diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'src/pkg/encoding/gob')
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/codec_test.go | 15 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/decode.go | 14 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/decoder.go | 37 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go | 16 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/encode.go | 23 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder.go | 12 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder_test.go | 106 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/gobencdec_test.go | 71 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/timing_test.go | 37 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/type.go | 21 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pkg/encoding/gob/type_test.go | 61 |
11 files changed, 358 insertions, 55 deletions
diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/codec_test.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/codec_test.go index ebcbb78eb..482212b74 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/codec_test.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/codec_test.go @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package gob import ( "bytes" "errors" + "flag" "math" "math/rand" "reflect" @@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ import ( "unsafe" ) +var doFuzzTests = flag.Bool("gob.fuzz", false, "run the fuzz tests, which are large and very slow") + // Guarantee encoding format by comparing some encodings to hand-written values type EncodeT struct { x uint64 @@ -1434,7 +1437,8 @@ func encFuzzDec(rng *rand.Rand, in interface{}) error { // This does some "fuzz testing" by attempting to decode a sequence of random bytes. func TestFuzz(t *testing.T) { - if testing.Short() { + if !*doFuzzTests { + t.Logf("disabled; run with -gob.fuzz to enable") return } @@ -1453,11 +1457,16 @@ func TestFuzz(t *testing.T) { } func TestFuzzRegressions(t *testing.T) { + if !*doFuzzTests { + t.Logf("disabled; run with -gob.fuzz to enable") + return + } + // An instance triggering a type name of length ~102 GB. testFuzz(t, 1328492090837718000, 100, new(float32)) // An instance triggering a type name of 1.6 GB. - // Commented out because it takes 5m to run. - //testFuzz(t, 1330522872628565000, 100, new(int)) + // Note: can take several minutes to run. + testFuzz(t, 1330522872628565000, 100, new(int)) } func testFuzz(t *testing.T, seed int64, n int, input ...interface{}) { diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/decode.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/decode.go index e32a178ab..a80d9f919 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/decode.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/decode.go @@ -62,15 +62,15 @@ func overflow(name string) error { // Used only by the Decoder to read the message length. func decodeUintReader(r io.Reader, buf []byte) (x uint64, width int, err error) { width = 1 - _, err = r.Read(buf[0:width]) - if err != nil { + n, err := io.ReadFull(r, buf[0:width]) + if n == 0 { return } b := buf[0] if b <= 0x7f { return uint64(b), width, nil } - n := -int(int8(b)) + n = -int(int8(b)) if n > uint64Size { err = errBadUint return @@ -562,6 +562,9 @@ func (dec *Decoder) ignoreSingle(engine *decEngine) { func (dec *Decoder) decodeArrayHelper(state *decoderState, p uintptr, elemOp decOp, elemWid uintptr, length, elemIndir int, ovfl error) { instr := &decInstr{elemOp, 0, elemIndir, 0, ovfl} for i := 0; i < length; i++ { + if state.b.Len() == 0 { + errorf("decoding array or slice: length exceeds input size (%d elements)", length) + } up := unsafe.Pointer(p) if elemIndir > 1 { up = decIndirect(up, elemIndir) @@ -652,9 +655,6 @@ func (dec *Decoder) ignoreMap(state *decoderState, keyOp, elemOp decOp) { // Slices are encoded as an unsigned length followed by the elements. func (dec *Decoder) decodeSlice(atyp reflect.Type, state *decoderState, p uintptr, elemOp decOp, elemWid uintptr, indir, elemIndir int, ovfl error) { nr := state.decodeUint() - if nr > uint64(state.b.Len()) { - errorf("length of slice exceeds input size (%d elements)", nr) - } n := int(nr) if indir > 0 { up := unsafe.Pointer(p) @@ -717,7 +717,9 @@ func (dec *Decoder) decodeInterface(ityp reflect.Type, state *decoderState, p ui errorf("name too long (%d bytes): %.20q...", len(name), name) } // The concrete type must be registered. + registerLock.RLock() typ, ok := nameToConcreteType[name] + registerLock.RUnlock() if !ok { errorf("name not registered for interface: %q", name) } diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/decoder.