fields.
.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
.sp
.LP
See \fBenviron\fR(7) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of \fBjobs\fR, \fBfg\fR, and \fBbg\fR: \fBLANG\fR,
\fBLC_ALL\fR, \fBLC_CTYPE\fR, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fR, and \fBNLSPATH\fR.
.SH EXIT STATUS
.SS "sh, csh, ksh"
.sp
.LP
The following exit values are returned for \fBjobs\fR, \fBfg\fR, and \fBbg\fR:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
Successful completion.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB>0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
An error occurred.
.RE

.SS "ksh93"
.sp
.LP
The following exit values are returned for \fBjobs\fR:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
The information for each job is written to standard output.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB>0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
One or more jobs does not exist.
.RE

.sp
.LP
The following exit values are returned for \fBfg\fR:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBexit status of last job\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 27n
One or more jobs has been brought into the foreground.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fBnon-zero\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 27n
One or more jobs does not exist or has completed.
.RE

.sp
.LP
The following exit values are returned for \fBbg\fR:
.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
All background jobs are started.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.na
\fB\fB>0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
One more jobs does not exist or there are no background jobs.
.RE

.SH ATTRIBUTES
.sp
.LP
See \fBattributes\fR(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
.SS "csh, sh, ksh"
.sp

.sp
.TS
box;
c | c
l | l .
ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
_
Interface Stability	Committed
_
Standard	See \fBstandards\fR(7).
.TE

.SS "ksh93"
.sp

.sp
.TS
box;
c | c
l | l .
ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
_
Interface Stability	Uncommitted
.TE

.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
.LP
.BR csh (1),
.BR kill (1),
.BR ksh (1),
.BR ksh93 (1),
.BR ps (1),
.BR sh (1),
.BR shell_builtins (1),
.BR stop (1),
.BR stty (1),
.BR wait (1),
.BR signal.h (3HEAD),
.BR attributes (7),
.BR environ (7),
.BR standards (7)