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author | Ondřej Surý <ondrej@sury.org> | 2011-06-30 15:34:22 +0200 |
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committer | Ondřej Surý <ondrej@sury.org> | 2011-06-30 15:34:22 +0200 |
commit | d39f5aa373a4422f7a5f3ee764fb0f6b0b719d61 (patch) | |
tree | 1833f8b72a4b3a8f00d0d143b079a8fcad01c6ae /doc/go_tutorial.txt | |
parent | 8652e6c371b8905498d3d314491d36c58d5f68d5 (diff) | |
download | golang-upstream/58.tar.gz |
Imported Upstream version 58upstream/58
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/go_tutorial.txt')
-rw-r--r-- | doc/go_tutorial.txt | 32 |
1 files changed, 16 insertions, 16 deletions
diff --git a/doc/go_tutorial.txt b/doc/go_tutorial.txt index 3e0b21d99..513190ef2 100644 --- a/doc/go_tutorial.txt +++ b/doc/go_tutorial.txt @@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ Using slices one can write this function (from "sum.go"): --PROG progs/sum.go /sum/ /^}/ -Note how the return type ("int") is defined for "sum()" by stating it +Note how the return type ("int") is defined for "sum" by stating it after the parameter list. To call the function, we slice the array. This intricate call (we'll show @@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ There are also maps, which you can initialize like this: m := map[string]int{"one":1 , "two":2} -The built-in function "len()", which returns number of elements, +The built-in function "len", which returns number of elements, makes its first appearance in "sum". It works on strings, arrays, slices, maps, and channels. @@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ An Interlude about Allocation Most types in Go are values. If you have an "int" or a "struct" or an array, assignment copies the contents of the object. -To allocate a new variable, use "new()", which +To allocate a new variable, use the built-in function "new", which returns a pointer to the allocated storage. type T struct { a, b int } @@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ or the more idiomatic Some types—maps, slices, and channels (see below)—have reference semantics. If you're holding a slice or a map and you modify its contents, other variables referencing the same underlying data will see the modification. For these three -types you want to use the built-in function "make()": +types you want to use the built-in function "make": m := make(map[string]int) @@ -343,11 +343,11 @@ If you just declare the map, as in var m map[string]int it creates a "nil" reference that cannot hold anything. To use the map, -you must first initialize the reference using "make()" or by assignment from an +you must first initialize the reference using "make" or by assignment from an existing map. Note that "new(T)" returns type "*T" while "make(T)" returns type -"T". If you (mistakenly) allocate a reference object with "new()", +"T". If you (mistakenly) allocate a reference object with "new" rather than "make", you receive a pointer to a nil reference, equivalent to declaring an uninitialized variable and taking its address. @@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ Building on the "file" package, here's a simple version of the Unix utility "cat By now this should be easy to follow, but the "switch" statement introduces some new features. Like a "for" loop, an "if" or "switch" can include an initialization statement. The "switch" on line 18 uses one to create variables -"nr" and "er" to hold the return values from "f.Read()". (The "if" on line 25 +"nr" and "er" to hold the return values from the call to "f.Read". (The "if" on line 25 has the same idea.) The "switch" statement is general: it evaluates the cases from top to bottom looking for the first case that matches the value; the case expressions don't need to be constants or even integers, as long as @@ -537,14 +537,14 @@ in a "for" statement, a missing value means "true". In fact, such a "switch" is a form of "if-else" chain. While we're here, it should be mentioned that in "switch" statements each "case" has an implicit "break". -Line 25 calls "Write()" by slicing the incoming buffer, which is itself a slice. +Line 25 calls "Write" by slicing the incoming buffer, which is itself a slice. Slices provide the standard Go way to handle I/O buffers. Now let's make a variant of "cat" that optionally does "rot13" on its input. It's easy to do by just processing the bytes, but instead we will exploit Go's notion of an <i>interface</i>. -The "cat()" subroutine uses only two methods of "f": "Read()" and "String()", +The "cat" subroutine uses only two methods of "f": "Read" and "String", so let's start by defining an interface that has exactly those two methods. Here is code from "progs/cat_rot13.go": @@ -568,11 +568,11 @@ To use the new feature, we define a flag: --PROG progs/cat_rot13.go /rot13Flag/ -and use it from within a mostly unchanged "cat()" function: +and use it from within a mostly unchanged "cat" function: --PROG progs/cat_rot13.go /func.cat/ /^}/ -(We could also do the wrapping in "main" and leave "cat()" mostly alone, except +(We could also do the wrapping in "main" and leave "cat" mostly alone, except for changing the type of the argument; consider that an exercise.) Lines 56 through 58 set it all up: If the "rot13" flag is true, wrap the "reader" we received into a "rotate13" and proceed. Note that the interface variables @@ -700,19 +700,19 @@ to that of the "Printf" call above. --PROG progs/print.go 'NR==21' 'NR==22' If you have your own type you'd like "Printf" or "Print" to format, -just give it a "String()" method that returns a string. The print +just give it a "String" method that returns a string. The print routines will examine the value to inquire whether it implements the method and if so, use it rather than some other formatting. Here's a simple example. --PROG progs/print_string.go 'NR==9' END -Since "*testType" has a "String()" method, the +Since "*testType" has a "String" method, the default formatter for that type will use it and produce the output 77 Sunset Strip -Observe that the "String()" method calls "Sprint" (the obvious Go +Observe that the "String" method calls "Sprint" (the obvious Go variant that returns a string) to do its formatting; special formatters can use the "fmt" library recursively. @@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ and such, but that's getting a little off the main thread so we'll leave it as an exploration exercise. You might ask, though, how "Printf" can tell whether a type implements -the "String()" method. Actually what it does is ask if the value can +the "String" method. Actually what it does is ask if the value can be converted to an interface variable that implements the method. Schematically, given a value "v", it does this: @@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ interface type defined in the "io" library: (This interface is another conventional name, this time for "Write"; there are also "io.Reader", "io.ReadWriter", and so on.) -Thus you can call "Fprintf" on any type that implements a standard "Write()" +Thus you can call "Fprintf" on any type that implements a standard "Write" method, not just files but also network channels, buffers, whatever you want. |