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| -rw-r--r-- | doc/changes/Makefile | 13 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/changes/changes.me | 997 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/changes/changes.ps | 1092 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/intro/Makefile | 13 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/intro/intro.me | 1478 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/intro/intro.ps | 1295 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/op/Makefile | 13 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/op/op.me | 8211 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/op/op.ps | 6545 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/usenix/Makefile | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/usenix/usenix.me | 1076 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/usenix/usenix.ps | 1004 |
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diff --git a/doc/changes/Makefile b/doc/changes/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46447c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/changes/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# @(#)Makefile 8.1 (Berkeley) 4/13/94 + +DIR= smm/09.sendmail +SRCS= changes.me +MACROS= -me + +all: changes.ps + +changes.ps: ${SRCS} + rm -f ${.TARGET} + ${PIC} ${SRCS} | ${ROFF} > ${.TARGET} + +.include <bsd.doc.mk> diff --git a/doc/changes/changes.me b/doc/changes/changes.me new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee838bd --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/changes/changes.me @@ -0,0 +1,997 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1994 Eric P. Allman +.\" Copyright (c) 1988, 1994 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)changes.me 8.2 (Berkeley) 5/3/95 +.\" +.\" ditroff -me -Pxx changes.me +.eh '%''Changes in Sendmail Version 8' +.oh 'Changes in Sendmail Version 8''%' +.nr si 3n +.if n .ls 2 +.+c +.(l C +.sz 14 +Changes in Sendmail Version 8* +.sz +.sp +Eric Allman +.sp 0.5 +.i +University of California, Berkeley +Mammoth Project +.)l +.(f +*An earlier version of this paper was printed in the +Proceedings of the 1994 AUUG Queensland Summer Technical Conference, +Gateway Hotel, Brisbane, March 1994. +.)f +.sp +.(l F +.ce +ABSTRACT +.sp \n(psu +Version 8 of +.i sendmail +includes a number of major changes from previous versions. +This paper gives a very short history of +.i sendmail , +a summary of the major differences between version 5 +(the last publically available version) +and version 8, +and some discussion of future directions. +.)l +.sp 2 +.pp +In 1987, the author stopped major work on +.i sendmail +due to other time committments, +only to return to active work in 1991. +This paper explores why work resumed +and what changes have been made. +.pp +Section 1 gives a short history of +.i sendmail +through version 5 and the motivation behind working on version 8. +Section 2 has +a rather detailed description of what has changed +between version 5 and version 8. +The paper finishes off with some thoughts +about what still needs to be done. +.sh 1 "HISTORY" +.pp +As discussed elsewhere, +[Allman83a, Allman83b, Allman&Amos85] +sendmail has existed in various forms since 1980. +It was released under the name +.i delivermail +in 4BSD and 4.1BSD, and as +.i sendmail +in 4.2BSD. +.\"4.0BSD delivermail 1.10 +.\"4.1BSD delivermail 1.10 +.\"4.2BSD sendmail 4.12 +.\"4.3BSD sendmail 5.52 +It quickly became the dominant mail system for networked UNIX systems. +.pp +Prior the release of 4.3BSD in November 1986, +the author had left the University for private industry, +but continued to do some work on +.i sendmail +with activity slowly trailing off +until effectively stopping after February 1987. +There was minimal support done by many people for several years, +until July of 1991 when the original author, +who had returned the University, +started active work on it again. +.pp +There were several reasons for renewed work on +.i sendmail . +There was a desire at Berkeley to convert to a subdomained structure +so that individuals were identified by their subdomain +rather than by their individual workstation; +although possible in the old code, there were some problems, +and the author was the obvious person to address them. +The Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG), +the group that produced the Berkeley Software Distributions, +was working on 4.4BSD, +and wanted an update to the mail system. +Bryan Costales was working on a book on +.i sendmail +that was being reviewed by the author, +which encouraged him to make some revisions. +And the author wanted to try to unify some of the disparate versions of +.i sendmail +that had been permitted to proliferate. +.pp +During the 1987\-91 fallow period, +many vendors and outside volunteers +had produced variants of +.i sendmail . +Perhaps the best known is the IDA version +[IDA87]. +Originally intended to be a new set of configuration files, +IDA expanded into a fairly large set of patches for the code. +Originally produced in Sweden, +IDA development passed to the University of Illinois, +and was widely used by the fairly large set of people +who prefer to get and compile their own source code +rather than use vendor-supplied binaries. +.pp +In about the same time frame, +attempts were made to clean up and extend the Simple Mail Transport Protocol +(SMTP) +[RFC821]. +This involved clarifications of some ambiguities in the protocol, +and correction of some problem areas +[RFC1123], +as well as extensions for additional functionality +(dubbed Extended Simple Mail Transport Protocol, or ESMTP) +[RFC1425, RFC1426, RFC1427] +and a richer set of semantics in the body of messages +(the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, a.k.a. MIME) +[RFC1521, RFC1344]. +Neither the IDA group nor most vendors +were modifying +.i sendmail +to conform to these new standards. +It seemed clear that these were ``good things'' +that should be encouraged. +However, since no one was working on a publically available version of +.i sendmail +with these updates, +they were unlikely to be widely deployed any time in the near future. +.pp +There are, of course, other mail transport agents available, +such as +.i MMDF +.\"[ref], +.i zmailer +.\"[ref], +.i smail +.\"[ref], +and +.i PP +.\"[ref]. +However, none of these seemed to be gaining the prominence of +.i sendmail ; +it appeared that most companies would not convert to another +mail transport agent any time in the forseeable future. +However, they might be persuaded to convert to a newer version of +.i sendmail . +.pp +All of these convinced the author +to work on a updated version of +.i sendmail +for public distribution. +.pp +The new version of +.i sendmail +is referred to as version eight (V8). +Versions six and seven were skipped +because of an agreement +that all files in 4.4BSD would be numbered as +.q 8.1 . +Rather than have an external version number +that differed from the file version numbers, +.i sendmail +just jumped directly to V8. +.sh 1 "CHANGES IN VERSION EIGHT" +.pp +The following is a summary of the changes between the last commonly +available version of sendmail from Berkeley (5.67) and the latest +version (8.6.6). +.pp +Many of these are ideas that had been tried in IDA, +but many of them were generalized in V8. +.sh 2 "Performance Enhancements" +.pp +Instead of closing SMTP connections immediately, open connections are +cached for possible future use. There is a limit to the number of +simultaneous open connections and the idle time of any individual +connection. +.pp +This is of best help during queue processing (since there is the +potential of many different messages going to one site), although +it can also help when processing MX records which aren't handled +by MX Piggybacking. +.pp +If two hosts with different names in a single message happen to +have the same set of MX hosts, they can be sent in the same +transaction. Version 8 notices this and tries to batch the messages. +.pp +For example, if two sites ``foo.com'' and ``bar.com'' are both +served by UUNET, they will have the same set of MX hosts and will +be sent in one transaction. UUNET will then split the message +and send it to the two individual hosts. +.sh 2 "RFC 1123 Changes" +.pp +A number of changes have been made to make sendmail ``conditionally +compliant'' (that is, it satisfies all of the MUST clauses and most +but not all of the SHOULD clauses in RFC 1123). +.pp +The major areas of change are (numbers are RFC 1123 section numbers): +.nr ii 0.75i +.ip \(sc5.2.7 +Response to RCPT command is fast. Previously, sendmail +expanded all aliases as far as it could \*- this could +take a very long time, particularly if there were +name server delays. Version 8 only checks for the +existence of an alias and does the expansion later. +It does still do a DNS lookup if there is an explicit host name +in the RCPT command, +but this time is bounded. +.ip \(sc5.2.8 +Numeric IP addresses are logged in Received: lines. +This helps tracing spoofed messages. +.ip \(sc5.2.17 +Self domain literal is properly handled. Previously, +if someone sent to user@[1.2.3.4], where 1.2.3.4 is +your IP address, the mail would probably be rejected +with a ``configuration error''. +Version 8 can handle these addresses. +.ip \(sc5.3.2 +Better control over individual timeouts. RFC 821 specified +no timeouts. Older versions of sendmail had a single +timeout, typically set to two hours. Version 8 allows +the configuration file to set timeouts for various +SMTP commands individually. +.ip \(sc5.3.3 +Error messages are sent as From:<>. This was urged by +RFC 821 and reiterated by RFC 1123, but older versions +of sendmail never really did it properly. Version 8 +does. However, some systems cannot handle this +perfectly legal address; if necessary, you can create +a special mailer that uses the `g' flag to disable this. +.ip \(sc5.3.3 +Error messages are never sent to <>. Previously, +sendmail was happy to send responses-to-responses which +sometimes resulted in responses-to-responses-to-responses +which resulted in .... you get the idea. +.ip \(sc5.3.3 +Route-addrs (the ugly ``<@hosta,@hostb:user@hostc>'' +syntax) are pruned. RFC 821 urged the use of this +bletcherous syntax. RFC 1123 has seen the light and +officially deprecates them, further urging that you +eliminate all but ``user@hostc'' should you receive +one of these things. Version 8 is slightly more generous +than the standards suggest; instead of stripping off all +the route addressees, it only strips hosts off up to +the one before the last one known to DNS, thus allowing +you to have pseudo-hosts such as foo.BITNET. The `R' +option will turn this off. +.lp +The areas in which sendmail is not ``unconditionally compliant'' are: +.ip \(sc5.2.6 +Sendmail does do header munging. +.ip \(sc5.2.10 +Sendmail doesn't always use the exact SMTP message +text from RFC 821. This is a rather silly requirement. +.ip \(sc5.3.1.1 +Sendmail doesn't guarantee only one connect for each +host on queue runs. Connection caching gives you most +of this, but it does not provide a guarantee. +.ip \(sc5.3.1.1 +Sendmail doesn't always provide an adequate limit +on concurrency. That is, there can be several +independent sendmails running at once. My feeling +is that doing an absolute limit would be a mistake +(it might result in lost mail). However, if you use +the XLA contributed software, most of this will be +guaranteed (but I don't guarantee the guarantee). +.sh 2 "Extended SMTP Support +.pp +Version 8 includes both sending and receiving support for Extended +SMTP support as defined by RFC 1425 (basic) and RFC 1427 (SIZE); +and limited support for RFC 1426 (BODY). +The body support is minimal because the +.q 8BITMIME +body type is not currently advertised. +Although such a body type will be accepted, +it will not be correctly converted to 7 bits +if speaking to a non-8-bit-MIME aware SMTP server. +.pp +.i Sendmail +tries to speak ESMTP if you have the `a' flag set +in the flags for the mailer descriptor, +or if the other end advertises the fact that it speaks ESMTP. +This is a non-standard advertisement: +.i sendmail +announces +.q "ESMTP spoken here" +during the initial connection message, +and client sendmails search for this message. +This creates some problems for some PC-based mailers, +which do not understand two-line greeting messages +as required by RFC 821. +.sh 2 "Eight-Bit Clean +.pp +Previous versions of sendmail used the 0200 bit for quoting. This +version avoids that use. +However, you can set option `7' to get seven bit stripping +for compatibility with RFC 821, +which is a 7-bit protocol. +This option says ``strip to 7 bits on input''. +.pp +Individual mailers can still produce seven bit out put using the +`7' mailer flag. +This flag says ``strip to 7 bits on output''. +.sh 2 "User Database" +.pp +The User Database (UDB) is an as-yet experimental attempt to provide +unified large-site name support. +We are installing it at Berkeley; +future versions may show significant modifications. +Briefly, UDB contains a database that is intended to contain +all the per-user information for your workgroup, +such as people's full names, their .plan information, +their outgoing mail name, and their mail drop. +.pp +The user database allows you to map both incoming and outgoing +addresses, much like IDA. However, the interface is still +better with IDA; +in particular, the alias file with incoming/outgoing marks +provides better locality of information. +.sh 2 "Improved BIND Support" +.pp +The BIND support, particularly for MX records, had a number of +annoying ``features'' which have been removed in this release. In +particular, these more tightly bind (pun intended) the name server +to sendmail, so that the name server resolution rules are incorporated +directly into sendmail. +.pp +The major change has been that the $[ ... $] operator didn't fully +qualify names that were in DNS as A or MX records. Version 8 does +this qualification. +.pp +This has proven to be an annoyance in Sun shops, +who often still run without BIND support. +However, it is really critical that this be supported, +since MX records are mandatory. +In SunOS you can choose either MX support or NIS support, +but not both. +This is fixed in Solaris, +and some +.i sendmail +support to allow this in SunOS should be forthcoming in a future release. +.sh 2 "Keyed Files" +.pp +Generalized keyed files is an idea taken directly from IDA sendmail +(albeit with a completely different implementation). +They can be useful on large sites. +.pp +Version 8 includes the following built-in map classes: +.ip dbm +Support for the ndbm(3) library. +.ip hash +Support for the ``Hash'' type from the new Berkeley db(3) library. +this library provides substantially better database support +than ndbm(3), +including in-memory caching, +arbitrarily long keys and values, +and better disk utilization. +.ip btree +Support for the ``B-Tree'' type from the new Berkeley db(3) library. +B-Trees provide better clustering than Hashed files +if you are fetching lots of records that have similar keys, +such as searching a dictionary for words beginning with ``detr''. +.ip nis +Support for NIS (a.k.a. YP) maps. +NIS+ is not supported in this version. +.ip host +Support for DNS lookups. +.ip dequote +A ``pseudo-map'' (that is, once that does not have any external data) +that allows a configuration file to break apart a quoted string +in the address. +This is necessary primarily for DECnet addresses, +which often have quoted addresses that need to be unwrapped on gateways. +.sh 2 "Multi-Word Classes & Macros in Classes" +.pp +Classes can now be multiple words. For example, +.(b +CShofmann.CS.Berkeley.EDU +.)b +allows you to match the entire string ``hofmann.CS.Berkeley.EDU'' +using the single construct ``$=S''. +.pp +Class definitions are now allowed to include macros \*- for example: +.(b +Cw$k +.)b +is legal. +.sh 2 "IDENT Protocol Support" +.pp +The IDENT protocol as defined in RFC 1413 [RFC1413] is supported. +However, many systems have a TCP/IP bug that renders this useless, +and the feature must be turned off. +Roughly, if one of these system receives a +.q "No route to host" +message (ICMP message ICMP_UNREACH_HOST) on +.i any +connection, all connections to that host are closed. +Some firewalls return this error if you try to connect +to the IDENT port, +so you can't receive email from these hosts on these systems. +It's possible that if the firewall used a more specific message +(such as ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL, ICMP_UNREACH_PORT or ICMP_UNREACH_NET_PROHIB) +it would work, but this hasn't been verified. +.pp +IDENT protocol support cannot be used on +4.3BSD, +Apollo DomainOS, +Apple A/UX, +ConvexOS, +Data General DG/UX, +HP-UX, +Sequent Dynix, +or +Ultrix 4.x, x \(<= 3. +It seems to work on +4.4BSD, +IBM AIX 3.x, +OSF/1, +SGI IRIX, +Solaris, +SunOS, +and Ultrix 4.4. +.sh 2 "Separate Envelope/Header Processing +.pp +Since the From: line is passed in separately from the envelope +sender, these have both been made visible; the $g macro is set to +the envelope sender during processing of mailer argument vectors +and the header sender during processing of headers. +.pp +It is also possible to specify separate per-mailer envelope and +header processing. The SenderRWSet and RecipientRWset arguments +for mailers can be specified as ``envelope/header'' to give different +rewritings for envelope versus header addresses. +.sh 2 "Owner-List Propagates to Envelope +.pp +When an alias has an associated owner-list name, that alias is used +to change the envelope sender address. This will cause downstream +errors to be returned to that owner. +.pp +Some people find this confusing +because the envelope sender is what appears in the first +``From_'' line in UNIX messages +(that is, the line beginning ``From<space>'' +instead of ``From:''; +the latter is the header from, which +.i does +indicate the sender of the message). +In previous versions, +.i sendmail +has tried to avoid changing the envelope sender +for back compatibility with UNIX convention; +at this point that back compatibility is creating too many problems, +and it is necessary to move forward into the 1980s. +.sh 2 "Command Line Flags" +.pp +The +.b \-B +flag has been added to pass in body type information. +.pp +The +.b \-p +flag has been added to pass in protocol information +that was previously passed in by defining the +.b $r +and +.b $s +macros. +.pp +The +.b \-X +flag has been added to allow logging of all protocol in and +out of sendmail for debugging. +You can set +.q "\-X filename" +and a complete transcript will be logged in that file. +This gets big fast: the option is only for debugging. +.pp +The +.b \-q +flag can limit limit a queue run to specific recipients, +senders, or queue ids using \-qRsubstring, \-qSsubstring, or +\-qIsubstring respectively. +.sh 2 "New Configuration Line Types +.pp +The `T' (Trusted users) configuration line has been deleted. It +will still be accepted but will be ignored. +.pp +The `K' line has been added to declare database maps. +.pp +The `V' line has been added to declare the configuration version +level. +.pp +The `M' (mailer) line takes a D= field to specify execution +directory. +.sh 2 "New and Extended Options" +.pp +Several new options have been added, many to support new features, +others to allow tuning that was previously available only by +recompiling. Briefly: +.nr ii 0.5i +.ip A +The alias file specification can now be a list of alias files. +Also, the configuration can specify a class of file. +For example, to search the NIS aliases, use +.q OAnis:mail.aliases . +.ip b +Insist on a minimum number of disk blocks. +.ip C +Delivery checkpoint interval. Checkpoint the queue (to avoid +duplicate deliveries) every C addresses. +.ip E +Default error message. This message (or the contents of the +indicated file) are prepended to error messages. +.ip G +Enable GECOS matching. If you can't find a local user name +and this option is enabled, do a sequential scan of the passwd +file to match against full names. Previously a compile option. +.ip h +Maximum hop count. Previously this was compiled in. +.ip I +This option has been extended to allow setting of resolver parameters. +.ip j +Send errors in MIME-encapsulated format. +.ip J +Forward file path. Where to search for .forward files \*- defaults +to $HOME/.forward. +.ip k +Connection cache size. The total number of connections that will +be kept open at any time. +.ip K +Connection cache lifetime. The amount of time any connection +will be permitted to sit idle. +.ip l +Enable Errors-To: header. These headers violate RFC 1123; +this option is included to provide back compatibility with +old versions of sendmail. +.ip O +Incoming daemon options (e.g., use alternate SMTP port). +.ip p +Privacy options. These can be used to make your SMTP server +less friendly. +.ip r +This option has been extended to allow finer grained control +over timeouts. +For example, you can set the timeout for SMTP commands individually. +.ip R +Don't prune route-addrs. Normally, if version 8 sees an address +like "<@hostA,@hostB:user@hostC>, sendmail will try to strip off +as much as it can (up to user@hostC) as suggested by RFC 1123. +This option disables that behaviour. +.ip T +The +.q "Return To Sender" +timeout has been extended +to allow specification of a warning message interval, +typically something on the order of four hours. +If a message cannot be delivered in that interval, +a warning message is sent back to the sender +but the message continues to be tried. +.ip U +User database spec. This is still experimental. +.ip V +Fallback ``MX'' host. This can be thought of as an MX host +that applies to all addresses that has a very high preference +value (that is, use it only if everything else fails). +.ip w +If set, assume that if you are the best MX host for a host, +you should send directly to that host. This is intended +for compatibility with UIUC sendmail, and may have some +use on firewalls. +.ip 7 +Do not run eight bit clean. Technically, you have to assert +this option to be RFC 821 compatible. +.sh 2 "New Mailer Definitions" +.ip L= +Set the allowable line length. In V5, the L mailer flag implied +a line length limit of 990 characters; this is now settable to +an arbitrary value. +.ip F=a +Try to use ESMTP. It will fall back to SMTP if the initial +EHLO packet is rejected. +.ip F=b +Ensure a blank line at the end of messages. Useful on the +*file* mailer. +.ip F=c +Strip all comments from addresses; this should only be used as +a last resort when dealing with cranky mailers. +.ip F=g +Never use the null sender as the envelope sender, even when +running SMTP. This violates RFC 1123. +.ip F=7 +Strip all output to this mailer to 7 bits. +.ip F=L +Used to set the line limit to 990 bytes for SMTP compatibility. +It now does that only if the L= keyletter is not specified. +This flag is obsolete and should not be used. +.sh 2 "New or Changed Pre-Defined Macros" +.ip $k +UUCP node name from uname(2). +.ip $m +Domain part of our full hostname. +.ip $_ +RFC 1413-provided sender address. +.ip $w +Previously was sometimes the full domain name, sometimes +just the first word. Now guaranteed to be the first word +of the domain name (i.e., the host name). +.ip $j +Previously had to be defined \*- it is now predefined to be +the full domain name, if that can be determined. That is, +it is equivalent to $w.$m. +.sh 2 "New and Changed Classes" +.ip $=k +Initialized to contain $k. +.ip $=w +Now includes +.q [1.2.3.4] +(where 1.2.3.4 is your IP address) +to allow the configuration file to recognize your own IP address. +.sh 2 "New Rewriting Tokens" +.pp +The +.b $& +construct has been adopted from IDA to defer macro evaluation. +Normally, macros in rulesets are bound when the rule is first parsed +during startup. +Some macros change during processing and are uninteresting during startup. +However, that macro can be referenced using +.q $&x +to defer the evaulation of +$x +until the rule is processed. +.pp +The tokens +.b $( +and +.b $) +have been added to allow specification of map rewriting. +.pp +Version 8 allows +.b $@ +on the Left Hand Side of an `R' line to match +zero tokens. +This is intended to be used to match the null input. +.sh 2 "Bigger Defaults +.pp +Version 8 allows up to 100 rulesets instead of 30. It is recommended +that rulesets 0\-9 be reserved for sendmail's dedicated use in future +releases. +.pp +The total number of MX records that can be used has been raised to +20. +.pp +The number of queued messages that can be handled at one time has +been raised from 600 to 1000. +.sh 2 "Different Default Tuning Parameters +.pp +Version 8 has changed the default parameters for tuning queue costs +to make the number of recipients more important than the size of +the message (for small messages). This is reasonable if you are +connected with reasonably fast links. +.sh 2 "Auto-Quoting in Addresses +.pp +Previously, the ``Full Name <email address>'' syntax would generate +incorrect protocol output if ``Full Name'' had special characters +such as dot. This version puts quotes around such names. +.sh 2 "Symbolic Names On Error Mailer +.pp +Several names have been built in to the $@ portion of the $#error +mailer. For example: +.(b +$#error $@NOHOST $: Host unknown +.)b +Prints the indicated message +and sets the exit status of +.i sendmail +to +.sm EX_NOHOST . +.sh 2 "New Built-In Mailers" +.pp +Two new mailers, *file* and *include*, are included to define options +when mailing to a file or a :include: file respectively. Previously +these were overloaded on the local mailer. +.sh 2 "SMTP VRFY Doesn't Expand +.pp +Previous versions of sendmail treated VRFY and EXPN the same. In +this version, VRFY doesn't expand aliases or follow .forward files. +.pp +As an optimization, if you run with your default delivery mode +being queue-only, the RCPT command will also not chase aliases and +\&.forward files. +It will chase them when it processes the queue. +This speeds up RCPT processing. +.sh 2 "[IPC] Mailers Allow Multiple Hosts +.pp +When an address resolves to a mailer that has ``[IPC]'' as its +``Path'', the $@ part (host name) can be a colon-separated list of +hosts instead of a single hostname. This asks sendmail to search +the list for the first entry that is available exactly as though +it were an MX record. The intent is to route internal traffic +through internal networks without publishing an MX record to the +net. MX expansion is still done on the individual items. +.sh 2 "Aliases Extended" +.pp +The implementation has been merged with maps. Among other things, +this supports multiple alias files and NIS-based aliases. For +example: +.(b +OA/etc/aliases,nis:mail.aliases +.)b +will search first the local database +.q /etc/aliases +followed by the NIS map + +.sh 2 "Portability and Security Enhancements +.pp +A number of internal changes have been made to enhance portability. +.pp +Several fixes have been made to increase the paranoia factor. +.pp +In particular, the permissions required for .forward and :include: +files have been tightened up considerably. V5 would pretty much +read any file it could get to as root, which exposed some security +holes. V8 insists that all directories leading up to the .forward +or :include: file be searchable ("x" permission) by the controlling +user" (defined below), that the file itself be readable by the +controlling user, and that .forward files be owned by the user +who is being forwarded to or root. +.pp +The "controlling user" is the user on whose behalf the mail is +being delivered. For example, if you mail to "user1" then the +controlling user for ~user1/.forward and any mailers invoked +by that .forward file, including :include: files. +.pp +Previously, anyone who had a home directory could create a .forward +could forward to a program. Now, sendmail checks to make sure +that they have an "approved shell", that is, a shell listed in +the /etc/shells file. +.sh 2 "Miscellaneous Fixes and Enhancements" +.pp +A number of small bugs having to do with things like backslash-escaped +quotes inside of comments have been fixed. +.pp +The fixed size limit on header lines +(such as +.q To: +and +.q Cc: ) +has been eliminated; +those buffers are dynamically allocated now. +.pp +Sendmail writes a /etc/sendmail.pid file with the current process id +and the current invocation flags. +.pp +Two people using the same program (e.g., submit) are considered +"different" so that duplicate elimination doesn't delete one of +them. For example, two people forwarding their email to +|submit will be treated as two recipients. +.pp +The mailstats program prints mailer names and gets the location of +the sendmail.st file from /etc/sendmail.cf. +.pp +Many minor bugs have been fixed, such as handling of backslashes +inside of quotes. +.pp +A hook has been added to allow rewriting of local addresses after +aliasing. +.sh 1 "FUTURE WORK" +.pp +The previous section describes +.i sendmail +as of version 8.6.6. +There is still much to be done. +Some high points are described below. +This list is by no means exhaustive. +.sh 2 "Full MIME Support" +.pp +Currently +.i sendmail +only supports seven bit MIME messages. +Although it can pass eight bit MIME messages, +it cannot advertise that fact because the standards say +that the mail agent must be able to do 8- to 7-bit conversion +to have full 8-bit support. +This requires far more extensive modification of the message body +than is currently supported. +.pp +The best way to do this would be to support the general concept +of an external +``message filter'' +that could do arbitrary modifications of the message. +This would allow MIME conversion as well as such things as +automatic encryption of messages sent over external links. +This is probably an extremely non-trivial change. +.sh 2 "Service Switch Abstraction" +.pp +Most modern systems include some concept of a +.q "service switch" +\*- for example, to look up host names you can try +DNS, NIS, NIS+, text tables, NetInfo, +or other services in some arbitrary order. +This is currently very clumsy in +.i sendmail , +with only limited control of the services provided. +.sh 2 "More Control of Local Addresses" +.pp +Currently some addresses are declared as +.q local +and are handled specially \*- +for example, they may have .forward files, +may be translated into program calls or file deliveries, +and so forth. +These should be broken out into separate flags +to allow the local system administrator +to have more fine-grained control over operations. +.sh 2 "More Run-Time Configuration Options" +.pp +There are many options that are configured at compile time, +such as the method of file locking +and the use of the IDENT protocol +[RFC1413]. +These should be transfered to run time +by adding new options. +.pp +Similarly, some options are currently overloaded, +that is, a single option controls more than one thing. +These should probably be broken out into separate options. +.pp +This implies that options will change from single characters +to words. +.sh 2 "More Configuration Control Over Errors" +.pp +Currently, +the configuration file can generate an error message during parsing. +However, +it cannot tweak other operations, +such as issuing a warning message to the system postmaster. +Similarly, +some errors should not be triggered if they are in aliases +during an alias file rebuild, +but should be triggered if that alias is actually used. +.sh 2 "Long Term Host State" +.pp +Currently, +.i sendmail +only remembers host status during a single queue run. +This should be converted to long term status +stored on disk +so it can be shared between instantiations of +.i sendmail . +Entries will have to be timestamped +so they can time out. +This will allow +.i sendmail +to implement exponential backoff on queue runs +on a per-host basis. +.sh 2 "Connection Control" +.pp +Modern networks have different types of connectivity +than the past. +In particular, the rising prominence of dialup IP +has created certain challenges for automated servers. +It is not uncommon to try to make a connection to a host +and have it fail, even though if you tried again it would succeed. +The connection management could be a bit cleverer +to try to adapt to such situations. +.sh 2 "Other Caching" +.pp +When you do an MX record lookup, +the name server automatically returns the IP addresses +of the associated MX servers. +This information is currently ignored, +and another query is done to get this information. +It should be cached to avoid excess name server traffic. +.sh 1 "REFERENCES" +.ip [Allman83a] +.q "Sendmail \*- An Internetwork Mail Router." +E. Allman. +In +.ul +Unix Programmers's Manual, +4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution, +volume 2C. +August 1983. +.ip [Allman83b] +.q "Mail Systems and Addressing in 4.2BSD." +E. Allman +In +.ul +UNICOM Conference Proceedings. +San Diego, California. +January 1983. +.ip [Allman&Amos85] +``Sendmail Revisited.'' +E. Allman and M. Amos. +In +.ul +Usenix Summer 1985 Conference Proceedings. +Portland, Oregon. +June 1985. +.ip [IDA87] +.ul 3 +Electronic Mail Addressing in Theory and Practice +with the IDA Sendmail Enhancement Kit +(or The Postmaster's Last Will and Testament). +Lennart Lo\*:vstrand. +Department of Computer and Information Science, +University of Linko\*:ping, +Sweden, +Report no. LiTH-IDA-Ex-8715. +May 1987. +.ip [RFC821] +.ul +Simple Mail Transport Protocol. +J. Postel. +August 1982. +.ip [RFC1123] +.ul +Requirements for Internet Hosts \*- Application and Support. +Internet Engineering Task Force, +R. Braden, Editor. +October 1989. +.ip [RFC1344] +.ul +Implications of MIME for Internet Mail Gateways. +N. Borenstein. +June 1992. +.ip [RFC1413] +.ul +Identification Protocol. +M. St. Johns. +February 1993. +.ip [RFC1425] +.ul +SMTP Service Extensions. +J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stefferud, and D. Crocker. +February 1993. +.ip [RFC1426] +.ul +SMTP Service Extension for 8bit-MIMEtransport. +J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stefferud, and D. Crocker. +February 1993. +.ip [RFC1427] +.ul +SMTP Service Extension for Message Size Declaration. +J. Klensin, N. Freed, and K. Moore. +February 1993. +.ip [RFC1521] +.ul 3 +MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: +Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing +the Format of Internet Message Bodies. +N. Borenstein and N. Freed. +September 1993. diff --git a/doc/changes/changes.ps b/doc/changes/changes.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ba54a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/changes/changes.ps @@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.08 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Times-Bold +%%+ font Symbol +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.08 0 +%%Pages: 11 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.08 0 +/setpacking where{ +pop +currentpacking +true setpacking +}if +/grops 120 dict dup begin +/SC 32 def +/A/show load def +/B{0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/C{0 exch ashow}bind def +/D{0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/E{0 rmoveto show}bind def +/F{0 rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/G{0 rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/H{0 rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/I{0 exch rmoveto show}bind def +/J{0 exch rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind 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+/Adieresis/Aring/AE/Ccedilla/Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute +/Icircumflex/Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis +/multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn/germandbls +/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla/egrave/eacute +/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis/eth/ntilde/ograve +/oacute/ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex +/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis]def/Times-Bold@0 ENC0/Times-Bold RE +/Times-Italic@0 ENC0/Times-Italic RE/Times-Roman@0 ENC0/Times-Roman RE +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 14/Times-Roman@0 SF(Changes in Sendmail V)196.615 141 Q(ersion 8*)-1.554 E +/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Eric Allman)263.42 165 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(Univer)220.2 183 Q(sity of California, Berk)-.1 E(ele)-.1 E(y)-.3 E +(Mammoth Pr)251.98 195 Q(oject)-.45 E F1(ABSTRA)262.085 227.4 Q(CT)-.4 E -1.11 +(Ve)112 243.6 S 1.709(rsion 8 of)1.11 F F2(sendmail)4.209 E F1 1.709 +(includes a number of major changes from pre)4.209 F 1.71(vious v)-.25 F +(ersions.)