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/decoder.go index c5c7d3fdb..04f706ca5 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/decoder.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/decoder.go @@ -87,21 +87,38 @@ func (dec *Decoder) recvMessage() bool { // readMessage reads the next nbytes bytes from the input. func (dec *Decoder) readMessage(nbytes int) { - // Allocate the buffer. - if cap(dec.tmp) < nbytes { - dec.tmp = make([]byte, nbytes+100) // room to grow + // Allocate the dec.tmp buffer, up to 10KB. + const maxBuf = 10 * 1024 + nTmp := nbytes + if nTmp > maxBuf { + nTmp = maxBuf } - dec.tmp = dec.tmp[:nbytes] + if cap(dec.tmp) < nTmp { + nAlloc := nTmp + 100 // A little extra for growth. + if nAlloc > maxBuf { + nAlloc = maxBuf + } + dec.tmp = make([]byte, nAlloc) + } + dec.tmp = dec.tmp[:nTmp] // Read the data - _, dec.err = io.ReadFull(dec.r, dec.tmp) - if dec.err != nil { - if dec.err == io.EOF { - dec.err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF + dec.buf.Grow(nbytes) + for nbytes > 0 { + if nbytes < nTmp { + dec.tmp = dec.tmp[:nbytes] } - return + var nRead int + nRead, dec.err = io.ReadFull(dec.r, dec.tmp) + if dec.err != nil { + if dec.err == io.EOF { + dec.err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF + } + return + } + dec.buf.Write(dec.tmp) + nbytes -= nRead } - dec.buf.Write(dec.tmp) } // toInt turns an encoded uint64 into an int, according to the marshaling rules. diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go index 821d9a3fe..5bd61b12e 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go @@ -67,11 +67,13 @@ point values may be received into any floating point variable. However, the destination variable must be able to represent the value or the decode operation will fail. -Structs, arrays and slices are also supported. Strings and arrays of bytes are -supported with a special, efficient representation (see below). When a slice is -decoded, if the existing slice has capacity the slice will be extended in place; -if not, a new array is allocated. Regardless, the length of the resulting slice -reports the number of elements decoded. +Structs, arrays and slices are also supported. Structs encode and +decode only exported fields. Strings and arrays of bytes are supported +with a special, efficient representation (see below). When a slice +is decoded, if the existing slice has capacity the slice will be +extended in place; if not, a new array is allocated. Regardless, +the length of the resulting slice reports the number of elements +decoded. Functions and channels cannot be sent in a gob. Attempting to encode a value that contains one will fail. @@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ elements using the standard gob encoding for their type, recursively. Maps are sent as an unsigned count followed by that many key, element pairs. Empty but non-nil maps are sent, so if the sender has allocated -a map, the receiver will allocate a map even no elements are +a map, the receiver will allocate a map even if no elements are transmitted. Structs are sent as a sequence of (field number, field value) pairs. The field @@ -328,7 +330,7 @@ reserved). 01 // Add 1 to get field number 0: field[1].name 01 // 1 byte 59 // structType.field[1].name = "Y" - 01 // Add 1 to get field number 1: field[0].id + 01 // Add 1 to get field number 1: field[1].id 04 // struct.Type.field[1].typeId is 2 (signed int). 00 // End of structType.field[1]; end of structType.field. 00 // end of wireType.structType structure diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encode.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encode.go index 168e08b13..ea37a6cbd 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encode.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encode.go @@ -426,6 +426,12 @@ func (enc *Encoder) encodeMap(b *bytes.Buffer, mv reflect.Value, keyOp, elemOp e // by the concrete value. A nil value gets sent as the empty string for the name, // followed by no value. func (enc *Encoder) encodeInterface(b *bytes.Buffer, iv reflect.Value) { + // Gobs can encode nil interface values but not typed interface + // values holding nil pointers, since nil pointers point to no value. + elem := iv.Elem() + if elem.