path: root/archivers/pax/files/pax.cat1

PAX(1)                      NetBSD Reference Manual                     PAX(1)

NNAAMMEE
     ppaaxx - read and write file archives and copy directory hierarchies

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
     ppaaxx [--ccddjjnnvvzzOO] [--EE _l_i_m_i_t] [--ff _a_r_c_h_i_v_e] [--NN _d_b_d_i_r] [--ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r] _._._.
         [--UU _u_s_e_r] _._._. [--GG _g_r_o_u_p] _._._. [--TT [_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e][,_t_o___d_a_t_e]] _._._. [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n
         _._._.]
     ppaaxx --rr [--ccddiijjkknnuuvvzzAADDOOYYZZ] [--EE _l_i_m_i_t] [--ff _a_r_c_h_i_v_e] [--NN _d_b_d_i_r] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_s]
         _._._. [--pp _s_t_r_i_n_g] _._._. [--ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r] _._._. [--UU _u_s_e_r] _._._. [--GG _g_r_o_u_p] _._._. [--TT
         [_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e][,_t_o___d_a_t_e]] _._._. [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n _._._.]
     ppaaxx --ww [--ddiijjttuuvvzzAAHHLLMMOOPPXX] [--bb _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e] [[--aa] [--ff _a_r_c_h_i_v_e]] [--xx _f_o_r_m_a_t]
         [--BB _b_y_t_e_s] [--NN _d_b_d_i_r] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_s] _._._. [--ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r] _._._. [--UU _u_s_e_r] _._._.
         [--GG _g_r_o_u_p] _._._. [--TT [_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e][,_t_o___d_a_t_e][/[cc][mm]]] _._._. [_f_i_l_e _._._.]
     ppaaxx --rr --ww [--ddiijjkkllnnttuuvvzzAADDHHLLMMOOPPXXYYZZ] [--NN _d_b_d_i_r] [--pp _s_t_r_i_n_g] _._._. [--ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r]
         _._._. [--UU _u_s_e_r] _._._. [--GG _g_r_o_u_p] _._._. [--TT [_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e][,_t_o___d_a_t_e][/[cc][mm]]]
         _._._. [_f_i_l_e _._._.] _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
     ppaaxx will read, write, and list the members of an archive file, and will
     copy directory hierarchies.  If the archive file is of the form:
     _[_[_u_s_e_r_@_]_h_o_s_t_:_]_f_i_l_e then the archive will be processed using rmt(8).

     ppaaxx operation is independent of the specific archive format, and supports
     a wide variety of different archive formats.  A list of supported archive
     formats can be found under the description of the --xx option.

     The presence of the --rr and the --ww options specifies which of the follow-
     ing functional modes ppaaxx will operate under: _l_i_s_t, _r_e_a_d, _w_r_i_t_e, and _c_o_p_y.

     <none>  _L_i_s_t.  ppaaxx will write to standard output a table of contents of
             the members of the archive file read from standard input, whose
             pathnames match the specified _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_s.  The table of contents
             contains one filename per line and is written using single line
             buffering.

     --rr      _R_e_a_d.  ppaaxx extracts the members of the archive file read from the
             standard input, with pathnames matching the specified _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_s.
             The archive format and blocking is automatically determined on
             input.  When an extracted file is a directory, the entire file
             hierarchy rooted at that directory is extracted.  All extracted
             files are created relative to the current file hierarchy.  The
             setting of ownership, access and modification times, and file
             mode of the extracted files are discussed in more detail under
             the --pp option.

     --ww      _W_r_i_t_e.  ppaaxx writes an archive containing the _f_i_l_e operands to
             standard output using the specified archive format.  When no _f_i_l_e
             operands are specified, a list of files to copy with one per line
             is read from standard input.  When a _f_i_l_e operand is also a di-
             rectory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will
             be included.

     --rr --ww   _C_o_p_y.  ppaaxx copies the _f_i_l_e operands to the destination _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y.
             When no _f_i_l_e operands are specified, a list of files to copy with
             one per line is read from the standard input.  When a _f_i_l_e
             operand is also a directory the entire file hierarchy rooted at
             that directory will be included.  The effect of the _c_o_p_y is as if
             the copied files were written to an archive file and then subse-
             quently extracted, except that there may be hard links between
             the original and the copied files (see the --ll option below).