-.15 E .701(This paper gi)112 255.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.201(sav).15 G +.701(ery short history of)194.794 255.6 R F2(sendmail)3.201 E F1 3.201(,as)C .7 +(ummary of the major dif)329.82 255.6 R(ferences)-.25 E .953(between v)112 +267.6 R .954(ersion 5 \(the last publically a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .954 +(ilable v).25 F .954(ersion\) and v)-.15 F .954(ersion 8, and some dis-)-.15 F +(cussion of future directions.)112 279.6 Q .48 +(In 1987, the author stopped major w)97 324 R .48(ork on)-.1 F F2(sendmail)2.98 +E F1 .48(due to other time committments, only to return)2.98 F(to acti)72 336 Q +.3 -.15(ve w)-.25 H(ork in 1991.).05 E(This paper e)5 E(xplores wh)-.15 E 2.5 +(yw)-.05 G(ork resumed and what changes ha)277 336 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een made.).15 E .58(Section 1 gi)97 352.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.08(sas).15 G .58 +(hort history of)173.36 352.2 R F2(sendmail)3.08 E F1 .58(through v)3.08 F .58 +(ersion 5 and the moti)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .58(tion behind w).25 F .58 +(orking on)-.1 F -.15(ve)72 364.2 S .126(rsion 8.).15 F .126 +(Section 2 has a rather detailed description of what has changed between v) +5.126 F .125(ersion 5 and v)-.15 F .125(ersion 8.)-.15 F +(The paper \214nishes of)72 376.2 Q 2.5(fw)-.25 G +(ith some thoughts about what still needs to be done.)168.95 376.2 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(1. HIST)72 400.2 R(OR)-.18 E(Y)-.35 E F1 .151 +(As discussed else)112 416.4 R .151 +(where, [Allman83a, Allman83b, Allman&Amos85] sendmail has e)-.25 F .151 +(xisted in v)-.15 F(ar)-.25 E(-)-.2 E .405(ious forms since 1980.)87 428.4 R +.405(It w)5.405 F .405(as released under the name)-.1 F F2(delivermail)2.905 E +F1 .404(in 4BSD and 4.1BSD, and as)2.905 F F2(send-)2.904 E(mail)87 440.4 Q F1 +(in 4.2BSD.)2.5 E(It quickly became the dominant mail system for netw)5 E(ork) +-.1 E(ed UNIX systems.)-.1 E 1.569(Prior the release of 4.3BSD in No)112 456.6 +R -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.569(mber 1986, the author had left the Uni).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.57(rsity for pri).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(te).25 E(industry)87 468.6 Q +3.347(,b)-.65 G .847(ut continued to do some w)129.777 468.6 R .847(ork on)-.1 +F F2(sendmail)3.347 E F1 .847(with acti)3.347 F .846(vity slo)-.25 F .846 +(wly trailing of)-.25 F 3.346(fu)-.25 G .846(ntil ef)445.204 468.6 R(fecti)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E .255(stopping after February 1987.)87 480.6 R .255 +(There w)5.255 F .255(as minimal support done by man)-.1 F 2.756(yp)-.15 G .256 +(eople for se)389.796 480.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .256(ral years, until).15 F +(July of 1991 when the original author)87 492.6 Q 2.5(,w)-.4 G +(ho had returned the Uni)249.36 492.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E 2.5(,s)-.65 +G(tarted acti)379.4 492.6 Q .3 -.15(ve w)-.25 H(ork on it ag).05 E(ain.)-.05 E +1.271(There were se)112 508.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.271(ral reasons for rene).15 F +1.271(wed w)-.25 F 1.271(ork on)-.1 F F2(sendmail)3.771 E F1 6.271(.T)C 1.271 +(here w)369.549 508.8 R 1.27(as a desire at Berk)-.1 F(ele)-.1 E 3.77(yt)-.15 G +(o)499 508.8 Q(con)87 520.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G .097 +(rt to a subdomained structure so that indi).15 F .098 +(viduals were identi\214ed by their subdomain rather than by)-.25 F 1.758 +(their indi)87 532.8 R 1.758(vidual w)-.25 F 1.758(orkstation; although possib\ +le in the old code, there were some problems, and the)-.1 F .66(author w)87 +544.8 R .66(as the ob)-.1 F .66(vious person to address them.)-.15 F .66 +(The Computer Systems Research Group \(CSRG\), the)5.66 F 1.89 +(group that produced the Berk)87 556.8 R(ele)-.1 E 4.39(yS)-.15 G(oftw)238.12 +556.8 Q 1.89(are Distrib)-.1 F 1.89(utions, w)-.2 F 1.89(as w)-.1 F 1.89 +(orking on 4.4BSD, and w)-.1 F 1.89(anted an)-.1 F .053 +(update to the mail system.)87 568.8 R .053(Bryan Costales w)5.053 F .053(as w) +-.1 F .053(orking on a book on)-.1 F F2(sendmail)2.553 E F1 .053(that w)2.553 F +.053(as being re)-.1 F(vie)-.25 E(wed)-.25 E .923(by the author)87 580.8 R +3.423(,w)-.4 G .923(hich encouraged him to mak)154.359 580.8 R 3.422(es)-.1 G +.922(ome re)283.572 580.8 R 3.422(visions. And)-.25 F .922(the author w)3.422 F +.922(anted to try to unify)-.1 F(some of the disparate v)87 592.8 Q(ersions of) +-.15 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(that had been permitted to proliferate.)2.5 E .023 +(During the 1987\25591 f)112 609 R(allo)-.1 E 2.523(wp)-.25 G .023(eriod, man) +228.482 609 R 2.523(yv)-.15 G .023(endors and outside v)283.498 609 R .023 +(olunteers had produced v)-.2 F .024(ariants of)-.25 F F2(sendmail)87 621 Q F1 +5.518(.P)C .517(erhaps the best kno)136.688 621 R .517(wn is the ID)-.25 F +3.017(Av)-.4 G .517(ersion [ID)280.317 621 R 3.017(A87]. 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MIME\))87 144 R .497([RFC1521, RFC1344].)87 156 R .497 +(Neither the ID)5.497 F 2.998(Ag)-.4 G .498(roup nor most v)258.526 156 R .498 +(endors were modifying)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.998 E F1 .498 +(to conform)2.998 F 1.7(to these ne)87 168 R 4.2(ws)-.25 G 4.2(tandards. It) +148.23 168 R 1.699(seemed clear that these were `)4.2 F 1.699(`good things') +-.74 F 4.199('t)-.74 G 1.699(hat should be encouraged.)394.483 168 R(Ho)87 180 +Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.635 -.4(r, s).15 H .835(ince no one w).4 F .835 +(as w)-.1 F .835(orking on a publically a)-.1 F -.25(va)-.2 G .835(ilable v).25 +F .836(ersion of)-.15 F F2(sendmail)3.336 E F1 .836(with these updates,)3.336 F +(the)87 192 Q 2.5(yw)-.15 G(ere unlik)113.79 192 Q(ely to be widely deplo)-.1 E +(yed an)-.1 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(ime in the near future.)274.25 192 Q .466 +(There are, of course, other mail transport agents a)112 208.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G +.465(ilable, such as).25 F F2 .465(MMDF zmailer smail)2.965 F F1(and)2.965 E F2 +(PP)2.965 E F1(Ho)87 220.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .842 -.4(r, n).15 H .042 +(one of these seemed to be g).4 F .043(aining the prominence of)-.05 F F2 +(sendmail)2.543 E F1 2.543(;i)C 2.543(ta)390.518 220.2 S .043 +(ppeared that most compa-)400.281 220.2 R .238(nies w)87 232.2 R .238 +(ould not con)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .238(rt to another mail transport agent an) +.15 F 2.737(yt)-.15 G .237(ime in the forseeable future.)327.438 232.2 R(Ho) +5.237 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.037 -.4(r, t).15 H(he).4 E(y)-.15 E +(might be persuaded to con)87 244.2 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rt to a ne).15 E(wer v)-.25 +E(ersion of)-.15 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(.)A .841(All of these con)112 260.4 R +.841(vinced the author to w)-.4 F .841(ork on a updated v)-.1 F .841(ersion of) +-.15 F F2(sendmail)3.342 E F1 .842(for public distrib)3.342 F(u-)-.2 E(tion.)87 +272.4 Q 1.024(The ne)112 288.6 R 3.524(wv)-.25 G 1.023(ersion of)155.858 288.6 +R F2(sendmail)3.523 E F1 1.023(is referred to as v)3.523 F 1.023 +(ersion eight \(V8\).)-.15 F -1.11(Ve)6.023 G 1.023(rsions six and se)1.11 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.523(nw).15 G(ere)491.79 288.6 Q 1.281 +(skipped because of an agreement that all \214les in 4.4BSD w)87 300.6 R 1.281 +(ould be numbered as \2318.1\232.)-.1 F 1.282(Rather than)6.282 F(ha)87 312.6 Q +2.05 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 4.25(ne).15 G 1.75(xternal v)127.76 312.6 R 1.75 +(ersion number that dif)-.15 F 1.75(fered from the \214le v)-.25 F 1.75 +(ersion numbers,)-.15 F F2(sendmail)4.25 E F1 1.75(just jumped)4.25 F +(directly to V8.)87 324.6 Q F0 2.5(2. CHANGES)72 348.6 R(IN VERSION EIGHT)2.5 E +F1 .138(The follo)112 364.8 R .139 +(wing is a summary of the changes between the last commonly a)-.25 F -.25(va) +-.2 G .139(ilable v).25 F .139(ersion of send-)-.15 F(mail from Berk)87 376.8 Q +(ele)-.1 E 2.5(y\()-.15 G(5.67\) and the latest v)170.9 376.8 Q +(ersion \(8.6.6\).)-.15 E(Man)112 393 Q 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)142.68 393 S +(hese are ideas that had been tried in ID)151.29 393 Q(A, b)-.4 E(ut man)-.2 E +2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)363.27 393 S(hem were generalized in V8.)371.88 393 Q F0 +2.5(2.1. P)87 417 R(erf)-.2 E(ormance Enhancements)-.25 E F1 .549 +(Instead of closing SMTP connections immediately)127 433.2 R 3.049(,o)-.65 G +.549(pen connections are cached for possible)342.135 433.2 R .029(future use.) +102 445.2 R .029(There is a limit to the number of simultaneous open connectio\ +ns and the idle time of an)5.029 F(y)-.15 E(indi)102 457.2 Q +(vidual connection.)-.25 E 1.219(This is of best help during queue processing \ +\(since there is the potential of man)127 473.4 R 3.719(yd)-.15 G(if)474.82 +473.4 Q(ferent)-.25 E 1.113(messages going to one site\), although it can also\ + help when processing MX records which aren')102 485.4 R(t)-.18 E +(handled by MX Piggybacking.)102 497.4 Q 1.258(If tw)127 513.6 R 3.757(oh)-.1 G +1.257(osts with dif)161.075 513.6 R 1.257 +(ferent names in a single message happen to ha)-.25 F 1.557 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +1.257(he same set of MX).15 F .94(hosts, the)102 525.6 R 3.44(yc)-.15 G .94 +(an be sent in the same transaction.)153.45 525.6 R -1.11(Ve)5.94 G .94 +(rsion 8 notices this and tries to batch the mes-)1.11 F(sages.)102 537.6 Q +-.15(Fo)127 553.8 S 3.638(re).15 G 1.138(xample, if tw)148.668 553.8 R 3.637 +(os)-.1 G 1.137(ites `)216.42 553.8 R(`foo.com')-.74 E 3.637('a)-.74 G 1.137 +(nd `)286.914 553.8 R(`bar)-.74 E(.com')-.55 E 3.637('a)-.74 G 1.137 +(re both serv)352.408 553.8 R 1.137(ed by UUNET)-.15 F 3.637(,t)-.74 G(he) +470.513 553.8 Q 3.637(yw)-.15 G(ill)495.66 553.8 Q(ha)102 565.8 Q .557 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H .257(he same set of MX hosts and will be sent in one transaction.) +.15 F .258(UUNET will then split the mes-)5.258 F(sage and send it to the tw) +102 577.8 Q 2.5(oi)-.1 G(ndi)213.28 577.8 Q(vidual hosts.)-.25 E F0 2.5 +(2.2. RFC)87 601.8 R(1123 Changes)2.5 E F1 2.607(An)127 618 S .107 +(umber of changes ha)141.827 618 R .407 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .106(een made to mak) +.15 F 2.606(es)-.1 G .106(endmail `)321.07 618 R .106 +(`conditionally compliant')-.74 F 2.606('\()-.74 G .106(that is, it)469.058 618 +R(satis\214es all of the MUST clauses and most b)102 630 Q +(ut not all of the SHOULD clauses in RFC 1123\).)-.2 E +(The major areas of change are \(numbers are RFC 1123 section numbers\):)127 +646.2 Q 26.5(\2475.2.7 Response)102 662.4 R .565(to RCPT command is f)3.065 F +3.065(ast. Pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E 3.065(,s)-.65 G .565(endmail e)362.295 +662.4 R .565(xpanded all aliases as f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E .686 +(as it could \212 this could tak)156 674.4 R 3.186(eav)-.1 G .685 +(ery long time, particularly if there were name serv)290.118 674.4 R(er)-.15 E +3.891(delays. V)156 686.4 R 1.391(ersion 8 only checks for the e)-1.11 F 1.392 +(xistence of an alias and does the e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E(later)156 698.4 Q +5.176(.I)-.55 G 2.676(td)184.226 698.4 S .176 +(oes still do a DNS lookup if there is an e)194.682 698.4 R .175 +(xplicit host name in the RCPT com-)-.15 F(mand, b)156 710.4 Q +(ut this time is bounded.)-.2 E EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Changes in Sendmail V)72 60 Q(ersion 8)-1 E(3)499 60 Q +/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 26.5(\2475.2.8 Numeric)102 96 R .612 +(IP addresses are logged in Recei)3.112 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .613(d: lines.).15 F +.613(This helps tracing spoofed mes-)5.613 F(sages.)156 108 Q 21.5 +(\2475.2.17 Self)102 124.2 R .127(domain literal is properly handled.)2.627 F +(Pre)5.126 E(viously)-.25 E 2.626(,i)-.65 G 2.626(fs)368.196 124.2 S .126 +(omeone sent to user@[1.2.3.4],)378.042 124.2 R .12 +(where 1.2.3.4 is your IP address, the mail w)156 136.2 R .12 +(ould probably be rejected with a `)-.1 F(`con\214gu-)-.74 E(ration error')156 +148.2 Q 2.5('. V)-.74 F(ersion 8 can handle these addresses.)-1.11 E 26.5 +(\2475.3.2 Better)102 164.4 R 1.189(control o)3.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(ri) +.15 G(ndi)240.088 164.4 Q 1.189(vidual timeouts.)-.25 F 1.189 +(RFC 821 speci\214ed no timeouts.)6.189 F 1.189(Older v)6.189 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 +E .002(sions of sendmail had a single timeout, typically set to tw)156 176.4 R +2.502(oh)-.1 G 2.502(ours. V)398.142 176.4 R .002(ersion 8 allo)-1.11 F .002 +(ws the)-.25 F(con\214guration \214le to set timeouts for v)156 188.4 Q +(arious SMTP commands indi)-.25 E(vidually)-.25 E(.)-.65 E 26.5 +(\2475.3.3 Error)102 204.6 R 1.06(messages are sent as From:<>.)3.56 F 1.059 +(This w)6.059 F 1.059(as ur)-.1 F 1.059(ged by RFC 821 and reiterated by)-.18 F +.237(RFC 1123, b)156 216.6 R .237(ut older v)-.2 F .237(ersions of sendmail ne) +-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.737(rr).15 G .237(eally did it properly)355.186 216.6 R +5.237(.V)-.65 G .238(ersion 8 does.)448.254 216.6 R(Ho)156 228.6 Q(we)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.934 -.4(r, s).15 H 1.134 +(ome systems cannot handle this perfectly le).4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.633(la).05 G +1.133(ddress; if necessary)402.941 228.6 R 3.633(,y)-.65 G(ou)494 228.6 Q +(can create a special mailer that uses the `g' \215ag to disable this.)156 +240.6 Q 26.5(\2475.3.3 Error)102 256.8 R 3.212(messages are ne)5.712 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 5.712(rs).15 G 3.212(ent to <>.)275.628 256.8 R(Pre)8.213 E(viously)-.25 +E 5.713(,s)-.65 G 3.213(endmail w)383.028 256.8 R 3.213(as happ)-.1 F 5.713(yt) +-.1 G 5.713(os)474.957 256.8 S(end)489.56 256.8 Q 6 +(responses-to-responses which sometimes resulted in responses-to-responses-to-) +156 268.8 R(responses which resulted in ....)156 280.8 Q(you get the idea.)5 E +26.5(\2475.3.3 Route-addrs)102 297 R .111(\(the ugly `)2.611 F +(`<@hosta,@hostb:user@hostc>')-.74 E 2.611('s)-.74 G .111(yntax\) are pruned.) +389.124 297 R .112(RFC 821)5.112 F(ur)156 309 Q 1.001 +(ged the use of this bletcherous syntax.)-.18 F 1 +(RFC 1123 has seen the light and of)6.001 F(\214cially)-.25 E 1.124 +(deprecates them, further ur)156 321 R 1.125(ging that you eliminate all b)-.18 +F 1.125(ut `)-.2 F(`user@hostc')-.74 E 3.625('s)-.74 G 1.125(hould you)462.595 +321 R(recei)156 333 Q 1.698 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 1.398(ne of these things.).15 F +-1.11(Ve)6.398 G 1.398(rsion 8 is slightly more generous than the standards) +1.11 F .753(suggest; instead of stripping of)156 345 R 3.253(fa)-.25 G .753 +(ll the route addressees, it only strips hosts of)293.115 345 R 3.254(fu)-.25 G +3.254(pt)487.966 345 S(o)499 345 Q 1.29(the one before the last one kno)156 357 +R 1.289(wn to DNS, thus allo)-.25 F 1.289(wing you to ha)-.25 F 1.589 -.15 +(ve p)-.2 H(seudo-hosts).15 E(such as foo.BITNET)156 369 Q 5(.T)-.74 G +(he `R' option will turn this of)251.91 369 Q(f.)-.25 E +(The areas in which sendmail is not `)102 385.2 Q(`unconditionally compliant') +-.74 E 2.5('a)-.74 G(re:)367.43 385.2 Q 26.5(\2475.2.6 Sendmail)102 401.4 R +(does do header munging.)2.5 E 21.5(\2475.2.10 Sendmail)102 417.6 R(doesn')3.2 +E 3.2(ta)-.18 G -.1(lwa)233.88 417.6 S .7(ys use the e).1 F .701 +(xact SMTP message te)-.15 F .701(xt from RFC 821.)-.15 F .701(This is a)5.701 +F(rather silly requirement.)156 429.6 Q 19(\2475.3.1.1 Sendmail)102 445.8 R +(doesn')3.512 E 3.512(tg)-.18 G 1.012 +(uarantee only one connect for each host on queue runs.)235.064 445.8 R +(Connec-)6.011 E(tion caching gi)156 457.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G +(ou most of this, b)235.87 457.8 Q(ut it does not pro)-.2 E(vide a guarantee.) +-.15 E 19(\2475.3.1.1 Sendmail)102 474 R(doesn')2.843 E 2.843(ta)-.18 G -.1 +(lwa)233.166 474 S .343(ys pro).1 F .343(vide an adequate limit on concurrenc) +-.15 F 4.144 -.65(y. T)-.15 H .344(hat is, there can).65 F .757(be se)156 486 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .757(ral independent sendmails running at once.).15 F .757 +(My feeling is that doing an abso-)5.757 F 1.047(lute limit w)156 498 R 1.047 +(ould be a mistak)-.1 F 3.547(e\()-.1 G 1.048(it might result in lost mail\).) +284.302 498 R(Ho)6.048 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.848 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.548 +(fy).4 G 1.048(ou use the)461.354 498 R .801(XLA contrib)156 510 R .801 +(uted softw)-.2 F .801(are, most of this will be guaranteed \(b)-.1 F .801 +(ut I don')-.2 F 3.3(tg)-.18 G .8(uarantee the)454.61 510 R(guarantee\).)156 +522 Q F0 2.5(2.3. Extended)87 546 R(SMTP Support)2.5 E F1 -1.11(Ve)127 562.2 S +.154(rsion 8 includes both sending and recei)1.11 F .155 +(ving support for Extended SMTP support as de\214ned)-.25 F .229(by RFC 1425 \ +\(basic\) and RFC 1427 \(SIZE\); and limited support for RFC 1426 \(BOD)102 +574.2 R 2.729(Y\). The)-.55 F(body)2.729 E .275(support is minimal because the\ + \2318BITMIME\232 body type is not currently adv)102 586.2 R 2.776 +(ertised. Although)-.15 F(such)2.776 E 3.076(ab)102 598.2 S .576 +(ody type will be accepted, it will not be correctly con)114.516 598.2 R -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .576(rted to 7 bits if speaking to a non-8-bit-).15 F(MIME a)102 +610.2 Q -.1(wa)-.15 G(re SMTP serv).1 E(er)-.15 E(.)-.55 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(Sendmail)127 626.4 Q F1 .287(tries to speak ESMTP if you ha)2.787 F .588 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H .288(he `a' \215ag set in the \215ags for the mailer descrip-) +.15 F(tor)102 638.4 Q 3.322(,o)-.4 G 3.322(ri)123.532 638.4 S 3.322(ft)132.964 +638.4 S .822(he other end adv)142.396 638.4 R .822(ertises the f)-.15 F .822 +(act that it speaks ESMTP)-.1 F 5.822(.T)-1.11 G .821 +(his is a non-standard adv)376.446 638.4 R(ertise-)-.15 E(ment:)102 650.4 Q F2 +(sendmail)2.98 E F1 .48(announces \231ESMTP spok)2.98 F .48 +(en here\232 during the initial connection message, and client)-.1 F .587 +(sendmails search for this message.)102 662.4 R .586 +(This creates some problems for some PC-based mailers, which)5.586 F +(do not understand tw)102 674.4 Q +(o-line greeting messages as required by RFC 821.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 294.65(4C)72 60 S(hanges in Sendmail V)378.87 60 Q +(ersion 8)-1 E 2.5(2.4. Eight-Bit)87 96 R(Clean)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(Pre)127 112.2 Q 1.263(vious v)-.25 F 1.263 +(ersions of sendmail used the 0200 bit for quoting.)-.15 F 1.264(This v)6.264 F +1.264(ersion a)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 1.264(ids that use.).2 F(Ho)102 124.2 Q(we) +-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.119 -.4(r, y).15 H .318 +(ou can set option `7' to get se).4 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.818(nb).15 G .318 +(it stripping for compatibility with RFC 821, which is)290.046 124.2 R 2.5(a7) +102 136.2 S(-bit protocol.)113.94 136.2 Q(This option says `)5 E +(`strip to 7 bits on input')-.74 E('.)-.74 E(Indi)127 152.4 Q .375 +(vidual mailers can still produce se)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.875(nb).15 G .376 +(it out put using the `7' mailer \215ag.)303.02 152.4 R .376(This \215ag says) +5.376 F -.74(``)102 164.4 S(strip to 7 bits on output').74 E('.)-.74 E F0 2.5 +(2.5. User)87 188.4 R(Database)2.5 E F1 1.926 +(The User Database \(UDB\) is an as-yet e)127 204.6 R 1.926 +(xperimental attempt to pro)-.15 F 1.925(vide uni\214ed lar)-.15 F(ge-site)-.18 +E .396(name support.)102 216.6 R 1.996 -.8(We a)5.396 H .396 +(re installing it at Berk).8 F(ele)-.1 E .396(y; future v)-.15 F .396 +(ersions may sho)-.15 F 2.897(ws)-.25 G .397(igni\214cant modi\214cations.) +406.373 216.6 R(Brie\215y)102 228.6 Q 3.583(,U)-.65 G 1.083 +(DB contains a database that is intended to contain all the per)142.433 228.6 R +1.082(-user information for your)-.2 F -.1(wo)102 240.6 S .172 +(rkgroup, such as people').1 F 2.673(sf)-.55 G .173 +(ull names, their .plan information, their outgoing mail name, and their)222.29 +240.6 R(mail drop.)102 252.6 Q .438(The user database allo)127 268.8 R .438 +(ws you to map both incoming and outgoing addresses, much lik)-.25 F 2.937(eI) +-.1 G -.4(DA)487.46 268.8 S(.).4 E(Ho)102 280.8 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.799 -.4(r, t).15 H .999(he interf).4 F .999(ace is still better with ID)-.1 F +.999(A; in particular)-.4 F 3.499(,t)-.4 G 1 +(he alias \214le with incoming/outgoing)355.55 280.8 R(marks pro)102 292.8 Q +(vides better locality of information.)-.15 E F0 2.5(2.6. Impr)87 316.8 R -.1 +(ove)-.18 G 2.5(dB).1 G(IND Support)158.01 316.8 Q F1 .262 +(The BIND support, particularly for MX records, had a number of anno)127 333 R +.261(ying `)-.1 F(`features')-.74 E 2.761('w)-.74 G(hich)486.78 333 Q(ha)102 +345 Q 1.212 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .912(een remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.412(di).15 G +3.412(nt)187.116 345 S .912(his release.)198.308 345 R .912(In particular)5.912 +F 3.412(,t)-.4 G .912(hese more tightly bind \(pun intended\) the name)307.916 +345 R(serv)102 357 Q(er to sendmail, so that the name serv)-.15 E +(er resolution rules are incorporated directly into sendmail.)-.15 E .688 +(The major change has been that the $[ ... $] operator didn')127 373.2 R 3.188 +(tf)-.18 G .688(ully qualify names that were in)376.41 373.2 R +(DNS as A or MX records.)102 385.2 Q -1.11(Ve)5 G +(rsion 8 does this quali\214cation.)1.11 E .429(This has pro)127 401.4 R -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.929(nt).15 G 2.929(ob)197.147 401.4 S 2.929(ea)210.076 401.4 S +2.929(na)221.885 401.4 S(nno)234.254 401.4 Q .43 +(yance in Sun shops, who often still run without BIND support.)-.1 F(Ho)102 +413.4 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.001 -.4(r, i).15 H 2.701(ti).4 G 2.701(sr) +153.842 413.4 S .201 +(eally critical that this be supported, since MX records are mandatory)163.763 +413.4 R 5.2(.I)-.65 G 2.7(nS)450.26 413.4 S .2(unOS you)463.52 413.4 R .101 +(can choose either MX support or NIS support, b)102 425.4 R .101(ut not both.) +-.2 F .101(This is \214x)5.101 F .101(ed in Solaris, and some)-.15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(send-)2.602 E(mail)102 437.4 Q F1(support to allo)2.5 E 2.5 +(wt)-.25 G(his in SunOS should be forthcoming in a future release.)192.31 437.4 +Q F0 2.5(2.7. K)87 461.4 R(ey)-.25 E(ed Files)-.1 E F1 .242(Generalized k)127 +477.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G .242(ed \214les is an idea tak).15 F .241 +(en directly from ID)-.1 F 2.741(As)-.4 G .241 +(endmail \(albeit with a completely)368.606 477.6 R(dif)102 489.6 Q +(ferent implementation\).)-.25 E(The)5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be useful on lar) +239.63 489.6 Q(ge sites.)-.18 E -1.11(Ve)127 505.8 S +(rsion 8 includes the follo)1.11 E(wing b)-.25 E(uilt-in map classes:)-.2 E +33.72(dbm Support)102 522 R(for the ndbm\(3\) library)2.5 E(.)-.65 E 33.17 +(hash Support)102 538.2 R 1.229(for the `)3.729 F(`Hash')-.74 E 3.729('t)-.74 G +1.229(ype from the ne)261.636 538.2 R 3.729(wB)-.25 G(erk)345.732 538.2 Q(ele) +-.1 E 3.729(yd)-.15 G 1.229(b\(3\) library)383.641 538.2 R 6.23(.t)-.65 G 1.23 +(his library pro-)441.55 538.2 R 4.094(vides substantially better database sup\ +port than ndbm\(3\), including in-memory)156 550.2 R +(caching, arbitrarily long k)156 562.2 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sa).15 G(nd v)279.89 +562.2 Q(alues, and better disk utilization.)-.25 E 31.51(btree Support)102 +578.4 R .547(for the `)3.047 F(`B-T)-.74 E(ree')-.35 E 3.047('t)-.74 G .547 +(ype from the ne)266.328 578.4 R 3.048(wB)-.25 G(erk)347.698 578.4 Q(ele)-.1 E +3.048(yd)-.15 G .548(b\(3\) library)384.926 578.4 R 5.548(.B)-.65 G(-T)445.362 +578.4 Q .548(rees pro)-.35 F(vide)-.15 E .521(better clustering than Hashed \ +\214les if you are fetching lots of records that ha)156 590.4 R .821 -.15(ve s) +-.2 H(imilar).15 E -.1(ke)156 602.4 S(ys, such as searching a dictionary for w) +-.05 E(ords be)-.1 E(ginning with `)-.15 E(`detr')-.74 E('.)-.74 E 39.83 +(nis Support)102 618.6 R(for NIS \(a.k.a. YP\) maps.)2.5 E +(NIS+ is not supported in this v)5 E(ersion.)-.15 E 34.83(host Support)102 +634.8 R(for DNS lookups.)2.5 E 19.84(dequote A)102 651 R -.74(``)2.642 G +(pseudo-map').74 E 2.642('\()-.74 G .142(that is, once that does not ha)232.554 +651 R .442 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .442 -.15(ny ex).15 H .142(ternal data\) that allo) +.15 F .142(ws a con-)-.25 F .099 +(\214guration \214le to break apart a quoted string in the address.)156 663 R +.098(This is necessary primarily)5.098 F .726 +(for DECnet addresses, which often ha)156 675 R 1.026 -.15(ve q)-.2 H .726 +(uoted addresses that need to be unwrapped).15 F(on g)156 687 Q(ate)-.05 E -.1 +(wa)-.25 G(ys.).1 E EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Changes in Sendmail V)72 60 Q(ersion 8)-1 E(5)499 60 Q +2.5(2.8. Multi-W)87 96 R(ord Classes & Macr)-.75 E(os in Classes)-.18 E/F1 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(Classes can no)127 112.2 Q 2.5(wb)-.25 G 2.5(em)200.35 112.2 +S(ultiple w)215.07 112.2 Q 2.5(ords. F)-.1 F(or e)-.15 E(xample,)-.15 E +(CShofmann.CS.Berk)142 128.4 Q(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU).65 E(allo)102 +144.6 Q 2.395(ws you to match the entire string `)-.25 F(`hofmann.CS.Berk)-.74 +E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU').65 E 4.894('u)-.74 G 2.394 +(sing the single construct)399.878 144.6 R -.74(``)102 156.6 S($=S').74 E('.) +-.74 E(Class de\214nitions are no)127 172.8 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G(llo)234.52 172.8 Q +(wed to include macros \212 for e)-.25 E(xample:)-.15 E(Cw$k)142 189 Q(is le) +102 205.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(l.).05 E F0 2.5(2.9. IDENT)87 229.2 R(Pr)2.5 E +(otocol Support)-.18 E F1 .633 +(The IDENT protocol as de\214ned in RFC 1413 [RFC1413] is supported.)127 245.4 +R(Ho)5.633 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.433 -.4(r, m).15 H(an).4 E 3.134(ys) +-.15 G(ys-)491.78 245.4 Q .909(tems ha)102 257.4 R 1.209 -.15(ve a T)-.2 H .909 +(CP/IP b).15 F .908 +(ug that renders this useless, and the feature must be turned of)-.2 F 3.408 +(f. Roughly)-.25 F 3.408(,i)-.65 G(f)500.67 257.4 Q 8.538 +(one of these system recei)102 269.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 11.038(sa\231).15 G 8.539 +(No route to host\232 message \(ICMP message)280.568 269.4 R(ICMP_UNREA)102 +281.4 Q .829(CH_HOST\) on)-.4 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(any)3.329 E F1 .828 +(connection, all connections to that host are closed.)3.329 F .828 +(Some \214re-)5.828 F -.1(wa)102 293.4 S .087 +(lls return this error if you try to connect to the IDENT port, so you can').1 +F 2.587(tr)-.18 G(ecei)408.889 293.4 Q .387 -.15(ve e)-.25 H .087 +(mail from these).15 F 1.712(hosts on these systems.)102 305.4 R(It')6.712 E +4.212(sp)-.55 G 1.712(ossible that if the \214re)228.62 305.4 R -.1(wa)-.25 G +1.712(ll used a more speci\214c message \(such as).1 F(ICMP_UNREA)102 317.4 Q +(CH_PR)-.4 E -1.88 -.4(OT O)-.4 H 72.325(COL, ICMP_UNREA).4 F(CH_POR)-.4 E +74.825(To)-.6 G(r)500.67 317.4 Q(ICMP_UNREA)102 329.4 Q(CH_NET_PR)-.4 E +(OHIB\) it w)-.4 E(ould w)-.1 E(ork, b)-.1 E(ut this hasn')-.2 E 2.5(tb)-.18 G +(een v)375.62 329.4 Q(eri\214ed.)-.15 E .678(IDENT protocol support cannot be \ +used on 4.3BSD, Apollo DomainOS, Apple A/UX, Con-)127 345.6 R -.15(vex)102 +357.6 S .949(OS, Data General DG/UX, HP-UX, Sequent Dynix, or Ultrix 4.x, x).15 +F/F3 10/Symbol SF<a3>3.449 E F1 3.449(3. 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Separate)87 393.6 R(En)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.4 G(lope/Header Pr) +.1 E(ocessing)-.18 E F1 .854 +(Since the From: line is passed in separately from the en)127 409.8 R -.15(ve) +-.4 G .854(lope sender).15 F 3.354(,t)-.4 G .854(hese ha)420.978 409.8 R 1.154 +-.15(ve b)-.2 H .854(oth been).15 F .427 +(made visible; the $g macro is set to the en)102 421.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .428 +(lope sender during processing of mailer ar).15 F .428(gument v)-.18 F(ec-)-.15 +E(tors and the header sender during processing of headers.)102 433.8 Q .085 +(It is also possible to specify separate per)127 450 R .085(-mailer en)-.2 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G .084(lope and header processing.).15 F .084(The Sender)5.084 F(-) +-.2 E -.55(RW)102 462 S 1.085(Set and RecipientR).55 F 1.085(Wset ar)-.55 F +1.085(guments for mailers can be speci\214ed as `)-.18 F(`en)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.4 +G(lope/header').15 E 3.585('t)-.74 G 3.585(og)478.595 462 S -2.15 -.25(iv e) +492.18 462 T(dif)102 474 Q(ferent re)-.25 E(writings for en)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.4 +G(lope v).15 E(ersus header addresses.)-.15 E F0 2.5(2.11. Owner)87 498 R +(-List Pr)-.37 E(opagates to En)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.4 G(lope).1 E F1 1.168 +(When an alias has an associated o)127 514.2 R(wner)-.25 E 1.168 +(-list name, that alias is used to change the en)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G(lope).15 E +(sender address.)102 526.2 Q(This will cause do)5 E +(wnstream errors to be returned to that o)-.25 E(wner)-.25 E(.)-.55 E 1.813 +(Some people \214nd this confusing because the en)127 542.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G +1.813(lope sender is what appears in the \214rst).15 F -.74(``)102 554.4 S +(From_').74 E 3.127('l)-.74 G .627(ine in UNIX messages \(that is, the line be) +146.417 554.4 R .627(ginning `)-.15 F(`From<space>')-.74 E 3.127('i)-.74 G .627 +(nstead of `)424.797 554.4 R(`From:')-.74 E(';)-.74 E .502 +(the latter is the header from, which)102 566.4 R F2(does)3.002 E F1 .503 +(indicate the sender of the message\).)3.002 F .503(In pre)5.503 F .503 +(vious v)-.25 F(ersions,)-.15 E F2(sendmail)102 578.4 Q F1 .057(has tried to a) +2.557 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .057(id changing the en).2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .056 +(lope sender for back compatibility with UNIX con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G(n-).15 E +.177(tion; at this point that back compatibility is creating too man)102 590.4 +R 2.678(yp)-.15 G .178(roblems, and it is necessary to mo)357.972 590.4 R -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(forw)102 602.4 Q(ard into the 1980s.)-.1 E F0 2.5(2.12. Command)87 +626.4 R(Line Flags)2.5 E F1(The)127 642.6 Q F0<ad42>2.5 E F1 +(\215ag has been added to pass in body type information.)2.5 E(The)127 658.8 Q +F0<ad70>3.057 E F1 .557 +(\215ag has been added to pass in protocol information that w)3.057 F .557 +(as pre)-.1 F .556(viously passed in by)-.25 F(de\214ning the)102 670.8 Q F0 +($r)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0($s)2.5 E F1(macros.)2.5 E(The)127 687 Q F0<ad58>2.6 E +F1 .1(\215ag has been added to allo)2.6 F 2.6(wl)-.25 G .1 +(ogging of all protocol in and out of sendmail for deb)279.89 687 R(ug-)-.2 E +2.732(ging. Y)102 699 R .232(ou can set \231\255X \214lename\232 and a complet\ +e transcript will be logged in that \214le.)-1.1 F .231(This gets big)5.231 F +-.1(fa)102 711 S(st: the option is only for deb).1 E(ugging.)-.2 E EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 294.65(6C)72 60 S(hanges in Sendmail V)378.87 60 Q +(ersion 8)-1 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)127 96 Q F0<ad71>4.006 E F1 1.507(\ +\215ag can limit limit a queue run to speci\214c recipients, senders, or queue\ + ids using)4.006 F +(\255qRsubstring, \255qSsubstring, or \255qIsubstring respecti)102 108 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E F0 2.5(2.13. New)87 132 R(Con\214guration Line T) +2.5 E(ypes)-.74 E F1 .674(The `T' \(T)127 148.2 R .674 +(rusted users\) con\214guration line has been deleted.)-.35 F .674 +(It will still be accepted b)5.674 F .674(ut will)-.2 F(be ignored.)102 160.2 Q +(The `K' line has been added to declare database maps.)127 176.4 Q +(The `V' line has been added to declare the con\214guration v)127 192.6 Q +(ersion le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E(The `M' \(mailer\) line tak)127 208.8 +Q(es a D= \214eld to specify e)-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution directory).15 E(.) +-.65 E F0 2.5(2.14. New)87 232.8 R(and Extended Options)2.5 E F1(Se)127 249 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G .9(ral ne).15 F 3.4(wo)-.25 G .9(ptions ha)184.8 249 R 1.2 -.15 +(ve b)-.2 H .9(een added, man).15 F 3.4(yt)-.15 G 3.4(os)314.89 249 S .9 +(upport ne)327.18 249 R 3.4(wf)-.25 G .9(eatures, others to allo)379.83 249 R +3.4(wt)-.25 G(uning)481.22 249 Q(that w)102 261 Q(as pre)-.1 E(viously a)-.25 E +-.25(va)-.2 G(ilable only by recompiling.).25 E(Brie\215y:)5 E 28.78(AT)102 +277.2 S .099(he alias \214le speci\214cation can no)144.11 277.2 R 2.599(wb) +-.25 G 2.599(eal)286.654 277.2 S .099(ist of alias \214les.)303.512 277.2 R +.098(Also, the con\214guration can spec-)5.099 F(ify a class of \214le.)138 +289.2 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, to search the NIS aliases, use \231O) +232.13 289.2 Q(Anis:mail.aliases\232.)-.35 E 31(bI)102 305.4 S +(nsist on a minimum number of disk blocks.)141.33 305.4 Q 29.33(CD)102 321.6 S +(eli)145.22 321.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .24(ry checkpoint interv).15 F 2.74 +(al. Checkpoint)-.25 F .24(the queue \(to a)2.74 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .24 +(id duplicate deli).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .24(ries\) e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .24 +(ry C).15 F(addresses.)138 333.6 Q 29.89(ED)102 349.8 S(ef)145.22 349.8 Q .712 +(ault error message.)-.1 F .711 +(This message \(or the contents of the indicated \214le\) are prepended)5.712 F +(to error messages.)138 361.8 Q 28.78(GE)102 378 S .785(nable GECOS matching.) +144.11 378 R .785(If you can')5.785 F 3.285<748c>-.18 G .786 +(nd a local user name and this option is enabled,)307.51 378 R .59 +(do a sequential scan of the passwd \214le to match ag)138 390 R .589 +(ainst full names.)-.05 F(Pre)5.589 E .589(viously a compile)-.25 F(option.)138 +402 Q 31(hM)102 418.2 S(aximum hop count.)146.89 418.2 Q(Pre)5 E +(viously this w)-.25 E(as compiled in.)-.1 E 32.67(IT)102 434.4 S +(his option has been e)144.11 434.4 Q(xtended to allo)-.15 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G +(etting of resolv)300.64 434.4 Q(er parameters.)-.15 E 33.22(jS)102 450.6 S +(end errors in MIME-encapsulated format.)143.56 450.6 Q 32.11(JF)102 466.8 S +(orw)143.41 466.8 Q(ard \214le path.)-.1 E(Where to search for .forw)5 E +(ard \214les \212 def)-.1 E(aults to $HOME/.forw)-.1 E(ard.)-.1 E 31(kC)102 483 +S .05(onnection cache size.)144.67 483 R .05 +(The total number of connections that will be k)5.05 F .05(ept open at an)-.1 F +2.55(yt)-.15 G(ime.)486.5 483 Q 28.78(KC)102 499.2 S 1.395 +(onnection cache lifetime.)144.67 499.2 R 1.395(The amount of time an)6.395 F +3.895(yc)-.15 G 1.394(onnection will be permitted to sit)364.53 499.2 R(idle.) +138 511.2 Q 33.22(lE)102 527.4 S .333(nable Errors-T)144.11 527.4 R .333 +(o: header)-.8 F 5.334(.T)-.55 G .334 +(hese headers violate RFC 1123; this option is included to pro-)252.89 527.4 R +(vide back compatibility with old v)138 539.4 Q(ersions of sendmail.)-.15 E +28.78(OI)102 555.6 S(ncoming daemon options \(e.g., use alternate SMTP port\).) +141.33 555.6 Q 31(pP)102 571.8 S(ri)143.56 571.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .3 -.15(cy o) +.25 H 2.5(ptions. These).15 F(can be used to mak)2.5 E 2.5(ey)-.1 G +(our SMTP serv)322.22 571.8 Q(er less friendly)-.15 E(.)