Pkgsrc consists of many Makefile fragments, each of which forms a well-defined part of the pkgsrc system. Using the &man.make.1; system as a programming language for a big system like pkgsrc requires some discipline to keep the code correct and understandable. The basic ingredients for Makefile programming are variables and shell commands. Among these shell commands may even be more complex ones like &man.awk.1; programs. To make sure that every shell command runs as intended it is necessary to quote all variables correctly when they are used. This chapter describes some patterns that appear quite often in Makefiles, including the pitfalls that come along with them. When you are creating a file as a target of a rule, always write the data to a temporary file first and finally rename that file. Otherwise there might occur an error in the middle of generating the file, and when the user runs &man.make.1; for the second time, the file exists and will not be regenerated properly. Example: wrong: @echo "line 1" > ${.TARGET} @echo "line 2" >> ${.TARGET} @false correct: @echo "line 1" > ${.TARGET}.tmp @echo "line 2" >> ${.TARGET}.tmp @false @mv ${.TARGET}.tmp ${.TARGET} When you run make wrong twice, the file wrong will exist, although there was an error message in the first run. On the other hand, running make correct gives an error message twice, as expected. You might remember that &man.make.1; sometimes removes ${.TARGET} in case of error, but this only happens when it is interrupted, for example by pressing Ctrl+C. This does not happen when one of the commands fails (like &man.false.1; above). Makefile variables contain strings that can be processed using the five operators =, +=, ?=, := and !=, which are described in the &man.make.1; man page. When a variable's value is parsed from a Makefile, the hash character # and the backslash character \ are handled specially. If a backslash is the last character in a line, that backslash is removed from the line and the line continues with the next line of the file. The # character starts a comment that reaches until the end of the line. To get an actual # character, such as in a URL, write \# instead. The evaluation of variables either happens immediately or lazy. It happens immediately when the variable occurs on the right-hand side of the := or the != operator, in a .if condition or a .for loop. In the other cases, it is evaluated lazily. Some of the modifiers split the string into words and then operate on the words, others operate on the string as a whole. When a string is split into words, double quotes and single quotes are interpreted as delimiters, just like in &man.sh.1;. All variable names starting with an underscore are reserved for use by the pkgsrc infrastructure. They shall not be used by packages. In .for loops you should use lowercase variable names for the iteration variables. All list variables should have a plural name, such as PKG_OPTIONS or DISTFILES. When adding a string that possibly contains whitespace or quotes to a list (example 1), it must be quoted using the :Q modifier. When adding another list to a list (example 2), it must not be quoted, since its elements are already quoted. STRING= foo * bar `date` LIST= # empty ANOTHER_LIST= a=b c=d LIST+= ${STRING:Q} # 1 LIST+= ${ANOTHER_LIST} # 2 Echoing a string containing special characters needs special work. STRING= foo bar < > * `date` $$HOME ' " EXAMPLE_ENV= string=${STRING:Q} x=multiple\ quoted\ words all: echo ${STRING} # 1 echo ${STRING:Q} # 2 printf '%s\n' ${STRING:Q}'' # 3 env ${EXAMPLE_ENV} sh -c 'echo "$$string"; echo "$$x"' # 4 Example 1 leads to a syntax error in the shell, as the characters are just copied. Example 2 quotes the string so that the shell interprets it correctly. But the echo command may additionally interpret strings with a leading dash or those containing backslashes. Example 3 can handle arbitrary strings, since &man.printf.1; only interprets the format string, but not the next argument. The trailing single quotes handle the case when the string is empty. In that case, the :Q modifier would result in an empty string too, which would then be skipped by the shell. For &man.printf.1; this doesn't make a difference, but other programs may care. In example 4, the EXAMPLE_ENV does not need to be quoted because the quoting has already been done when adding elements to the list. When passing CFLAGS or similar variables to a GNU-style configure script (especially those that call other configure scripts), it must not have leading or trailing whitespace, since otherwise the configure script gets confused. To trim leading and trailing whitespace, use the :M modifier, as in the following example: CPPFLAGS= # empty CPPFLAGS+= -Wundef -DPREFIX=\"${PREFIX}\" CPPFLAGS+= ${MY_CPPFLAGS} CONFIGURE_ARGS+= CPPFLAGS=${CPPFLAGS:M*:Q} all: echo x${CPPFLAGS:Q}x # leading and trailing whitespace echo x${CONFIGURE_ARGS:Q}x # properly trimmed In this example, CPPFLAGS has both leading and trailing whitespace because the += operator always adds a space. When a possibly empty variable is used in a shell program, it may lead to a syntax error. EGFILES= # empty install-examples: # produces a syntax error in the shell for egfile in ${EGFILES}; do \ echo "Installing $$egfile"; \ done The shell only sees the text for egfile in ; do, since ${EGFILES} is replaced with an empty string by &man.make.1;. To fix this syntax error, use one of the snippets below. EGFILES= # empty install-examples: for egfile in ${EGFILES} ""; do \ [ -n "$$egfile" ] || continue; \ echo "Installing $$egfile"; \ done In this case, an empty string is appended to the iteration list (to prevent the syntax error) and filtered out later. EGFILES= # empty install-examples: .for egfile in ${EGFILES} echo "Installing ${egfile}" .endfor If one of the filenames contains special characters, it should be enclosed in single or double quotes. To have a shell command test whether a make variable is empty, use the following code: ${TEST} -z ${POSSIBLY_EMPTY:Q}"". When a variable can have the values yes or no, use the following pattern to test the variable: .if ${VAR:U:tl} == "yes" # do something .endif The :U modifier is only necessary if the variable can be undefined. If the variable is guaranteed to be defined, the :U can be omitted. The :tl modifier converts the variable value to lowercase, allowing for the values yes, Yes, YES.