             _W_a_r_n_i_n_g: The destination _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y must not be one of the _f_i_l_e
             operands or a member of a file hierarchy rooted at one of the
             _f_i_l_e operands.  The result of a _c_o_p_y under these conditions is
             unpredictable.

     While processing a damaged archive during a _r_e_a_d or _l_i_s_t operation, ppaaxx
     will attempt to recover from media defects and will search through the
     archive to locate and process the largest number of archive members pos-
     sible (see the --EE option for more details on error handling).

OOPPEERRAANNDDSS
     The _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y operand specifies a destination directory pathname.  If the
     _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y operand does not exist, or it is not writable by the user, or
     it is not of type directory, ppaaxx will exit with a non-zero exit status.

     The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand is used to select one or more pathnames of archive
     members.  Archive members are selected using the pattern matching nota-
     tion described by fnmatch(3).  When the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand is not supplied,
     all members of the archive will be selected.  When a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n matches a
     directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be se-
     lected.  When a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand does not select at least one archive mem-
     ber, ppaaxx will write these _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operands in a diagnostic message to
     standard error and then exit with a non-zero exit status.

     The _f_i_l_e operand specifies the pathname of a file to be copied or
     archived.  When a _f_i_l_e operand does not select at least one archive mem-
     ber, ppaaxx will write these _f_i_l_e operand pathnames in a diagnostic message
     to standard error and then exit with a non-zero exit status.

OOPPTTIIOONNSS
     The following options are supported:

     --rr    Read an archive file from standard input and extract the specified
           _f_i_l_e_s.  If any intermediate directories are needed in order to ex-
           tract an archive member, these directories will be created as if
           mkdir(2) was called with the bitwise inclusive OR of S_IRWXU,
           S_IRWXG, and S_IRWXO as the mode argument.  When the selected
           archive format supports the specification of linked files and these
           files cannot be linked while the archive is being extracted, ppaaxx
           will write a diagnostic message to standard error and exit with a
           non-zero exit status at the completion of operation.

     --ww    Write files to the standard output in the specified archive format.
           When no _f_i_l_e operands are specified, standard input is read for a
           list of pathnames with one per line without any leading or trailing
           <blanks>.

     --aa    Append _f_i_l_e_s to the end of an archive that was previously written.
           If an archive format is not specified with a --xx option, the format
           currently being used in the archive will be selected.  Any attempt
           to append to an archive in a format different from the format al-
           ready used in the archive will cause ppaaxx to exit immediately with a
           non-zero exit status.  The blocking size used in the archive volume
           where writing starts will continue to be used for the remainder of
           that archive volume.

           _W_a_r_n_i_n_g: Many storage devices are not able to support the opera-
           tions necessary to perform an append operation.  Any attempt to ap-
           pend to an archive stored on such a device may damage the archive
           or have other unpredictable results.  Tape drives in particular are
           more likely to not support an append operation.  An archive stored
           in a regular file system file or on a disk device will usually sup-
           port an append operation.

     --bb _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e
           When _w_r_i_t_i_n_g an archive, block the output at a positive decimal in-
           teger number of bytes per write to the archive file.  The _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e
           must be a multiple of 512 bytes with a maximum of 32256 bytes.  A
           _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e can end with k or b to specify multiplication by 1024
           (1K) or 512, respectively.  A pair of _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e_s can be separated
           by x to indicate a product.  A specific archive device may impose
           additional restrictions on the size of blocking it will support.
           When blocking is not specified, the default _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e is dependent
           on the specific archive format being used (see the --xx option).

     --cc    Match all file or archive members _e_x_c_e_p_t those specified by the
           _p_a_t_t_e_r_n and _f_i_l_e operands.

     --dd    Cause files of type directory being copied or archived, or archive
           members of type directory being extracted, to match only the direc-
           tory file or archive member and not the file hierarchy rooted at
           the directory.