-.65 E 32.67(rT)102 588 +S .67(his option has been e)144.11 588 R .67(xtended to allo)-.15 F 3.17<778c> +-.25 G .67(ner grained control o)307 588 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.17(rt).15 G 3.17 +(imeouts. F)411.02 588 R .67(or e)-.15 F(xample,)-.15 E +(you can set the timeout for SMTP commands indi)138 600 Q(vidually)-.25 E(.) +-.65 E 29.33(RD)102 616.2 S(on')145.22 616.2 Q 11.797(tp)-.18 G 9.297 +(rune route-addrs.)177.947 616.2 R(Normally)269.851 616.2 Q 11.797(,i)-.65 G +11.797(fv)324.608 616.2 S 9.297(ersion 8 sees an address lik)344.585 616.2 R(e) +-.1 E 1.256("<@hostA,@hostB:user@hostC>, sendmail will try to strip of)138 +628.2 R 3.755(fa)-.25 G 3.755(sm)406.48 628.2 S 1.255(uch as it can \(up to) +421.905 628.2 R(user@hostC\) as suggested by RFC 1123.)138 640.2 Q +(This option disables that beha)5 E(viour)-.2 E(.)-.55 E 29.89(TT)102 656.4 S +1.485(he \231Return T)144.11 656.4 R 3.985(oS)-.8 G 1.485 +(ender\232 timeout has been e)213.035 656.4 R 1.485(xtended to allo)-.15 F +3.986(ws)-.25 G 1.486(peci\214cation of a w)399.942 656.4 R(arning)-.1 E .789 +(message interv)138 668.4 R .789 +(al, typically something on the order of four hours.)-.25 F .788 +(If a message cannot be)5.788 F(deli)138 680.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.245 +(red in that interv).15 F 1.245(al, a w)-.25 F 1.245 +(arning message is sent back to the sender b)-.1 F 1.246(ut the message)-.2 F +(continues to be tried.)138 692.4 Q 28.78(UU)102 708.6 S(ser database spec.) +145.22 708.6 Q(This is still e)5 E(xperimental.)-.15 E EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Changes in Sendmail V)72 60 Q(ersion 8)-1 E(7)499 60 Q +/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 28.78(VF)102 96 S .758(allback `)143.41 96 R(`MX')-.74 +E 3.258('h)-.74 G 3.258(ost. This)211.756 96 R .757 +(can be thought of as an MX host that applies to all addresses)3.258 F +(that has a v)138 108 Q(ery high preference v)-.15 E +(alue \(that is, use it only if e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rything else f).15 E +(ails\).)-.1 E 28.78(wI)102 124.2 S 3.066(fs)141.33 124.2 S .566(et, assume th\ +at if you are the best MX host for a host, you should send directly to that) +151.616 124.2 R 3.213(host. This)138 136.2 R .713 +(is intended for compatibility with UIUC sendmail, and may ha)3.213 F 1.013 +-.15(ve s)-.2 H .712(ome use on).15 F(\214re)138 148.2 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G(lls.).1 +E 31(7D)102 164.4 S 2.758(on)145.22 164.4 S .258(ot run eight bit clean.) +157.978 164.4 R -.7(Te)5.258 G(chnically).7 E 2.758(,y)-.65 G .258(ou ha) +305.656 164.4 R .558 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.758(oa).15 G .259 +(ssert this option to be RFC 821 com-)354.68 164.4 R(patible.)138 176.4 Q F0 +2.5(2.15. New)87 200.4 R(Mailer De\214nitions)2.5 E F1 21.75(L= Set)102 216.6 R +.93(the allo)3.43 F -.1(wa)-.25 G .93(ble line length.).1 F .93 +(In V5, the L mailer \215ag implied a line length limit of 990)5.93 F +(characters; this is no)138 228.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(ettable to an arbitrary v) +233.29 228.6 Q(alue.)-.25 E 17.86(F=a T)102 244.8 R(ry to use ESMTP)-.35 E 5 +(.I)-1.11 G 2.5(tw)222.65 244.8 S(ill f)235.15 244.8 Q +(all back to SMTP if the initial EHLO pack)-.1 E(et is rejected.)-.1 E 17.3 +(F=b Ensure)102 261 R 2.5(ab)2.5 G(lank line at the end of messages.)180.21 261 +Q(Useful on the *\214le* mailer)5 E(.)-.55 E 17.86(F=c Strip)102 277.2 R .68(a\ +ll comments from addresses; this should only be used as a last resort when dea\ +ling)3.18 F(with crank)138 289.2 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G(ailers.)195.62 289.2 Q 17.3 +(F=g Ne)102 305.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.88(ru).15 G .38 +(se the null sender as the en)169.91 305.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .379(lope sender).15 +F 2.879(,e)-.4 G -.15(ve)343.645 305.4 S 2.879(nw).15 G .379(hen running SMTP) +368.034 305.4 R 5.379(.T)-1.11 G .379(his violates)458.341 305.4 R(RFC 1123.) +138 317.4 Q 17.3(F=7 Strip)102 333.6 R(all output to this mailer to 7 bits.)2.5 +E 16.19(F=L Used)102 349.8 R .198 +(to set the line limit to 990 bytes for SMTP compatibility)2.697 F 5.198(.I) +-.65 G 2.698(tn)398.622 349.8 S .698 -.25(ow d)409.1 349.8 T .198 +(oes that only if the).25 F(L= k)138 361.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(letter is not speci\214ed.).15 E +(This \215ag is obsolete and should not be used.)5 E F0 2.5(2.16. New)87 385.8 +R(or Changed Pr)2.5 E(e-De\214ned Macr)-.18 E(os)-.18 E F1 23.5($k UUCP)102 402 +R(node name from uname\(2\).)2.5 E 20.72($m Domain)102 418.2 R +(part of our full hostname.)2.5 E 23.5($_ RFC)102 434.4 R(1413-pro)2.5 E +(vided sender address.)-.15 E 21.28($w Pre)102 450.6 R .148(viously w)-.25 F +.148(as sometimes the full domain name, sometimes just the \214rst w)-.1 F +2.647(ord. No)-.1 F 2.647(wg)-.25 G(uar)488.1 450.6 Q(-)-.2 E +(anteed to be the \214rst w)138 462.6 Q +(ord of the domain name \(i.e., the host name\).)-.1 E 25.72($j Pre)102 478.8 R +.193(viously had to be de\214ned \212 it is no)-.25 F 2.693(wp)-.25 G .194 +(rede\214ned to be the full domain name, if that can)310.067 478.8 R +(be determined.)138 490.8 Q(That is, it is equi)5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to $w) +.25 E(.$m.)-.65 E F0 2.5(2.17. New)87 514.8 R(and Changed Classes)2.5 E F1 +17.86($=k Initialized)102 531 R(to contain $k.)2.5 E 15.64($=w No)102 547.2 R +3.069(wi)-.25 G .569 +(ncludes \231[1.2.3.4]\232 \(where 1.2.3.4 is your IP address\) to allo)163.039 +547.2 R 3.068(wt)-.25 G .568(he con\214guration \214le)422.314 547.2 R +(to recognize your o)138 559.2 Q(wn IP address.)-.25 E F0 2.5(2.18. New)87 +583.2 R(Rewriting T)2.5 E(ok)-.92 E(ens)-.1 E F1(The)127 599.4 Q F0($&)3.25 E +F1 .75(construct has been adopted from ID)3.25 F 3.25(At)-.4 G 3.25(od)322 +599.4 S .75(efer macro e)335.25 599.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G 3.25(luation. Normally) +.25 F 3.25(,m)-.65 G(acros)482.9 599.4 Q .476 +(in rulesets are bound when the rule is \214rst parsed during startup.)102 +611.4 R .476(Some macros change during pro-)5.476 F .046 +(cessing and are uninteresting during startup.)102 623.4 R(Ho)5.046 E(we)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G .846 -.4(r, t).15 H .047 +(hat macro can be referenced using \231$&x\232 to).4 F(defer the e)102 635.4 Q +-.25(va)-.25 G(ulation of $x until the rule is processed.).25 E(The tok)127 +651.6 Q(ens)-.1 E F0($\()2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0($\))2.5 E F1(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15 +(ve b)-.2 H(een added to allo).15 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G(peci\214cation of map re) +319.59 651.6 Q(writing.)-.25 E -1.11(Ve)127 667.8 S 1.499(rsion 8 allo)1.11 F +(ws)-.25 E F0($@)3.999 E F1 1.499 +(on the Left Hand Side of an `R' line to match zero tok)3.999 F 3.998 +(ens. This)-.1 F(is)3.998 E(intended to be used to match the null input.)102 +679.8 Q EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 294.65(8C)72 60 S(hanges in Sendmail V)378.87 60 Q +(ersion 8)-1 E 2.5(2.19. Bigger)87 96 R(Defaults)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +-1.11(Ve)127 112.2 S 1.283(rsion 8 allo)1.11 F 1.284 +(ws up to 100 rulesets instead of 30.)-.25 F 1.284 +(It is recommended that rulesets 0\2559 be)6.284 F(reserv)102 124.2 Q +(ed for sendmail')-.15 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(edicated use in future releases.)202.66 +124.2 Q(The total number of MX records that can be used has been raised to 20.) +127 140.4 Q .335(The number of queued messages that can be handled at one time\ + has been raised from 600 to)127 156.6 R(1000.)102 168.6 Q F0 2.5(2.20. Differ) +87 192.6 R(ent Default T)-.18 E(uning P)-.92 E(arameters)-.1 E F1 -1.11(Ve)127 +208.8 S .8(rsion 8 has changed the def)1.11 F .8 +(ault parameters for tuning queue costs to mak)-.1 F 3.3(et)-.1 G .8 +(he number of)449.08 208.8 R .712(recipients more important than the size of t\ +he message \(for small messages\).)102 220.8 R .712(This is reasonable if)5.712 +F(you are connected with reasonably f)102 232.8 Q(ast links.)-.1 E F0 2.5 +(2.21. A)87 256.8 R(uto-Quoting in Addr)-.5 E(esses)-.18 E F1(Pre)127 273 Q +(viously)-.25 E 3.2(,t)-.65 G .701(he `)177.36 273 R .701 +(`Full Name <email address>')-.74 F 3.201('s)-.74 G .701(yntax w)322.025 273 R +.701(ould generate incorrect protocol out-)-.1 F .006(put if `)102 285 R .006 +(`Full Name')-.74 F 2.506('h)-.74 G .006(ad special characters such as dot.) +187.754 285 R .005(This v)5.006 F .005(ersion puts quotes around such names.) +-.15 F F0 2.5(2.22. Symbolic)87 309 R(Names On Err)2.5 E(or Mailer)-.18 E F1 +(Se)127 325.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral names ha).15 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een b).15 +E(uilt in to the $@ portion of the $#error mailer)-.2 E 5(.F)-.55 G(or e)428.96 +325.2 Q(xample:)-.15 E($#error $@NOHOST $: Host unkno)142 341.4 Q(wn)-.25 E +(Prints the indicated message and sets the e)102 357.6 Q(xit status of)-.15 E +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.5 E F1(to)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(EX_NOHOST)2.5 E F1(.)A F0 2.5(2.23. New)87 381.6 R(Built-In Mailers)2.5 E F1 +-1 -.8(Tw o)127 397.8 T(ne)3.901 E 3.101(wm)-.25 G .601(ailers, *\214le* and *\ +include*, are included to de\214ne options when mailing to a \214le)174.822 +397.8 R(or a :include: \214le respecti)102 409.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5 +(.P)-.65 G(re)232.88 409.8 Q(viously these were o)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(rloaded on the local mailer).15 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5(2.24. SMTP)87 433.8 R +(VRFY Doesn't Expand)2.5 E F1(Pre)127 450 Q 1.438(vious v)-.25 F 1.438 +(ersions of sendmail treated VRFY and EXPN the same.)-.15 F 1.437(In this v) +6.437 F 1.437(ersion, VRFY)-.15 F(doesn')102 462 Q 2.5(te)-.18 G +(xpand aliases or follo)138.05 462 Q 2.5(w.)-.25 G(forw)235.84 462 Q +(ard \214les.)-.1 E .663(As an optimization, if you run with your def)127 478.2 +R .664(ault deli)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .664(ry mode being queue-only).15 F 3.164 +(,t)-.65 G .664(he RCPT)466.386 478.2 R 1.09 +(command will also not chase aliases and .forw)102 490.2 R 1.09(ard \214les.) +-.1 F 1.09(It will chase them when it processes the)6.09 F 2.5(queue. This)102 +502.2 R(speeds up RCPT processing.)2.5 E F0 2.5(2.25. [IPC])87 526.2 R +(Mailers Allo)2.5 E 2.5(wM)-.1 G(ultiple Hosts)210.49 526.2 Q F1 .099 +(When an address resolv)127 542.4 R .099(es to a mailer that has `)-.15 F +(`[IPC]')-.74 E 2.599('a)-.74 G 2.6(si)353.52 542.4 S .1(ts `)362.79 542.4 R +(`P)-.74 E(ath')-.15 E .1(', the $@ part \(host name\))-.74 F .138 +(can be a colon-separated list of hosts instead of a single hostname.)102 554.4 +R .137(This asks sendmail to search the)5.137 F .16 +(list for the \214rst entry that is a)102 566.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G .16(ilable e) +.25 F .161(xactly as though it were an MX record.)-.15 F .161 +(The intent is to route)5.161 F .738(internal traf)102 578.4 R .738 +(\214c through internal netw)-.25 F .738 +(orks without publishing an MX record to the net.)-.1 F .737(MX e)5.737 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion is still done on the indi)102 590.4 Q(vidual items.)-.25 E +F0 2.5(2.26. Aliases)87 614.4 R(Extended)2.5 E F1 .298 +(The implementation has been mer)127 630.6 R .298(ged with maps.)-.18 F .299 +(Among other things, this supports multiple)5.298 F +(alias \214les and NIS-based aliases.)102 642.6 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G +(xample:)258.34 642.6 Q -.35(OA)142 658.8 S(/etc/aliases,nis:mail.aliases).35 E +(will search \214rst the local database \231/etc/aliases\232 follo)102 675 Q +(wed by the NIS map)-.25 E EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Changes in Sendmail V)72 60 Q(ersion 8)-1 E(9)499 60 Q +2.5(2.27. P)87 96 R(ortability and Security Enhancements)-.2 E/F1 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(An)127 112.2 S(umber of internal changes ha)141.72 112.2 +Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een made to enhance portability).15 E(.)-.65 E(Se)127 +128.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral \214x).15 E(es ha)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een made to increase the paranoia f).15 E(actor)-.1 E(.)-.55 E .46 +(In particular)127 144.6 R 2.96(,t)-.4 G .46(he permissions required for .forw) +184.45 144.6 R .46(ard and :include: \214les ha)-.1 F .76 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .46 +(een tightened up).15 F(considerably)102 156.6 Q 5.182(.V)-.65 G 2.683(5w) +167.352 156.6 S .183(ould pretty much read an)182.155 156.6 R 2.683<798c>-.15 G +.183(le it could get to as root, which e)295.96 156.6 R .183(xposed some secu-) +-.15 F 1.02(rity holes.)102 168.6 R 1.02 +(V8 insists that all directories leading up to the .forw)6.02 F 1.02 +(ard or :include: \214le be searchable)-.1 F .334 +(\("x" permission\) by the controlling user" \(de\214ned belo)102 180.6 R .335 +(w\), that the \214le itself be readable by the con-)-.25 F(trolling user)102 +192.6 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(nd that .forw)159.65 192.6 Q(ard \214les be o)-.1 E +(wned by the user who is being forw)-.25 E(arded to or root.)-.1 E .565 +(The "controlling user" is the user on whose behalf the mail is being deli)127 +208.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.065(red. F).15 F .565(or e)-.15 F(xample,)-.15 E .459 +(if you mail to "user1" then the controlling user for ~user1/.forw)102 220.8 R +.46(ard and an)-.1 F 2.96(ym)-.15 G .46(ailers in)416.94 220.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G 2.96(db).1 G 2.96(yt)481.04 220.8 S(hat)491.78 220.8 Q(.forw)102 +232.8 Q(ard \214le, including :include: \214les.)-.1 E(Pre)127 249 Q(viously) +-.25 E 2.816(,a)-.65 G -.15(ny)178.636 249 S .316 +(one who had a home directory could create a .forw).15 F .316(ard could forw) +-.1 F .316(ard to a pro-)-.1 F 2.965(gram. No)102 261 R 1.765 -.65(w, s)-.25 H +.466(endmail checks to mak).65 F 2.966(es)-.1 G .466(ure that the)262.934 261 R +2.966(yh)-.15 G -2.25 -.2(av e)321.672 261 T .466(an "appro)3.166 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.966(ds).15 G .466(hell", that is, a shell listed)398.42 261 R +(in the /etc/shells \214le.)102 273 Q F0 2.5(2.28. Miscellaneous)87 297 R +(Fixes and Enhancements)2.5 E F1 4.03(An)127 313.2 S 1.53(umber of small b) +143.25 313.2 R 1.53(ugs ha)-.2 F 1.53(ving to do with things lik)-.2 F 4.03(eb) +-.1 G 1.53(ackslash-escaped quotes inside of)364.72 313.2 R(comments ha)102 +325.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een \214x).15 E(ed.)-.15 E 1.552(The \214x)127 341.4 +R 1.552(ed size limit on header lines \(such as \231T)-.15 F 1.553 +(o:\232 and \231Cc:\232\) has been eliminated; those)-.8 F -.2(bu)102 353.4 S +-.25(ff).2 G(ers are dynamically allocated no).25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .289(Sendma\ +il writes a /etc/sendmail.pid \214le with the current process id and the curre\ +nt in)127 369.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E(\215ags.)102 381.6 Q -1 -.8(Tw o)127 +397.8 T .218 +(people using the same program \(e.g., submit\) are considered "dif)3.518 F +.219(ferent" so that duplicate)-.25 F .508(elimination doesn')102 409.8 R 3.008 +(td)-.18 G .508(elete one of them.)187.836 409.8 R -.15(Fo)5.508 G 3.008(re).15 +G .508(xample, tw)287.556 409.8 R 3.008(op)-.1 G .508(eople forw)345.412 409.8 +R .508(arding their email to |submit)-.1 F(will be treated as tw)102 421.8 Q +2.5(or)-.1 G(ecipients.)193.27 421.8 Q .721(The mailstats program prints maile\ +r names and gets the location of the sendmail.st \214le from)127 438 R +(/etc/sendmail.cf.)102 450 Q(Man)127 466.2 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G(inor b)160.46 466.2 +Q(ugs ha)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een \214x).15 E +(ed, such as handling of backslashes inside of quotes.)-.15 E 2.5(Ah)127 482.4 +S(ook has been added to allo)141.72 482.4 Q 2.5(wr)-.25 G -.25(ew)260.89 482.4 +S(riting of local addresses after aliasing.).25 E F0 2.5(3. FUTURE)72 506.4 R +-.1(WO)2.5 G(RK).1 E F1 1.719(The pre)112 522.6 R 1.719 +(vious section describes)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)4.219 E F1 +1.719(as of v)4.219 F 1.719(ersion 8.6.6.)-.15 F 1.718 +(There is still much to be done.)6.719 F(Some high points are described belo)87 +534.6 Q 3.8 -.65(w. T)-.25 H(his list is by no means e).65 E(xhausti)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F0 2.5(3.1. Full)87 558.6 R(MIME Support)2.5 E F1 +(Currently)127 574.8 Q F2(sendmail)3.305 E F1 .805(only supports se)3.305 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.305(nb).15 G .805(it MIME messages.)297.005 574.8 R .806 +(Although it can pass eight bit)5.805 F .371(MIME messages, it cannot adv)102 +586.8 R .371(ertise that f)-.15 F .37 +(act because the standards say that the mail agent must be)-.1 F .26 +(able to do 8- to 7-bit con)102 598.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .26(rsion to ha).15 F +.561 -.15(ve f)-.2 H .261(ull 8-bit support.).15 F .261(This requires f)5.261 F +.261(ar more e)-.1 F(xtensi)-.15 E .561 -.15(ve m)-.25 H(odi\214-).15 E +(cation of the message body than is currently supported.)102 610.8 Q .464 +(The best w)127 627 R .464(ay to do this w)-.1 F .463 +(ould be to support the general concept of an e)-.1 F .463(xternal `)-.15 F +.463(`message \214l-)-.74 F(ter')102 639 Q 3.319('t)-.74 G .819 +(hat could do arbitrary modi\214cations of the message.)124.569 639 R .819 +(This w)5.819 F .82(ould allo)-.1 F 3.32(wM)-.25 G .82(IME con)427.37 639 R +-.15(ve)-.4 G .82(rsion as).15 F .63 +(well as such things as automatic encryption of messages sent o)102 651 R -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.129(re).15 G .629(xternal links.)379.264 651 R .629 +(This is probably)5.629 F(an e)102 663 Q(xtremely non-tri)-.15 E(vial change.) +-.25 E F0 2.5(3.2. Ser)87 687 R(vice Switch Abstraction)-.1 E F1 .369(Most mod\ +ern systems include some concept of a \231service switch\232 \212 for e)127 +703.2 R .37(xample, to look up)-.15 F .984 +(host names you can try DNS, NIS, NIS+, te)102 715.2 R .984 +(xt tables, NetInfo, or other services in some arbitrary)-.15 F EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 287.15(10 Changes)72 60 R(in Sendmail V)2.5 E(ersion 8) +-1 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(order)102 96 Q 5.174(.T)-.55 G .174 +(his is currently v)136.334 96 R .174(ery clumsy in)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(sendmail)2.674 E F1 2.674(,w)C .174 +(ith only limited control of the services pro)309.612 96 R(vided.)-.15 E F0 2.5 +(3.3. Mor)87 120 R 2.5(eC)-.18 G(ontr)139.86 120 Q(ol of Local Addr)-.18 E +(esses)-.18 E F1 .943(Currently some addresses are declared as \231local\232 a\ +nd are handled specially \212 for e)127 136.2 R(xample,)-.15 E(the)102 148.2 Q +3.455(ym)-.15 G .955(ay ha)130.305 148.2 R 1.255 -.15(ve .)-.2 H(forw).15 E +.956(ard \214les, may be translated into program calls or \214le deli)-.1 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .956(ries, and so forth.).15 F .311(These should be brok)102 +160.2 R .311(en out into separate \215ags to allo)-.1 F 2.811(wt)-.25 G .31 +(he local system administrator to ha)330.29 160.2 R .61 -.15(ve m)-.2 H(ore).15 +E(\214ne-grained control o)102 172.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(ro).15 G(perations.) +208.62 172.2 Q F0 2.5(3.4. Mor)87 196.2 R 2.5(eR)-.18 G(un-T)139.86 196.2 Q +(ime Con\214guration Options)-.18 E F1 .016(There are man)127 212.4 R 2.516(yo) +-.15 G .016(ptions that are con\214gured at compile time, such as the method o\ +f \214le locking)197.148 212.4 R .719 +(and the use of the IDENT protocol [RFC1413].)102 224.4 R .719 +(These should be transfered to run time by adding)5.719 F(ne)102 236.4 Q 2.5 +(wo)-.25 G(ptions.)125.91 236.4 Q(Similarly)127 252.6 Q 3.413(,s)-.65 G .913 +(ome options are currently o)173.383 252.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G .913 +(rloaded, that is, a single option controls more than).15 F(one thing.)102 +264.6 Q(These should probably be brok)5 E(en out into separate options.)-.1 E +(This implies that options will change from single characters to w)127 280.8 Q +(ords.)-.1 E F0 2.5(3.5. Mor)87 304.8 R 2.5(eC)-.18 G(on\214guration Contr) +139.86 304.8 Q(ol Ov)-.18 E(er Err)-.1 E(ors)-.18 E F1(Currently)127 321 Q +3.649(,t)-.65 G 1.148 +(he con\214guration \214le can generate an error message during parsing.) +173.609 321 R(Ho)6.148 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.948 -.4(r, i).15 H(t).4 E +.569(cannot tweak other operations, such as issuing a w)102 333 R .57 +(arning message to the system postmaster)-.1 F 5.57(.S)-.55 G(imi-)487.33 333 Q +(larly)102 345 Q 2.558(,s)-.65 G .057 +(ome errors should not be triggered if the)128.628 345 R 2.557(ya)-.15 G .057 +(re in aliases during an alias \214le reb)302.237 345 R .057(uild, b)-.2 F .057 +(ut should)-.2 F(be triggered if that alias is actually used.)102 357 Q F0 2.5 +(3.6. Long)87 381 R -.92(Te)2.5 G(rm Host State).92 E F1(Currently)127 397.2 Q +(,)-.65 E F2(sendmail)3.731 E F1 1.231 +(only remembers host status during a single queue run.)3.731 F 1.232 +(This should be)6.232 F(con)102 409.2 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G .492(rted to long term s\ +tatus stored on disk so it can be shared between instantiations of).15 F F2 +(sendmail)2.991 E F1(.)A .866(Entries will ha)102 421.2 R 1.167 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +3.367(ob).15 G 3.367(et)190.666 421.2 S .867(imestamped so the)201.253 421.2 R +3.367(yc)-.15 G .867(an time out.)290.084 421.2 R .867(This will allo)5.867 F +(w)-.25 E F2(sendmail)3.367 E F1 .867(to implement)3.367 F -.15(ex)102 433.2 S +(ponential back).15 E(of)-.1 E 2.5(fo)-.25 G 2.5(nq)188.7 433.2 S +(ueue runs on a per)201.2 433.2 Q(-host basis.)-.2 E F0 2.5(3.7. Connection)87 +457.2 R(Contr)2.5 E(ol)-.18 E F1 .819(Modern netw)127 473.4 R .819(orks ha)-.1 +F 1.119 -.15(ve d)-.2 H(if).15 E .819(ferent types of connecti)-.25 F .818 +(vity than the past.)-.25 F .818(In particular)5.818 F 3.318(,t)-.4 G .818 +(he rising)468.462 473.4 R .636 +(prominence of dialup IP has created certain challenges for automated serv)102 +485.4 R 3.136(ers. It)-.15 F .636(is not uncommon)3.136 F .732(to try to mak) +102 497.4 R 3.232(eac)-.1 G .732(onnection to a host and ha)175.27 497.4 R +1.032 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 3.232(tf).15 G .732(ail, e)307.984 497.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.232(nt).15 G .732(hough if you tried ag)348.208 497.4 R .732(ain it w)-.05 F +.731(ould suc-)-.1 F 2.5(ceed. The)102 509.4 R +(connection management could be a bit cle)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rer to try to adapt to such situations.).15 E F0 2.5(3.8. Other)87 533.4 R +(Caching)2.5 E F1 .074(When you do an MX record lookup, the name serv)127 549.6 +R .075(er automatically returns the IP addresses of)-.15 F .518 +(the associated MX serv)102 561.6 R 3.018(ers. This)-.15 F .518 +(information is currently ignored, and another query is done to get)3.018 F +(this information.)102 573.6 Q(It should be cached to a)5 E -.2(vo)-.2 G(id e) +.2 E(xcess name serv)-.15 E(er traf)-.15 E(\214c.)-.25 E F0 2.5(4. REFERENCES) +72 597.6 R F1([Allman83a])87 613.8 Q .137(\231Sendmail \212 An Internetw)123 +625.8 R .137(ork Mail Router)-.1 F 4.037 -.7(.\232 E)-.55 H 2.638(.A).7 G 2.638 +(llman. In)327.58 625.8 R F2 .138(Unix Pr)2.638 F -.1(og)-.45 G -.15(ra).1 G +(mmer).15 E(s')-.1 E 2.638(sM)-.4 G(anual,)463.582 625.8 Q F1(4.2)2.638 E(Berk) +123 637.8 Q(ele)-.1 E 2.5(yS)-.15 G(oftw)166.91 637.8 Q(are Distrib)-.1 E +(ution, v)-.2 E(olume 2C.)-.2 E(August 1983.)5 E([Allman83b])87 654 Q .384 +(\231Mail Systems and Addressing in 4.2BSD.)123 666 R 5.384<9a45>-.7 G 2.884 +(.A)311.544 666 S .383(llman In)324.148 666 R F2 .383(UNICOM Confer)2.883 F +.383(ence Pr)-.37 F(oceedings.)-.45 E F1(San Die)123 678 Q(go, California.)-.15 +E(January 1983.)5 E([Allman&Amos85])87 694.2 Q -.74(``)123 706.2 S 1.145 +(Sendmail Re).74 F(visited.)-.25 E 5.125 -.74('' E)-.7 H 3.645(.A).74 G 1.145 +(llman and M. Amos.)241.215 706.2 R(In)6.145 E F2 1.145 +(Usenix Summer 1985 Confer)3.645 F 1.145(ence Pr)-.37 F(o-)-.45 E(ceedings.)123 +718.2 Q F1(Portland, Ore)5 E 2.5(gon. June)-.15 F(1985.)2.5 E EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Changes in Sendmail V)72 60 Q(ersion 8)-1 E(11)494 60 Q +/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF([ID)87 96 Q(A87])-.4 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Electr) +1.97 E .983(onic Mail Addr)-.45 F .983(essing in Theory and Pr)-.37 F .982 +(actice with the ID)-.15 F 3.482(AS)-.35 G .982(endmail Enhancement Kit)398.156 +96 R .563(\(or The P)123 108 R(ostmaster')-.8 E 3.063(sL)-.4 G .563(ast W) +215.989 108 R .564(ill and T)-.55 F(estament\).)-.92 E F1 .564(Lennart Lo)5.564 +F -.5(..)359.828 102 S 3.064(vstrand. Department)364.828 108 R .564 +(of Computer)3.064 F 1.267(and Information Science, Uni)123 120 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G 1.267(rsity of Link).15 F(o)-.1 E -.5(..)306.585 114 S 1.266 +(ping, Sweden, Report no. LiTH-ID)311.585 120 R(A-Ex-8715.)-.4 E(May 1987.)123 +132 Q([RFC821])87 148.2 Q F2(Simple Mail T)123 160.2 Q -.15(ra)-.55 G +(nsport Pr).15 E(otocol.)-.45 E F1(J. Postel.)5 E(August 1982.)5 E([RFC1123])87 +176.4 Q F2(Requir)123 188.4 Q .163 +(ements for Internet Hosts \212 Application and Support.)-.37 F F1 .164 +(Internet Engineering T)5.164 F .164(ask F)-.8 F(orce,)-.15 E +(R. Braden, Editor)123 200.4 Q 5(.O)-.55 G(ctober 1989.)207.72 200.4 Q +([RFC1344])87 216.6 Q F2(Implications of MIME for Internet Mail Gate)123 228.6 +Q(ways.)-.15 E F1(N. Borenstein.)5 E(June 1992.)5 E([RFC1413])87 244.8 Q F2 +(Identi\214cation Pr)123 256.8 Q(otocol.)-.45 E F1(M. St. Johns.)5 E +(February 1993.)5 E([RFC1425])87 273 Q F2 2.352(SMTP Service Extensions.)123 +285 R F1 2.352(J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stef)7.352 F 2.351 +(ferud, and D. Crock)-.25 F(er)-.1 E(.)-.55 E(February 1993.)123 297 Q +([RFC1426])87 313.2 Q F2 .12(SMTP Service Extension for 8bit-MIMEtr)123 325.2 R +(ansport.)-.15 E F1 .12(J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stef)5.12 F(ferud,) +-.25 E(and D. Crock)123 337.2 Q(er)-.1 E 5(.F)-.55 G(ebruary 1993.)196.78 337.2 +Q([RFC1427])87 353.4 Q F2 .813(SMTP Service Extension for Messa)123 365.4 R +1.013 -.1(ge S)-.1 H .813(ize Declar).1 F(ation.)-.15 E F1 .813 +(J. Klensin, N. Freed, and K. Moore.)5.813 F(February 1993.)123 377.4 Q +([RFC1521])87 393.6 Q F2 2.033 +(MIME \(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions\) P)123 405.6 R 2.033 +(art One: Mec)-.8 F 2.033(hanisms for Specifying and)-.15 F .933 +(Describing the F)123 417.6 R .933(ormat of Internet Messa)-1.05 F 1.133 -.1 +(ge B)-.1 H(odies.).1 E F1 .932(N. Borenstein and N. Freed.)5.932 F(September) +5.932 E(1993.)123 429.6 Q EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/intro/Makefile b/doc/intro/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..939cd6c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/intro/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# @(#)Makefile 8.2 (Berkeley) 2/28/94 + +DIR= smm/09.sendmail +SRCS= intro.me +MACROS= -me + +all: intro.ps + +intro.ps: ${SRCS} + rm -f ${.TARGET} + ${PIC} ${SRCS} | ${ROFF} > ${.TARGET} + +.include <bsd.doc.mk> diff --git a/doc/intro/intro.me b/doc/intro/intro.me new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0406bb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/intro/intro.me @@ -0,0 +1,1478 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1983 Eric P. Allman +.\" Copyright (c) 1988, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)intro.me 8.2 (Berkeley) 11/27/93 +.\" +.\" pic -Pxx intro.me | ditroff -me -Pxx +.eh 'SMM:9-%''SENDMAIL \*- An Internetwork Mail Router' +.oh 'SENDMAIL \*- An Internetwork Mail Router''SMM:9-%' +.nr si 3n +.if n .ls 2 +.+c +.(l C +.sz 14 +SENDMAIL \*- An Internetwork Mail Router +.sz +.sp +Eric Allman* +.sp 0.5 +.i +University of California, Berkeley +Mammoth Project +.)l +.sp +.(l F +.ce +ABSTRACT +.sp \n(psu +Routing mail through a heterogenous internet presents many new +problems. Among the worst of these is that of address mapping. +Historically, this has been handled on an +.i "ad hoc" +basis. However, +this approach has become unmanageable as internets grow. +.sp \n(psu +Sendmail acts a unified "post office" to which all mail can be +submitted. Address interpretation is controlled by a production +system, which can parse both domain-based addressing and old-style +.i "ad hoc" +addresses. +The production system is powerful +enough to rewrite addresses in the message header to conform to the +standards of a number of common target networks, including old +(NCP/RFC733) Arpanet, new (TCP/RFC822) Arpanet, UUCP, and Phonenet. +Sendmail also implements an SMTP server, message +queueing, and aliasing. +.)l +.sp 2 +.(f +*A considerable part of this work +was done while under the employ +of the INGRES Project +at the University of California at Berkeley +and at Britton Lee. +.)f +.pp +.i Sendmail +implements a general internetwork mail routing facility, +featuring aliasing and forwarding, +automatic routing to network gateways, +and flexible configuration. +.pp +In a simple network, +each node has an address, +and resources can be identified +with a host-resource pair; +in particular, +the mail system can refer to users +using a host-username pair. +Host names and numbers have to be administered by a central authority, +but usernames can be assigned locally to each host. +.pp +In an internet, +multiple networks with different characterstics +and managements +must communicate. +In particular, +the syntax and semantics of resource identification change. +Certain special cases can be handled trivially +by +.i "ad hoc" +techniques, +such as +providing network names that appear local to hosts +on other networks, +as with the Ethernet at Xerox PARC. +However, the general case is extremely complex. +For example, +some networks require point-to-point routing, +which simplifies the database update problem +since only adjacent hosts must be entered +into the system tables, +while others use end-to-end addressing. +Some networks use a left-associative syntax +and others use a right-associative syntax, +causing ambiguity in mixed addresses. +.pp +Internet standards seek to eliminate these problems. +Initially, these proposed expanding the address pairs +to address triples, +consisting of +{network, host, resource} +triples. +Network numbers must be universally agreed upon, +and hosts can be assigned locally +on each network. +The user-level presentation was quickly expanded +to address domains, +comprised of a local resource identification +and a hierarchical domain specification +with a common static root. +The domain technique +separates the issue of physical versus logical addressing. +For example, +an address of the form +.q "eric@a.cc.berkeley.arpa" +describes only the logical +organization of the address space. +.pp +.i Sendmail +is intended to help bridge the gap +between the totally +.i "ad hoc" +world +of networks that know nothing of each other +and the clean, tightly-coupled world +of unique network numbers. +It can accept old arbitrary address syntaxes, +resolving ambiguities using heuristics +specified by the system administrator, +as well as domain-based addressing. +It helps guide the conversion of message formats +between disparate networks. +In short, +.i sendmail +is designed to assist a graceful transition +to consistent internetwork addressing schemes. +.sp +.pp +Section 1 discusses the design goals for +.i sendmail . +Section 2 gives an overview of the basic functions of the system. +In section 3, +details of usage are discussed. +Section 4 compares +.i sendmail +to other internet mail routers, +and an evaluation of +.i sendmail +is given in section 5, +including future plans. +.sh 1 "DESIGN GOALS" +.pp +Design goals for +.i sendmail +include: +.np +Compatibility with the existing mail programs, +including Bell version 6 mail, +Bell version 7 mail +[UNIX83], +Berkeley +.i Mail +[Shoens79], +BerkNet mail +[Schmidt79], +and hopefully UUCP mail +[Nowitz78a, Nowitz78b]. +ARPANET mail +[Crocker77a, Postel77] +was also required. +.np +Reliability, in the sense of guaranteeing +that every message is correctly delivered +or at least brought to the attention of a human +for correct disposal; +no message should ever be completely lost. +This goal was considered essential +because of the emphasis on mail in our environment. +It has turned out to be one of the hardest goals to satisfy, +especially in the face of the many anomalous message formats +produced by various ARPANET sites. +For example, +certain sites generate improperly formated addresses, +occasionally +causing error-message loops. +Some hosts use blanks in names, +causing problems with +UNIX mail programs that assume that an address +is one word. +The semantics of some fields +are interpreted slightly differently +by different sites. +In summary, +the obscure features of the ARPANET mail protocol +really +.i are +used and +are difficult to support, +but must be supported. +.np +Existing software to do actual delivery +should be used whenever possible. +This goal derives as much from political and practical considerations +as technical. +.np +Easy expansion to +fairly complex environments, +including multiple +connections to a single network type +(such as with multiple UUCP or Ether nets +[Metcalfe76]). +This goal requires consideration of the contents of an address +as well as its syntax +in order to determine which gateway to use. +For example, +the ARPANET is bringing up the +TCP protocol to replace the old NCP protocol. +No host at Berkeley runs both TCP and NCP, +so it is necessary to look at the ARPANET host name +to determine whether to route mail to an NCP gateway +or a TCP gateway. +.np +Configuration should not be compiled into the code. +A single compiled program should be able to run as is at any site +(barring such basic changes as the CPU type or the operating system). +We have found this seemingly unimportant goal +to be critical in real life. +Besides the simple problems that occur when any program gets recompiled +in a different environment, +many sites like to +.q fiddle +with anything that they will be recompiling anyway. +.np +.i Sendmail +must be able to let various groups maintain their own mailing lists, +and let individuals specify their own forwarding, +without modifying the system alias file. +.np +Each user should be able to specify which mailer to execute +to process mail being delivered for him. +This feature allows users who are using specialized mailers +that use a different format to build their environment +without changing the system, +and facilitates specialized functions +(such as returning an +.q "I am on vacation" +message). +.np +Network traffic should be minimized +by batching addresses to a single host where possible, +without assistance from the user. +.pp +These goals motivated the architecture illustrated in figure 1. +.(z +.hl +.ie t \ +\{\ +.ie !"\*(.T"" \ +\{\ +.PS +boxht = 0.5i +boxwid = 1.0i + + down +S: [ + right + S1: box "sender1" + move + box "sender2" + move + S3: box "sender3" + ] + arrow +SM: box "sendmail" wid 2i ht boxht + arrow +M: [ + right + M1: box "mailer1" + move + box "mailer2" + move + M3: box "mailer3" + ] + + arrow from S.S1.s to 1/2 between SM.nw and SM.n + arrow from S.S3.s to 1/2 between SM.n and SM.ne + + arrow from 1/2 between SM.sw and SM.s to M.M1.n + arrow from 1/2 between SM.s and SM.se to M.M3.n +.PE +.\} +.el \ +. sp 18 +.\} +.el \{\ +.(c ++---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +| sender1 | | sender2 | | sender3 | ++---------+ +---------+ +---------+ + | | | + +----------+ + +----------+ + | | | + v v v + +-------------+ + | sendmail | + +-------------+ + | | | + +----------+ + +----------+ + | | | + v v v ++---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +| mailer1 | | mailer2 | | mailer3 | ++---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +.)c +.\} + +.ce +Figure 1 \*- Sendmail System Structure. +.hl +.)z +The user interacts with a mail generating and sending program. +When the mail is created, +the generator calls +.i sendmail , +which routes the message to the correct mailer(s). +Since some of the senders may be network servers +and some of the mailers may be network clients, +.i sendmail +may be used as an internet mail gateway. +.sh 1 "OVERVIEW" +.sh 2 "System Organization" +.pp +.i Sendmail +neither interfaces with the user +nor does actual mail delivery. +Rather, +it collects a message +generated by a user interface program (UIP) +such as Berkeley +.i Mail , +MS +[Crocker77b], +or MH +[Borden79], +edits the message as required by the destination network, +and calls appropriate mailers +to do mail delivery or queueing for network transmission\**. +.