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && elem.IsNil() { + errorf("gob: cannot encode nil pointer of type %s inside interface", iv.Elem().Type()) + } state := enc.newEncoderState(b) state.fieldnum = -1 state.sendZero = true @@ -435,7 +441,9 @@ func (enc *Encoder) encodeInterface(b *bytes.Buffer, iv reflect.Value) { } ut := userType(iv.Elem().Type()) + registerLock.RLock() name, ok := concreteTypeToName[ut.base] + registerLock.RUnlock() if !ok { errorf("type not registered for interface: %s", ut.base) } @@ -454,7 +462,7 @@ func (enc *Encoder) encodeInterface(b *bytes.Buffer, iv reflect.Value) { enc.pushWriter(b) data := new(bytes.Buffer) data.Write(spaceForLength) - enc.encode(data, iv.Elem(), ut) + enc.encode(data, elem, ut) if enc.err != nil { error_(enc.err) } @@ -698,9 +706,20 @@ func (enc *Encoder) getEncEngine(ut *userTypeInfo) *encEngine { error_(err1) } if info.encoder == nil { - // mark this engine as underway before compiling to handle recursive types. + // Assign the encEngine now, so recursive types work correctly. But... info.encoder = new(encEngine) + // ... if we fail to complete building the engine, don't cache the half-built machine. + // Doing this here means we won't cache a type that is itself OK but + // that contains a nested type that won't compile. The result is consistent + // error behavior when Encode is called multiple times on the top-level type. + ok := false + defer func() { + if !ok { + info.encoder = nil + } + }() info.encoder = enc.compileEnc(ut) + ok = true } return info.encoder } diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder.go index a15b5a1f9..f669c3d5b 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder.go @@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ func (enc *Encoder) sendActualType(w io.Writer, state *encoderState, ut *userTyp return true } -// sendType sends the type info to the other side, if necessary. +// sendType sends the type info to the other side, if necessary. func (enc *Encoder) sendType(w io.Writer, state *encoderState, origt reflect.Type) (sent bool) { ut := userType(origt) if ut.isGobEncoder { // The rules are different: regardless of the underlying type's representation, - // we need to tell the other side that this exact type is a GobEncoder. - return enc.sendActualType(w, state, ut, ut.user) + // we need to tell the other side that the base type is a GobEncoder. + return enc.sendActualType(w, state, ut, ut.base) } // It's a concrete value, so drill down to the base type. @@ -218,6 +218,12 @@ func (enc *Encoder) sendTypeId(state *encoderState, ut *userTypeInfo) { // EncodeValue transmits the data item represented by the reflection value, // guaranteeing that all necessary type information has been transmitted first. func (enc *Encoder) EncodeValue(value reflect.Value) error { + // Gobs contain values. They cannot represent nil pointers, which + // have no value to encode. + if value.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && value.IsNil() { + panic("gob: cannot encode nil pointer of type " + value.Type().String()) + } + // Make sure we're single-threaded through here, so multiple // goroutines can share an encoder. enc.mutex.Lock() diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder_test.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder_test.go index c4947cbb8..b684772c6 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder_test.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/encoder_test.go @@ -736,3 +736,109 @@ func TestPtrToMapOfMap(t *testing.T) { t.Fatalf("expected %v got %v", data, newData) } } + +// A top-level nil pointer generates a panic with a helpful string-valued message. +func TestTopLevelNilPointer(t *testing.T) { + errMsg := topLevelNilPanic(t) + if errMsg == "" { + t.Fatal("top-level nil pointer did not panic") + } + if !strings.Contains(errMsg, "nil pointer") { + t.Fatal("expected nil pointer error, got:", errMsg) + } +} + +func topLevelNilPanic(t *testing.T) (panicErr string) { + defer func() { + e := recover() + if err, ok := e.(string); ok { + panicErr = err + } + }() + var ip *int + buf := new(bytes.Buffer) + if err := NewEncoder(buf).Encode(ip); err != nil { + t.Fatal("error in encode:", err) + } + return +} + +func TestNilPointerInsideInterface(t *testing.T) { + var ip *int + si := struct { + I interface{} + }{ + I: ip, + } + buf := new(bytes.Buffer) + err := NewEncoder(buf).Encode(si) + if err == nil { + t.Fatal("expected error, got none") + } + errMsg := err.Error() + if !strings.Contains(errMsg, "nil pointer") || !strings.Contains(errMsg, "interface") { + t.Fatal("expected error about nil pointer and interface, got:", errMsg) + } +} + +type Bug4Public struct { + Name string + Secret Bug4Secret +} + +type Bug4Secret struct { + a int // error: no exported fields. +} + +// Test that a failed compilation doesn't leave around an executable encoder. +// Issue 3273. +func TestMutipleEncodingsOfBadType(t *testing.T) { + x := Bug4Public{ + Name: "name", + Secret: Bug4Secret{1}, + } + buf := new(bytes.Buffer) + enc := NewEncoder(buf) + err := enc.Encode(x) + if err == nil { + t.Fatal("first encoding: expected error") + } + buf.Reset() + enc = NewEncoder(buf) + err = enc.Encode(x) + if err == nil { + t.Fatal("second encoding: expected error") + } + if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "no exported fields") { + t.Errorf("expected error about no exported fields; got %v", err) + } +} + +// There was an error check comparing the length of the input with the +// length of the slice being decoded. It was wrong because the next +// thing in the input might be a type definition, which would lead to +// an incorrect length check. This test reproduces the corner case. + +type Z struct { +} + +func Test29ElementSlice(t *testing.T) { + Register(Z{}) + src := make([]interface{}, 100) // Size needs to be bigger than size of type definition. + for i := range src { + src[i] = Z{} + } + buf := new(bytes.Buffer) + err := NewEncoder(buf).Encode(src) + if err != nil { + t.Fatalf("encode: %v", err) + return + } + + var dst []interface{} + err = NewDecoder(buf).Decode(&dst) + if err != nil { + t.Errorf("decode: %v", err) + return + } +} diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/gobencdec_test.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/gobencdec_test.go index 45240d764..ddcd80b1a 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/gobencdec_test.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/gobencdec_test.go @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -// Copyright 20011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. +// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. @@ -142,6 +142,18 @@ type GobTest5 struct { V *ValueGobber } +type GobTest6 struct { + X int // guarantee we have something in common with GobTest* + V ValueGobber + W *ValueGobber +} + +type GobTest7 struct { + X int // guarantee we have something in common with GobTest* + V *ValueGobber + W ValueGobber +} + type GobTestIgnoreEncoder struct { X int // guarantee we have something in common with GobTest* } @@ -336,7 +348,7 @@ func TestGobEncoderFieldsOfDifferentType(t *testing.T) { t.Fatal("decode error:", err) } if y.G.s != "XYZ" { - t.Fatalf("expected `XYZ` got %c", y.G.s) + t.Fatalf("expected `XYZ` got %q", y.G.s) } } @@ -360,6 +372,61 @@ func TestGobEncoderValueEncoder(t *testing.T) { } } +// Test that we can use a value then a pointer type of a GobEncoder +// in the same encoded value. Bug 4647. +func TestGobEncoderValueThenPointer(t *testing.T) { + v := ValueGobber("forty-two") + w := ValueGobber("six-by-nine") + + // this was a bug: encoding a GobEncoder by value before a GobEncoder + // pointer would cause duplicate type definitions to be sent. + + b := new(bytes.Buffer) + enc := NewEncoder(b) + if err := enc.Encode(GobTest6{42, v, &w}); err != nil { + t.Fatal("encode error:", err) + } + dec := NewDecoder(b) + x := new(GobTest6) + if err := dec.Decode(x); err != nil { + t.Fatal("decode error:", err) + } + if got, want := x.V, v; got != want { + t.Errorf("v = %q, want %q", got, want) + } + if got, want := x.W, w; got == nil { + t.Errorf("w = nil, want %q", want) + } else if *got != want { + t.Errorf("w = %q, want %q", *got, want) + } +} + +// Test that we can use a pointer then a value type of a GobEncoder +// in the same encoded value. +func TestGobEncoderPointerThenValue(t *testing.T) { + v := ValueGobber("forty-two") + w := ValueGobber("six-by-nine") + + b := new(bytes.Buffer) + enc := NewEncoder(b) + if err := enc.Encode(GobTest7{42, &v, w}); err != nil { + t.Fatal("encode error:", err) + } + dec := NewDecoder(b) + x := new(GobTest7) + if err := dec.Decode(x); err != nil { + t.Fatal("decode error:", err) + } + if got, want := x.V, v; got == nil { + t.Errorf("v = nil, want %q", want) + } else if *got != want { + t.Errorf("v = %q, want %q", got, want) + } + if got, want := x.W, w; got != want { + t.Errorf("w = %q, want %q", got, want) + } +} + func TestGobEncoderFieldTypeError(t *testing.T) { // GobEncoder to non-decoder: error b := new(bytes.Buffer) diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/timing_test.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/timing_test.go index b9371c423..13eb11925 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/timing_test.