     --ff _a_r_c_h_i_v_e
           Specify _a_r_c_h_i_v_e as the pathname of the input or output archive,
           overriding the default standard input (for _l_i_s_t and _r_e_a_d) or
           standard output (for _w_r_i_t_e).  A single archive may span multiple
           files and different archive devices.  When required, ppaaxx will
           prompt for the pathname of the file or device of the next volume in
           the archive.

     --ii    Interactively rename files or archive members.  For each archive
           member matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand or each file matching a _f_i_l_e
           operand, ppaaxx will prompt to _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y giving the name of the file,
           its file mode and its modification time.  ppaaxx will then read a line
           from _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y.  If this line is blank, the file or archive member
           is skipped.  If this line consists of a single period, the file or
           archive member is processed with no modification to its name.  Oth-
           erwise, its name is replaced with the contents of the line.  ppaaxx
           will immediately exit with a non-zero exit status if <EOF> is en-
           countered when reading a response or if _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y cannot be opened
           for reading and writing.

     --jj    Use bzip2(1) for compression when reading or writing archive files.

     --kk    Do not overwrite existing files.

     --ll    Link files.  (The letter ell).  In the _c_o_p_y mode (--rr --ww), hard
           links are made between the source and destination file hierarchies
           whenever possible.

     --nn    Select the first archive member that matches each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand.
           No more than one archive member is matched for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.  When
           members of type directory are matched, the file hierarchy rooted at
           that directory is also matched (unless --dd is also specified).

     --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_s
           Information to modify the algorithm for extracting or writing
           archive files which is specific to the archive format specified by
           --xx. In general, _o_p_t_i_o_n_s take the form: nnaammee==vvaalluuee

     --pp _s_t_r_i_n_g
           Specify one or more file characteristic options (privileges).  The
           _s_t_r_i_n_g option-argument is a string specifying file characteristics
           to be retained or discarded on extraction.  The string consists of
           the specification characters aa, ee, ff, mm, oo, and pp.  Multiple char-
           acteristics can be concatenated within the same string and multiple
           --pp options can be specified.  The meaning of the specification
           characters are as follows:

           aa   Do not preserve file access times.  By default, file access
               times are preserved whenever possible.

           ee   `Preserve everything', the user ID, group ID, file mode bits,
               file access time, and file modification time.  This is intended
               to be used by _r_o_o_t, someone with all the appropriate privi-
               leges, in order to preserve all aspects of the files as they
               are recorded in the archive.  The ee flag is the sum of the oo
               and pp flags.

           mm   Do not preserve file modification times.  By default, file mod-
               ification times are preserved whenever possible.

           oo   Preserve the user ID and group ID.

           pp   `Preserve' the file mode bits.  This is intended to be used by
               a _u_s_e_r with regular privileges who wants to preserve all as-
               pects of the file other than the ownership.  The file times are
               preserved by default, but two other flags are offered to dis-
               able this and use the time of extraction instead.

           In the preceding list, `preserve' indicates that an attribute
           stored in the archive is given to the extracted file, subject to
           the permissions of the invoking process.  Otherwise the attribute
           of the extracted file is determined as part of the normal file cre-
           ation action.  If neither the ee nor the oo specification character
           is specified, or the user ID and group ID are not preserved for any
           reason, ppaaxx will not set the S_ISUID (_s_e_t_u_i_d) and S_ISGID (_s_e_t_g_i_d)
           bits of the file mode.  If the preservation of any of these items
           fails for any reason, ppaaxx will write a diagnostic message to
           standard error.  Failure to preserve these items will affect the
           final exit status, but will not cause the extracted file to be
           deleted.  If the file characteristic letters in any of the string
           option-arguments are duplicated or conflict with each other, the
           one(s) given last will take precedence.  For example, if
                 --pp _e_m_e
           is specified, file modification times are still preserved.