(f +\**except when mailing to a file, +when +.i sendmail +does the delivery directly. +.)f +This discipline allows the insertion of new mailers +at minimum cost. +In this sense +.i sendmail +resembles the Message Processing Module (MPM) +of [Postel79b]. +.sh 2 "Interfaces to the Outside World" +.pp +There are three ways +.i sendmail +can communicate with the outside world, +both in receiving and in sending mail. +These are using the conventional UNIX +argument vector/return status, +speaking SMTP over a pair of UNIX pipes, +and speaking SMTP over an interprocess(or) channel. +.sh 3 "Argument vector/exit status" +.pp +This technique is the standard UNIX method +for communicating with the process. +A list of recipients is sent in the argument vector, +and the message body is sent on the standard input. +Anything that the mailer prints +is simply collected and sent back to the sender +if there were any problems. +The exit status from the mailer is collected +after the message is sent, +and a diagnostic is printed if appropriate. +.sh 3 "SMTP over pipes" +.pp +The SMTP protocol +[Postel82] +can be used to run an interactive lock-step interface +with the mailer. +A subprocess is still created, +but no recipient addresses are passed to the mailer +via the argument list. +Instead, they are passed one at a time +in commands sent to the processes standard input. +Anything appearing on the standard output +must be a reply code +in a special format. +.sh 3 "SMTP over an IPC connection" +.pp +This technique is similar to the previous technique, +except that it uses a 4.2bsd IPC channel +[UNIX83]. +This method is exceptionally flexible +in that the mailer need not reside +on the same machine. +It is normally used to connect to a sendmail process +on another machine. +.sh 2 "Operational Description" +.pp +When a sender wants to send a message, +it issues a request to +.i sendmail +using one of the three methods described above. +.i Sendmail +operates in two distinct phases. +In the first phase, +it collects and stores the message. +In the second phase, +message delivery occurs. +If there were errors during processing +during the second phase, +.i sendmail +creates and returns a new message describing the error +and/or returns an status code +telling what went wrong. +.sh 3 "Argument processing and address parsing" +.pp +If +.i sendmail +is called using one of the two subprocess techniques, +the arguments +are first scanned +and option specifications are processed. +Recipient addresses are then collected, +either from the command line +or from the SMTP +RCPT command, +and a list of recipients is created. +Aliases are expanded at this step, +including mailing lists. +As much validation as possible of the addresses +is done at this step: +syntax is checked, and local addresses are verified, +but detailed checking of host names and addresses +is deferred until delivery. +Forwarding is also performed +as the local addresses are verified. +.pp +.i Sendmail +appends each address +to the recipient list after parsing. +When a name is aliased or forwarded, +the old name is retained in the list, +and a flag is set that tells the delivery phase +to ignore this recipient. +This list is kept free from duplicates, +preventing alias loops +and duplicate messages deliverd to the same recipient, +as might occur if a person is in two groups. +.sh 3 "Message collection" +.pp +.i Sendmail +then collects the message. +The message should have a header at the beginning. +No formatting requirements are imposed on the message +except that they must be lines of text +(i.e., binary data is not allowed). +The header is parsed and stored in memory, +and the body of the message is saved +in a temporary file. +.pp +To simplify the program interface, +the message is collected even if no addresses were valid. +The message will be returned with an error. +.sh 3 "Message delivery" +.pp +For each unique mailer and host in the recipient list, +.i sendmail +calls the appropriate mailer. +Each mailer invocation sends to all users receiving the message on one host. +Mailers that only accept one recipient at a time +are handled properly. +.pp +The message is sent to the mailer +using one of the same three interfaces +used to submit a message to sendmail. +Each copy of the message is +prepended by a customized header. +The mailer status code is caught and checked, +and a suitable error message given as appropriate. +The exit code must conform to a system standard +or a generic message +(\c +.q "Service unavailable" ) +is given. +.sh 3 "Queueing for retransmission" +.pp +If the mailer returned an status that +indicated that it might be able to handle the mail later, +.i sendmail +will queue the mail and try again later. +.sh 3 "Return to sender" +.pp +If errors occur during processing, +.i sendmail +returns the message to the sender for retransmission. +The letter can be mailed back +or written in the file +.q dead.letter +in the sender's home directory\**. +.(f +\**Obviously, if the site giving the error is not the originating +site, the only reasonable option is to mail back to the sender. +Also, there are many more error disposition options, +but they only effect the error message \*- the +.q "return to sender" +function is always handled in one of these two ways. +.)f +.sh 2 "Message Header Editing" +.pp +Certain editing of the message header +occurs automatically. +Header lines can be inserted +under control of the configuration file. +Some lines can be merged; +for example, +a +.q From: +line and a +.q Full-name: +line can be merged under certain circumstances. +.sh 2 "Configuration File" +.pp +Almost all configuration information is read at runtime +from an ASCII file, +encoding +macro definitions +(defining the value of macros used internally), +header declarations +(telling sendmail the format of header lines that it will process specially, +i.e., lines that it will add or reformat), +mailer definitions +(giving information such as the location and characteristics +of each mailer), +and address rewriting rules +(a limited production system to rewrite addresses +which is used to parse and rewrite the addresses). +.pp +To improve performance when reading the configuration file, +a memory image can be provided. +This provides a +.q compiled +form of the configuration file. +.sh 1 "USAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION" +.sh 2 "Arguments" +.pp +Arguments may be flags and addresses. +Flags set various processing options. +Following flag arguments, +address arguments may be given, +unless we are running in SMTP mode. +Addresses follow the syntax in RFC822 +[Crocker82] +for ARPANET +address formats. +In brief, the format is: +.np +Anything in parentheses is thrown away +(as a comment). +.np +Anything in angle brackets (\c +.q "<\|>" ) +is preferred +over anything else. +This rule implements the ARPANET standard that addresses of the form +.(b +user name <machine-address> +.)b +will send to the electronic +.q machine-address +rather than the human +.q "user name." +.np +Double quotes +(\ "\ ) +quote phrases; +backslashes quote characters. +Backslashes are more powerful +in that they will cause otherwise equivalent phrases +to compare differently \*- for example, +.i user +and +.i +"user" +.r +are equivalent, +but +.i \euser +is different from either of them. +.pp +Parentheses, angle brackets, and double quotes +must be properly balanced and nested. +The rewriting rules control remaining parsing\**. +.(f +\**Disclaimer: Some special processing is done +after rewriting local names; see below. +.)f +.sh 2 "Mail to Files and Programs" +.pp +Files and programs are legitimate message recipients. +Files provide archival storage of messages, +useful for project administration and history. +Programs are useful as recipients in a variety of situations, +for example, +to maintain a public repository of systems messages +(such as the Berkeley +.i msgs +program, +or the MARS system +[Sattley78]). +.pp +Any address passing through the initial parsing algorithm +as a local address +(i.e, not appearing to be a valid address for another mailer) +is scanned for two special cases. +If prefixed by a vertical bar (\c +.q \^|\^ ) +the rest of the address is processed as a shell command. +If the user name begins with a slash mark (\c +.q /\^ ) +the name is used as a file name, +instead of a login name. +.pp +Files that have setuid or setgid bits set +but no execute bits set +have those bits honored if +.i sendmail +is running as root. +.sh 2 "Aliasing, Forwarding, Inclusion" +.pp +.i Sendmail +reroutes mail three ways. +Aliasing applies system wide. +Forwarding allows each user to reroute incoming mail +destined for that account. +Inclusion directs +.i sendmail +to read a file for a list of addresses, +and is normally used +in conjunction with aliasing. +.sh 3 "Aliasing" +.pp +Aliasing maps names to address lists using a system-wide file. +This file is indexed to speed access. +Only names that parse as local +are allowed as aliases; +this guarantees a unique key +(since there are no nicknames for the local host). +.sh 3 "Forwarding" +.pp +After aliasing, +recipients that are local and valid +are checked for the existence of a +.q .forward +file in their home directory. +If it exists, +the message is +.i not +sent to that user, +but rather to the list of users in that file. +Often +this list will contain only one address, +and the feature will be used for network mail forwarding. +.pp +Forwarding also permits a user to specify a private incoming mailer. +For example, +forwarding to: +.(b +"\^|\|/usr/local/newmail myname" +.)b +will use a different incoming mailer. +.sh 3 "Inclusion" +.pp +Inclusion is specified in RFC 733 [Crocker77a] syntax: +.(b +:Include: pathname +.)b +An address of this form reads the file specified by +.i pathname +and sends to all users listed in that file. +.pp +The intent is +.i not +to support direct use of this feature, +but rather to use this as a subset of aliasing. +For example, +an alias of the form: +.(b +project: :include:/usr/project/userlist +.)b +is a method of letting a project maintain a mailing list +without interaction with the system administration, +even if the alias file is protected. +.pp +It is not necessary to rebuild the index on the alias database +when a :include: list is changed. +.sh 2 "Message Collection" +.pp +Once all recipient addresses are parsed and verified, +the message is collected. +The message comes in two parts: +a message header and a message body, +separated by a blank line. +.pp +The header is formatted as a series of lines +of the form +.(b + field-name: field-value +.)b +Field-value can be split across lines by starting the following +lines with a space or a tab. +Some header fields have special internal meaning, +and have appropriate special processing. +Other headers are simply passed through. +Some header fields may be added automatically, +such as time stamps. +.pp +The body is a series of text lines. +It is completely uninterpreted and untouched, +except that lines beginning with a dot +have the dot doubled +when transmitted over an SMTP channel. +This extra dot is stripped by the receiver. +.sh 2 "Message Delivery" +.pp +The send queue is ordered by receiving host +before transmission +to implement message batching. +Each address is marked as it is sent +so rescanning the list is safe. +An argument list is built as the scan proceeds. +Mail to files is detected during the scan of the send list. +The interface to the mailer +is performed using one of the techniques +described in section 2.2. +.pp +After a connection is established, +.i sendmail +makes the per-mailer changes to the header +and sends the result to the mailer. +If any mail is rejected by the mailer, +a flag is set to invoke the return-to-sender function +after all delivery completes. +.sh 2 "Queued Messages" +.pp +If the mailer returns a +.q "temporary failure" +exit status, +the message is queued. +A control file is used to describe the recipients to be sent to +and various other parameters. +This control file is formatted as a series of lines, +each describing a sender, +a recipient, +the time of submission, +or some other salient parameter of the message. +The header of the message is stored +in the control file, +so that the associated data file in the queue +is just the temporary file that was originally collected. +.sh 2 "Configuration" +.pp +Configuration is controlled primarily by a configuration file +read at startup. +.i Sendmail +should not need to be recomplied except +.np +To change operating systems +(V6, V7/32V, 4BSD). +.np +To remove or insert the DBM +(UNIX database) +library. +.np +To change ARPANET reply codes. +.np +To add headers fields requiring special processing. +.lp +Adding mailers or changing parsing +(i.e., rewriting) +or routing information +does not require recompilation. +.pp +If the mail is being sent by a local user, +and the file +.q .mailcf +exists in the sender's home directory, +that file is read as a configuration file +after the system configuration file. +The primary use of this feature is to add header lines. +.pp +The configuration file encodes macro definitions, +header definitions, +mailer definitions, +rewriting rules, +and options. +.sh 3 Macros +.pp +Macros can be used in three ways. +Certain macros transmit +unstructured textual information +into the mail system, +such as the name +.i sendmail +will use to identify itself in error messages. +Other macros transmit information from +.i sendmail +to the configuration file +for use in creating other fields +(such as argument vectors to mailers); +e.g., the name of the sender, +and the host and user +of the recipient. +Other macros are unused internally, +and can be used as shorthand in the configuration file. +.sh 3 "Header declarations" +.pp +Header declarations inform +.i sendmail +of the format of known header lines. +Knowledge of a few header lines +is built into +.i sendmail , +such as the +.q From: +and +.q Date: +lines. +.pp +Most configured headers +will be automatically inserted +in the outgoing message +if they don't exist in the incoming message. +Certain headers are suppressed by some mailers. +.sh 3 "Mailer declarations" +.pp +Mailer declarations tell +.i sendmail +of the various mailers available to it. +The definition specifies the internal name of the mailer, +the pathname of the program to call, +some flags associated with the mailer, +and an argument vector to be used on the call; +this vector is macro-expanded before use. +.sh 3 "Address rewriting rules" +.pp +The heart of address parsing in +.i sendmail +is a set of rewriting rules. +These are an ordered list of pattern-replacement rules, +(somewhat like a production system, +except that order is critical), +which are applied to each address. +The address is rewritten textually until it is either rewritten +into a special canonical form +(i.e., +a (mailer, host, user) +3-tuple, +such as {arpanet, usc-isif, postel} +representing the address +.q "postel@usc-isif" ), +or it falls off the end. +When a pattern matches, +the rule is reapplied until it fails. +.pp +The configuration file also supports the editing of addresses +into different formats. +For example, +an address of the form: +.(b +ucsfcgl!tef +.)b +might be mapped into: +.(b +tef@ucsfcgl.UUCP +.)b +to conform to the domain syntax. +Translations can also be done in the other direction. +.sh 3 "Option setting" +.pp +There are several options that can be set +from the configuration file. +These include the pathnames of various support files, +timeouts, +default modes, +etc. +.sh 1 "COMPARISON WITH OTHER MAILERS" +.sh 2 "Delivermail" +.pp +.i Sendmail +is an outgrowth of +.i delivermail . +The primary differences are: +.np +Configuration information is not compiled in. +This change simplifies many of the problems +of moving to other machines. +It also allows easy debugging of new mailers. +.np +Address parsing is more flexible. +For example, +.i delivermail +only supported one gateway to any network, +whereas +.i sendmail +can be sensitive to host names +and reroute to different gateways. +.np +Forwarding and +:include: +features eliminate the requirement that the system alias file +be writable by any user +(or that an update program be written, +or that the system administration make all changes). +.np +.i Sendmail +supports message batching across networks +when a message is being sent to multiple recipients. +.np +A mail queue is provided in +.i sendmail. +Mail that cannot be delivered immediately +but can potentially be delivered later +is stored in this queue for a later retry. +The queue also provides a buffer against system crashes; +after the message has been collected +it may be reliably redelivered +even if the system crashes during the initial delivery. +.np +.i Sendmail +uses the networking support provided by 4.2BSD +to provide a direct interface networks such as the ARPANET +and/or Ethernet +using SMTP (the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) +over a TCP/IP connection. +.sh 2 "MMDF" +.pp +MMDF +[Crocker79] +spans a wider problem set than +.i sendmail . +For example, +the domain of +MMDF includes a +.q "phone network" +mailer, whereas +.i sendmail +calls on preexisting mailers in most cases. +.pp +MMDF and +.i sendmail +both support aliasing, +customized mailers, +message batching, +automatic forwarding to gateways, +queueing, +and retransmission. +MMDF supports two-stage timeout, +which +.i sendmail +does not support. +.pp +The configuration for MMDF +is compiled into the code\**. +.(f +\**Dynamic configuration tables are currently being considered +for MMDF; +allowing the installer to select either compiled +or dynamic tables. +.)f +.pp +Since MMDF does not consider backwards compatibility +as a design goal, +the address parsing is simpler but much less flexible. +.pp +It is somewhat harder to integrate a new channel\** +.(f +\**The MMDF equivalent of a +.i sendmail +.q mailer. +.)f +into MMDF. +In particular, +MMDF must know the location and format +of host tables for all channels, +and the channel must speak a special protocol. +This allows MMDF to do additional verification +(such as verifying host names) +at submission time. +.pp +MMDF strictly separates the submission and delivery phases. +Although +.i sendmail +has the concept of each of these stages, +they are integrated into one program, +whereas in MMDF they are split into two programs. +.sh 2 "Message Processing Module" +.pp +The Message Processing Module (MPM) +discussed by Postel [Postel79b] +matches +.i sendmail +closely in terms of its basic architecture. +However, +like MMDF, +the MPM includes the network interface software +as part of its domain. +.pp +MPM also postulates a duplex channel to the receiver, +as does MMDF, +thus allowing simpler handling of errors +by the mailer +than is possible in +.i sendmail . +When a message queued by +.i sendmail +is sent, +any errors must be returned to the sender +by the mailer itself. +Both MPM and MMDF mailers +can return an immediate error response, +and a single error processor can create an appropriate response. +.pp +MPM prefers passing the message as a structured object, +with type-length-value tuples\**. +.(f +\**This is similar to the NBS standard. +.)f +Such a convention requires a much higher degree of cooperation +between mailers than is required by +.i sendmail . +MPM also assumes a universally agreed upon internet name space +(with each address in the form of a net-host-user tuple), +which +.i sendmail +does not. +.sh 1 "EVALUATIONS AND FUTURE PLANS" +.pp +.i Sendmail +is designed to work in a nonhomogeneous environment. +Every attempt is made to avoid imposing unnecessary constraints +on the underlying mailers. +This goal has driven much of the design. +One of the major problems +has been the lack of a uniform address space, +as postulated in [Postel79a] +and [Postel79b]. +.pp +A nonuniform address space implies that a path will be specified +in all addresses, +either explicitly (as part of the address) +or implicitly +(as with implied forwarding to gateways). +This restriction has the unpleasant effect of making replying to messages +exceedingly difficult, +since there is no one +.q address +for any person, +but only a way to get there from wherever you are. +.pp +Interfacing to mail programs +that were not initially intended to be applied +in an internet environment +has been amazingly successful, +and has reduced the job to a manageable task. +.pp +.i Sendmail +has knowledge of a few difficult environments +built in. +It generates ARPANET FTP/SMTP compatible error messages +(prepended with three-digit numbers +[Neigus73, Postel74, Postel82]) +as necessary, +optionally generates UNIX-style +.q From +lines on the front of messages for some mailers, +and knows how to parse the same lines on input. +Also, +error handling has an option customized for BerkNet. +.pp +The decision to avoid doing any type of delivery where possible +(even, or perhaps especially, local delivery) +has turned out to be a good idea. +Even with local delivery, +there are issues of the location of the mailbox, +the format of the mailbox, +the locking protocol used, +etc., +that are best decided by other programs. +One surprisingly major annoyance in many internet mailers +is that the location and format of local mail is built in. +The feeling seems to be that local mail is so common +that it should be efficient. +This feeling is not born out by +our experience; +on the contrary, +the location and format of mailboxes seems to vary widely +from system to system. +.pp +The ability to automatically generate a response to incoming mail +(by forwarding mail to a program) +seems useful +(\c +.q "I am on vacation until late August...." ) +but can create problems +such as forwarding loops +(two people on vacation whose programs send notes back and forth, +for instance) +if these programs are not well written. +A program could be written to do standard tasks correctly, +but this would solve the general case. +.pp +It might be desirable to implement some form of load limiting. +I am unaware of any mail system that addresses this problem, +nor am I aware of any reasonable solution at this time. +.pp +The configuration file is currently practically inscrutable; +considerable convenience could be realized +with a higher-level format. +.pp +It seems clear that common protocols will be changing soon +to accommodate changing requirements and environments. +These changes will include modifications to the message header +(e.g., [NBS80]) +or to the body of the message itself +(such as for multimedia messages +[Postel80]). +Experience indicates that +these changes should be relatively trivial to integrate +into the existing system. +.pp +In tightly coupled environments, +it would be nice to have a name server +such as Grapvine +[Birrell82] +integrated into the mail system. +This would allow a site such as +.q Berkeley +to appear as a single host, +rather than as a collection of hosts, +and would allow people to move transparently among machines +without having to change their addresses. +Such a facility +would require an automatically updated database +and some method of resolving conflicts. +Ideally this would be effective even without +all hosts being under +a single management. +However, +it is not clear whether this feature +should be integrated into the +aliasing facility +or should be considered a +.q "value added" +feature outside +.i sendmail +itself. +.pp +As a more interesting case, +the CSNET name server +[Solomon81] +provides an facility that goes beyond a single +tightly-coupled environment. +Such a facility would normally exist outside of +.i sendmail +however. +.sh 0 "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS" +.pp +Thanks are due to Kurt Shoens for his continual cheerful +assistance and good advice, +Bill Joy for pointing me in the correct direction +(over and over), +and Mark Horton for more advice, +prodding, +and many of the good ideas. +Kurt and Eric Schmidt are to be credited +for using +.i delivermail +as a server for their programs +(\c +.i Mail +and BerkNet respectively) +before any sane person should have, +and making the necessary modifications +promptly and happily. +Eric gave me considerable advice about the perils +of network software which saved me an unknown +amount of work and grief. +Mark did the original implementation of the DBM version +of aliasing, installed the VFORK code, +wrote the current version of +.i rmail , +and was the person who really convinced me +to put the work into +.i delivermail +to turn it into +.i sendmail . +Kurt deserves accolades for using +.i sendmail +when I was myself afraid to take the risk; +how a person can continue to be so enthusiastic +in the face of so much bitter reality is beyond me. +.pp +Kurt, +Mark, +Kirk McKusick, +Marvin Solomon, +and many others have reviewed this paper, +giving considerable useful advice. +.pp +Special thanks are reserved for Mike Stonebraker at Berkeley +and Bob Epstein at Britton-Lee, +who both knowingly allowed me to put so much work into this +project +when there were so many other things I really should +have been working on. +.+c +.ce +REFERENCES +.nr ii 1.5i +.ip [Birrell82] +Birrell, A. D., +Levin, R., +Needham, R. M., +and +Schroeder, M. D., +.q "Grapevine: An Exercise in Distributed Computing." +In +.ul +Comm. A.C.M. 25, +4, +April 82. +.ip [Borden79] +Borden, S., +Gaines, R. S., +and +Shapiro, N. Z., +.ul +The MH Message Handling System: Users' Manual. +R-2367-PAF. +Rand Corporation. +October 1979. +.ip [Crocker77a] +Crocker, D. H., +Vittal, J. J., +Pogran, K. T., +and +Henderson, D. A. Jr., +.ul +Standard for the Format of ARPA Network Text Messages. +RFC 733, +NIC 41952. +In [Feinler78]. +November 1977. +.ip [Crocker77b] +Crocker, D. H., +.ul +Framework and Functions of the MS Personal Message System. +R-2134-ARPA, +Rand Corporation, +Santa Monica, California. +1977. +.ip [Crocker79] +Crocker, D. H., +Szurkowski, E. S., +and +Farber, D. J., +.ul +An Internetwork Memo Distribution Facility \*- MMDF. +6th Data Communication Symposium, +Asilomar. +November 1979. +.ip [Crocker82] +Crocker, D. H., +.ul +Standard for the Format of Arpa Internet Text Messages. +RFC 822. +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +August 1982. +.ip [Metcalfe76] +Metcalfe, R., +and +Boggs, D., +.q "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" , +.ul +Communications of the ACM 19, +7. +July 1976. +.ip [Feinler78] +Feinler, E., +and +Postel, J. +(eds.), +.ul +ARPANET Protocol Handbook. +NIC 7104, +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +1978. +.ip [NBS80] +National Bureau of Standards, +.ul +Specification of a Draft Message Format Standard. +Report No. ICST/CBOS 80-2. +October 1980. +.ip [Neigus73] +Neigus, N., +.ul +File Transfer Protocol for the ARPA Network. +RFC 542, NIC 17759. +In [Feinler78]. +August, 1973. +.ip [Nowitz78a] +Nowitz, D. A., +and +Lesk, M. E., +.ul +A Dial-Up Network of UNIX Systems. +Bell Laboratories. +In +UNIX Programmer's Manual, Seventh Edition, +Volume 2. +August, 1978. +.ip [Nowitz78b] +Nowitz, D. A., +.ul +Uucp Implementation Description. +Bell Laboratories. +In +UNIX Programmer's Manual, Seventh Edition, +Volume 2. +October, 1978. +.ip [Postel74] +Postel, J., +and +Neigus, N., +Revised FTP Reply Codes. +RFC 640, NIC 30843. +In [Feinler78]. +June, 1974. +.ip [Postel77] +Postel, J., +.ul +Mail Protocol. +NIC 29588. +In [Feinler78]. +November 1977. +.ip [Postel79a] +Postel, J., +.ul +Internet Message Protocol. +RFC 753, +IEN 85. +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +March 1979. +.ip [Postel79b] +Postel, J. B., +.ul +An Internetwork Message Structure. +In +.ul +Proceedings of the Sixth Data Communications Symposium, +IEEE. +New York. +November 1979. +.ip [Postel80] +Postel, J. B., +.ul +A Structured Format for Transmission of Multi-Media Documents. +RFC 767. +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +August 1980. +.ip [Postel82] +Postel, J. B., +.ul +Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. +RFC821 +(obsoleting RFC788). +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +August 1982. +.ip [Schmidt79] +Schmidt, E., +.ul +An Introduction to the Berkeley Network. +University of California, Berkeley California. +1979. +.ip [Shoens79] +Shoens, K., +.ul +Mail Reference Manual. +University of California, Berkeley. +In UNIX Programmer's Manual, +Seventh Edition, +Volume 2C. +December 1979. +.ip [Sluizer81] +Sluizer, S., +and +Postel, J. B., +.ul +Mail Transfer Protocol. +RFC 780. +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +May 1981. +.ip [Solomon81] +Solomon, M., Landweber, L., and Neuhengen, D., +.q "The Design of the CSNET Name Server." +CS-DN-2, +University of Wisconsin, Madison. +November 1981. +.ip [Su82] +Su, Zaw-Sing, +and +Postel, Jon, +.ul +The Domain Naming Convention for Internet User Applications. +RFC819. +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +August 1982. +.ip [UNIX83] +.ul +The UNIX Programmer's Manual, Seventh Edition, +Virtual VAX-11 Version, +Volume 1. +Bell Laboratories, +modified by the University of California, +Berkeley, California. +March, 1983. diff --git a/doc/intro/intro.ps b/doc/intro/intro.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57c4216 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/intro/intro.ps @@ -0,0 +1,1295 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.08 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font 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Among).25 F .297 +(the w)112 255.6 R .297(orst of these is that of address mapping.)-.1 F +(Historically)5.297 E 2.797(,t)-.65 G .298(his has been handled on an)355.03 +255.6 R F2(ad hoc)112 267.6 Q F1 2.5(basis. Ho)2.5 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +.8 -.4(r, t).15 H(his approach has become unmanageable as internets gro).4 E +-.65(w.)-.25 G .15(Sendmail acts a uni\214ed "post of)112 283.8 R .15 +(\214ce" to which all mail can be submitted.)-.25 F .15(Address inter)5.15 F(-) +-.2 E .426(pretation is controlled by a production system, which can parse bot\ +h domain-based ad-)112 295.8 R .423(dressing and old-style)112 307.8 R F2 .423 +(ad hoc)2.923 F F1 2.923(addresses. 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Ho)-.92 F(we)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 4.755 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.455(he general case is e).4 F 1.455 +(xtremely comple)-.15 F 3.955(x. F)-.15 F(or)-.15 E -.15(ex)72 516.6 S .192 +(ample, some netw).15 F .192(orks require point-to-point routing, which simpli\ +\214es the database update problem since)-.1 F .618(only adjacent hosts must b\ +e entered into the system tables, while others use end-to-end addressing.)72 +528.6 R(Some)5.618 E(netw)72 540.6 Q .123(orks use a left-associati)-.1 F .423 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .123(yntax and others use a right-associati).15 F .423 -.15 +(ve s)-.25 H .123(yntax, causing ambiguity in mix).15 F(ed)-.15 E(addresses.)72 +552.6 Q .678(Internet standards seek to eliminate these problems.)97 568.8 R +(Initially)5.678 E 3.178(,t)-.65 G .679(hese proposed e)353.134 568.8 R .679 +(xpanding the address)-.15 F .65(pairs to address triples, consisting of {netw) +72 580.8 R .649(ork, host, resource} triples.)-.1 F(Netw)5.649 E .649 +(ork numbers must be uni)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.2(r-).15 G 1.452 +(sally agreed upon, and hosts can be assigned locally on each netw)72 592.8 R +3.952(ork. The)-.1 F(user)3.952 E(-le)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.952(lp).15 G 1.452 +(resentation w)440.718 592.8 R(as)-.1 E 2.352(quickly e)72 604.8 R 2.352(xpand\ +ed to address domains, comprised of a local resource identi\214cation and a hi\ +erarchical)-.15 F .256(domain speci\214cation with a common static root.)72 +616.8 R .257(The domain technique separates the issue of ph)5.257 F .257 +(ysical v)-.05 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E .807(sus logical addressing.)72 628.8 R -.15 +(Fo)5.807 G 3.307(re).15 G .807 +(xample, an address of the form \231eric@a.cc.berk)191.028 628.8 R(ele)-.1 E +-.65(y.)-.15 G .807(arpa\232 describes only the).65 F(logical or)72 640.8 Q +-.05(ga)-.18 G(nization of the address space.).05 E F2(Sendmail)97 657 Q F1 +.493(is intended to help bridge the g)2.992 F .493(ap between the totally)-.05 +F F2 .493(ad hoc)2.993 F F1 -.1(wo)2.993 G .493(rld of netw).1 F .493 +(orks that kno)-.1 F(w)-.25 E .855 +(nothing of each other and the clean, tightly-coupled w)72 669 R .854 +(orld of unique netw)-.1 F .854(ork numbers.)-.1 F .854(It can accept old)5.854 +F .32 LW 76 678.6 72 678.6 DL 80 678.6 76 678.6 DL 84 678.6 80 678.6 DL 88 +678.6 84 678.6 DL 92 678.6 88 678.6 DL 96 678.6 92 678.6 DL 100 678.6 96 678.6 +DL 104 678.6 100 678.6 DL 108 678.6 104 678.6 DL 112 678.6 108 678.6 DL 116 +678.6 112 678.6 DL 120 678.6 116 678.6 DL 124 678.6 120 678.6 DL 128 678.6 124 +678.6 DL 132 678.6 128 678.6 DL 136 678.6 132 678.6 DL 140 678.6 136 678.6 DL +144 678.6 140 678.6 DL 148 678.6 144 678.6 DL 152 678.6 148 678.6 DL 156 678.6 +152 678.6 DL 160 678.6 156 678.6 DL 164 678.6 160 678.6 DL 168 678.6 164 678.6 +DL 172 678.6 168 678.6 DL 176 678.6 172 678.6 DL 180 678.6 176 678.6 DL 184 +678.6 180 678.6 DL 188 678.6 184 678.6 DL 192 678.6 188 678.6 DL 196 678.6 192 +678.6 DL 200 678.6 196 678.6 DL 204 678.6 200 678.6 DL 208 678.6 204 678.6 DL +212 678.6 208 678.6 DL 216 678.6 212 678.6 DL/F3 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .557 +(*A considerable part of this w)93.6 690.6 R .557(ork w)-.08 F .557 +(as done while under the emplo)-.08 F 2.557(yo)-.08 G 2.556(ft)323.116 690.6 S +.556(he INGRES Project at the Uni)330.56 690.6 R -.12(ve)-.2 G .556 +(rsity of California at).12 F(Berk)72 700.2 Q(ele)-.08 E 2(ya)-.12 G +(nd at Britton Lee.)106.232 700.2 Q/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 756 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-1) +462.9 756 Q EP +%%Page: 2 2 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 192.28(SMM:9-2 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) +383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E/F1 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .632(arbitrary address syntax)72 96 R .633(es, resolving amb\ +iguities using heuristics speci\214ed by the system administrator)-.15 F 3.133 +(,a)-.4 G(s)500.11 96 Q .348(well as domain-based addressing.)72 108 R .347 +(It helps guide the con)5.347 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .347 +(rsion of message formats between disparate net-).15 F -.1(wo)72 120 S 3.394 +(rks. In).1 F(short,)3.394 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.394 E F1 .894 +(is designed to assist a graceful transition to consistent internetw)3.394 F +.895(ork addressing)-.1 F(schemes.)72 132 Q .153 +(Section 1 discusses the design goals for)97 160.2 R F2(sendmail)2.653 E F1 +5.153(.S)C .152(ection 2 gi)308.214 160.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.652(sa).15 G 2.652 +(no)370.76 160.2 S -.15(ve)383.262 160.2 S(rvie).15 E 2.652(wo)-.25 G 2.652(ft) +422.724 160.2 S .152(he basic functions)431.486 160.2 R .644(of the system.)72 +172.2 R .644(In section 3, details of usage are discussed.)5.644 F .644 +(Section 4 compares)5.644 F F2(sendmail)3.144 E F1 .645(to other internet)3.144 +F(mail routers, and an e)72 184.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(luation of).25 E F2 +(sendmail)2.5 E F1(is gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ns)283.3 184.2 S +(ection 5, including future plans.)294.69 184.2 Q F0 2.5(1. DESIGN)72 208.2 R +(GO)2.5 E(ALS)-.4 E F1(Design goals for)112 224.4 Q F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1 +(include:)2.5 E 12.5(\(1\) Compatibility)92 240.6 R 1.363(with the e)3.864 F +1.363(xisting mail programs, including Bell v)-.15 F 1.363 +(ersion 6 mail, Bell v)-.15 F 1.363(ersion 7)-.15 F 1.202(mail [UNIX83], Berk) +118.66 252.6 R(ele)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(Mail)3.702 E F1 1.202 +([Shoens79], BerkNet mail [Schmidt79], and hopefully UUCP)3.702 F(mail [No) +118.66 264.6 Q(witz78a, No)-.25 E 2.5(witz78b]. ARP)-.25 F(ANET mail [Crock) +-.92 E(er77a, Postel77] w)-.1 E(as also required.)