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/timing_test.go @@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import ( "fmt" "io" "os" - "runtime" "testing" ) @@ -50,47 +49,43 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEndByteBuffer(b *testing.B) { } func TestCountEncodeMallocs(t *testing.T) { + const N = 1000 + var buf bytes.Buffer enc := NewEncoder(&buf) bench := &Bench{7, 3.2, "now is the time", []byte("for all good men")} - memstats := new(runtime.MemStats) - runtime.ReadMemStats(memstats) - mallocs := 0 - memstats.Mallocs - const count = 1000 - for i := 0; i < count; i++ { + + allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(N, func() { err := enc.Encode(bench) if err != nil { t.Fatal("encode:", err) } - } - runtime.ReadMemStats(memstats) - mallocs += memstats.Mallocs - fmt.Printf("mallocs per encode of type Bench: %d\n", mallocs/count) + }) + fmt.Printf("mallocs per encode of type Bench: %v\n", allocs) } func TestCountDecodeMallocs(t *testing.T) { + const N = 1000 + var buf bytes.Buffer enc := NewEncoder(&buf) bench := &Bench{7, 3.2, "now is the time", []byte("for all good men")} - const count = 1000 - for i := 0; i < count; i++ { + + // Fill the buffer with enough to decode + testing.AllocsPerRun(N, func() { err := enc.Encode(bench) if err != nil { t.Fatal("encode:", err) } - } + }) + dec := NewDecoder(&buf) - memstats := new(runtime.MemStats) - runtime.ReadMemStats(memstats) - mallocs := 0 - memstats.Mallocs - for i := 0; i < count; i++ { + allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(N, func() { *bench = Bench{} err := dec.Decode(&bench) if err != nil { t.Fatal("decode:", err) } - } - runtime.ReadMemStats(memstats) - mallocs += memstats.Mallocs - fmt.Printf("mallocs per decode of type Bench: %d\n", mallocs/count) + }) + fmt.Printf("mallocs per decode of type Bench: %v\n", allocs) } diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/type.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/type.go index 0dd7a0a77..ea0db4eac 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/type.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/type.go @@ -712,6 +712,7 @@ type GobDecoder interface { } var ( + registerLock sync.RWMutex nameToConcreteType = make(map[string]reflect.Type) concreteTypeToName = make(map[reflect.Type]string) ) @@ -723,6 +724,8 @@ func RegisterName(name string, value interface{}) { // reserved for nil panic("attempt to register empty name") } + registerLock.Lock() + defer registerLock.Unlock() ut := userType(reflect.TypeOf(value)) // Check for incompatible duplicates. The name must refer to the // same user type, and vice versa. @@ -749,12 +752,28 @@ func Register(value interface{}) { rt := reflect.TypeOf(value) name := rt.String() - // But for named types (or pointers to them), qualify with import path. + // But for named types (or pointers to them), qualify with import path (but see inner comment). // Dereference one pointer looking for a named type. star := "" if rt.Name() == "" { if pt := rt; pt.Kind() == reflect.Ptr { star = "*" + // NOTE: The following line should be rt = pt.Elem() to implement + // what the comment above claims, but fixing it would break compatibility + // with existing gobs. + // + // Given package p imported as "full/p" with these definitions: + // package p + // type T1 struct { ... } + // this table shows the intended and actual strings used by gob to + // name the types: + // + // Type Correct string Actual string + // + // T1 full/p.T1 full/p.T1 + // *T1 *full/p.T1 *p.T1 + // + // The missing full path cannot be fixed without breaking existing gob decoders. rt = pt } } diff --git a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/type_test.go b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/type_test.go index 42bdb4cf7..e230d22d4 100644 --- a/src/pkg/encoding/gob/type_test.go +++ b/src/pkg/encoding/gob/type_test.go @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ package gob import ( + "bytes" "reflect" "testing" ) @@ -159,3 +160,63 @@ func TestRegistration(t *testing.T) { Register(new(T)) Register(new(T)) } + +type N1 struct{} +type N2 struct{} + +// See comment in type.go/Register. +func TestRegistrationNaming(t *testing.T) { + testCases := []struct { + t interface{} + name string + }{ + {&N1{}, "*gob.N1"}, + {N2{}, "encoding/gob.N2"}, + } + + for _, tc := range testCases { + Register(tc.t) + + tct := reflect.TypeOf(tc.t) + registerLock.RLock() + ct := nameToConcreteType[tc.name] + registerLock.RUnlock() + if ct != tct { + t.Errorf("nameToConcreteType[%q] = %v, want %v", tc.name, ct, tct) + } + // concreteTypeToName is keyed off the base type. + if tct.Kind() == reflect.Ptr { + tct = tct.Elem() + } + if n := concreteTypeToName[tct]; n != tc.name { + t.Errorf("concreteTypeToName[%v] got %v, want %v", tct, n, tc.name) + } + } +} + +func TestStressParallel(t *testing.T) { + type T2 struct{ A int } + c := make(chan bool) + const N = 10 + for i := 0; i < N; i++ { + go func() { + p := new(T2) + Register(p) + b := new(bytes.Buffer) + enc := NewEncoder(b) + err := enc.Encode(p) + if err != nil { + t.Error("encoder fail:", err) + } + dec := NewDecoder(b) + err = dec.Decode(p) + if err != nil { + t.Error("decoder fail:", err) + } + c <- true + }() + } + for i := 0; i < N; i++ { + <-c + } +} |