     --ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r
           Modify the file or archive member names specified by the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n or
           _f_i_l_e operands according to the substitution expression _r_e_p_l_s_t_r, us-
           ing the syntax of the ed(1) utility regular expressions.  The for-
           mat of these regular expressions are:
                 /old/new/[gp]
           As in ed(1), oolldd is a basic regular expression and nneeww can contain
           an ampersand (&), \n (where n is a digit) back-references, or
           subexpression matching.  The oolldd string may also contain <newline>
           characters.  Any non-null character can be used as a delimiter (/
           is shown here).  Multiple --ss expressions can be specified.  The ex-
           pressions are applied in the order they are specified on the com-
           mand line, terminating with the first successful substitution.  The
           optional trailing gg continues to apply the substitution expression
           to the pathname substring which starts with the first character
           following the end of the last successful substitution.  The first
           unsuccessful substitution stops the operation of the gg option.  The
           optional trailing pp will cause the final result of a successful
           substitution to be written to standard error in the following for-
           mat:
                 <original pathname> >> <new pathname>
           File or archive member names that substitute to the empty string
           are not selected and will be skipped.

     --tt    Reset the access times of any file or directory read or accessed by
           ppaaxx to be the same as they were before being read or accessed by
           ppaaxx, if the user has the appropriate permissions required by
           utime(3).

     --uu    Ignore files that are older (having a less recent file modification
           time) than a pre-existing file or archive member with the same
           name.  During _r_e_a_d, an archive member with the same name as a file
           in the file system will be extracted if the archive member is newer
           than the file.  During _w_r_i_t_e, a file system member with the same
           name as an archive member will be written to the archive if it is
           newer than the archive member.  During _c_o_p_y, the file in the desti-
           nation hierarchy is replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or
           by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the
           source hierarchy is newer.

     --vv    During a _l_i_s_t operation, produce a verbose table of contents using
           the format of the ls(1) utility with the --ll option.  For pathnames
           representing a hard link to a previous member of the archive, the
           output has the format:
                 <ls -l listing> == <link name>
           Where <ls -l listing> is the output format specified by the ls(1)
           utility when used with the --ll option.  Otherwise for all the other
           operational modes (_r_e_a_d, _w_r_i_t_e, and _c_o_p_y), pathnames are written
           and flushed to standard error without a trailing <newline> as soon
           as processing begins on that file or archive member.  The trailing
           <newline>, is not buffered, and is written only after the file has
           been read or written.

     --xx _f_o_r_m_a_t
           Specify the output archive format, with the default format being
           _u_s_t_a_r.  ppaaxx currently supports the following formats:

           _c_p_i_o     The extended cpio interchange format specified in the IEEE
                    Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') standard.  The default blocksize
                    for this format is 5120 bytes.  Inode and device informa-
                    tion about a file (used for detecting file hard links by
                    this format) which may be truncated by this format is de-
                    tected by ppaaxx and is repaired.

           _b_c_p_i_o    The old binary cpio format.  The default blocksize for
                    this format is 5120 bytes.  This format is not very
                    portable and should not be used when other formats are
                    available.  Inode and device information about a file
                    (used for detecting file hard links by this format) which
                    may be truncated by this format is detected by ppaaxx and is
                    repaired.

           _s_v_4_c_p_i_o  The AT&T System V.4 UNIX cpio.  The default blocksize for
                    this format is 5120 bytes.  Inode and device information
                    about a file (used for detecting file hard links by this
                    format) which may be truncated by this format is detected
                    by ppaaxx and is repaired.

           _s_v_4_c_r_c   The AT&T System V.4 UNIX cpio with file crc checksums.
                    The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes.  In-
                    ode and device information about a file (used for detect-
                    ing file hard links by this format) which may be truncated
                    by this format is detected by ppaaxx and is repaired.

           _t_a_r      The old BSD tar format as found in 4.3BSD.  The default
                    blocksize for this format is 10240 bytes.  Pathnames
                    stored by this format must be 100 characters or less in
                    length.  Only _r_e_g_u_l_a_r files, _h_a_r_d _l_i_n_k_s, _s_o_f_t _l_i_n_k_s, and
                    _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_i_e_s will be archived (other file system types are
                    not supported).  For backwards compatibility with even
                    older tar formats, a --oo option can be used when writing an
                    archive to omit the storage of directories.  This option
                    takes the form:
                          --oo wwrriittee__oopptt==nnooddiirr

           _u_s_t_a_r    The extended tar interchange format specified in the IEEE
                    Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') standard.  The default blocksize
                    for this format is 10240 bytes.  Pathnames stored by this
                    format must be 250 characters or less in length.

           ppaaxx will detect and report any file that it is unable to store or
           extract as the result of any specific archive format restrictions.
           The individual archive formats may impose additional restrictions
           on use.  Typical archive format restrictions include (but are not
           limited to): file pathname length, file size, link pathname length
           and the type of the file.