-.1 E 12.5(\(2\) Reliability) +92 280.8 R 4.003(,i)-.65 G 4.003(nt)169.523 280.8 S 1.502 +(he sense of guaranteeing that e)181.306 280.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.502 +(ry message is correctly deli).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.502(red or at least).15 F +.368 +(brought to the attention of a human for correct disposal; no message should e) +118.66 292.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.868(rb).15 G 2.868(ec)452.252 292.8 S +(ompletely)464 292.8 Q 2.541(lost. This)118.66 304.8 R .041(goal w)2.541 F .041 +(as considered essential because of the emphasis on mail in our en)-.1 F 2.54 +(vironment. It)-.4 F 1.754 +(has turned out to be one of the hardest goals to satisfy)118.66 316.8 R 4.255 +(,e)-.65 G 1.755(specially in the f)363.75 316.8 R 1.755(ace of the man)-.1 F +(y)-.15 E .978(anomalous message formats produced by v)118.66 328.8 R .977 +(arious ARP)-.25 F .977(ANET sites.)-.92 F -.15(Fo)5.977 G 3.477(re).15 G .977 +(xample, certain sites)420.116 328.8 R .069 +(generate improperly formated addresses, occasionally causing error)118.66 +340.8 R .069(-message loops.)-.2 F .069(Some hosts)5.069 F .063(use blanks in \ +names, causing problems with UNIX mail programs that assume that an address is) +118.66 352.8 R .111(one w)118.66 364.8 R 2.611(ord. 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senders may be netw)5.84 F .841(ork serv)-.1 F .841 +(ers and some of the)-.15 F(mailers may be netw)87 718.2 Q(ork clients,)-.1 E +F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(may be used as an internet mail g)2.5 E(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa) +-.25 G -.65(y.).1 G EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E +(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-3)462.9 60 Q .4 LW 77 108 72 108 DL 79 108 74 108 +DL 84 108 79 108 DL 89 108 84 108 DL 94 108 89 108 DL 99 108 94 108 DL 104 108 +99 108 DL 109 108 104 108 DL 114 108 109 108 DL 119 108 114 108 DL 124 108 119 +108 DL 129 108 124 108 DL 134 108 129 108 DL 139 108 134 108 DL 144 108 139 108 +DL 149 108 144 108 DL 154 108 149 108 DL 159 108 154 108 DL 164 108 159 108 DL +169 108 164 108 DL 174 108 169 108 DL 179 108 174 108 DL 184 108 179 108 DL 189 +108 184 108 DL 194 108 189 108 DL 199 108 194 108 DL 204 108 199 108 DL 209 108 +204 108 DL 214 108 209 108 DL 219 108 214 108 DL 224 108 219 108 DL 229 108 224 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108 DL 494 108 489 108 DL 499 108 494 108 DL 504 +108 499 108 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(sender1)164.45 155.6 Q 144 135.6 144 +171.6 DL 216 135.6 144 135.6 DL 216 171.6 216 135.6 DL 144 171.6 216 171.6 DL +(sender2)272.45 155.6 Q 252 135.6 252 171.6 DL 324 135.6 252 135.6 DL 324 171.6 +324 135.6 DL 252 171.6 324 171.6 DL(sender3)380.45 155.6 Q 360 135.6 360 171.6 +DL 432 135.6 360 135.6 DL 432 171.6 432 135.6 DL 360 171.6 432 171.6 DL 288 +207.6 288 171.6 DL 288 207.6 286.2 200.4 DL 288 207.6 289.8 200.4 DL(sendmail) +269.945 227.6 Q 216 207.6 216 243.6 DL 360 207.6 216 207.6 DL 360 243.6 360 +207.6 DL 216 243.6 360 243.6 DL 288 279.6 288 243.6 DL 288 279.6 286.2 272.4 DL +288 279.6 289.8 272.4 DL(mailer1)164.725 299.6 Q 144 279.6 144 315.6 DL 216 +279.6 144 279.6 DL 216 315.6 216 279.6 DL 144 315.6 216 315.6 DL(mailer2) +272.725 299.6 Q 252 279.6 252 315.6 DL 324 279.6 252 279.6 DL 324 315.6 324 +279.6 DL 252 315.6 324 315.6 DL(mailer3)380.725 299.6 Q 360 279.6 360 315.6 DL +432 279.6 360 279.6 DL 432 315.6 432 279.6 DL 360 315.6 432 315.6 DL 252 207.6 +180 171.6 DL 252 207.6 244.728 206.016 DL 252 207.6 246.384 202.776 DL 324 +207.6 396 171.6 DL 324 207.6 329.616 202.776 DL 324 207.6 331.272 206.016 DL +180 279.6 252 243.6 DL 180 279.6 185.616 274.776 DL 180 279.6 187.272 278.016 +DL 396 279.6 324 243.6 DL 396 279.6 388.728 278.016 DL 396 279.6 390.384 +274.776 DL(Figure 1 \212 Sendmail System Structure.)208 346.8 Q 77 358.8 72 +358.8 DL 79 358.8 74 358.8 DL 84 358.8 79 358.8 DL 89 358.8 84 358.8 DL 94 +358.8 89 358.8 DL 99 358.8 94 358.8 DL 104 358.8 99 358.8 DL 109 358.8 104 +358.8 DL 114 358.8 109 358.8 DL 119 358.8 114 358.8 DL 124 358.8 119 358.8 DL +129 358.8 124 358.8 DL 134 358.8 129 358.8 DL 139 358.8 134 358.8 DL 144 358.8 +139 358.8 DL 149 358.8 144 358.8 DL 154 358.8 149 358.8 DL 159 358.8 154 358.8 +DL 164 358.8 159 358.8 DL 169 358.8 164 358.8 DL 174 358.8 169 358.8 DL 179 +358.8 174 358.8 DL 184 358.8 179 358.8 DL 189 358.8 184 358.8 DL 194 358.8 189 +358.8 DL 199 358.8 194 358.8 DL 204 358.8 199 358.8 DL 209 358.8 204 358.8 DL +214 358.8 209 358.8 DL 219 358.8 214 358.8 DL 224 358.8 219 358.8 DL 229 358.8 +224 358.8 DL 234 358.8 229 358.8 DL 239 358.8 234 358.8 DL 244 358.8 239 358.8 +DL 249 358.8 244 358.8 DL 254 358.8 249 358.8 DL 259 358.8 254 358.8 DL 264 +358.8 259 358.8 DL 269 358.8 264 358.8 DL 274 358.8 269 358.8 DL 279 358.8 274 +358.8 DL 284 358.8 279 358.8 DL 289 358.8 284 358.8 DL 294 358.8 289 358.8 DL +299 358.8 294 358.8 DL 304 358.8 299 358.8 DL 309 358.8 304 358.8 DL 314 358.8 +309 358.8 DL 319 358.8 314 358.8 DL 324 358.8 319 358.8 DL 329 358.8 324 358.8 +DL 334 358.8 329 358.8 DL 339 358.8 334 358.8 DL 344 358.8 339 358.8 DL 349 +358.8 344 358.8 DL 354 358.8 349 358.8 DL 359 358.8 354 358.8 DL 364 358.8 359 +358.8 DL 369 358.8 364 358.8 DL 374 358.8 369 358.8 DL 379 358.8 374 358.8 DL +384 358.8 379 358.8 DL 389 358.8 384 358.8 DL 394 358.8 389 358.8 DL 399 358.8 +394 358.8 DL 404 358.8 399 358.8 DL 409 358.8 404 358.8 DL 414 358.8 409 358.8 +DL 419 358.8 414 358.8 DL 424 358.8 419 358.8 DL 429 358.8 424 358.8 DL 434 +358.8 429 358.8 DL 439 358.8 434 358.8 DL 444 358.8 439 358.8 DL 449 358.8 444 +358.8 DL 454 358.8 449 358.8 DL 459 358.8 454 358.8 DL 464 358.8 459 358.8 DL +469 358.8 464 358.8 DL 474 358.8 469 358.8 DL 479 358.8 474 358.8 DL 484 358.8 +479 358.8 DL 489 358.8 484 358.8 DL 494 358.8 489 358.8 DL 499 358.8 494 358.8 +DL 504 358.8 499 358.8 DL F0 2.5(2. O)72 394.8 R(VER)-.5 E(VIEW)-.55 E 2.5 +(2.1. System)87 418.8 R(Or)2.5 E(ganization)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(Sendmail)127 435 Q F1 .874(neither interf)3.374 F .874 +(aces with the user nor does actual mail deli)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E +5.873(.R)-.65 G(ather)431.241 435 Q 3.373(,i)-.4 G 3.373(tc)459.484 435 S .873 +(ollects a)470.077 435 R .619(message generated by a user interf)102 447 R .619 +(ace program \(UIP\) such as Berk)-.1 F(ele)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(Mail)3.12 E F1 +3.12(,M)C 3.12(S[)427.6 447 S(Crock)439.61 447 Q .62(er77b], or)-.1 F 1.428 +(MH [Borden79], edits the message as required by the destination netw)102 459 R +1.427(ork, and calls appropriate)-.1 F .28(mailers to do mail deli)102 473 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .281(ry or queueing for netw).15 F .281(ork transmission)-.1 F +/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)364.275 469 Q F1 5.281(.T)367.775 473 S .281 +(his discipline allo)381.666 473 R .281(ws the inser)-.25 F(-)-.2 E 1.354 +(tion of ne)102 485 R 3.854(wm)-.25 G 1.354(ailers at minimum cost.)161.642 485 +R 1.354(In this sense)6.354 F F2(sendmail)3.853 E F1 1.353 +(resembles the Message Processing)3.853 F(Module \(MPM\) of [Postel79b].)102 +497 Q F0 2.5(2.2. Interfaces)87 521 R(to the Outside W)2.5 E(orld)-.75 E F1 +.041(There are three w)127 537.2 R(ays)-.1 E F2(sendmail)2.541 E F1 .041 +(can communicate with the outside w)2.541 F .042(orld, both in recei)-.1 F .042 +(ving and)-.25 F 1.195(in sending mail.)102 549.2 R 1.194 +(These are using the con)6.194 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.194(ntional UNIX ar).15 F +1.194(gument v)-.18 F 1.194(ector/return status, speaking)-.15 F(SMTP o)102 +561.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rap).15 G(air of UNIX pipes, and speaking SMTP o) +162.53 561.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(ra).15 G 2.5(ni)348.03 561.2 S +(nterprocess\(or\) channel.)358.31 561.2 Q F0 2.5(2.2.1. Ar)102 585.2 R +(gument v)-.1 E(ector/exit status)-.1 E F1 .52(This technique is the standard \ +UNIX method for communicating with the process.)142 601.4 R 3.02(Al)5.52 G(ist) +494.55 601.4 Q .442(of recipients is sent in the ar)117 613.4 R .441(gument v) +-.18 F(ector)-.15 E 2.941(,a)-.4 G .441 +(nd the message body is sent on the standard input.)299.491 613.4 R(An)117 +625.4 Q .351(ything that the mailer prints is simply collected and sent back t\ +o the sender if there were an)-.15 F(y)-.15 E 2.621(problems. The)117 637.4 R +-.15(ex)2.621 G .121(it status from the mailer is collected after the message \ +is sent, and a diagnostic).15 F(is printed if appropriate.)117 649.4 Q .32 LW +76 678.8 72 678.8 DL 80 678.8 76 678.8 DL 84 678.8 80 678.8 DL 88 678.8 84 +678.8 DL 92 678.8 88 678.8 DL 96 678.8 92 678.8 DL 100 678.8 96 678.8 DL 104 +678.8 100 678.8 DL 108 678.8 104 678.8 DL 112 678.8 108 678.8 DL 116 678.8 112 +678.8 DL 120 678.8 116 678.8 DL 124 678.8 120 678.8 DL 128 678.8 124 678.8 DL +132 678.8 128 678.8 DL 136 678.8 132 678.8 DL 140 678.8 136 678.8 DL 144 678.8 +140 678.8 DL 148 678.8 144 678.8 DL 152 678.8 148 678.8 DL 156 678.8 152 678.8 +DL 160 678.8 156 678.8 DL 164 678.8 160 678.8 DL 168 678.8 164 678.8 DL 172 +678.8 168 678.8 DL 176 678.8 172 678.8 DL 180 678.8 176 678.8 DL 184 678.8 180 +678.8 DL 188 678.8 184 678.8 DL 192 678.8 188 678.8 DL 196 678.8 192 678.8 DL +200 678.8 196 678.8 DL 204 678.8 200 678.8 DL 208 678.8 204 678.8 DL 212 678.8 +208 678.8 DL 216 678.8 212 678.8 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)93.6 689.2 Q/F5 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF -.12(ex)3.2 K(cept when mailing to a \214le, when).12 E/F6 8 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2 E F5(does the deli)2 E -.12(ve)-.2 G(ry directly) +.12 E(.)-.52 E EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 192.28(SMM:9-4 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) +383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E 2.5(2.2.2. SMTP) +102 96 R -.1(ove)2.5 G 2.5(rp).1 G(ipes)186.52 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .774 +(The SMTP protocol [Postel82] can be used to run an interacti)142 112.2 R 1.074 +-.15(ve l)-.25 H .774(ock-step interf).15 F .774(ace with)-.1 F .507 +(the mailer)117 124.2 R 5.507(.A)-.55 G .506(subprocess is still created, b) +175.461 124.2 R .506(ut no recipient addresses are passed to the mailer via)-.2 +F .075(the ar)117 136.2 R .075(gument list.)-.18 F .075(Instead, the)5.075 F +2.575(ya)-.15 G .075 +(re passed one at a time in commands sent to the processes stan-)249.805 136.2 +R .19(dard input.)117 148.2 R(An)5.19 E .19(ything appearing on the standard o\ +utput must be a reply code in a special format.)-.15 F F0 2.5(2.2.3. SMTP)102 +172.2 R -.1(ove)2.5 G 2.5(ra).1 G 2.5(nI)185.96 172.2 S(PC connection)197.91 +172.2 Q F1 .366(This technique is similar to the pre)142 188.4 R .366 +(vious technique, e)-.25 F .366(xcept that it uses a 4.2bsd IPC chan-)-.15 F +.953(nel [UNIX83].)117 200.4 R .953(This method is e)5.953 F .953 +(xceptionally \215e)-.15 F .952 +(xible in that the mailer need not reside on the)-.15 F(same machine.)117 212.4 +Q(It is normally used to connect to a sendmail process on another machine.)5 E +F0 2.5(2.3. Operational)87 236.4 R(Description)2.5 E F1 .228(When a sender w) +127 252.6 R .228(ants to send a message, it issues a request to)-.1 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.729 E F1 .229(using one of the three)2.729 F +1.028(methods described abo)102 264.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2(Sendmail) +6.028 E F1 1.028(operates in tw)3.528 F 3.528(od)-.1 G 1.028(istinct phases.) +325.706 264.6 R 1.028(In the \214rst phase, it collects)6.028 F .612 +(and stores the message.)102 276.6 R .612(In the second phase, message deli) +5.612 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .612(ry occurs.).15 F .612(If there were errors during) +5.612 F 1.59(processing during the second phase,)102 288.6 R F2(sendmail)4.09 E +F1 1.59(creates and returns a ne)4.09 F 4.09(wm)-.25 G 1.59 +(essage describing the)415.84 288.6 R +(error and/or returns an status code telling what went wrong.)102 300.6 Q F0 +2.5(2.3.1. Ar)102 324.6 R(gument pr)-.1 E(ocessing and addr)-.18 E(ess parsing) +-.18 E F1(If)142 340.8 Q F2(sendmail)3.321 E F1 .821 +(is called using one of the tw)3.321 F 3.322(os)-.1 G .822 +(ubprocess techniques, the ar)320.66 340.8 R .822(guments are \214rst)-.18 F +.797(scanned and option speci\214cations are processed.)117 352.8 R .796 +(Recipient addresses are then collected, either)5.796 F .717(from the command \ +line or from the SMTP RCPT command, and a list of recipients is created.)117 +364.8 R .347(Aliases are e)117 376.8 R .347 +(xpanded at this step, including mailing lists.)-.15 F .347(As much v)5.347 F +.346(alidation as possible of the)-.25 F 1.001 +(addresses is done at this step: syntax is check)117 388.8 R 1.002 +(ed, and local addresses are v)-.1 F 1.002(eri\214ed, b)-.15 F 1.002 +(ut detailed)-.2 F .709 +(checking of host names and addresses is deferred until deli)117 400.8 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E 5.708(.F)-.65 G(orw)388.946 400.8 Q .708 +(arding is also performed)-.1 F(as the local addresses are v)117 412.8 Q +(eri\214ed.)-.15 E F2(Sendmail)142 429 Q F1 .307 +(appends each address to the recipient list after parsing.)2.807 F .307 +(When a name is aliased)5.307 F .322(or forw)117 441 R .322(arded, the old nam\ +e is retained in the list, and a \215ag is set that tells the deli)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .322(ry phase to).15 F .479(ignore this recipient.)117 453 R .479 +(This list is k)5.479 F .479(ept free from duplicates, pre)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.48(nting alias loops and duplicate).15 F(messages deli)117 465 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(rd to the same recipient, as might occur if a person is in tw).15 E 2.5(og) +-.1 G(roups.)428.12 465 Q F0 2.5(2.3.2. Message)102 489 R(collection)2.5 E F2 +(Sendmail)142 505.2 Q F1 .454(then collects the message.)2.954 F .454 +(The message should ha)5.454 F .754 -.15(ve a h)-.2 H .453(eader at the be).15 +F(ginning.)-.15 E .778(No formatting requirements are imposed on the message e) +117 517.2 R .778(xcept that the)-.15 F 3.278(ym)-.15 G .778(ust be lines of te) +427.708 517.2 R(xt)-.15 E .78(\(i.e., binary data is not allo)117 529.2 R 3.28 +(wed\). The)-.25 F .779(header is parsed and stored in memory)3.28 F 3.279(,a) +-.65 G .779(nd the body of)443.613 529.2 R(the message is sa)117 541.2 Q -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nat)204.97 541.2 S(emporary \214le.)222.19 541.2 Q +3.227 -.8(To s)142 557.4 T 1.627(implify the program interf).8 F 1.628 +(ace, the message is collected e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.128(ni).15 G 4.128(fn) +420.536 557.4 S 4.128(oa)432.994 557.4 S 1.628(ddresses were)446.562 557.4 R +-.25(va)117 569.4 S 2.5(lid. The).25 F(message will be returned with an error) +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5(2.3.3. Message)102 593.4 R(deli)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(ry).1 +E F1 -.15(Fo)142 609.6 S 2.618(re).15 G .117 +(ach unique mailer and host in the recipient list,)162.798 609.6 R F2(sendmail) +2.617 E F1 .117(calls the appropriate mailer)2.617 F(.)-.55 E .619 +(Each mailer in)117 621.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .619(cation sends to all users recei) +.2 F .619(ving the message on one host.)-.25 F .62(Mailers that only)5.62 F +(accept one recipient at a time are handled properly)117 633.6 Q(.)-.65 E .47 +(The message is sent to the mailer using one of the same three interf)142 649.8 +R .47(aces used to submit a)-.1 F 1.465(message to sendmail.)117 661.8 R 1.465 +(Each cop)6.465 F 3.965(yo)-.1 G 3.965(ft)263.925 661.8 S 1.465 +(he message is prepended by a customized header)274 661.8 R 6.465(.T)-.55 G(he) +494.56 661.8 Q 1.455(mailer status code is caught and check)117 673.8 R 1.455 +(ed, and a suitable error message gi)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.955(na).15 G 3.955 +(sa)448.115 673.8 S(ppropriate.)460.4 673.8 Q .589(The e)117 685.8 R .589(xit \ +code must conform to a system standard or a generic message \(\231Service una) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable\232\)).25 E(is gi)117 697.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(n.).15 +E EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E +(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-5)462.9 60 Q 2.5(2.3.4. Queueing)102 96 R -.25(fo) +2.5 G 2.5(rr).25 G(etransmission)192.4 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .209(If the\ + mailer returned an status that indicated that it might be able to handle the \ +mail later)142 112.2 R(,)-.4 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)117 124.2 Q F1 +(will queue the mail and try ag)2.5 E(ain later)-.05 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5 +(2.3.5. Retur)102 148.2 R 2.5(nt)-.15 G 2.5(os)165.73 148.2 S(ender)177.12 +148.2 Q F1 .588(If errors occur during processing,)142 164.4 R F2(sendmail) +3.088 E F1 .589(returns the message to the sender for retrans-)3.088 F 3.133 +(mission. The)117 176.4 R .632(letter can be mailed back or written in the \ +\214le \231dead.letter\232 in the sender')3.133 F 3.132(sh)-.55 G(ome)486.78 +176.4 Q(directory)117 190.4 Q/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)153.1 186.4 Q F1(.)156.6 +190.4 Q F0 2.5(2.4. Message)87 214.4 R(Header Editing)2.5 E F1 1.756 +(Certain editing of the message header occurs automatically)127 230.6 R 6.756 +(.H)-.65 G 1.756(eader lines can be inserted)391.456 230.6 R .41 +(under control of the con\214guration \214le.)102 242.6 R .41 +(Some lines can be mer)5.41 F .41(ged; for e)-.18 F .41 +(xample, a \231From:\232 line and)-.15 F 2.5<6199>102 254.6 S +(Full-name:\232 line can be mer)113.38 254.6 Q +(ged under certain circumstances.)-.18 E F0 2.5(2.5. Con\214guration)87 278.6 R +(File)2.5 E F1 .798(Almost all con\214guration information is read at runtime \ +from an ASCII \214le, encoding macro)127 294.8 R .679 +(de\214nitions \(de\214ning the v)102 306.8 R .678 +(alue of macros used internally\), header declarations \(telling sendmail the) +-.25 F 1.009(format of header lines that it will process specially)102 318.8 R +3.509(,i)-.65 G 1.009(.e., lines that it will add or reformat\), mailer)320.398 +318.8 R .478(de\214nitions \(gi)102 330.8 R .478(ving information such as the \ +location and characteristics of each mailer\), and address)-.25 F(re)102 342.8 +Q .428(writing rules \(a limited production system to re)-.25 F .429 +(write addresses which is used to parse and re)-.25 F(write)-.25 E +(the addresses\).)102 354.8 Q 2.828 -.8(To i)127 371 T(mpro).8 E 1.528 -.15 +(ve p)-.15 H 1.228(erformance when reading the con\214guration \214le, a memor\ +y image can be pro-).15 F 2.5(vided. This)102 383 R(pro)2.5 E +(vides a \231compiled\232 form of the con\214guration \214le.)-.15 E F0 2.5 +(3. USA)72 407 R(GE AND IMPLEMENT)-.55 E -.95(AT)-.9 G(ION).95 E 2.5(3.1. Ar)87 +431 R(guments)-.1 E F1(Ar)127 447.2 Q .376 +(guments may be \215ags and addresses.)-.18 F .377(Flags set v)5.377 F .377 +(arious processing options.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.377 G(llo).15 E .377(wing \215ag) +-.25 F(ar)102 459.2 Q .281(guments, address ar)-.18 F .281(guments may be gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .281(n, unless we are running in SMTP mode.).15 F .28 +(Addresses fol-)5.28 F(lo)102 471.2 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he syntax in RFC822 [Crock) +122.03 471.2 Q(er82] for ARP)-.1 E(ANET address formats.)-.92 E +(In brief, the format is:)5 E 12.5(\(1\) An)107 487.4 R +(ything in parentheses is thro)-.15 E(wn a)-.25 E -.1(wa)-.15 G 2.5(y\().1 G +(as a comment\).)299.65 487.4 Q 12.5(\(2\) An)107 503.6 R .051 +(ything in angle brack)-.15 F .051(ets \(\231<)-.1 F .051 +(>\232\) is preferred o)1.666 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.551(ra).15 G -.15(ny)348.064 +503.6 S .051(thing else.).15 F .051(This rule implements the)5.051 F(ARP)133.66 +515.6 Q(ANET standard that addresses of the form)-.92 E +(user name <machine-address>)173.66 531.8 Q(will send to the electronic \231ma\ +chine-address\232 rather than the human \231user name.)133.66 548 Q<9a>-.7 E +12.5(\(3\) Double)107 564.2 R 2.246(quotes \()4.746 F -2.754 2.5("\) q)2.5 H +2.246(uote phrases; backslashes quote characters.)224.188 564.2 R 2.246 +(Backslashes are more)7.246 F(po)133.66 576.2 Q .654(werful in that the)-.25 F +3.154(yw)-.15 G .655(ill cause otherwise equi)229.196 576.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G +.655(lent phrases to compare dif).25 F .655(ferently \212 for)-.25 F -.15(ex) +133.66 588.2 S(ample,).15 E F2(user)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F2("user")2.5 E F1 +(are equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent, b).25 E(ut)-.2 E F2(\\user)2.5 E F1 +(is dif)2.5 E(ferent from either of them.)-.25 E -.15(Pa)127 604.4 S 1.12 +(rentheses, angle brack).15 F 1.12 +(ets, and double quotes must be properly balanced and nested.)-.1 F(The)6.12 E +(re)102 618.4 Q(writing rules control remaining parsing)-.25 E F3(3)266.17 +614.4 Q F1(.)269.67 618.4 Q .32 LW 76 646 72 646 DL 80 646 76 646 DL 84 646 80 +646 DL 88 646 84 646 DL 92 646 88 646 DL 96 646 92 646 DL 100 646 96 646 DL 104 +646 100 646 DL 108 646 104 646 DL 112 646 108 646 DL 116 646 112 646 DL 120 646 +116 646 DL 124 646 120 646 DL 128 646 124 646 DL 132 646 128 646 DL 136 646 132 +646 DL 140 646 136 646 DL 144 646 140 646 DL 148 646 144 646 DL 152 646 148 646 +DL 156 646 152 646 DL 160 646 156 646 DL 164 646 160 646 DL 168 646 164 646 DL +172 646 168 646 DL 176 646 172 646 DL 180 646 176 646 DL 184 646 180 646 DL 188 +646 184 646 DL 192 646 188 646 DL 196 646 192 646 DL 200 646 196 646 DL 204 646 +200 646 DL 208 646 204 646 DL 212 646 208 646 DL 216 646 212 646 DL/F4 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)93.6 656.4 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(Ob)3.2 I(viously)-.12 E +2.226(,i)-.52 G 2.226(ft)135.246 659.6 S .226(he site gi)142.36 659.6 R .226(v\ +ing the error is not the originating site, the only reasonable option is to ma\ +il back to the sender)-.2 F 4.227(.A)-.44 G(lso,)492.664 659.6 Q .191 +(there are man)72 669.2 R 2.191(ym)-.12 G .19(ore error disposition options, b) +128.213 669.2 R .19(ut the)-.16 F 2.19(yo)-.12 G .19(nly ef)255.514 669.2 R .19 +(fect the error message \212 the \231return to sender\232 function is al)-.2 F +-.08(wa)-.08 G .19(ys han-).08 F(dled in one of these tw)72 678.8 Q 2(ow)-.08 G +(ays.)156.272 678.8 Q F4(3)93.6 689.2 Q F5 +(Disclaimer: Some special processing is done after re)3.2 I +(writing local names; see belo)-.2 E -.52(w.)-.2 G EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 192.28(SMM:9-6 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) +383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E 2.5(3.2. Mail)87 +96 R(to Files and Pr)2.5 E(ograms)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .609 +(Files and programs are le)127 112.2 R .609(gitimate message recipients.)-.15 F +.609(Files pro)5.609 F .609(vide archi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.109(ls).25 G .61 +(torage of mes-)445.02 112.2 R .124 +(sages, useful for project administration and history)102 124.2 R 5.124(.P)-.65 +G .124(rograms are useful as recipients in a v)318.308 124.2 R .124(ariety of) +-.25 F .69(situations, for e)102 136.2 R .691(xample, to maintain a public rep\ +ository of systems messages \(such as the Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E(y)-.15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(msgs)102 148.2 Q F1(program, or the MARS system [Sattle)2.5 +E(y78]\).)-.15 E(An)127 164.4 Q 3.188(ya)-.15 G .688(ddress passing through th\ +e initial parsing algorithm as a local address \(i.e, not appear)151.698 164.4 +R(-)-.2 E .276(ing to be a v)102 176.4 R .276 +(alid address for another mailer\) is scanned for tw)-.25 F 2.776(os)-.1 G .277 +(pecial cases.)362.128 176.4 R .277(If pre\214x)5.277 F .277(ed by a v)-.15 F +(erti-)-.15 E .18(cal bar \(\231)102 188.4 R .833<7c9a>.833 G 2.68(\)t)-.833 G +.179(he rest of the address is processed as a shell command.)156.456 188.4 R +.179(If the user name be)5.179 F .179(gins with a)-.15 F(slash mark \(\231/)102 +200.4 Q(\232\) the name is used as a \214le name, instead of a login name.).833 +E .241(Files that ha)127 216.6 R .541 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .241 +(etuid or setgid bits set b).15 F .241(ut no e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .241 +(cute bits set ha).15 F .541 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .241(hose bits honored if).15 F F2 +(send-)2.742 E(mail)102 228.6 Q F1(is running as root.)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(3.3. Aliasing,)87 252.6 R -.25(Fo)2.5 G(rwarding, Inclusion).25 E F2(Sendmail) +127 268.8 Q F1 1.075(reroutes mail three w)3.575 F 3.575(ays. Aliasing)-.1 F +1.074(applies system wide.)3.575 F -.15(Fo)6.074 G(rw).15 E 1.074(arding allo) +-.1 F 1.074(ws each)-.25 F .233 +(user to reroute incoming mail destined for that account.)102 280.8 R .233 +(Inclusion directs)5.233 F F2(sendmail)2.733 E F1 .233(to read a \214le for) +2.733 F 2.5(al)102 292.8 S +(ist of addresses, and is normally used in conjunction with aliasing.)111.72 +292.8 Q F0 2.5(3.3.1. Aliasing)102 316.8 R F1 1.554 +(Aliasing maps names to address lists using a system-wide \214le.)142 333 R +1.553(This \214le is inde)6.553 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.053(dt).15 G(o)499 333 Q 1.1 +(speed access.)117 345 R 1.101(Only names that parse as local are allo)6.1 F +1.101(wed as aliases; this guarantees a unique)-.25 F -.1(ke)117 357 S 2.5(y\() +-.05 G(since there are no nicknames for the local host\).)137.02 357 Q F0 2.5 +(3.3.2. F)102 381 R(orwarding)-.25 E F1 .651 +(After aliasing, recipients that are local and v)142 397.2 R .651 +(alid are check)-.25 F .65(ed for the e)-.1 F .65(xistence of a \231.for)-.15 F +(-)-.2 E -.1(wa)117 409.2 S .493(rd\232 \214le in their home directory).1 F +5.493(.I)-.65 G 2.994(fi)264.178 409.2 S 2.994(te)273.282 409.2 S .494 +(xists, the message is)283.346 409.2 R F2(not)2.994 E F1 .494 +(sent to that user)2.994 F 2.994(,b)-.4 G .494(ut rather to)459.132 409.2 R .37 +(the list of users in that \214le.)117 421.2 R .37 +(Often this list will contain only one address, and the feature will be)5.37 F +(used for netw)117 433.2 Q(ork mail forw)-.1 E(arding.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)142 449.4 +S(rw).15 E 1.151(arding also permits a user to specify a pri)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 +G 1.152(te incoming mailer).25 F 6.152(.F)-.55 G 1.152(or e)437.346 449.4 R +1.152(xample, for)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -.1(wa)117 461.4 S(rding to:).1 E -2.5 .833 +("| /)157 477.6 T(usr/local/ne)-.833 E(wmail myname")-.25 E(will use a dif)117 +493.8 Q(ferent incoming mailer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5(3.3.3. Inclusion)102 +517.8 R F1(Inclusion is speci\214ed in RFC 733 [Crock)142 534 Q(er77a] syntax:) +-.1 E(:Include: pathname)157 550.2 Q .391 +(An address of this form reads the \214le speci\214ed by)117 566.4 R F2 +(pathname)2.891 E F1 .391(and sends to all users listed in that)2.891 F +(\214le.)117 578.4 Q .644(The intent is)142 594.6 R F2(not)3.144 E F1 .644 +(to support direct use of this feature, b)3.144 F .644 +(ut rather to use this as a subset of)-.2 F 2.5(aliasing. F)117 606.6 R(or e) +-.15 E(xample, an alias of the form:)-.15 E +(project: :include:/usr/project/userlist)157 622.8 Q 1.93(is a method of letti\ +ng a project maintain a mailing list without interaction with the system)117 +639 R(administration, e)117 651 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)203.54 651 +S(he alias \214le is protected.)212.15 651 Q 2.024(It is not necessary to reb) +142 667.2 R 2.024(uild the inde)-.2 F 4.524(xo)-.15 G 4.524(nt)317.822 667.2 S +2.025(he alias database when a :include: list is)330.126 667.2 R(changed.)117 +679.2 Q EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E +(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-7)462.9 60 Q 2.5(3.4. Message)87 96 R(Collection) +2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .857 +(Once all recipient addresses are parsed and v)127 112.2 R .857 +(eri\214ed, the message is collected.)-.15 F .856(The message)5.857 F +(comes in tw)102 124.2 Q 2.5(op)-.1 G +(arts: a message header and a message body)162.73 124.2 Q 2.5(,s)-.65 G +(eparated by a blank line.)343.42 124.2 Q +(The header is formatted as a series of lines of the form)127 140.4 Q +(\214eld-name: \214eld-v)178 156.6 Q(alue)-.25 E(Field-v)102 172.8 Q 1.366 +(alue can be split across lines by starting the follo)-.25 F 1.366 +(wing lines with a space or a tab)-.25 F 6.366(.S)-.4 G(ome)486.78 172.8 Q .211 +(header \214elds ha)102 184.8 R .511 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .211 +(pecial internal meaning, and ha).15 F .511 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .211 +(ppropriate special processing.).15 F .21(Other headers)5.21 F +(are simply passed through.)102 196.8 Q +(Some header \214elds may be added automatically)5 E 2.5(,s)-.65 G +(uch as time stamps.)413.53 196.8 Q .86(The body is a series of te)127 213 R +.861(xt lines.)-.15 F .861(It is completely uninterpreted and untouched, e) +5.861 F .861(xcept that)-.15 F 1.43(lines be)102 225 R 1.43 +(ginning with a dot ha)-.15 F 1.729 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.429 +(he dot doubled when transmitted o).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.929(ra).15 G 3.929 +(nS)407.213 225 S 1.429(MTP channel.)421.702 225 R(This)6.429 E -.15(ex)102 237 +S(tra dot is stripped by the recei).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.55(r.).15 G F0 2.5 +(3.5. Message)87 261 R(Deli)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(ry).1 E F1 .028 +(The send queue is ordered by recei)127 277.2 R .029 +(ving host before transmission to implement message batch-)-.25 F 3.07 +(ing. Each)102 289.2 R .57(address is mark)3.07 F .57 +(ed as it is sent so rescanning the list is safe.)-.1 F .57(An ar)5.57 F .57 +(gument list is b)-.18 F .57(uilt as)-.2 F 1.138(the scan proceeds.)102 301.2 R +1.139(Mail to \214les is detected during the scan of the send list.)6.139 F +1.139(The interf)6.139 F 1.139(ace to the)-.1 F +(mailer is performed using one of the techniques described in section 2.2.)102 +313.2 Q .996(After a connection is established,)127 329.4 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.496 E F1(mak)3.495 E .995(es the per)-.1 F .995 +(-mailer changes to the header and)-.2 F .236(sends the result to the mailer) +102 341.4 R 5.236(.I)-.55 G 2.736(fa)228.406 341.4 S .537 -.15(ny m)238.912 +341.4 T .237(ail is rejected by the mailer).15 F 2.737(,a\215)-.4 G .237 +(ag is set to in)386.628 341.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .437 -.1(ke t).2 H .237 +(he return-).1 F(to-sender function after all deli)102 353.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ry completes.).15 E F0 2.5(3.6. Queued)87 377.4 R(Messages)2.5 E F1 .163 +(If the mailer returns a \231temporary f)127 393.6 R .163(ailure\232 e)-.1 F +.162(xit status, the message is queued.)-.15 F 2.662(Ac)5.162 G .162 +(ontrol \214le is)455.336 393.6 R .85 +(used to describe the recipients to be sent to and v)102 405.6 R .851 +(arious other parameters.)-.25 F .851(This control \214le is for)5.851 F(-)-.2 +E 1.011(matted as a series of lines, each describing a sender)102 417.6 R 3.511 +(,ar)-.4 G 1.011(ecipient, the time of submission, or some)333.494 417.6 R .776 +(other salient parameter of the message.)102 429.6 R .776 +(The header of the message is stored in the control \214le, so)5.776 F(that th\ +e associated data \214le in the queue is just the temporary \214le that w)102 +441.6 Q(as originally collected.)-.1 E F0 2.5(3.7. Con\214guration)87 465.6 R +F1 .493(Con\214guration is controlled primarily by a con\214guration \214le re\ +ad at startup.)127 481.8 R F2(Sendmail)5.492 E F1(should)2.992 E +(not need to be recomplied e)102 493.8 Q(xcept)-.15 E 12.5(\(1\) T)107 510 R +2.5(oc)-.8 G(hange operating systems \(V6, V7/32V)150.91 510 Q 2.5(,4)-1.29 G +(BSD\).)313.21 510 Q 12.5(\(2\) T)107 526.2 R 2.5(or)-.8 G(emo)149.8 526.2 Q .3 +-.15(ve o)-.15 H 2.5(ri).15 G(nsert the DBM \(UNIX database\) library)192.27 +526.2 Q(.)-.65 E 12.5(\(3\) T)107 542.4 R 2.5(oc)-.8 G(hange ARP)150.91 542.4 Q +(ANET reply codes.)-.92 E 12.5(\(4\) T)107 558.6 R 2.5(oa)-.8 G +(dd headers \214elds requiring special processing.)150.91 558.6 Q .434 +(Adding mailers or changing parsing \(i.e., re)102 574.8 R .435 +(writing\) or routing information does not require recom-)-.25 F(pilation.)102 +586.8 Q 1.317(If the mail is being sent by a local user)127 603 R 3.817(,a)-.4 +G 1.317(nd the \214le \231.mailcf\232 e)303.914 603 R 1.317 +(xists in the sender')-.15 F 3.817(sh)-.55 G(ome)486.78 603 Q(directory)102 615 +Q 2.721(,t)-.65 G .221(hat \214le is read as a con\214guration \214le after th\ +e system con\214guration \214le.)145.451 615 R .222(The primary use)5.222 F +(of this feature is to add header lines.)102 627 Q 3.25(The con\214guration \ +\214le encodes macro de\214nitions, header de\214nitions, mailer de\214nitions\ +,)127 643.2 R(re)102 655.2 Q(writing rules, and options.)-.25 E F0 2.5 +(3.7.1. Macr)102 679.2 R(os)-.18 E F1 .332(Macros can be used in three w)142 +695.4 R 2.833(ays. Certain)-.1 F .333(macros transmit unstructured te)2.833 F +.333(xtual informa-)-.15 F .07(tion into the mail system, such as the name)117 +707.4 R F2(sendmail)2.57 E F1 .07 +(will use to identify itself in error messages.)2.57 F 1.247 +(Other macros transmit information from)117 719.4 R F2(sendmail)3.747 E F1 +1.247(to the con\214guration \214le for use in creating)3.747 F EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 192.28(SMM:9-8 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) +383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E/F1 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .312(other \214elds \(such as ar)117 96 R .312(gument v)-.18 +F .312(ectors to mailers\); e.g., the name of the sender)-.15 F 2.811(,a)-.4 G +.311(nd the host and)442.237 96 R .848(user of the recipient.)117 108 R .848 +(Other macros are unused internally)5.848 F 3.348(,a)-.65 G .848 +(nd can be used as shorthand in the)361.142 108 R(con\214guration \214le.)117 +120 Q F0 2.5(3.7.2. Header)102 144 R(declarations)2.5 E F1 .355 +(Header declarations inform)142 160.2 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.854 +E F1 .354(of the format of kno)2.854 F .354(wn header lines.)-.25 F(Kno)5.354 E +.354(wledge of)-.25 F 2.5(af)117 172.2 S .5 -.25(ew h)127.27 172.2 T +(eader lines is b).25 E(uilt into)-.2 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1 2.5(,s)C +(uch as the \231From:\232 and \231Date:\232 lines.)284.59 172.2 Q 1.201(Most c\ +on\214gured headers will be automatically inserted in the outgoing message if \ +the)142 188.4 R(y)-.15 E(don')117 200.4 Q 2.5(te)-.18 G +(xist in the incoming message.)144.72 200.4 Q +(Certain headers are suppressed by some mailers.)5 E F0 2.5(3.7.3. Mailer)102 +224.4 R(declarations)2.5 E F1 1.756(Mailer declarations tell)142 240.6 R F2 +(sendmail)4.256 E F1 1.756(of the v)4.256 F 1.756(arious mailers a)-.25 F -.25 +(va)-.2 G 1.756(ilable to it.).25 F 1.755(The de\214nition)6.755 F .119 +(speci\214es the internal name of the mailer)117 252.6 R 2.619(,t)-.4 G .12 +(he pathname of the program to call, some \215ags associ-)285.183 252.6 R 2.036 +(ated with the mailer)117 264.6 R 4.536(,a)-.4 G 2.036(nd an ar)213.894 264.6 R +2.036(gument v)-.18 F 2.036(ector to be used on the call; this v)-.15 F 2.035 +(ector is macro-)-.15 F -.15(ex)117 276.6 S(panded before use.).15 E F0 2.5 +(3.7.4. Addr)102 300.6 R(ess r)-.18 E(ewriting rules)-.18 E F1 .458 +(The heart of address parsing in)142 316.8 R F2(sendmail)2.959 E F1 .459 +(is a set of re)2.959 F .459(writing rules.)