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-.\"
-.\" This file and its contents are supplied under the terms of the
-.\" Common Development and Distribution License ("CDDL"), version 1.0.
-.\" You may only use this file in accordance with the terms of version
-.\" 1.0 of the CDDL.
-.\"
-.\" A full copy of the text of the CDDL should have accompanied this
-.\" source.  A copy of the CDDL is also available via the Internet at
-.\" http://www.illumos.org/license/CDDL.
-.\"
-.\"
-.\" Copyright 2017, Joyent, Inc.
-.\"
-.Dd Aug 14, 2017
-.Dt SWAP 7
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm swap
-.Nd swap space
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The operating system uses demand paging as the primary mechanism to implement
-virtual memory.
-The system can also use traditional swapping, wherein an entire process state
-is moved between physical memory and swap space on disk, but it is very rare
-for the system to actually swap an entire process out to disk.
-A system which is swapping does not have enough enough physical memory to
-support the workload on the machine.
-In this case, work should be reduced or more memory added.
-.Pp
-Given that the system rarely, if ever, swaps, but still has swap space
-configured, the question arises as to what this space is for?
-.Pp
-In a demand paged virtual memory system, every page mapped by a process is
-backed by some object.
-For the actual program code used by the process, the backing objects are the
-underlying files in the filesystem for the program's binary, and any
-dynamically linked libraries.
-The portions of a process that are not backed by a named file, including its
-stack and its heap, are called anonymous memory.
-The system uses the swap space as the backing store for these pages.
-When the system determines that it needs to page out one of the anonymous pages,
-the swap space is where that page is written.
-.Pp
-Unlike some other operating systems, illumos reserves the backing storage
-space for anonymous memory at the time of allocation.
-For example, if a process asks for more heap space, the total size of the
-swap allocation that may be required to store the new pages if they need to
-be paged out is reserved at that time.
-This does not mean that anything is written to the swap space, but simply that
-the space is reserved for the entire allocation.
-Thus, a process will always get a correct error from the
-.Xr sbrk 2
-system call if swap space is unavailable.
-Some other operating systems don't allocate backing store for anonymous memory
-until it is used, so the error handling when space is not available can be
-complex or problematic on those systems.
-.Pp
-The
-.Xr vmstat 1m
-command can be used to monitor swap and paging activity.
-The
-.Xr pmap 1
-command can be used to inspect all of the mappings in a process address space,
-and their backing objects.
-The
-.Xr swap 1m
-command can be used to monitor, add and remove swap space.
-.Pp
-The operating system provides the
-.Ql zone.max-swap
-resource control to limit the amount of
-anonymous memory used by all of the processes within a zone.
-This resource control can also be configured under the
-.Xr capped-memory 2
-setting for a zone.
-See the
-.Xr prctl 1
-and
-.Xr zonecfg 1m
-man pages for information on setting this limit.
-The zone's usage against this resource control can be seen using the
-.Ql swapresv_zone_{zoneid}
-kstat.
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr pmap 1 ,
-.Xr prctl 1 ,
-.Xr kstat 1m ,
-.Xr swap 1m ,
-.Xr vmstat 1m ,
-.Xr zonecfg 1m ,
-.Xr sbrk 2 ,
-.Xr resource_controls 5