     --zz    Use gzip(1) compression, when reading or writing archive files.

     --AA    Do not strip leading `/'s from file names.

     --BB _b_y_t_e_s
           Limit the number of bytes written to a single archive volume to
           _b_y_t_e_s.  The _b_y_t_e_s limit can end with m, k, or b to specify multi-
           plication by 1048576 (1M), 1024 (1K) or 512, respectively.  A pair
           of _b_y_t_e_s limits can be separated by x to indicate a product.

           _W_a_r_n_i_n_g: Only use this option when writing an archive to a device
           which supports an end of file read condition based on last (or
           largest) write offset (such as a regular file or a tape drive).
           The use of this option with a floppy or hard disk is not recommend-
           ed.

     --DD    This option is the same as the --uu option, except that the file in-
           ode change time is checked instead of the file modification time.
           The file inode change time can be used to select files whose inode
           information (e.g. uid, gid, etc.) is newer than a copy of the file
           in the destination _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y.

     --EE _l_i_m_i_t
           Limit the number of consecutive read faults while trying to read a
           flawed archives to _l_i_m_i_t.  With a positive _l_i_m_i_t, ppaaxx will attempt
           to recover from an archive read error and will continue processing
           starting with the next file stored in the archive.  A _l_i_m_i_t of 0
           will cause ppaaxx to stop operation after the first read error is de-
           tected on an archive volume.  A _l_i_m_i_t of NONE will cause ppaaxx to at-
           tempt to recover from read errors forever.  The default _l_i_m_i_t is a
           small positive number of retries.

           _W_a_r_n_i_n_g: Using this option with NONE should be used with extreme
           caution as ppaaxx may get stuck in an infinite loop on a very badly
           flawed archive.

     --GG _g_r_o_u_p
           Select a file based on its _g_r_o_u_p name, or when starting with a ##, a
           numeric gid.  A '\' can be used to escape the ##.  Multiple --GG op-
           tions may be supplied and checking stops with the first match.

     --HH    Follow only command line symbolic links while performing a physical
           file system traversal.

     --LL    Follow all symbolic links to perform a logical file system traver-
           sal.

     --MM    During a _w_r_i_t_e or _c_o_p_y operation, treat the list of files on
           standard input as an mtree(8) `specfile' specification, and write
           or copy only those items in the specfile.

           If the file exists in the underlying file system, its permissions
           and modification time will be used unless specifically overridden
           by the specfile.  An error will be raised if the type of entry in
           the specfile conflicts with that of an existing file.  A directory
           entry that is marked `ooppttiioonnaall' will not be copied (even though its
           contents will be).

           Otherwise, the entry will be `faked-up', and it is necessary to
           specify at least the following parameters in the specfile: ttyyppee,
           mmooddee, ggnnaammee or ggiidd, and uunnaammee or uuiidd, ddeevviiccee (in the case of block
           or character devices), and lliinnkk (in the case of symbolic links).
           If ttiimmee isn't provided, the current time will be used.  A `faked-
           up' entry that is marked `ooppttiioonnaall' will not be copied.

     --NN _d_b_d_i_r
           Except for lookups for the --GG and --UU options, use the user database
           text file _m_a_s_t_e_r_._p_a_s_s_w_d and group database text file _g_r_o_u_p from
           _d_b_d_i_r, rather than using the results from the system's getpwnam(3)
           and getgrnam(3) (and related) library calls.

     --OO    Force the archive to be one volume.  If a volume ends prematurely,
           ppaaxx will not prompt for a new volume.  This option can be useful
           for automated tasks where error recovery cannot be performed by a
           human.