-.25 F .459(These are an ordered) +5.459 F .561(list of pattern-replacement rules, \(some)117 328.8 R .561 +(what lik)-.25 F 3.061(eap)-.1 G .561(roduction system, e)328.867 328.8 R .56 +(xcept that order is criti-)-.15 F 1.905 +(cal\), which are applied to each address.)117 340.8 R 1.905(The address is re) +6.905 F 1.906(written te)-.25 F 1.906(xtually until it is either)-.15 F(re)117 +352.8 Q .308(written into a special canonical form \(i.e., a \(mailer)-.25 F +2.807(,h)-.4 G .307(ost, user\) 3-tuple, such as {arpanet, usc-)342.118 352.8 R +.64(isif, postel} representing the address \231postel@usc-isif\232\), or it f) +117 364.8 R .641(alls of)-.1 F 3.141(ft)-.25 G .641(he end.)406.466 364.8 R +.641(When a pattern)5.641 F(matches, the rule is reapplied until it f)117 376.8 +Q(ails.)-.1 E 1.222 +(The con\214guration \214le also supports the editing of addresses into dif)142 +393 R 1.221(ferent formats.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)6.221 G(r).15 E -.15(ex)117 405 S +(ample, an address of the form:).15 E(ucsfcgl!tef)157 421.2 Q +(might be mapped into:)117 437.4 Q(tef@ucsfcgl.UUCP)157 453.6 Q +(to conform to the domain syntax.)117 469.8 Q -.35(Tr)5 G +(anslations can also be done in the other direction.).35 E F0 2.5 +(3.7.5. Option)102 493.8 R(setting)2.5 E F1 1.168(There are se)142 510 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 1.169(ral options that can be set from the con\214guration \214le.) +.15 F 1.169(These include the)6.169 F(pathnames of v)117 522 Q +(arious support \214les, timeouts, def)-.25 E(ault modes, etc.)-.1 E F0 2.5 +(4. COMP)72 546 R(ARISON WITH O)-.74 E(THER MAILERS)-.4 E 2.5(4.1. Deli)87 570 +R -.1(ve)-.1 G(rmail).1 E F2(Sendmail)127 586.2 Q F1(is an outgro)2.5 E(wth of) +-.25 E F2(delivermail)2.5 E F1 5(.T)C(he primary dif)301.18 586.2 Q +(ferences are:)-.25 E 12.5(\(1\) Con\214guration)107 602.4 R .273 +(information is not compiled in.)2.773 F .272(This change simpli\214es man) +5.273 F 2.772(yo)-.15 G 2.772(ft)445.686 602.4 S .272(he problems)454.568 602.4 +R(of mo)133.66 614.4 Q(ving to other machines.)-.15 E(It also allo)5 E +(ws easy deb)-.25 E(ugging of ne)-.2 E 2.5(wm)-.25 G(ailers.)413.89 614.4 Q +12.5(\(2\) Address)107 630.6 R .681(parsing is more \215e)3.181 F 3.182 +(xible. F)-.15 F .682(or e)-.15 F(xample,)-.15 E F2(delivermail)3.182 E F1 .682 +(only supported one g)3.182 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 3.182(yt).1 G(o)499 +630.6 Q(an)133.66 642.6 Q 2.817(yn)-.15 G(etw)155.767 642.6 Q .317 +(ork, whereas)-.1 F F2(sendmail)2.817 E F1 .317(can be sensiti)2.817 F .616 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.816(oh).15 G .316(ost names and reroute to dif)345.224 642.6 +R .316(ferent g)-.25 F(ate-)-.05 E -.1(wa)133.66 654.6 S(ys.).1 E 12.5(\(3\) F) +107 670.8 R(orw)-.15 E 1.627(arding and :include: features eliminate the requi\ +rement that the system alias \214le be)-.1 F .074(writable by an)133.66 682.8 R +2.574(yu)-.15 G .073 +(ser \(or that an update program be written, or that the system administration) +203.442 682.8 R(mak)133.66 694.8 Q 2.5(ea)-.1 G(ll changes\).)162.16 694.8 Q +(\(4\))107 711 Q F2(Sendmail)133.66 711 Q F1 .4 +(supports message batching across netw)2.9 F .401 +(orks when a message is being sent to mul-)-.1 F(tiple recipients.)133.66 723 Q +EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E +(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-9)462.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 12.5(\(5\) A) +107 96 R .875(mail queue is pro)3.375 F .874(vided in)-.15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail.)3.374 E F1 .874(Mail that cannot be deli)5.874 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .874(red immediately b).15 F .874(ut can)-.2 F 1.063 +(potentially be deli)133.66 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.064 +(red later is stored in this queue for a later retry).15 F 6.064(.T)-.65 G +1.064(he queue also pro-)427.218 108 R .896(vides a b)133.66 120 R(uf)-.2 E +.896(fer ag)-.25 F .895 +(ainst system crashes; after the message has been collected it may be reli-) +-.05 F(ably redeli)133.66 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(red e).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)224.22 132 S(he system crashes during the initial deli)232.83 +132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E(.)-.65 E(\(6\))107 148.2 Q F2(Sendmail)133.66 +148.2 Q F1 .197(uses the netw)2.696 F .197(orking support pro)-.1 F .197 +(vided by 4.2BSD to pro)-.15 F .197(vide a direct interf)-.15 F .197(ace net-) +-.1 F -.1(wo)133.66 160.2 S .07(rks such as the ARP).1 F .07 +(ANET and/or Ethernet using SMTP \(the Simple Mail T)-.92 F .07(ransfer Proto-) +-.35 F(col\) o)133.66 172.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(raT).15 G(CP/IP connection.) +184.73 172.2 Q F0 2.5(4.2. MMDF)87 196.2 R F1 .957(MMDF [Crock)127 212.4 R .957 +(er79] spans a wider problem set than)-.1 F F2(sendmail)3.458 E F1 5.958(.F)C +.958(or e)395.058 212.4 R .958(xample, the domain of)-.15 F .721 +(MMDF includes a \231phone netw)102 224.4 R .721(ork\232 mailer)-.1 F 3.221(,w) +-.4 G(hereas)290.516 224.4 Q F2(sendmail)3.221 E F1 .721(calls on pree)3.221 F +.72(xisting mailers in most)-.15 F(cases.)102 236.4 Q .175(MMDF and)127 252.6 R +F2(sendmail)2.675 E F1 .175 +(both support aliasing, customized mailers, message batching, automatic)2.675 F +(forw)102 264.6 Q .792(arding to g)-.1 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G .792 +(ys, queueing, and retransmission.).1 F .792(MMDF supports tw)5.792 F .792 +(o-stage timeout, which)-.1 F F2(sendmail)102 276.6 Q F1(does not support.)2.5 +E(The con\214guration for MMDF is compiled into the code)127 294.8 Q/F3 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(4)348.65 290.8 Q F1(.)352.15 294.8 Q .037 +(Since MMDF does not consider backw)127 311 R .037 +(ards compatibility as a design goal, the address parsing)-.1 F(is simpler b) +102 323 Q(ut much less \215e)-.2 E(xible.)-.15 E 1.159(It is some)127 341.2 R +1.159(what harder to inte)-.25 F 1.159(grate a ne)-.15 F 3.659(wc)-.25 G +(hannel)302.802 341.2 Q F3(5)329.462 337.2 Q F1 1.159(into MMDF)336.621 341.2 R +6.16(.I)-.8 G 3.66(np)397.59 341.2 S(articular)411.25 341.2 Q 3.66(,M)-.4 G +1.16(MDF must)459.22 341.2 R(kno)102 353.2 Q 3.225(wt)-.25 G .725(he location \ +and format of host tables for all channels, and the channel must speak a speci\ +al)129.975 353.2 R 2.525(protocol. This)102 365.2 R(allo)2.525 E .025 +(ws MMDF to do additional v)-.25 F .025(eri\214cation \(such as v)-.15 F .025 +(erifying host names\) at submis-)-.15 F(sion time.)102 377.2 Q 1.761 +(MMDF strictly separates the submission and deli)127 393.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.761(ry phases.).15 F(Although)6.761 E F2(sendmail)4.261 E F1 1.76(has the) +4.261 F .784(concept of each of these stages, the)102 405.4 R 3.284(ya)-.15 G +.784(re inte)260.068 405.4 R .785(grated into one program, whereas in MMDF the) +-.15 F 3.285(ya)-.15 G(re)496.23 405.4 Q(split into tw)102 417.4 Q 2.5(op)-.1 G +(rograms.)162.19 417.4 Q F0 2.5(4.3. Message)87 441.4 R(Pr)2.5 E +(ocessing Module)-.18 E F1 .925 +(The Message Processing Module \(MPM\) discussed by Postel [Postel79b] matches) +127 457.6 R F2(sendmail)3.425 E F1 1.364 +(closely in terms of its basic architecture.)102 469.6 R(Ho)6.364 E(we)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.164 -.4(r, l).15 H(ik).4 E 3.864(eM)-.1 G(MDF)347.526 469.6 Q +3.864(,t)-.8 G 1.365(he MPM includes the netw)377.54 469.6 R(ork)-.1 E(interf) +102 481.6 Q(ace softw)-.1 E(are as part of its domain.)-.1 E .408 +(MPM also postulates a duple)127 497.8 R 2.907(xc)-.15 G .407 +(hannel to the recei)256.937 497.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.207 -.4(r, a).15 H 2.907 +(sd).4 G .407(oes MMDF)365.362 497.8 R 2.907(,t)-.8 G .407(hus allo)419.546 +497.8 R .407(wing simpler)-.25 F .302 +(handling of errors by the mailer than is possible in)102 509.8 R F2(sendmail) +2.802 E F1 5.302(.W)C .302(hen a message queued by)362.24 509.8 R F2(sendmail) +2.802 E F1 .23(is sent, an)102 521.8 R 2.73(ye)-.15 G .23 +(rrors must be returned to the sender by the mailer itself.)154.2 521.8 R .229 +(Both MPM and MMDF mail-)5.229 F .883(ers can return an immediate error respon\ +se, and a single error processor can create an appropriate)102 533.8 R +(response.)102 545.8 Q 2.24 +(MPM prefers passing the message as a structured object, with type-length-v)127 +564 R 2.24(alue tuples)-.25 F F3(6)498 560 Q F1(.)501.5 564 Q .874(Such a con) +102 576 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .874(ntion requires a much higher de).15 F .875 +(gree of cooperation between mailers than is required)-.15 F(by)102 588 Q F2 +(sendmail)2.796 E F1 5.296(.M)C .296(PM also assumes a uni)167.592 588 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .296(rsally agreed upon internet name space \(with each address).15 +F(in the form of a net-host-user tuple\), which)102 600 Q F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1 +(does not.)2.5 E .32 LW 76 642 72 642 DL 80 642 76 642 DL 84 642 80 642 DL 88 +642 84 642 DL 92 642 88 642 DL 96 642 92 642 DL 100 642 96 642 DL 104 642 100 +642 DL 108 642 104 642 DL 112 642 108 642 DL 116 642 112 642 DL 120 642 116 642 +DL 124 642 120 642 DL 128 642 124 642 DL 132 642 128 642 DL 136 642 132 642 DL +140 642 136 642 DL 144 642 140 642 DL 148 642 144 642 DL 152 642 148 642 DL 156 +642 152 642 DL 160 642 156 642 DL 164 642 160 642 DL 168 642 164 642 DL 172 642 +168 642 DL 176 642 172 642 DL 180 642 176 642 DL 184 642 180 642 DL 188 642 184 +642 DL 192 642 188 642 DL 196 642 192 642 DL 200 642 196 642 DL 204 642 200 642 +DL 208 642 204 642 DL 212 642 208 642 DL 216 642 212 642 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 +SF(4)93.6 652.4 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .179 +(Dynamic con\214guration tables are currently being considered for MMDF; allo) +3.2 J .18(wing the installer to select either compiled or dy-)-.2 F +(namic tables.)72 665.2 Q F4(5)93.6 675.6 Q F5(The MMDF equi)3.2 I -.2(va)-.2 G +(lent of a).2 E/F6 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2 E F5(\231mailer)2 E -.56 +<2e9a>-.44 G F4(6)93.6 689.2 Q F5(This is similar to the NBS standard.)3.2 I EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 187.28(SMM:9-10 SENDMAIL)72 60 R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI) +383.99 60 S(nter)395.94 60 Q(netw)-.15 E(ork Mail Router)-.1 E 2.5(5. EV)72 96 +R(ALU)-1.35 E -.95(AT)-.6 G(IONS AND FUTURE PLANS).95 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(Sendmail)112 112.2 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.851(is designed to w)4.351 F +1.851(ork in a nonhomogeneous en)-.1 F 4.352(vironment. Ev)-.4 F 1.852 +(ery attempt is made to)-.15 F -.2(avo)87 124.2 S 1.037 +(id imposing unnecessary constraints on the underlying mailers.).2 F 1.036 +(This goal has dri)6.036 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.536(nm).15 G 1.036(uch of the) +461.938 124.2 R 2.723(design. One)87 136.2 R .223(of the major problems has be\ +en the lack of a uniform address space, as postulated in [Pos-)2.723 F +(tel79a] and [Postel79b].)87 148.2 Q 2.647(An)112 164.4 S .147(onuniform addre\ +ss space implies that a path will be speci\214ed in all addresses, either e) +126.867 164.4 R(xplicitly)-.15 E .472 +(\(as part of the address\) or implicitly \(as with implied forw)87 176.4 R +.473(arding to g)-.1 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 2.973(ys\). This).1 F .473 +(restriction has the)2.973 F .493(unpleasant ef)87 188.4 R .493 +(fect of making replying to messages e)-.25 F .493(xceedingly dif)-.15 F .493 +(\214cult, since there is no one \231address\232)-.25 F(for an)87 200.4 Q 2.5 +(yp)-.15 G(erson, b)122.95 200.4 Q(ut only a w)-.2 E +(ay to get there from where)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ry).15 G(ou are.)324.7 +200.4 Q(Interf)112 216.6 Q .448(acing to mail programs that were not initially\ + intended to be applied in an internet en)-.1 F(viron-)-.4 E(ment has been ama\ +zingly successful, and has reduced the job to a manageable task.)87 228.6 Q F1 +(Sendmail)112 244.8 Q F2 2.906(has kno)5.406 F 2.906(wledge of a fe)-.25 F +5.406(wd)-.25 G(if)271.126 244.8 Q 2.906(\214cult en)-.25 F 2.906(vironments b) +-.4 F 2.906(uilt in.)-.2 F 2.905(It generates ARP)7.906 F(ANET)-.92 E .648(FTP\ +/SMTP compatible error messages \(prepended with three-digit numbers [Neigus73\ +, Postel74, Pos-)87 256.8 R .771(tel82]\) as necessary)87 268.8 R 3.271(,o)-.65 +G .771(ptionally generates UNIX-style \231From\232 lines on the front of messa\ +ges for some)177.523 268.8 R 1.669(mailers, and kno)87 280.8 R 1.669(ws ho)-.25 +F 4.169(wt)-.25 G 4.169(op)195.666 280.8 S 1.669(arse the same lines on input.) +209.835 280.8 R 1.67(Also, error handling has an option cus-)6.67 F +(tomized for BerkNet.)87 292.8 Q 1.482(The decision to a)112 309 R -.2(vo)-.2 G +1.482(id doing an).2 F 3.982(yt)-.15 G 1.481(ype of deli)254.222 309 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.481(ry where possible \(e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.481 +(n, or perhaps especially).15 F(,)-.65 E .574(local deli)87 321 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G .574(ry\) has turned out to be a good idea.).15 F(Ev)5.574 E .574 +(en with local deli)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E 3.074(,t)-.65 G .575 +(here are issues of the loca-)394.776 321 R .469(tion of the mailbox, the form\ +at of the mailbox, the locking protocol used, etc., that are best decided by)87 +333 R .038(other programs.)87 345 R .038(One surprisingly major anno)5.038 F +.038(yance in man)-.1 F 2.538(yi)-.15 G .038 +(nternet mailers is that the location and for)333.684 345 R(-)-.2 E .138 +(mat of local mail is b)87 357 R .138(uilt in.)-.2 F .137 +(The feeling seems to be that local mail is so common that it should be ef) +5.137 F<8c2d>-.25 E 3.045(cient. This)87 369 R .545 +(feeling is not born out by our e)3.045 F .545(xperience; on the contrary)-.15 +F 3.045(,t)-.65 G .545(he location and format of mail-)376.575 369 R(box)87 381 +Q(es seems to v)-.15 E(ary widely from system to system.)-.25 E .681 +(The ability to automatically generate a response to incoming mail \(by forw) +112 397.2 R .68(arding mail to a pro-)-.1 F .435 +(gram\) seems useful \(\231I am on v)87 409.2 R .435 +(acation until late August....)-.25 F 2.935(\232\) b)-.7 F .435 +(ut can create problems such as forw)-.2 F(ard-)-.1 E .143(ing loops \(tw)87 +421.2 R 2.643(op)-.1 G .143(eople on v)152.609 421.2 R .143(acation whose prog\ +rams send notes back and forth, for instance\) if these pro-)-.25 F .732 +(grams are not well written.)87 433.2 R 3.232(Ap)5.732 G .732 +(rogram could be written to do standard tasks correctly)218.592 433.2 R 3.233 +(,b)-.65 G .733(ut this w)450.404 433.2 R(ould)-.1 E(solv)87 445.2 Q 2.5(et) +-.15 G(he general case.)113.24 445.2 Q .225 +(It might be desirable to implement some form of load limiting.)112 461.4 R +2.725(Ia)5.225 G 2.724(mu)380.8 461.4 S(na)396.304 461.4 Q -.1(wa)-.15 G .224 +(re of an).1 F 2.724(ym)-.15 G .224(ail system)463.496 461.4 R +(that addresses this problem, nor am I a)87 473.4 Q -.1(wa)-.15 G(re of an).1 E +2.5(yr)-.15 G(easonable solution at this time.)294.05 473.4 Q .113(The con\214\ +guration \214le is currently practically inscrutable; considerable con)112 +489.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .114(nience could be real-).15 F(ized with a higher)87 +501.6 Q(-le)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lf).15 G(ormat.)186.93 501.6 Q .778(It se\ +ems clear that common protocols will be changing soon to accommodate changing \ +require-)112 517.8 R 2.774(ments and en)87 529.8 R 5.274(vironments. These)-.4 +F 2.774(changes will include modi\214cations to the message header \(e.g.,) +5.274 F .859([NBS80]\) or to the body of the message itself \(such as for mult\ +imedia messages [Postel80]\).)87 541.8 R(Experi-)5.859 E +(ence indicates that these changes should be relati)87 553.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ly tri).15 E(vial to inte)-.25 E(grate into the e)-.15 E(xisting system.)-.15 +E .811(In tightly coupled en)112 570 R .812(vironments, it w)-.4 F .812 +(ould be nice to ha)-.1 F 1.112 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .812(ame serv).15 F .812 +(er such as Grapvine [Bir)-.15 F(-)-.2 E .095(rell82] inte)87 582 R .095 +(grated into the mail system.)-.15 F .095(This w)5.095 F .095(ould allo)-.1 F +2.594(was)-.25 G .094(ite such as \231Berk)330.768 582 R(ele)-.1 E .094 +(y\232 to appear as a single)-.15 F 2.606 +(host, rather than as a collection of hosts, and w)87 594 R 2.606(ould allo)-.1 +F 5.106(wp)-.25 G 2.606(eople to mo)352.786 594 R 2.906 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.606 +(ransparently among).15 F 1.664(machines without ha)87 606 R 1.664 +(ving to change their addresses.)-.2 F 1.664(Such a f)6.664 F 1.664(acility w) +-.1 F 1.663(ould require an automatically)-.1 F .428 +(updated database and some method of resolving con\215icts.)87 618 R .428 +(Ideally this w)5.428 F .428(ould be ef)-.1 F(fecti)-.25 E .728 -.15(ve e)-.25 +H -.15(ve)-.1 G 2.928(nw).15 G(ithout)480.66 618 Q .184 +(all hosts being under a single management.)87 630 R(Ho)5.184 E(we)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .984 -.4(r, i).15 H 2.684(ti).4 G 2.683(sn)317.576 630 S .183 +(ot clear whether this feature should be inte-)329.149 630 R +(grated into the aliasing f)87 642 Q(acility or should be considered a \231v) +-.1 E(alue added\232 feature outside)-.25 E F1(sendmail)2.5 E F2(itself.)2.5 E +.79(As a more interesting case, the CSNET name serv)112 658.2 R .791 +(er [Solomon81] pro)-.15 F .791(vides an f)-.15 F .791(acility that goes)-.1 F +(be)87 670.2 Q .375(yond a single tightly-coupled en)-.15 F 2.875 +(vironment. Such)-.4 F 2.875(af)2.875 G .375(acility w)308.675 670.2 R .374 +(ould normally e)-.1 F .374(xist outside of)-.15 F F1(sendmail)2.874 E F2(ho)87 +682.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.55(r.).15 G EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E +(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-11)457.9 60 Q -.55(AC)72 96 S(KNO).55 E +(WLEDGEMENTS)-.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.203(Thanks are due to K)97 112.2 R +1.204 +(urt Shoens for his continual cheerful assistance and good advice, Bill Jo)-.15 +F 3.704(yf)-.1 G(or)495.67 112.2 Q .102 +(pointing me in the correct direction \(o)72 124.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.602(ra) +.15 G .102(nd o)244.324 124.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G .102 +(r\), and Mark Horton for more advice, prodding, and man).15 F(y)-.15 E .453 +(of the good ideas.)72 136.2 R -.15(Ku)5.453 G .453 +(rt and Eric Schmidt are to be credited for using).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(delivermail)2.953 E F1 .453(as a serv)2.953 F .453(er for their pro-)-.15 F +1.663(grams \()72 148.2 R F2(Mail)A F1 1.663(and BerkNet respecti)4.163 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 1.663(ly\) before an).15 F 4.163(ys)-.15 G 1.663 +(ane person should ha)291.091 148.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 4.163(,a).15 G 1.662 +(nd making the necessary)400.423 148.2 R .078 +(modi\214cations promptly and happily)72 160.2 R 5.078(.E)-.65 G .078(ric g) +228.332 160.2 R -2.25 -.2(av e)-.05 H .079 +(me considerable advice about the perils of netw)2.778 F .079(ork softw)-.1 F +(are)-.1 E .179(which sa)72 172.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.679(dm).15 G 2.679(ea) +131.998 172.2 S 2.679(nu)143.557 172.2 S(nkno)156.236 172.2 Q .178 +(wn amount of w)-.25 F .178(ork and grief.)-.1 F .178 +(Mark did the original implementation of the DBM)5.178 F -.15(ve)72 184.2 S +.341(rsion of aliasing, installed the VFORK code, wrote the current v).15 F +.341(ersion of)-.15 F F2(rmail)2.841 E F1 2.841(,a)C .341(nd w)411.083 184.2 R +.342(as the person who)-.1 F .61(really con)72 196.2 R .61 +(vinced me to put the w)-.4 F .61(ork into)-.1 F F2(delivermail)3.109 E F1 .609 +(to turn it into)3.109 F F2(sendmail)3.109 E F1 5.609(.K)C .609(urt deserv) +398.753 196.2 R .609(es accolades for)-.15 F(using)72 208.2 Q F2(sendmail)2.57 +E F1 .07(when I w)2.57 F .07(as myself afraid to tak)-.1 F 2.57(et)-.1 G .07 +(he risk; ho)271.01 208.2 R 2.57(wap)-.25 G .07 +(erson can continue to be so enthusiastic in)334.92 208.2 R(the f)72 220.2 Q +(ace of so much bitter reality is be)-.1 E(yond me.)-.15 E -.15(Ku)97 236.4 S +1.505(rt, Mark, Kirk McK).15 F 1.505(usick, Marvin Solomon, and man)-.15 F +4.005(yo)-.15 G 1.504(thers ha)345.79 236.4 R 1.804 -.15(ve r)-.2 H -.25(ev).15 +G(ie).25 E 1.504(wed this paper)-.25 F 4.004(,g)-.4 G -.25(iv)483.69 236.4 S +(ing).25 E(considerable useful advice.)72 248.4 Q .846 +(Special thanks are reserv)97 264.6 R .846(ed for Mik)-.15 F 3.346(eS)-.1 G +(tonebrak)256.786 264.6 Q .846(er at Berk)-.1 F(ele)-.1 E 3.347(ya)-.15 G .847 +(nd Bob Epstein at Britton-Lee, who)356.995 264.6 R .542(both kno)72 276.6 R +.542(wingly allo)-.25 F .542(wed me to put so much w)-.25 F .541 +(ork into this project when there were so man)-.1 F 3.041(yo)-.15 G .541 +(ther things I)454.588 276.6 R(really should ha)72 288.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een w).15 E(orking on.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 12 12 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(REFERENCES)256.605 132 Q 62.73([Birrell82] Birrell,)72 +148.2 R 1.084(A. D., Le)3.584 F 1.084(vin, R., Needham, R. M., and Schroeder) +-.25 F 3.584(,M)-.4 G 3.585(.D)433.49 148.2 S 1.085(., \231Grape)446.795 148.2 +R(vine:)-.25 E(An Ex)180 160.2 Q(ercise in Distrib)-.15 E(uted Computing.)-.2 E +5<9a49>-.7 G(n)348.66 160.2 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Comm. A.C.M. 25,)2.5 E F0 +(4, April 82.)2.5 E 59.4([Borden79] Borden,)72 176.4 R .796 +(S., Gaines, R. S., and Shapiro, N. Z.,)3.296 F F1 .795(The MH Messa)3.295 F +.995 -.1(ge H)-.1 H .795(andling Sys-).1 F(tem: User)180 188.4 Q(s' Manual.)-.1 +E F0(R-2367-P)5 E(AF)-.92 E 5(.R)-.8 G(and Corporation.)332.06 188.4 Q +(October 1979.)5 E([Crock)72 204.6 Q 52.29(er77a] Crock)-.1 F(er)-.1 E 2.508 +(,D)-.4 G 2.508(.H)223.938 204.6 S .008(., V)236.166 204.6 R .009 +(ittal, J. J., Pogran, K. T)-.6 F .009(., and Henderson, D. A. Jr)-.74 F(.,) +-.55 E F1(Standar)2.509 E 2.509(df)-.37 G(or)495.11 204.6 Q .955(the F)180 +216.6 R .955(ormat of ARP)-1.05 F 3.454(AN)-.9 G .954(etwork T)272.978 216.6 R +-.2(ex)-.92 G 3.454(tM).2 G(essa)331.536 216.6 Q -.1(ge)-.1 G(s.).1 E F0 .954 +(RFC 733, NIC 41952.)5.954 F .954(In [Fein-)5.954 F 2.5(ler78]. No)180 228.6 R +-.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 1977.).15 E([Crock)72 244.8 Q 51.73(er77b] Crock)-.1 F(er) +-.1 E 3.04(,D)-.4 G 3.04(.H)224.47 244.8 S(.,)237.23 244.8 Q F1 -1.55 -.55 +(Fr a)3.04 H(me).55 E .54(work and Functions of the MS P)-.15 F(er)-.8 E .54 +(sonal Messa)-.1 F .74 -.1(ge S)-.1 H(ystem.).1 E F0(R-2134-ARP)180 256.8 Q +(A, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California.)-.92 E(1977.)5 E([Crock)72 273 +Q 56.73(er79] Crock)-.1 F(er)-.1 E 2.557(,D)-.4 G 2.557(.H)223.987 273 S .056 +(., Szurk)236.264 273 R -.25(ow)-.1 G .056(ski, E. S., and F).25 F(arber)-.15 E +2.556(,D)-.4 G 2.556(.J)374.85 273 S(.,)383.796 273 Q F1 .056 +(An Internetwork Memo Dis-)2.556 F(trib)180 285 Q 1.341(ution F)-.2 F 1.341 +(acility \212 MMDF)-.75 F(.)-1.35 E F0 1.341 +(6th Data Communication Symposium, Asilomar)6.341 F(.)-.55 E(No)180 297 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(mber 1979.).15 E([Crock)72 313.2 Q 56.73(er82] Crock)-.1 F(er)-.1 E +3.383(,D)-.4 G 3.383(.H)224.813 313.2 S(.,)237.916 313.2 Q F1(Standar)3.383 E +3.383(df)-.37 G .883(or the F)288.762 313.2 R .882(ormat of Arpa Internet T) +-1.05 F -.2(ex)-.92 G 3.382(tM).2 G(essa)446.368 313.2 Q -.1(ge)-.1 G(s.).1 E +F0(RFC)5.882 E 4.197(822. Netw)180 325.2 R 1.697(ork Information Center)-.1 F +4.197(,S)-.4 G 1.698(RI International, Menlo P)333.768 325.2 R 1.698 +(ark, California.)-.15 F(August 1982.)180 337.2 Q 53.3([Metcalfe76] Metcalfe,) +72 353.4 R .727(R., and Boggs, D., \231Ethernet: Distrib)3.227 F .727(uted P) +-.2 F(ack)-.15 E .727(et Switching for Local)-.1 F(Computer Netw)180 365.4 Q +(orks\232,)-.1 E F1(Communications of the A)2.5 E(CM 19,)-.3 E F0 2.5(7. July) +2.5 F(1976.)2.5 E 60.51([Feinler78] Feinler)72 381.6 R 4.438(,E)-.4 G 1.938 +(., and Postel, J.)220.978 381.6 R(\(eds.\),)6.938 E F1(ARP)4.438 E 1.938 +(ANET Pr)-.9 F 1.938(otocol Handbook.)-.45 F F0 1.938(NIC 7104,)6.938 F(Netw) +180 393.6 Q(ork Information Center)-.1 E 2.5(,S)-.4 G +(RI International, Menlo P)304.48 393.6 Q(ark, California.)-.15 E(1978.)5 E +69.39([NBS80] National)72 409.8 R 1.46(Bureau of Standards,)3.96 F F1 1.46 +(Speci\214cation of a Dr)3.96 F 1.46(aft Messa)-.15 F 1.66 -.1(ge F)-.1 H 1.46 +(ormat Stan-)-.95 F(dar)180 421.8 Q(d.)-.37 E F0(Report No. ICST/CBOS 80-2.)5 E +(October 1980.)5 E 60.51([Neigus73] Neigus,)72 438 R(N.,)5.186 E F1 -.45(Fi) +5.186 G 2.686(le T).45 F -.15(ra)-.55 G 2.686(nsfer Pr).15 F 2.686 +(otocol for the ARP)-.45 F 5.187(AN)-.9 G(etwork.)402.599 438 Q F0 2.687 +(RFC 542, NIC)7.687 F 2.5(17759. In)180 450 R 2.5([Feinler78]. August,)2.5 F +(1973.)2.5 E([No)72 466.2 Q 55.21(witz78a] No)-.25 F 1.633 +(witz, D. A., and Lesk, M. E.,)-.25 F F1 4.132(AD)4.132 G 1.632 +(ial-Up Network of UNIX Systems.)338.9 466.2 R F0(Bell)6.632 E 5.403 +(Laboratories. In)180 478.2 R 2.904(UNIX Programmer')5.403 F 5.404(sM)-.55 G +2.904(anual, Se)356.024 478.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(nth Edition, V).15 F 2.904 +(olume 2.)-1.29 F(August, 1978.)180 490.2 Q([No)72 506.4 Q 54.65(witz78b] No) +-.25 F .633(witz, D. A.,)-.25 F F1 .632(Uucp Implementation Description.)3.132 +F F0 .632(Bell Laboratories.)5.632 F .632(In UNIX)5.632 F(Programmer')180 518.4 +Q 2.5(sM)-.55 G(anual, Se)248.05 518.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nth Edition, V).15 E +(olume 2.)-1.29 E(October)5 E 2.5(,1)-.4 G(978.)431.22 518.4 Q 64.39 +([Postel74] Postel,)72 534.6 R .24(J., and Neigus, N., Re)2.74 F .241 +(vised FTP Reply Codes.)-.25 F .241(RFC 640, NIC 30843.)5.241 F(In)5.241 E 2.5 +([Feinler78]. June,)180 546.6 R(1974.)2.5 E 64.39([Postel77] Postel,)72 562.8 R +(J.,)2.5 E F1(Mail Pr)2.5 E(otocol.)-.45 E F0(NIC 29588.)5 E(In [Feinler78].)5 +E(No)5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 1977.).15 E 59.95([Postel79a] Postel,)72 579 R +(J.,)3.144 E F1 .644(Internet Messa)3.144 F .844 -.1(ge P)-.1 H -.45(ro).1 G +(tocol.).45 E F0 .644(RFC 753, IEN 85.)5.644 F(Netw)5.644 E .644 +(ork Information)-.1 F(Center)180 591 Q 2.5(,S)-.4 G(RI International, Menlo P) +216.82 591 Q(ark, California.)-.15 E(March 1979.)5 E 59.39([Postel79b] Postel,) +72 607.2 R 1.305(J. B.,)3.805 F F1 1.305(An Internetwork Messa)3.805 F 1.505 +-.1(ge S)-.1 H(tructur).1 E -.15(e.)-.37 G F0(In)6.456 E F1(Pr)3.806 E 1.306 +(oceedings of the Sixth)-.45 F(Data Communications Symposium,)180 619.2 Q F0 +2.5(IEEE. Ne)2.5 F 2.5(wY)-.25 G 2.5(ork. No)379.74 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +(mber 1979.).15 E 64.39([Postel80] Postel,)72 635.4 R .639(J. B.,)3.139 F F1 +3.139(AS)3.139 G(tructur)248.676 635.4 Q .639(ed F)-.37 F .639(ormat for T) +-1.05 F -.15(ra)-.55 G .639(nsmission of Multi-Media Documents.).15 F F0 .418 +(RFC 767.)180 647.4 R(Netw)5.419 E .419(ork Information Center)-.1 F 2.919(,S) +-.4 G .419(RI International, Menlo P)350.474 647.4 R .419(ark, Califor)-.15 F +(-)-.2 E 2.5(nia. August)180 659.4 R(1980.)2.5 E 64.39([Postel82] Postel,)72 +675.6 R 2.05(J. B.,)4.55 F F1 2.05(Simple Mail T)4.55 F -.15(ra)-.55 G 2.05 +(nsfer Pr).15 F(otocol.)-.45 E F0 2.05(RFC821 \(obsoleting RFC788\).)7.05 F +(Netw)180 687.6 Q .273(ork Information Center)-.1 F 2.774(,S)-.4 G .274 +(RI International, Menlo P)305.3 687.6 R .274(ark, California.)-.15 F(August) +5.274 E(1982.)180 699.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 187.28(SMM:9-12 SENDMAIL)72 756 +R 2.5<8a41>2.5 G 2.5(nI)383.99 756 S(nter)395.94 756 Q(netw)-.15 E +(ork Mail Router)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SENDMAIL \212 An Inter)72 60 Q(netw)-.15 E +(ork Mail Router)-.1 E(SMM:9-13)457.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 55.5 +([Schmidt79] Schmidt,)72 96 R(E.,)2.972 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472(An Intr) +2.972 F .472(oduction to the Berk)-.45 F(ele)-.1 E 2.972(yN)-.3 G(etwork.) +369.664 96 Q F1(Uni)5.472 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .472(rsity of California,).15 F +(Berk)180 108 Q(ele)-.1 E 2.5(yC)-.15 G 2.5(alifornia. 1979.)225.02 108 R 59.95 +([Shoens79] Shoens,)72 124.2 R(K.,)4.894 E F2 2.394(Mail Refer)4.894 F 2.394 +(ence Manual.)-.37 F F1(Uni)7.394 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.395 +(rsity of California, Berk).15 F(ele)-.1 E 6.195 -.65(y. I)-.15 H(n).65 E +(UNIX Programmer')180 136.2 Q 2.5(sM)-.55 G(anual, Se)275.54 136.2 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(nth Edition, V).15 E(olume 2C.)-1.29 E(December 1979.)5 E 60.51 +([Sluizer81] Sluizer)72 152.4 R 2.872(,S)-.4 G .372(., and Postel, J. B.,) +218.862 152.4 R F2 .372(Mail T)2.872 F -.15(ra)-.55 G .372(nsfer Pr).15 F +(otocol.)-.45 E F1 .371(RFC 780.)5.371 F(Netw)5.371 E .371(ork Infor)-.1 F(-) +-.2 E(mation Center)180 164.4 Q 2.5(,S)-.4 G(RI International, Menlo P)247.1 +164.4 Q(ark, California.)-.15 E(May 1981.)5 E 52.72([Solomon81] Solomon,)72 +180.6 R .96(M., Landweber)3.46 F 3.46(,L)-.4 G .96 +(., and Neuhengen, D., \231The Design of the CSNET)296.08 180.6 R(Name Serv)180 +192.6 Q(er)-.15 E 3.9 -.7(.\232 C)-.55 H(S-DN-2, Uni).7 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rsity of W).15 E(isconsin, Madison.)-.4 E(No)5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 1981.).15 +E 78.28([Su82] Su,)72 208.8 R(Za)4.344 E 1.844(w-Sing, and Postel, Jon,)-.15 F +F2 1.844(The Domain Naming Con)4.344 F 1.844(vention for Internet)-.4 F 1.717 +(User Applications.)180 220.8 R F1 4.217(RFC819. Netw)6.717 F 1.717 +(ork Information Center)-.1 F 4.217(,S)-.4 G 1.718(RI International,)436.182 +220.8 R(Menlo P)180 232.8 Q(ark, California.)-.15 E(August 1982.)5 E([UNIX83]) +72 249 Q F2 2.12(The UNIX Pr)180 249 R -.1(og)-.45 G -.15(ra).1 G(mmer').15 E +4.62(sM)-.4 G 2.12(anual, Se)298.3 249 R 2.12(venth Edition,)-.15 F F1 -.6(Vi) +4.62 G 2.12(rtual V).6 F 2.12(AX-11 V)-1.35 F(ersion,)-1.11 E -1.29(Vo)180 261 +S 1.027(lume 1.)1.29 F 1.027(Bell Laboratories, modi\214ed by the Uni)6.027 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.027(rsity of California, Berk).15 F(e-)-.1 E(le)180 273 Q 1.3 +-.65(y, C)-.15 H 2.5(alifornia. March,).65 F(1983.)2.5 E EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/op/Makefile b/doc/op/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8f791a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/op/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# @(#)Makefile 8.2 (Berkeley) 2/28/94 + +DIR= smm/08.sendmailop +SRCS= op.me +MACROS= -me + +all: op.ps + +op.ps: ${SRCS} + rm -f ${.TARGET} + ${PIC} ${SRCS} | ${EQN} | ${ROFF} > ${.TARGET} + +.include <bsd.doc.mk> diff --git a/doc/op/op.me b/doc/op/op.me new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60bc113 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/op/op.me @@ -0,0 +1,8211 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1995 Eric P. Allman +.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)op.me 8.106 (Berkeley) 10/20/97 +.\" +.\" eqn op.me | pic | troff -me +.eh 'SMM:08-%''Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide' +.oh 'Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide''SMM:08-%' +.\" SD is lib if sendmail is installed in /usr/lib, sbin if in /usr/sbin +.ds SD sbin +.\" SB is bin if newaliases/mailq are installed in /usr/bin, ucb if in /usr/ucb +.ds SB bin +.nr si 3n +.de $0 +.(x +.in \\$3u*3n +.ti -3n +\\$2. \\$1 +.)x +.. +.de $C +.(x +.in 0 +\\$1 \\$2. \\$3 +.)x +.. +.sc +.+c +.(l C +.sz 16 +.b SENDMAIL +.sz 12 +.sp +.b "INSTALLATION AND OPERATION GUIDE" +.sz 10 +.sp +.r +Eric Allman +eric@Sendmail.ORG +.sp +Version 8.106 +.sp +For Sendmail Version 8.8 +.)l +.sp 2 +.pp +.i Sendmail +implements a general purpose internetwork mail routing facility +under the UNIX\(rg +operating system. +It is not tied to any one transport protocol \*- +its function may be likened to a crossbar switch, +relaying messages from one domain into another. +In the process, +it can do a limited amount of message header editing +to put the message into a format that is appropriate +for the receiving domain. +All of this is done under the control of a configuration file. +.pp +Due to the requirements of flexibility +for +.i sendmail , +the configuration file can seem somewhat unapproachable. +However, there are only a few basic configurations +for most sites, +for which standard configuration files have been supplied. +Most other configurations +can be built by adjusting an existing configuration files +incrementally. +.pp +.i Sendmail +is based on +RFC821 (Simple Mail Transport Protocol), +RFC822 (Internet Mail Format Protocol), +RFC1123 (Internet Host Requirements), +RFC1521 (MIME), +RFC1651 (SMTP Service Extensions), +RFC1891 (SMTP Delivery Status Notifications), +RFC1892 (Multipart/Report), +RFC1893 (Mail System Status Codes), +RFC1894 (Delivery Status Notifications), +and +RFC1985 (SMTP Service Extension for Remote Message Queue Starting). +However, since +.i sendmail +is designed to work in a wider world, +in many cases it can be configured to exceed these protocols. +These cases are described herein. +.pp +Although +.i sendmail +is intended to run +without the need for monitoring, +it has a number of features +that may be used to monitor or adjust the operation +under unusual circumstances. +These features are described. +.pp +Section one describes how to do a basic +.i sendmail +installation. +Section two +explains the day-to-day information you should know +to maintain your mail system. +If you have a relatively normal site, +these two sections should contain sufficient information +for you to install +.i sendmail +and keep it happy. +Section three +describes some parameters that may be safely tweaked. +Section four +has information regarding the command line arguments. +Section five +contains the nitty-gritty information about the configuration +file. +This section is for masochists +and people who must write their own configuration file. +Section six +describes configuration that can be done at compile time. +Section seven +gives a brief description of differences +in this version of +.i sendmail . +The appendixes give a brief +but detailed explanation of a number of features +not described in the rest of the paper. +.pp +.b WARNING: +Several major changes were introduced in version 8.7. +You should not attempt to use this document +for prior versions of +.i sendmail . +.bp +.rs +.sp |4i +.ce 2 +This page intentionally left blank; +replace it with a blank sheet for double-sided output. +.bp 7 +.sh 1 "BASIC INSTALLATION" +.pp +There are two basic steps to installing +.i sendmail . +The hard part is to build the configuration table. +This is a file that +.i sendmail +reads when it starts up +that describes the mailers it knows about, +how to parse addresses, +how to rewrite the message header, +and the settings of various options. +Although the configuration table is quite complex, +a configuration can usually be built +by adjusting an existing off-the-shelf configuration. +The second part is actually doing the installation, +i.e., creating the necessary files, etc. +.pp +The remainder of this section will describe the installation of +.i sendmail +assuming you can use one of the existing configurations +and that the standard installation parameters are acceptable. +All pathnames and examples +are given from the root of the +.i sendmail +subtree, +normally +.i /usr/src/usr.\*(SD/sendmail +on 4.4BSD. +.pp +If you are loading this off the tape, +continue with the next section. +If you have a running binary already on your system, +you should probably skip to section 1.2. +.sh 2 "Compiling Sendmail" +.pp +All +.i sendmail +source is in the +.i src +subdirectory. +If you are running on a 4.4BSD system, +compile by typing +.q make . +On other systems, you may have to make some other adjustments. +On most systems, +you can do the appropriate compilation by typing +.