     --PP    Do not follow symbolic links, perform a physical file system
           traversal.  This is the default mode.

     --TT _[_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e_]_[_,_t_o___d_a_t_e_]_[_/_[_c_]_[_m_]_]
           Allow files to be selected based on a file modification or inode
           change time falling within a specified time range of _f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e to
           _t_o___d_a_t_e (the dates are inclusive).  If only a _f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e is sup-
           plied, all files with a modification or inode change time equal to
           or younger are selected.  If only a _t_o___d_a_t_e is supplied, all files
           with a modification or inode change time equal to or older will be
           selected.  When the _f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e is equal to the _t_o___d_a_t_e, only files
           with a modification or inode change time of exactly that time will
           be selected.

           When ppaaxx is in the _w_r_i_t_e or _c_o_p_y mode, the optional trailing field
           _[_c_]_[_m_] can be used to determine which file time (inode change, file
           modification or both) are used in the comparison.  If neither is
           specified, the default is to use file modification time only.  The
           _m specifies the comparison of file modification time (the time when
           the file was last written).  The _c specifies the comparison of in-
           ode change time (the time when the file inode was last changed;
           e.g. a change of owner, group, mode, etc).  When _c and _m are both
           specified, then the modification and inode change times are both
           compared.  The inode change time comparison is useful in selecting
           files whose attributes were recently changed or selecting files
           which were recently created and had their modification time reset
           to an older time (as what happens when a file is extracted from an
           archive and the modification time is preserved).  Time comparisons
           using both file times is useful when ppaaxx is used to create a time
           based incremental archive (only files that were changed during a
           specified time range will be archived).

           A time range is made up of six different fields and each field must
           contain two digits.  The format is:
                 [[[[[cc]yy]mm]dd]hh]mm[.ss]
           Where cccc is the first two digits of the year (the century), yyyy is
           the last two digits of the year, the first mmmm is the month (from 01
           to 12), dddd is the day of the month (from 01 to 31), hhhh is the hour
           of the day (from 00 to 23), the second mmmm is the minute (from 00 to
           59), and ssss is the seconds (from 00 to 61).  Only the minute field
           mmmm is required; the others will default to the current system val-
           ues.  The ssss field may be added independently of the other fields.
           If the century is not specified, it defaults to 1900 for years be-
           tween 69 and 99, or 2000 for years between 0 and 68.  Time ranges
           are relative to the current time, so
                 --TT _1_2_3_4_/_c_m
           would select all files with a modification or inode change time of
           12:34 PM today or later.  Multiple --TT time range can be supplied
           and checking stops with the first match.

     --UU _u_s_e_r
           Select a file based on its _u_s_e_r name, or when starting with a ##, a
           numeric uid.  A '\' can be used to escape the ##.  Multiple --UU op-
           tions may be supplied and checking stops with the first match.

     --XX    When traversing the file hierarchy specified by a pathname, do not
           descend into directories that have a different device ID.  See the
           st_dev field as described in stat(2) for more information about de-
           vice ID's.

     --YY    This option is the same as the --DD option, except that the inode
           change time is checked using the pathname created after all the
           file name modifications have completed.

     --ZZ    This option is the same as the --uu option, except that the modifica-
           tion time is checked using the pathname created after all the file
           name modifications have completed.

     ----ffoorrccee--llooccaall
           Do not interpret filenames that contain a `:' as remote files.

     ----iinnsseeccuurree
           Normally ppaaxx ignores filenames that contain `..' as a path compo-
           nent. With this option, files that contain `..' can be processed.

     The options that operate on the names of files or archive members (--cc,
     --ii, --nn, --ss, --uu, --vv, --DD, --GG, --TT, --UU, --YY, and --ZZ) interact as follows.

     When extracting files during a _r_e_a_d operation, archive members are
     `selected', based only on the user specified pattern operands as modified
     by the --cc, --nn, --uu, --DD, --GG, --TT, --UU options.  Then any --ss and --ii options
     will modify in that order, the names of these selected files.  Then the
     --YY and --ZZ options will be applied based on the final pathname.  Finally
     the --vv option will write the names resulting from these modifications.

     When archiving files during a _w_r_i_t_e operation, or copying files during a
     _c_o_p_y operation, archive members are `selected', based only on the user
     specified pathnames as modified by the --nn, --uu, --DD, --GG, --TT, and --UU options
     (the --DD option only applies during a copy operation).  Then any --ss and --ii
     options will modify in that order, the names of these selected files.
     Then during a _c_o_p_y operation the --YY and the --ZZ options will be applied
     based on the final pathname.  Finally the --vv option will write the names
     resulting from these modifications.

     When one or both of the --uu or --DD options are specified along with the --nn
     option, a file is not considered selected unless it is newer than the
     file to which it is compared.

EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS
     The command:
           pax -w -f /dev/rst0 .
     copies the contents of the current directory to the device _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_t_0.

     The command:
           pax -v -f filename
     gives the verbose table of contents for an archive stored in _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.

     The following commands:
           mkdir newdir
           cd olddir
           pax -rw -pp . ../newdir
     will copy the entire _o_l_d_d_i_r directory hierarchy to _n_e_w_d_i_r, preserving
     permissions and access times.

     When running as root, one may also wish to preserve file ownership when
     copying directory trees.  This can be done with the following commands:
           cd olddir
           pax -rw -pe . .../newdir
     which will copy the contents of _o_l_d_d_i_r into _._._._/_n_e_w_d_i_r, preserving owner-
     ship, permissions and access times.

     The command:
           pax -r -s ',^//*usr//*,,' -f a.pax
     reads the archive _a_._p_a_x, with all files rooted in ``/usr'' into the
     archive extracted relative to the current directory.

     The command:
           pax -rw -i . dest_dir
     can be used to interactively select the files to copy from the current
     directory to _d_e_s_t___d_i_r.

     The command:
           pax -r -pe -U root -G bin -f a.pax
     will extract all files from the archive _a_._p_a_x which are owned by _r_o_o_t
     with group _b_i_n and will preserve all file permissions.

     The command:
           pax -r -w -v -Y -Z home /backup
     will update (and list) only those files in the destination directory
     _/_b_a_c_k_u_p which are older (less recent inode change or file modification
     times) than files with the same name found in the source file tree _h_o_m_e.

EERRRROORRSS
     ppaaxx will exit with one of the following values:

     0   All files were processed successfully.

     1   An error occurred.

     Whenever ppaaxx cannot create a file or a link when reading an archive or
     cannot find a file when writing an archive, or cannot preserve the user
     ID, group ID, or file mode when the --pp option is specified, a diagnostic
     message is written to standard error and a non-zero exit status will be
     returned, but processing will continue.  In the case where pax cannot
     create a link to a file, ppaaxx will not create a second copy of the file.

     If the extraction of a file from an archive is prematurely terminated by
     a signal or error, ppaaxx may have only partially extracted a file the user
     wanted.  Additionally, the file modes of extracted files and directories
     may have incorrect file bits, and the modification and access times may
     be wrong.

     If the creation of an archive is prematurely terminated by a signal or
     error, ppaaxx may have only partially created the archive which may violate
     the specific archive format specification.

     If while doing a _c_o_p_y, ppaaxx detects a file is about to overwrite itself,
     the file is not copied, a diagnostic message is written to standard error
     and when ppaaxx completes it will exit with a non-zero exit status.

SSEEEE AALLSSOO
     cpio(1), tar(1), symlink(7), mtree(8)

SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS
     The ppaaxx utility is a superset of the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') stan-
     dard.  The options --BB, --DD, --EE, --GG, --HH, --LL, --MM, --OO, --PP, --TT, --UU, --YY, --ZZ,
     --zz, the archive formats _b_c_p_i_o, _s_v_4_c_p_i_o, _s_v_4_c_r_c, _t_a_r, and the flawed
     archive handling during _l_i_s_t and _r_e_a_d operations are extensions to the
     POSIX standard.

AAUUTTHHOORRSS
     Keith Muller at the University of California, San Diego.  Luke Mewburn
     implemented --MM.

NetBSD 1.6.1_STABLE             March 31, 2003                              10