(b +sh makesendmail +.)b +This will leave the binary in an appropriately named subdirectory. +It works for multiple object versions +compiled out of the same directory. +.sh 3 "Tweaking the Makefile" +.pp +.i Sendmail +supports two different formats +for the local (on disk) version of databases, +notably the +.i aliases +database. +At least one of these should be defined if at all possible. +.nr ii 1i +.ip NDBM +The ``new DBM'' format, +available on nearly all systems around today. +This was the preferred format prior to 4.4BSD. +It allows such complex things as multiple databases +and closing a currently open database. +.ip NEWDB +The new database package from Berkeley. +If you have this, use it. +It allows +long records, +multiple open databases, +real in-memory caching, +and so forth. +You can define this in conjunction with one of the other two; +if you do, +old databases are read, +but when a new database is created it will be in NEWDB format. +As a nasty hack, +if you have NEWDB, NDBM, and NIS defined, +and if the alias file name includes the substring +.q /yp/ , +.i sendmail +will create both new and old versions of the alias file +during a +.i newalias +command. +This is required because the Sun NIS/YP system +reads the DBM version of the alias file. +It's ugly as sin, +but it works. +.lp +If neither of these are defined, +.i sendmail +reads the alias file into memory on every invocation. +This can be slow and should be avoided. +There are also several methods for remote database access: +.ip NIS +Sun's Network Information Services (formerly YP). +.ip NISPLUS +Sun's NIS+ services. +.ip NETINFO +NeXT's NetInfo service. +.ip HESIOD +Hesiod service (from Athena). +.lp +Other compilation flags are set in conf.h +and should be predefined for you +unless you are porting to a new environment. +.sh 3 "Compilation and installation" +.pp +After making the local system configuration described above, +You should be able to compile and install the system. +The script +.q makesendmail +is the best approach on most systems: +.(b +sh makesendmail +.)b +This will use +.i uname (1) +to select the correct Makefile for your environment. +.pp +You may be able to install using +.(b +sh makesendmail install +.)b +This should install the binary in +/usr/\*(SD +and create links from +/usr/\*(SB/newaliases +and +/usr/\*(SB/mailq +to +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail. +On 4.4BSD systems it will also format and install man pages. +.sh 2 "Configuration Files" +.pp +.i Sendmail +cannot operate without a configuration file. +The configuration defines the mail delivery mechanisms understood at this site, +how to access them, +how to forward email to remote mail systems, +and a number of tuning parameters. +This configuration file is detailed +in the later portion of this document. +.pp +The +.i sendmail +configuration can be daunting at first. +The world is complex, +and the mail configuration reflects that. +The distribution includes an m4-based configuration package +that hides a lot of the complexity. +.pp +These configuration files are simpler than old versions +largely because the world has become simpler; +in particular, +text-based host files are officially eliminated, +obviating the need to +.q hide +hosts behind a registered internet gateway. +.pp +These files also assume that most of your neighbors +use domain-based UUCP addressing; +that is, +instead of naming hosts as +.q host!user +they will use +.q host.domain!user . +The configuration files can be customized to work around this, +but it is more complex. +.pp +Our configuration files are processed by +.i m4 +to facilitate local customization; +the directory +.i cf +of the +.i sendmail +distribution directory +contains the source files. +This directory contains several subdirectories: +.nr ii 1i +.ip cf +Both site-dependent and site-independent descriptions of hosts. +These can be literal host names +(e.g., +.q ucbvax.mc ) +when the hosts are gateways +or more general descriptions +(such as +.q "tcpproto.mc" +as a general description of an SMTP-connected host +or +.q "uucpproto.mc" +as a general description of a UUCP-connected host). +Files ending +.b \&.mc +(``Master Configuration'') +are the input descriptions; +the output is in the corresponding +.b \&.cf +file. +The general structure of these files is described below. +.ip domain +Site-dependent subdomain descriptions. +These are tied to the way your organization wants to do addressing. +For example, +.b domain/cs.exposed.m4 +is our description for hosts in the CS.Berkeley.EDU subdomain +that want their individual hostname to be externally visible; +.b domain/cs.hidden.m4 +is the same except that the hostname is hidden +(everything looks like it comes from CS.Berkeley.EDU). +These are referenced using the +.sm DOMAIN +.b m4 +macro in the +.b \&.mc +file. +.ip feature +Definitions of specific features that some particular host in your site +might want. +These are referenced using the +.sm FEATURE +.b m4 +macro. +An example feature is +use_cw_file +(which tells +.i sendmail +to read an /etc/sendmail.cw file on startup +to find the set of local names). +.ip hack +Local hacks, referenced using the +.sm HACK +.b m4 +macro. +Try to avoid these. +The point of having them here is to make it clear that they smell. +.ip m4 +Site-independent +.i m4 (1) +include files that have information common to all configuration files. +This can be thought of as a +.q #include +directory. +.ip mailer +Definitions of mailers, +referenced using the +.sm MAILER +.b m4 +macro. +The mailer types that are known in this distribution are +fax, +local, +smtp, +uucp, +and usenet. +For example, to include support for the UUCP-based mailers, +use +.q MAILER(uucp) . +.ip ostype +Definitions describing various operating system environments +(such as the location of support files). +These are referenced using the +.sm OSTYPE +.b m4 +macro. +.ip sh +Shell files used by the +.b m4 +build process. +You shouldn't have to mess with these. +.ip siteconfig +Local UUCP connectivity information. +They normally contain lists of site information, for example: +.(b +SITE(contessa) +SITE(hoptoad) +SITE(nkainc) +SITE(well) +.)b +They are referenced using the SITECONFIG macro: +.(b +SITECONFIG(site.config.file, name_of_site, X) +.)b +where +.i X +is the macro/class name to use. +It can be U +(indicating locally connected hosts) +or one of W, X, or Y +for up to three remote UUCP hubs. +This directory has been supplanted by the mailertable feature; +any new configurations should use that feature to do UUCP +(and other) routing. +.pp +If you are in a new domain +(e.g., a company), +you will probably want to create a +cf/domain +file for your domain. +This consists primarily of relay definitions: +for example, Berkeley's domain definition +defines relays for +BitNET, +CSNET, +and UUCP. +Of these, +only the UUCP relay is particularly specific +to Berkeley. +All of these are internet-style domain names. +Please check to make certain they are reasonable for your domain. +.pp +Subdomains at Berkeley are also represented in the +cf/domain +directory. +For example, +the domain +cs-exposed +is the Computer Science subdomain with the local hostname shown +to other users; +cs-hidden +makes users appear to be from the CS.Berkeley.EDU subdomain +(with no local host information included). +You will probably have to update this directory +to be appropriate for your domain. +.pp +You will have to use or create +.b \&.mc +files in the +.i cf/cf +subdirectory for your hosts. +This is detailed in the +cf/README +file. +.sh 2 "Details of Installation Files" +.pp +This subsection describes the files that +comprise the +.i sendmail +installation. +.sh 3 "/usr/\*(SD/sendmail" +.pp +The binary for +.i sendmail +is located in /usr/\*(SD\**. +.(f +\**This is usually +/usr/sbin +on 4.4BSD and newer systems; +many systems install it in +/usr/lib. +I understand it is in /usr/ucblib +on System V Release 4. +.)f +It should be setuid root. +For security reasons, +/, /usr, and /usr/\*(SD +should be owned by root, mode 755\**. +.(f +\**Some vendors ship them owned by bin; +this creates a security hole that is not actually related to +.i sendmail . +Other important directories that should have restrictive ownerships +and permissions are +/bin, /usr/bin, /etc, /usr/etc, /lib, and /usr/lib. +.)f +.sh 3 "/etc/sendmail.cf" +.pp +This is the configuration file for +.i sendmail \**. +.(f +\**Actually, the pathname varies depending on the operating system; +/etc is the preferred directory. +Some older systems install it in +.b /usr/lib/sendmail.cf , +and I've also seen it in +.b /usr/ucblib +and +.b /etc/mail . +If you want to move this file, +change +.i src/conf.h . +.)f +This and /etc/sendmail.pid +are the only non-library file names compiled into +.i sendmail \**. +.(f +\**The system libraries can reference other files; +in particular, system library subroutines that +.i sendmail +calls probably reference +.i /etc/passwd +and +.i /etc/resolv.conf . +.)f +.pp +The configuration file is normally created +using the distribution files described above. +If you have a particularly unusual system configuration +you may need to create a special version. +The format of this file is detailed in later sections +of this document. +.sh 3 "/usr/\*(SB/newaliases" +.pp +The +.i newaliases +command should just be a link to +.i sendmail : +.(b +rm \-f /usr/\*(SB/newaliases +ln \-s /usr/\*(SD/sendmail /usr/\*(SB/newaliases +.)b +This can be installed in whatever search path you prefer +for your system. +.sh 3 "/usr/\*(SB/hoststat" +.pp +The +.i hoststat +command should just be a link to +.i sendmail , +in a fashion similar to +.i newaliases . +This command lists the status of the last mail transaction +with all remote hosts. +It functions only when the +.b HostStatusDirectory +option is set. +.sh 3 "/usr/\*(SB/purgestat" +.pp +This command is also a link to +.i sendmail . +It flushes all information that is stored in the +.b HostStatusDirectory +tree. +.sh 3 "/var/spool/mqueue" +.pp +The directory +.i /var/spool/mqueue +should be created to hold the mail queue. +This directory should be mode 700 +and owned by root. +.pp +The actual path of this directory +is defined in the +.b Q +option of the +.i sendmail.cf +file. +.sh 3 "/var/spool/mqueue/.hoststat" +.pp +This is a typical value for the +.b HostStatusDirectory +option, +containing one file per host +that this sendmail has chatted with recently. +It is normally a subdirectory of +.i mqueue . +.sh 3 "/etc/aliases*" +.pp +The system aliases are held in +.q /etc/aliases . +A sample is given in +.q lib/aliases +which includes some aliases which +.i must +be defined: +.(b +cp lib/aliases /etc/aliases +.i "edit /etc/aliases" +.)b +You should extend this file with any aliases that are apropos to your system. +.pp +Normally +.i sendmail +looks at a version of these files maintained by the +.i dbm \|(3) +or +.i db \|(3) +routines. +These are stored either in +.q /etc/aliases.dir +and +.q /etc/aliases.pag +or +.q /etc/aliases.db +depending on which database package you are using. +These can initially be created as empty files, +but they will have to be initialized promptly. +These should be mode 644: +.(b +cp /dev/null /etc/aliases.dir +cp /dev/null /etc/aliases.pag +chmod 644 /etc/aliases.* +newaliases +.)b +The +.i db +routines preset the mode reasonably, +so this step can be skipped. +The actual path of this file +is defined in the +.b AliasFile +option of the +.i sendmail.cf +file. +.sh 3 "/etc/rc" +.pp +It will be necessary to start up the +.i sendmail +daemon when your system reboots. +This daemon performs two functions: +it listens on the SMTP socket for connections +(to receive mail from a remote system) +and it processes the queue periodically +to insure that mail gets delivered when hosts come up. +.pp +Add the following lines to +.q /etc/rc +(or +.q /etc/rc.local +as appropriate) +in the area where it is starting up the daemons: +.(b +if [ \-f /usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-a \-f /etc/sendmail.cf ]; then + (cd /var/spool/mqueue; rm \-f [lnx]f*) + /usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-bd \-q30m & + echo \-n ' sendmail' >/dev/console +fi +.)b +The +.q cd +and +.q rm +commands insure that all lock files have been removed; +extraneous lock files may be left around +if the system goes down in the middle of processing a message. +The line that actually invokes +.i sendmail +has two flags: +.q \-bd +causes it to listen on the SMTP port, +and +.q \-q30m +causes it to run the queue every half hour. +.pp +Some people use a more complex startup script, +removing zero length qf files and df files for which there is no qf file. +For example, see Figure 1 +for an example of a complex startup script. +.(z +.hl +# remove zero length qf files +for qffile in qf* +do + if [ \-r $qffile ] + then + if [ ! \-s $qffile ] + then + echo \-n " <zero: $qffile>" > /dev/console + rm \-f $qffile + fi + fi +done +# rename tf files to be qf if the qf does not exist +for tffile in tf* +do + qffile=`echo $tffile | sed 's/t/q/'` + if [ \-r $tffile \-a ! \-f $qffile ] + then + echo \-n " <recovering: $tffile>" > /dev/console + mv $tffile $qffile + else + echo \-n " <extra: $tffile>" > /dev/console + rm \-f $tffile + fi +done +# remove df files with no corresponding qf files +for dffile in df* +do + qffile=`echo $dffile | sed 's/d/q/'` + if [ \-r $dffile \-a ! \-f $qffile ] + then + echo \-n " <incomplete: $dffile>" > /dev/console + mv $dffile `echo $dffile | sed 's/d/D/'` + fi +done +# announce files that have been saved during disaster recovery +for xffile in [A-Z]f* +do + echo \-n " <panic: $xffile>" > /dev/console +done +.sp +.ce +Figure 1 \(em A complex startup script +.hl +.)z +.pp +If you are not running a version of UNIX +that supports Berkeley TCP/IP, +do not include the +.b \-bd +flag. +.sh 3 "/usr/lib/sendmail.hf" +.pp +This is the help file used by the SMTP +.b HELP +command. +It should be copied from +.q lib/sendmail.hf : +.(b +cp lib/sendmail.hf /usr/lib +.)b +The actual path of this file +is defined in the +.b H +option of the +.i sendmail.cf +file. +.sh 3 "/etc/sendmail.st" +.pp +If you wish to collect statistics +about your mail traffic, +you should create the file +.q /etc/sendmail.st : +.(b +cp /dev/null /etc/sendmail.st +chmod 666 /etc/sendmail.st +.)b +This file does not grow. +It is printed with the program +.q mailstats/mailstats.c. +The actual path of this file +is defined in the +.b S +option of the +.i sendmail.cf +file. +.sh 3 "/usr/\*(SB/mailq" +.pp +If +.i sendmail +is invoked as +.q mailq, +it will simulate the +.b \-bp +flag +(i.e., +.i sendmail +will print the contents of the mail queue; +see below). +This should be a link to /usr/\*(SD/sendmail. +.sh 1 "NORMAL OPERATIONS" +.sh 2 "The System Log" +.pp +The system log is supported by the +.i syslogd \|(8) +program. +All messages from +.i sendmail +are logged under the +.sm LOG_MAIL +facility\**. +.(f +\**Except on Ultrix, +which does not support facilities in the syslog. +.)f +.sh 3 "Format" +.pp +Each line in the system log +consists of a timestamp, +the name of the machine that generated it +(for logging from several machines +over the local area network), +the word +.q sendmail: , +and a message\**. +.(f +\**This format may vary slightly if your vendor has changed +the syntax. +.)f +Most messages are a sequence of +.i name \c +=\c +.i value +pairs. +.pp +The two most common lines are logged when a message is processed. +The first logs the receipt of a message; +there will be exactly one of these per message. +Some fields may be omitted if they do not contain interesting information. +Fields are: +.ip from +The envelope sender address. +.ip size +The size of the message in bytes. +.ip class +The class (i.e., numeric precedence) of the message. +.ip pri +The initial message priority (used for queue sorting). +.ip nrcpts +The number of envelope recipients for this message +(after aliasing and forwarding). +.ip msgid +The message id of the message (from the header). +.ip proto +The protocol used to receive this message (e.g., ESMTP or UUCP) +.ip relay +The machine from which it was received. +.lp +There is also one line logged per delivery attempt +(so there can be several per message if delivery is deferred +or there are multiple recipients). +Fields are: +.ip to +A comma-separated list of the recipients to this mailer. +.ip ctladdr +The ``controlling user'', that is, the name of the user +whose credentials we use for delivery. +.ip delay +The total delay between the time this message was received +and the time it was delivered. +.ip xdelay +The amount of time needed in this delivery attempt +(normally indicative of the speed of the connection). +.ip mailer +The name of the mailer used to deliver to this recipient. +.ip relay +The name of the host that actually accepted (or rejected) this recipient. +.ip stat +The delivery status. +.lp +Not all fields are present in all messages; +for example, the relay is not listed for local deliveries. +.sh 3 "Levels" +.pp +If you have +.i syslogd \|(8) +or an equivalent installed, +you will be able to do logging. +There is a large amount of information that can be logged. +The log is arranged as a succession of levels. +At the lowest level +only extremely strange situations are logged. +At the highest level, +even the most mundane and uninteresting events +are recorded for posterity. +As a convention, +log levels under ten +are considered generally +.q useful; +log levels above 64 +are reserved for debugging purposes. +Levels from 11\-64 are reserved for verbose information +that some sites might want. +.pp +A complete description of the log levels +is given in section +.\" XREF +4.6. +.sh 2 "Dumping State" +.pp +You can ask +.i sendmail +to log a dump of the open files +and the connection cache +by sending it a +.sm SIGUSR1 +signal. +The results are logged at +.sm LOG_DEBUG +priority. +.sh 2 "The Mail Queue" +.pp +Sometimes a host cannot handle a message immediately. +For example, it may be down or overloaded, causing it to refuse connections. +The sending host is then expected to save this message in +its mail queue +and attempt to deliver it later. +.pp +Under normal conditions the mail queue will be processed transparently. +However, you may find that manual intervention is sometimes necessary. +For example, +if a major host is down for a period of time +the queue may become clogged. +Although +.i sendmail +ought to recover gracefully when the host comes up, +you may find performance unacceptably bad in the meantime. +.sh 3 "Printing the queue" +.pp +The contents of the queue can be printed +using the +.i mailq +command +(or by specifying the +.b \-bp +flag to +.i sendmail ): +.(b +mailq +.)b +This will produce a listing of the queue id's, +the size of the message, +the date the message entered the queue, +and the sender and recipients. +.sh 3 "Forcing the queue" +.pp +.i Sendmail +should run the queue automatically +at intervals. +The algorithm is to read and sort the queue, +and then to attempt to process all jobs in order. +When it attempts to run the job, +.i sendmail +first checks to see if the job is locked. +If so, it ignores the job. +.pp +There is no attempt to insure that only one queue processor +exists at any time, +since there is no guarantee that a job cannot take forever +to process +(however, +.i sendmail +does include heuristics to try to abort jobs +that are taking absurd amounts of time; +technically, this violates RFC 821, but is blessed by RFC 1123). +Due to the locking algorithm, +it is impossible for one job to freeze the entire queue. +However, +an uncooperative recipient host +or a program recipient +that never returns +can accumulate many processes in your system. +Unfortunately, +there is no completely general way to solve this. +.pp +In some cases, +you may find that a major host going down +for a couple of days +may create a prohibitively large queue. +This will result in +.i sendmail +spending an inordinate amount of time +sorting the queue. +This situation can be fixed by moving the queue to a temporary place +and creating a new queue. +The old queue can be run later when the offending host returns to service. +.pp +To do this, +it is acceptable to move the entire queue directory: +.(b +cd /var/spool +mv mqueue omqueue; mkdir mqueue; chmod 700 mqueue +.)b +You should then kill the existing daemon +(since it will still be processing in the old queue directory) +and create a new daemon. +.pp +To run the old mail queue, +run the following command: +.(b +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-oQ/var/spool/omqueue \-q +.)b +The +.b \-oQ +flag specifies an alternate queue directory +and the +.b \-q +flag says to just run every job in the queue. +If you have a tendency toward voyeurism, +you can use the +.b \-v +flag to watch what is going on. +.pp +When the queue is finally emptied, +you can remove the directory: +.(b +rmdir /var/spool/omqueue +.)b +.sh 2 "Disk Based Connection Information" +.pp +.i Sendmail +stores a large amount of information about each remote system it +has connected to in memory. It is now possible to preserve some +of this information on disk as well, by using the +.b HostStatusDirectory +option, so that it may be shared between several invocations of +.i sendmail . +This allows mail to be queued immediately or skipped during a queue run if +there has been a recent failure in connecting to a remote machine. +.pp +Additionally enabling +.b SingleThreadDelivery +has the added effect of single-threading mail delivery to a destination. +This can be quite helpful +if the remote machine is running an SMTP server that is easily overloaded +or cannot accept more than a single connection at a time, +but can cause some messages to be punted to a future queue run. +It also applies to +.i all +hosts, so setting this because you have one machine on site +that runs some software that is easily overrun +can cause mail to other hosts to be slowed down. +If this option is set, +you probably want to set the +.b MinQueueAge +option as well and run the queue fairly frequently; +this will cause hosts that are skipped because another +.i sendmail +instance is talking to it to be tried again soon. +.pp +The disk based host information is stored in a subdirectory of of the +.b mqueue +directory called +.b \&.hoststat \**. +.(f +\**This is the usual value of the +.b HostStatusDirectory +option; +it can, of course, go anywhere you like in your filesystem. +.)f +Removing this directory and its subdirectories has an effect similar to +the +.i purgestat +command and is completely safe. +The information in these directories can +be perused with the +.i hoststat +command, which will indicate the host name, the last access, and the +status of that access. +An asterisk in the left most column indicates that a +.i sendmail +process currently has the host locked for mail delivery. +.pp +The disk based connection information is treated the same way as memory based +connection information for the purpose of timeouts. +By default, information about host failures is valid for 30 minutes. +This can be adjusted with +the +.b Timeout.hoststatus +option. +.pp +The connection information stored on disk may be purged at any time +with the +.i purgestat +command or by invoking sendmail with the +.b \-bH +switch. +The connection information may be viewed with the +.i hoststat +command or by invoking sendmail with the +.b \-bh +switch. +.sh 2 "The Service Switch" +.pp +The implementation of certain system services +such as host and user name lookup +is controlled by the service switch. +If the host operating system supports such a switch +.i sendmail +will use the native version. +Ultrix, Solaris, and DEC OSF/1 are examples of such systems. +.pp +If the underlying operating system does not support a service switch +(e.g., SunOS, HP-UX, BSD) +then +.i sendmail +will provide a stub implementation. +The +.b ServiceSwitchFile +option points to the name of a file that has the service definitions +Each line has the name of a service +and the possible implementations of that service. +For example, the file: +.(b +hosts dns files nis +aliases files nis +.)b +will ask +.i sendmail +to look for hosts in the Domain Name System first. +If the requested host name is not found, +it tries local files, +and if that fails it tries NIS. +Similarly, +when looking for aliases +it will try the local files first +followed by NIS. +.pp +Service switches are not completely integrated. +For example, despite the fact that the host entry listed in the above example +specifies to look in NIS, +on SunOS this won't happen because the system implementation of +.i gethostbyname \|(3) +doesn't understand this. +If there is enough demand +.i sendmail +may reimplement +.i gethostbyname \|(3), +.i gethostbyaddr \|(3), +.i getpwent \|(3), +and the other system routines that would be necessary +to make this work seamlessly. +.sh 2 "The Alias Database" +.pp +After recipient addresses are read from the SMTP connection +or command line +they are parsed by ruleset 0, +which must resolve to a +{\c +.i mailer , +.i host , +.i user } +triple. +If the flags selected by the +.i mailer +includes the +.b A +(aliasable) flag, +the +.i user +part of the triple is looked up as the key +(i.e., the left hand side) +into the alias database +If there is a match, the address is deleted from the send queue +and all addresses on the right hand side of the alias +are added in place of the alias that was found. +This is a recursive operation, +so aliases found in the right hand side of the alias +are similarly expanded. +.pp +The alias database exists in two forms. +One is a text form, +maintained in the file +.i /etc/aliases. +The aliases are of the form +.(b +name: name1, name2, ... +.)b +Only local names may be aliased; +e.g., +.(b +eric@prep.ai.MIT.EDU: eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU +.)b +will not have the desired effect +(except on prep.ai.MIT.EDU, +and they probably don't want me)\**. +.(f +\**Actually, any mailer that has the `A' mailer flag set +will permit aliasing; +this is normally limited to the local mailer. +.)f +Aliases may be continued by starting any continuation lines +with a space or a tab. +Blank lines and lines beginning with a sharp sign +(\c +.q # ) +are comments. +.pp +The second form is processed by the +.i ndbm \|(3)\** +.(f +\**The +.i gdbm +package probably works as well. +.)f +or +.i db \|(3) +library. +This form is in the files +.i /etc/aliases.dir +and +.i /etc/aliases.pag. +This is the form that +.i sendmail +actually uses to resolve aliases. +This technique is used to improve performance. +.pp +The control of search order is actually set by the service switch. +Essentially, the entry +.(b +OAswitch:aliases +.)b +is always added as the first alias entry; +also, the first alias file name without a class +(e.g., without +.q nis: +on the front) +will be used as the name of the file for a ``files'' entry +in the aliases switch. +For example, if the configuration file contains +.(b +OA/etc/aliases +.)b +and the service switch contains +.(b +aliases nis files nisplus +.)b +then aliases will first be searched in the NIS database, +then in /etc/aliases, +then in the NIS+ database. +.pp +You can also use +.sm NIS -based +alias files. +For example, the specification: +.(b +OA/etc/aliases +OAnis:mail.aliases@my.nis.domain +.)b +will first search the /etc/aliases file +and then the map named +.q mail.aliases +in +.q my.nis.domain . +Warning: if you build your own +.sm NIS -based +alias files, +be sure to provide the +.b \-l +flag to +.i makedbm (8) +to map upper case letters in the keys to lower case; +otherwise, aliases with upper case letters in their names +won't match incoming addresses. +.pp +Additional flags can be added after the colon +exactly like a +.b K +line \(em for example: +.(b +OAnis:\-N mail.aliases@my.nis.domain +.)b +will search the appropriate NIS map and always include null bytes in the key. +.sh 3 "Rebuilding the alias database" +.pp +The DB or DBM version of the database +may be rebuilt explicitly by executing the command +.(b +newaliases +.)b +This is equivalent to giving +.i sendmail +the +.b \-bi +flag: +.(b +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-bi +.)b +.pp +If the +.b RebuildAliases +(old +.b D ) +option is specified in the configuration, +.i sendmail +will rebuild the alias database automatically +if possible +when it is out of date. +Auto-rebuild can be dangerous +on heavily loaded machines +with large alias files; +if it might take more than the rebuild timeout +(option +.b AliasWait , +old +.b a , +which is normally five minutes) +to rebuild the database, +there is a chance that several processes will start the rebuild process +simultaneously. +.pp +If you have multiple aliases databases specified, +the +.b \-bi +flag rebuilds all the database types it understands +(for example, it can rebuild NDBM databases but not NIS databases). +.sh 3 "Potential problems" +.pp +There are a number of problems that can occur +with the alias database. +They all result from a +.i sendmail +process accessing the DBM version +while it is only partially built. +This can happen under two circumstances: +One process accesses the database +while another process is rebuilding it, +or the process rebuilding the database dies +(due to being killed or a system crash) +before completing the rebuild. +.pp +Sendmail has three techniques to try to relieve these problems. +First, it ignores interrupts while rebuilding the database; +this avoids the problem of someone aborting the process +leaving a partially rebuilt database. +Second, +it locks the database source file during the rebuild \(em +but that may not work over NFS or if the file is unwritable. +Third, +at the end of the rebuild +it adds an alias of the form +.(b +@: @ +.)b +(which is not normally legal). +Before +.i sendmail +will access the database, +it checks to insure that this entry exists\**. +.(f +\**The +.b AliasWait +option is required in the configuration +for this action to occur. +This should normally be specified. +.)f +.sh 3 "List owners" +.pp +If an error occurs on sending to a certain address, +say +.q \fIx\fP , +.i sendmail +will look for an alias +of the form +.q owner-\fIx\fP +to receive the errors. +This is typically useful +for a mailing list +where the submitter of the list +has no control over the maintenance of the list itself; +in this case the list maintainer would be the owner of the list. +For example: +.(b +unix-wizards: eric@ucbarpa, wnj@monet, nosuchuser, + sam@matisse +owner-unix-wizards: unix-wizards-request +unix-wizards-request: eric@ucbarpa +.)b +would cause +.q eric@ucbarpa +to get the error that will occur +when someone sends to +unix-wizards +due to the inclusion of +.q nosuchuser +on the list. +.pp +List owners also cause the envelope sender address to be modified. +The contents of the owner alias are used if they point to a single user, +otherwise the name of the alias itself is used. +For this reason, and to obey Internet conventions, +the +.q owner- +address normally points at the +.q -request +address; this causes messages to go out with the typical Internet convention +of using ``\c +.i list -request'' +as the return address. +.sh 2 "User Information Database" +.pp +If you have a version of +.i sendmail +with the user information database +compiled in, +and you have specified one or more databases using the +.b U +option, +the databases will be searched for a +.i user :maildrop +entry. +If found, the mail will be sent to the specified address. +.sh 2 "Per-User Forwarding (.forward Files)" +.pp +As an alternative to the alias database, +any user may put a file with the name +.q .forward +in his or her home directory. +If this file exists, +.i sendmail +redirects mail for that user +to the list of addresses listed in the .forward file. +For example, if the home directory for user +.q mckusick +has a .forward file with contents: +.(b +mckusick@ernie +kirk@calder +.)b +then any mail arriving for +.q mckusick +will be redirected to the specified accounts. +.pp +Actually, the configuration file defines a sequence of filenames to check. +By default, this is the user's .forward file, +but can be defined to be more generally using the +.b J +option. +If you change this, +you will have to inform your user base of the change; +\&.forward is pretty well incorporated into the collective subconscious. +.sh 2 "Special Header Lines" +.pp +Several header lines have special interpretations +defined by the configuration file. +Others have interpretations built into +.i sendmail +that cannot be changed without changing the code. +These builtins are described here. +.sh 3 "Errors-To:" +.pp +If errors occur anywhere during processing, +this header will cause error messages to go to +the listed addresses. +This is intended for mailing lists. +.pp +The Errors-To: header was created in the bad old days +when UUCP didn't understand the distinction between an envelope and a header; +this was a hack to provide what should now be passed +as the envelope sender address. +It should go away. +It is only used if the +.b UseErrorsTo +option is set. +.pp +The Errors-To: header is official deprecated +and will go away in a future release. +.sh 3 "Apparently-To:" +.pp +RFC 822 requires at least one recipient field +(To:, Cc:, or Bcc: line) +in every message. +If a message comes in with no recipients listed in the message +then +.i sendmail +will adjust the header based on the +.q NoRecipientAction +option. +One of the possible actions is to add an +.q "Apparently-To:" +header line for any recipients it is aware of. +This is not put in as a standard recipient line +to warn any recipients that the list is not complete. +.pp +The Apparently-To: header is non-standard +and is deprecated. +.sh 3 "Precedence" +.pp +The Precedence: header can be used as a crude control of message priority. +It tweaks the sort order in the queue +and can be configured to change the message timeout values. +.sh 2 "IDENT Protocol Support" +.pp +.i Sendmail +supports the IDENT protocol as defined in RFC 1413. +Although this enhances identification +of the author of an email message +by doing a ``call back'' to the originating system to include +the owner of a particular TCP connection +in the audit trail +it is in no sense perfect; +a determined forger can easily spoof the IDENT protocol. +The following description is excerpted from RFC 1413: +.ba +5 +.lp +6. Security Considerations +.lp +The information returned by this protocol is at most as trustworthy +as the host providing it OR the organization operating the host. For +example, a PC in an open lab has few if any controls on it to prevent +a user from having this protocol return any identifier the user +wants. Likewise, if the host has been compromised the information +returned may be completely erroneous and misleading. +.lp +The Identification Protocol is not intended as an authorization or +access control protocol. At best, it provides some additional +auditing information with respect to TCP connections. At worst, it +can provide misleading, incorrect, or maliciously incorrect +information. +.lp +The use of the information returned by this protocol for other than +auditing is strongly discouraged. Specifically, using Identification +Protocol information to make access control decisions - either as the +primary method (i.e., no other checks) or as an adjunct to other +methods may result in a weakening of normal host security. +.lp +An Identification server may reveal information about users, +entities, objects or processes which might normally be considered +private. An Identification server provides service which is a rough +analog of the CallerID services provided by some phone companies and +many of the same privacy considerations and arguments that apply to +the CallerID service apply to Identification. If you wouldn't run a +"finger" server due to privacy considerations you may not want to run +this protocol. +.ba +.lp +In some cases your system may not work properly with IDENT support +due to a bug in the TCP/IP implementation. +The symptoms will be that for some hosts +the SMTP connection will be closed +almost immediately. +If this is true or if you do not want to use IDENT, +you should set the IDENT timeout to zero; +this will disable the IDENT protocol. +.sh 1 "ARGUMENTS" +.pp +The complete list of arguments to +.i sendmail +is described in detail in Appendix A. +Some important arguments are described here. +.sh 2 "Queue Interval" +.pp +The amount of time between forking a process +to run through the queue +is defined by the +.b \-q +flag. +If you run with delivery mode set to +.b i +or +.b b +this can be relatively large, +since it will only be relevant +when a host that was down comes back up. +If you run in +.b q +mode +it should be relatively short, +since it defines the maximum amount of time that a message +may sit in the queue. +(See also the MinQueueAge option.) +.pp +RFC 1123 section 5.3.1.1 says that this value should be at least 30 minutes +(although that probably doesn't make sense if you use ``queue-only'' mode). +.sh 2 "Daemon Mode" +.pp +If you allow incoming mail over an IPC connection, +you should have a daemon running. +This should be set by your +.i /etc/rc +file using the +.b \-bd +flag. +The +.b \-bd +flag and the +.b \-q +flag may be combined in one call: +.(b +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-bd \-q30m +.)b +.pp +An alternative approach is to invoke sendmail from +.i inetd (8) +(use the +.b \-bs +flag to ask sendmail to speak SMTP on its standard input and output). +This works and allows you to wrap +.i sendmail +in a TCP wrapper program, +but may be a bit slower since the configuration file +has to be re-read on every message that comes in. +If you do this, you still need to have a +.i sendmail +running to flush the queue: +.(b +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-q30m +.)b +.sh 2 "Forcing the Queue" +.pp +In some cases you may find that the queue has gotten clogged for some reason. +You can force a queue run +using the +.b \-q +flag (with no value). +It is entertaining to use the +.b \-v +flag (verbose) +when this is done to watch what happens: +.(b +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-q \-v +.)b +.pp +You can also limit the jobs to those with a particular queue identifier, +sender, or recipient +using one of the queue modifiers. +For example, +.q \-qRberkeley +restricts the queue run to jobs that have the string +.q berkeley +somewhere in one of the recipient addresses. +Similarly, +.q \-qSstring +limits the run to particular senders and +.q \-qIstring +limits it to particular queue identifiers. +.sh 2 "Debugging" +.pp +There are a fairly large number of debug flags +built into +.i sendmail . +Each debug flag has a number and a level, +where higher levels means to print out more information. +The convention is that levels greater than nine are +.q absurd, +i.e., +they print out so much information that you wouldn't normally +want to see them except for debugging that particular piece of code. +Debug flags are set using the +.b \-d +option; +the syntax is: +.(b +.ta \w'debug-option 'u +debug-flag: \fB\-d\fP debug-list +debug-list: debug-option [ , debug-option ]* +debug-option: debug-range [ . debug-level ] +debug-range: integer | integer \- integer +debug-level: integer +.)b +where spaces are for reading ease only. +For example, +.(b +\-d12 Set flag 12 to level 1 +\-d12.3 Set flag 12 to level 3 +\-d3\-17 Set flags 3 through 17 to level 1 +\-d3\-17.4 Set flags 3 through 17 to level 4 +.)b +For a complete list of the available debug flags +you will have to look at the code +(they are too dynamic to keep this documentation up to date). +.sh 2 "Changing the Values of Options" +.pp +Options can be overridden using the +.b \-o +or +.b \-O +command line flags. +For example, +.(b +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-oT2m +.)b +sets the +.b T +(timeout) option to two minutes +for this run only; +the equivalent line using the long option name is +.(b +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail -OTimeout.queuereturn=2m +.)b +.pp +Some options have security implications. +Sendmail allows you to set these, +but relinquishes its setuid root permissions thereafter\**. +.(f +\**That is, it sets its effective uid to the real uid; +thus, if you are executing as root, +as from root's crontab file or during system startup +the root permissions will still be honored. +.)f +.sh 2 "Trying a Different Configuration File" +.pp +An alternative configuration file +can be specified using the +.b \-C +flag; for example, +.(b +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-Ctest.cf \-oQ/tmp/mqueue +.)b +uses the configuration file +.i test.cf +instead of the default +.i /etc/sendmail.cf. +If the +.b \-C +flag has no value +it defaults to +.i sendmail.cf +in the current directory. +.pp +.i Sendmail +gives up its setuid root permissions +when you use this flag, so it is common to use a publicly writable directory +(such as /tmp) +as the spool directory (QueueDirectory or Q option) while testing. +.sh 2 "Logging Traffic" +.pp +Many SMTP implementations do not fully implement the protocol. +For example, some personal computer based SMTPs +do not understand continuation lines in reply codes. +These can be very hard to trace. +If you suspect such a problem, you can set traffic logging using the +.b \-X +flag. +For example, +.(b +/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-X /tmp/traffic \-bd +.)b +will log all traffic in the file +.i /tmp/traffic . +.pp +This logs a lot of data very quickly and should +.b NEVER +be used +during normal operations. +After starting up such a daemon, +force the errant implementation to send a message to your host. +All message traffic in and out of +.i sendmail , +including the incoming SMTP traffic, +will be logged in this file. +.sh 2 "Testing Configuration Files" +.pp +When you build a configuration table, +you can do a certain amount of testing +using the +.q "test mode" +of +.i sendmail . +For example, +you could invoke +.i sendmail +as: +.(b +sendmail \-bt \-Ctest.cf +.)b +which would read the configuration file +.q test.cf +and enter test mode. +In this mode, +you enter lines of the form: +.(b +rwset address +.)b +where +.i rwset +is the rewriting set you want to use +and +.i address +is an address to apply the set to. +Test mode shows you the steps it takes +as it proceeds, +finally showing you the address it ends up with. +You may use a comma separated list of rwsets +for sequential application of rules to an input. +For example: +.(b +3,1,21,4 monet:bollard +.)b +first applies ruleset three to the input +.q monet:bollard. +Ruleset one is then applied to the output of ruleset three, +followed similarly by rulesets twenty-one and four. +.pp +If you need more detail, +you can also use the +.q \-d21 +flag to turn on more debugging. +For example, +.(b +sendmail \-bt \-d21.99 +.)b +turns on an incredible amount of information; +a single word address +is probably going to print out several pages worth of information. +.pp +You should be warned that internally, +.i sendmail +applies ruleset 3 to all addresses. +In test mode +you will have to do that manually. +For example, older versions allowed you to use +.(b +0 bruce@broadcast.sony.com +.)b +This version requires that you use: +.(b +3,0 bruce@broadcast.sony.com +.)b +.pp +As of version 8.7, +some other syntaxes are available in test mode: +.bu +\&.D\|x\|value +defines macro +.i x +to have the indicated +.i value . +This is useful when debugging rules that use the +.b $& \c +.i x +syntax. +.bu +\&.C\|c\|value +adds the indicated +.i value +to class +.i c . +.bu +\&.S\|ruleset +dumps the contents of the indicated ruleset. +.bu +\-d\|debug-spec +is equivalent to the command-line flag. +.sh 2 "Persistent Host Status Information" +.pp +When +.b HostStatusDirectory +is enabled, +information about the status of hosts is maintained on disk +and can thus be shared between different instantiations of +.i sendmail . +The status of the last connection with each remote host +may be viewed with the command: +.(b +sendmail \-bh +.)b +This information may be flushed with the command: +.(b +sendmail \-bH +.)b +Flushing the information prevents new +.i sendmail +processes from loading it, +but does not prevent existing processes from using the status information +that they already have. +.sh 1 "TUNING" +.pp +There are a number of configuration parameters +you may want to change, +depending on the requirements of your site. +Most of these are set +using an option in the configuration file. +For example, +the line +.q "O Timeout.queuereturn=5d" +sets option +.q Timeout.queuereturn +to the value +.q 5d +(five days). +.pp +Most of these options have appropriate defaults for most sites. +However, +sites having very high mail loads may find they need to tune them +as appropriate for their mail load. +In particular, +sites experiencing a large number of small messages, +many of which are delivered to many recipients, +may find that they need to adjust the parameters +dealing with queue priorities. +.pp +All versions of +.i sendmail +prior to 8.7 +had single character option names. +As of 8.7, +options have long (multi-character names). +Although old short names are still accepted, +most new options do not have short equivalents. +.pp +This section only describes the options you are most likely +to want to tweak; +read section +.\"XREF +5 +for more details. +.sh 2 "Timeouts" +.pp +All time intervals are set +using a scaled syntax. +For example, +.q 10m +represents ten minutes, whereas +.q 2h30m +represents two and a half hours. +The full set of scales is: +.(b +.ta 4n +s seconds +m minutes +h hours +d days +w weeks +.)b +.sh 3 "Queue interval" +.pp +The argument to the +.b \-q +flag +specifies how often a sub-daemon will run the queue. +This is typically set to between fifteen minutes +and one hour. +RFC 1123 section 5.3.1.1 recommends that this be at least 30 minutes. +.sh 3 "Read timeouts" +.pp +Timeouts all have option names +.q Timeout.\fIsuboption\fP . +The recognized +.i suboption s, +their default values, and the minimum values +allowed by RFC 1123 section 5.3.2 are: +.nr ii 1i +.ip connect +The time to wait for an SMTP connection to open +(the +.i connect (2) +system call) +[0, unspecified]. +If zero, uses the kernel default. +In no case can this option extend the timeout +longer than the kernel provides, but it can shorten it. +This is to get around kernels that provide an absurdly long connection timeout +(90 minutes in one case). +.ip iconnect +The same as +.i connect, +except it applies only to the initial attempt to connect to a host +for a given message +[0, unspecified]. +The concept is that this should be very short (a few seconds); +hosts that are well connected and responsive will thus be serviced immediately. +Hosts that are slow will not hold up other deliveries in the initial +delivery attempt. +.ip initial +The wait for the initial 220 greeting message +[5m, 5m]. +.ip helo +The wait for a reply from a HELO or EHLO command +[5m, unspecified]. +This may require a host name lookup, so +five minutes is probably a reasonable minimum. +.ip mail\(dg +The wait for a reply from a MAIL command +[10m, 5m]. +.ip rcpt\(dg +The wait for a reply from a RCPT command +[1h, 5m]. +This should be long +because it could be pointing at a list +that takes a long time to expand +(see below). +.ip datainit\(dg +The wait for a reply from a DATA command +[5m, 2m]. +.ip datablock\(dg +The wait for reading a data block +(that is, the body of the message). +[1h, 3m]. +This should be long because it also applies to programs +piping input to +.i sendmail +which have no guarantee of promptness. +.ip datafinal\(dg +The wait for a reply from the dot terminating a message. +[1h, 10m]. +If this is shorter than the time actually needed +for the receiver to deliver the message, +duplicates will be generated. +This is discussed in RFC 1047. +.ip rset +The wait for a reply from a RSET command +[5m, unspecified]. +.ip quit +The wait for a reply from a QUIT command +[2m, unspecified]. +.ip misc +The wait for a reply from miscellaneous (but short) commands +such as NOOP (no-operation) and VERB (go into verbose mode). +[2m, unspecified]. +.ip command\(dg +In server SMTP, +the time to wait for another command. +[1h, 5m]. +.ip ident +The timeout waiting for a reply to an IDENT query +[30s\**, unspecified]. +.(f +\**On some systems the default is zero to turn the protocol off entirely. +.)f +.lp +For compatibility with old configuration files, +if no +.i suboption +is specified, +all the timeouts marked with \(dg are set to the indicated value. +.pp +Many of the RFC 1123 minimum values +may well be too short. +.i Sendmail +was designed to the RFC 822 protocols, +which did not specify read timeouts; +hence, versions of +.i sendmail +prior to version 8.1 did not guarantee to reply to messages promptly. +In particular, a +.q RCPT +command specifying a mailing list +will expand and verify the entire list; +a large list on a slow system +may easily take more than five minutes\**. +.(f +\**This verification includes looking up every address +with the name server; +this involves network delays, +and can in some cases can be considerable. +.)f +I recommend a one hour timeout \*- +since a communications failure during the RCPT phase is rare, +a long timeout is not onerous +and may ultimately help reduce network load +and duplicated messages. +.pp +For example, the lines: +.(b +O Timeout.command=25m +O Timeout.datablock=3h +.)b +sets the server SMTP command timeout to 25 minutes +and the input data block timeout to three hours. +.sh 3 "Message timeouts" +.pp +After sitting in the queue for a few days, +a message will time out. +This is to insure that at least the sender is aware +of the inability to send a message. +The timeout is typically set to five days. +It is sometimes considered convenient to also send a warning message +if the message is in the queue longer than a few hours +(assuming you normally have good connectivity; +if your messages normally took several hours to send +you wouldn't want to do this because it wouldn't be an unusual event). +These timeouts are set using the +.b Timeout.queuereturn +and +.b Timeout.queuewarn +options in the configuration file +(previously both were set using the +.b T +option). +.pp +Since these options are global, +and since you can not know +.i "a priori" +how long another host outside your domain will be down, +a five day timeout is recommended. +This allows a recipient to fix the problem even if it occurs +at the beginning of a long weekend. +RFC 1123 section 5.3.1.1 says that this parameter +should be ``at least 4\-5 days''. +.pp +The +.b Timeout.queuewarn +value can be piggybacked on the +.b T +option by indicating a time after which +a warning message should be sent; +the two timeouts are separated by a slash. +For example, the line +.(b +OT5d/4h +.)b +causes email to fail after five days, +but a warning message will be sent after four hours. +This should be large enough that the message will have been tried +several times. +.sh 2 "Forking During Queue Runs" +.pp +By setting the +.b ForkEachJob +(\c +.b Y ) +option, +.i sendmail +will fork before each individual message +while running the queue. +This will prevent +.i sendmail +from consuming large amounts of memory, +so it may be useful in memory-poor environments. +However, if the +.b ForkEachJob +option is not set, +.i sendmail +will keep track of hosts that are down during a queue run, +which can improve performance dramatically. +.pp +If the +.b ForkEachJob +option is set, +.i sendmail +can not use connection caching. +.sh 2 "Queue Priorities" +.pp +Every message is assigned a priority when it is first instantiated, +consisting of the message size (in bytes) +offset by the message class +(which is determined from the Precedence: header) +times the +.q "work class factor" +and the number of recipients times the +.q "work recipient factor." +The priority is used to order the queue. +Higher numbers for the priority mean that the message will be processed later +when running the queue. +.pp +The message size is included so that large messages are penalized +relative to small messages. +The message class allows users to send +.q "high priority" +messages by including a +.q Precedence: +field in their message; +the value of this field is looked up in the +.b P +lines of the configuration file. +Since the number of recipients affects the amount of load a message presents +to the system, +this is also included into the priority. +.pp +The recipient and class factors +can be set in the configuration file using the +.b RecipientFactor +(\c +.b y ) +and +.b ClassFactor +(\c +.b z ) +options respectively. +They default to 30000 (for the recipient factor) +and 1800 +(for the class factor). +The initial priority is: +.EQ +pri = msgsize - (class times bold ClassFactor) + (nrcpt times bold RecipientFactor) +.EN +(Remember, higher values for this parameter actually mean +that the job will be treated with lower priority.) +.pp +The priority of a job can also be adjusted each time it is processed +(that is, each time an attempt is made to deliver it) +using the +.q "work time factor," +set by the +.b RetryFactor +(\c +.b Z ) +option. +This is added to the priority, +so it normally decreases the precedence of the job, +on the grounds that jobs that have failed many times +will tend to fail again in the future. +The +.b RetryFactor +option defaults to 90000. +.sh 2 "Load Limiting" +.pp +.i Sendmail +can be asked to queue (but not deliver) +mail if the system load average gets too high +using the +.b QueueLA +(\c +.b x ) +option. +When the load average exceeds the value of the +.b QueueLA +option, +the delivery mode is set to +.b q +(queue only) +if the +.b QueueFactor +(\c +.b q ) +option divided by the difference in the current load average and the +.b QueueLA +option +plus one +exceeds the priority of the message \(em +that is, the message is queued iff: +.EQ +pri > { bold QueueFactor } over { LA - { bold QueueLA } + 1 } +.EN +The +.b QueueFactor +option defaults to 600000, +so each point of load average is worth 600000 +priority points +(as described above). +.pp +For drastic cases, +the +.b RefuseLA +(\c +.b X ) +option defines a load average at which +.i sendmail +will refuse +to accept network connections. +Locally generated mail +(including incoming UUCP mail) +is still accepted. +.sh 2 "Delivery Mode" +.pp +There are a number of delivery modes that +.i sendmail +can operate in, +set by the +.b DeliveryMode +(\c +.b d ) +configuration option. +These modes +specify how quickly mail will be delivered. +Legal modes are: +.(b +.ta 4n +i deliver interactively (synchronously) +b deliver in background (asynchronously) +q queue only (don't deliver) +d defer delvery attempts (don't deliver) +.)b +There are tradeoffs. +Mode +.q i +gives the sender the quickest feedback, +but may slow down some mailers and +is hardly ever necessary. +Mode +.q b +delivers promptly but +can cause large numbers of processes +if you have a mailer that takes a long time to deliver a message. +Mode +.q q +minimizes the load on your machine, +but means that delivery may be delayed for up to the queue interval. +Mode +.q d +is identical to mode +.q q +except that it also prevents all the early map lookups from working; +it is intended for ``dial on demand'' sites where DNS lookups +might cost real money. +Some simple error messages +(e.g., host unknown during the SMTP protocol) +will be delayed using this mode. +Mode +.q b +is the usual default. +.pp +If you run in mode +.q q +(queue only), +.q d +(defer), +or +.q b +(deliver in background) +.i sendmail +will not expand aliases and follow .forward files +upon initial receipt of the mail. +This speeds up the response to RCPT commands. +Mode +.q i +cannot be used by the SMTP server. +.sh 2 "Log Level" +.pp +The level of logging can be set for +.i sendmail . +The default using a standard configuration table is level 9. +The levels are as follows: +.nr ii 0.5i +.ip 0 +No logging. +.ip 1 +Serious system failures and potential security problems. +.ip 2 +Lost communications (network problems) and protocol failures. +.ip 3 +Other serious failures. +.ip 4 +Minor failures. +.ip 5 +Message collection statistics. +.ip 6 +Creation of error messages, +VRFY and EXPN commands. +.ip 7 +Delivery failures (host or user unknown, etc.). +.ip 8 +Successful deliveries and alias database rebuilds. +.ip 9 +Messages being deferred +(due to a host being down, etc.). +.ip 10 +Database expansion (alias, forward, and userdb lookups). +.ip 12 +Log all incoming and outgoing SMTP commands. +.ip 20 +Logs attempts to run locked queue files. +These are not errors, +but can be useful to note if your queue appears to be clogged. +.ip 30 +Lost locks (only if using lockf instead of flock). +.lp +Additionally, +values above 64 are reserved for extremely verbose debugging output. +No normal site would ever set these. +.sh 2 "File Modes" +.pp +The modes used for files depend on what functionality you want +and the level of security you require. +.sh 3 "To suid or not to suid?" +.pp +.i Sendmail +can safely be made +setuid to root. +At the point where it is about to +.i exec \|(2) +a mailer, +it checks to see if the userid is zero; +if so, +it resets the userid and groupid to a default +(set by the +.b u +and +.b g +options). +(This can be overridden +by setting the +.b S +flag to the mailer +for mailers that are trusted +and must be called as root.) +However, +this will cause mail processing +to be accounted +(using +.i sa \|(8)) +to root +rather than to the user sending the mail. +.pp +If you don't make +.i sendmail +setuid to root, it will still run but you lose a lot of functionality +and a lot of privacy, since you'll have to make the queue directory +world readable. +You could also make +.i sendmail +setuid to some pseudo-user +(e.g., create a user called +.q sendmail +and make +.i sendmail +setuid to that) +which will fix the privacy problems +but not the functionality issues. +Also, this isn't a guarantee of security: +for example, +root occasionally sends mail, +and the daemon often runs as root. +.sh 3 "Should my alias database be writable?" +.pp +At Berkeley +we have the alias database +(/etc/aliases*) +mode 644. +While this is not as flexible as if the database +were more 666, it avoids potential security problems +with a globally writable database. +.pp +The database that +.i sendmail +actually used +is represented by the two files +.i aliases.dir +and +.i aliases.pag +(both in /etc) +(or +.i aliases.db +if you are running with the new Berkeley database primitives). +The mode on these files should match the mode +on /etc/aliases. +If +.i aliases +is writable +and the +DBM +files +(\c +.i aliases.dir +and +.i aliases.pag ) +are not, +users will be unable to reflect their desired changes +through to the actual database. +However, +if +.i aliases +is read-only +and the DBM files are writable, +a slightly sophisticated user +can arrange to steal mail anyway. +.pp +If your DBM files are not writable by the world +or you do not have auto-rebuild enabled +(with the +.b AutoRebuildAliases +option), +then you must be careful to reconstruct the alias database +each time you change the text version: +.(b +newaliases +.)b +If this step is ignored or forgotten +any intended changes will also be ignored or forgotten. +.sh 2 "Connection Caching" +.pp +When processing the queue, +.i sendmail +will try to keep the last few open connections open +to avoid startup and shutdown costs. +This only applies to IPC connections. +.pp +When trying to open a connection +the cache is first searched. +If an open connection is found, it is probed to see if it is still active +by sending a +.sm RSET +command. +It is not an error if this fails; +instead, the connection is closed and reopened. +.pp +Two parameters control the connection cache. +The +.b ConnectionCacheSize +(\c +.b k ) +option defines the number of simultaneous open connections +that will be permitted. +If it is set to zero, +connections will be closed as quickly as possible. +The default is one. +This should be set as appropriate for your system size; +it will limit the amount of system resources that +.i sendmail +will use during queue runs. +Never set this higher than 4. +.pp +The +.b ConnectionCacheTimeout +(\c +.b K ) +option specifies the maximum time that any cached connection +will be permitted to idle. +When the idle time exceeds this value +the connection is closed. +This number should be small +(under ten minutes) +to prevent you from grabbing too many resources +from other hosts. +The default is five minutes. +.sh 2 "Name Server Access" +.pp +Control of host address lookups is set by the +.b hosts +service entry in your service switch file. +If you are on a system that has built-in service switch support +(e.g., Ultrix, Solaris, or DEC OSF/1) +then your system is probably configured properly already. +Otherwise, +.i sendmail +will consult the file +.b /etc/service.switch , +which should be created. +.i Sendmail +only uses two entries: +.b hosts +and +.b aliases . +.pp +However, some systems (such as SunOS) +will do DNS lookups +regardless of the setting of the service switch entry. +In particular, the system routine +.i gethostbyname (3) +is used to look up host names, +and many vendor versions try some combination of DNS, NIS, +and file lookup in /etc/hosts +without consulting a service switch. +.i Sendmail +makes no attempt to work around this problem, +and the DNS lookup will be done anyway. +If you do not have a nameserver configured at all, +such as at a UUCP-only site, +.i sendmail +will get a +.q "connection refused" +message when it tries to connect to the name server. +If the +.b hosts +switch entry has the service +.q dns +listed somewhere in the list, +.i sendmail +will interpret this to mean a temporary failure +and will queue the mail for later processing; +otherwise, it ignores the name server data. +.pp +The same technique is used to decide whether to do MX lookups. +If you want MX support, you +.i must +have +.q dns +listed as a service in the +.b hosts +switch entry. +.pp +The +.b ResolverOptions +(\c +.b I ) +option allows you to tweak name server options. +The command line takes a series of flags as documented in +.i resolver (3) +(with the leading +.q RES_ +deleted). +Each can be preceded by an optional `+' or `\(mi'. +For example, the line +.(b +O ResolverOptions=+AAONLY \(miDNSRCH +.)b +turns on the AAONLY (accept authoritative answers only) +and turns off the DNSRCH (search the domain path) options. +Most resolver libraries default DNSRCH, DEFNAMES, and RECURSE +flags on and all others off. +You can also include +.q HasWildcardMX +to specify that there is a wildcard MX record matching your domain; +this turns off MX matching when canonifying names, +which can lead to inappropriate canonifications. +.pp +Version level 1 configurations +turn DNSRCH and DEFNAMES off when doing delivery lookups, +but leave them on everywhere else. +Version 8 of +.i sendmail +ignores them when doing canonification lookups +(that is, when using $[ ... $]), +and always does the search. +If you don't want to do automatic name extension, +don't call $[ ... $]. +.pp +The search rules for $[ ... $] are somewhat different than usual. +If the name being looked up +has at least one dot, it always tries the unmodified name first. +If that fails, it tries the reduced search path, +and lastly tries the unmodified name +(but only for names without a dot, +since names with a dot have already been tried). +This allows names such as +``utc.CS'' +to match the site in Czechoslovakia +rather than the site in your local Computer Science department. +It also prefers A and CNAME records over MX records \*- +that is, if it finds an MX record it makes note of it, +but keeps looking. +This way, if you have a wildcard MX record matching your domain, +it will not assume that all names match. +.pp +To completely turn off all name server access +on systems without service switch support +(such as SunOS) +you will have to recompile with +\-DNAMED_BIND=0 +and remove \-lresolv from the list of libraries to be searched +when linking. +.sh 2 "Moving the Per-User Forward Files" +.pp +Some sites mount each user's home directory +from a local disk on their workstation, +so that local access is fast. +However, the result is that .forward file lookups are slow. +In some cases, +mail can even be delivered on machines inappropriately +because of a file server being down. +The performance can be especially bad if you run the automounter. +.pp +The +.b ForwardPath +(\c +.b J ) +option allows you to set a path of forward files. +For example, the config file line +.(b +O ForwardPath=/var/forward/$u:$z/.forward.$w +.)b +would first look for a file with the same name as the user's login +in /var/forward; +if that is not found (or is inaccessible) +the file +``.forward.\c +.i machinename '' +in the user's home directory is searched. +A truly perverse site could also search by sender +by using $r, $s, or $f. +.pp +If you create a directory such as /var/forward, +it should be mode 1777 +(that is, the sticky bit should be set). +Users should create the files mode 644. +.sh 2 "Free Space" +.pp +On systems that have one of the system calls in the +.i statfs (2) +family +(including +.i statvfs +and +.i ustat ), +you can specify a minimum number of free blocks on the queue filesystem +using the +.b MinFreeBlocks +(\c +.b b ) +option. +If there are fewer than the indicated number of blocks free +on the filesystem on which the queue is mounted +the SMTP server will reject mail +with the +452 error code. +This invites the SMTP client to try again later. +.pp +Beware of setting this option too high; +it can cause rejection of email +when that mail would be processed without difficulty. +.sh 2 "Maximum Message Size" +.pp +To avoid overflowing your system with a large message, +the +.b MaxMessageSize +option can be set to set an absolute limit +on the size of any one message. +This will be advertised in the ESMTP dialogue +and checked during message collection. +.sh 2 "Privacy Flags" +.pp +The +.b PrivacyOptions +(\c +.b p ) +option allows you to set certain +``privacy'' +flags. +Actually, many of them don't give you any extra privacy, +rather just insisting that client SMTP servers +use the HELO command +before using certain commands +or adding extra headers to indicate possible spoof attempts. +.pp +The option takes a series of flag names; +the final privacy is the inclusive or of those flags. +For example: +.(b +O PrivacyOptions=needmailhelo, noexpn +.)b +insists that the HELO or EHLO command be used before a MAIL command is accepted +and disables the EXPN command. +.pp +The flags are detailed in section +.\"XREF +5.6. +.sh 2 "Send to Me Too" +.pp +Normally, +.i sendmail +deletes the (envelope) sender from any list expansions. +For example, if +.q matt +sends to a list that contains +.q matt +as one of the members he won't get a copy of the message. +If the +.b \-m +(me too) +command line flag, or if the +.b MeToo +(\c +.b m ) +option is set in the configuration file, +this behaviour is suppressed. +Some sites like to run the +.sm SMTP +daemon with +.b \-m . +.sh 1 "THE WHOLE SCOOP ON THE CONFIGURATION FILE" +.pp +This section describes the configuration file +in detail. +.pp +There is one point that should be made clear immediately: +the syntax of the configuration file +is designed to be reasonably easy to parse, +since this is done every time +.i sendmail +starts up, +rather than easy for a human to read or write. +On the +.q "future project" +list is a +configuration-file compiler. +.pp +The configuration file is organized as a series of lines, +each of which begins with a single character +defining the semantics for the rest of the line. +Lines beginning with a space or a tab +are continuation lines +(although the semantics are not well defined in many places). +Blank lines and lines beginning with a sharp symbol +(`#') +are comments. +.sh 2 "R and S \*- Rewriting Rules" +.pp +The core of address parsing +are the rewriting rules. +These are an ordered production system. +.i Sendmail +scans through the set of rewriting rules +looking for a match on the left hand side +(LHS) +of the rule. +When a rule matches, +the address is replaced by the right hand side +(RHS) +of the rule. +.pp +There are several sets of rewriting rules. +Some of the rewriting sets are used internally +and must have specific semantics. +Other rewriting sets +do not have specifically assigned semantics, +and may be referenced by the mailer definitions +or by other rewriting sets. +.pp +The syntax of these two commands are: +.(b F +.b S \c +.i n +.)b +Sets the current ruleset being collected to +.i n . +If you begin a ruleset more than once +it appends to the old definition. +.(b F +.b R \c +.i lhs +.i rhs +.i comments +.)b +The +fields must be separated +by at least one tab character; +there may be embedded spaces +in the fields. +The +.i lhs +is a pattern that is applied to the input. +If it matches, +the input is rewritten to the +.i rhs . +The +.i comments +are ignored. +.pp +Macro expansions of the form +.b $ \c +.i x +are performed when the configuration file is read. +Expansions of the form +.b $& \c +.i x +are performed at run time using a somewhat less general algorithm. +This for is intended only for referencing internally defined macros +such as +.b $h +that are changed at runtime. +.sh 3 "The left hand side" +.pp +The left hand side of rewriting rules contains a pattern. +Normal words are simply matched directly. +Metasyntax is introduced using a dollar sign. +The metasymbols are: +.(b +.ta \w'\fB$=\fP\fIx\fP 'u +\fB$*\fP Match zero or more tokens +\fB$+\fP Match one or more tokens +\fB$\-\fP Match exactly one token +\fB$=\fP\fIx\fP Match any phrase in class \fIx\fP +\fB$~\fP\fIx\fP Match any word not in class \fIx\fP +.)b +If any of these match, +they are assigned to the symbol +.b $ \c +.i n +for replacement on the right hand side, +where +.i n +is the index in the LHS. +For example, +if the LHS: +.(b +$\-:$+ +.)b +is applied to the input: +.(b +UCBARPA:eric +.)b +the rule will match, and the values passed to the RHS will be: +.(b +.ta 4n +$1 UCBARPA +$2 eric +.)b +.pp +Additionally, the LHS can include +.b $@ +to match zero tokens. +This is +.i not +bound to a +.b $ \c +.i n +on the RHS, and is normally only used when it stands alone +in order to match the null input. +.sh 3 "The right hand side" +.pp +When the left hand side of a rewriting rule matches, +the input is deleted and replaced by the right hand side. +Tokens are copied directly from the RHS +unless they begin with a dollar sign. +Metasymbols are: +.(b +.ta \w'$#mailer\0\0\0'u +\fB$\fP\fIn\fP Substitute indefinite token \fIn\fP from LHS +\fB$[\fP\fIname\fP\fB$]\fP Canonicalize \fIname\fP +\fB$(\fP\fImap key\fP \fB$@\fP\fIarguments\fP \fB$:\fP\fIdefault\fP \fB$)\fP + Generalized keyed mapping function +\fB$>\fP\fIn\fP \*(lqCall\*(rq ruleset \fIn\fP +\fB$#\fP\fImailer\fP Resolve to \fImailer\fP +\fB$@\fP\fIhost\fP Specify \fIhost\fP +\fB$:\fP\fIuser\fP Specify \fIuser\fP +.)b +.pp +The +.b $ \c +.i n +syntax substitutes the corresponding value from a +.b $+ , +.b $\- , +.b $* , +.b $= , +or +.b $~ +match on the LHS. +It may be used anywhere. +.pp +A host name enclosed between +.b $[ +and +.b $] +is looked up in the host database(s) +and replaced by the canonical name\**. +.(f +\**This is actually +completely equivalent +to $(host \fIhostname\fP$). +In particular, a +.b $: +default can be used. +.)f +For example, +.q $[ftp$] +might become +.q ftp.CS.Berkeley.EDU +and +.q $[[128.32.130.2]$] +would become +.q vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU. +.i Sendmail +recognizes it's numeric IP address +without calling the name server +and replaces it with it's canonical name. +.pp +The +.b $( +\&... +.b $) +syntax is a more general form of lookup; +it uses a named map instead of an implicit map. +If no lookup is found, the indicated +.i default +is inserted; +if no default is specified and no lookup matches, +the value is left unchanged. +The +.i arguments +are passed to the map for possible use. +.pp +The +.b $> \c +.i n +syntax +causes the remainder of the line to be substituted as usual +and then passed as the argument to ruleset +.i n . +The final value of ruleset +.i n +then becomes +the substitution for this rule. +The +.b $> +syntax can only be used at the beginning of the right hand side; +it can be only be preceded by +.b $@ +or +.b $: . +.pp +The +.b $# +syntax should +.i only +be used in ruleset zero +or a subroutine of ruleset zero. +It causes evaluation of the ruleset to terminate immediately, +and signals to +.i sendmail +that the address has completely resolved. +The complete syntax is: +.(b +\fB$#\fP\fImailer\fP \fB$@\fP\fIhost\fP \fB$:\fP\fIuser\fP +.)b +This specifies the +{mailer, host, user} +3-tuple necessary to direct the mailer. +If the mailer is local +the host part may be omitted\**. +.(f +\**You may want to use it for special +.q "per user" +extensions. +For example, in the address +.q jgm+foo@CMU.EDU ; +the +.q +foo +part is not part of the user name, +and is passed to the local mailer for local use. +.)f +The +.i mailer +must be a single word, +but the +.i host +and +.i user +may be multi-part. +If the +.i mailer +is the builtin IPC mailer, +the +.i host +may be a colon-separated list of hosts +that are searched in order for the first working address +(exactly like MX records). +The +.i user +is later rewritten by the mailer-specific envelope rewriting set +and assigned to the +.b $u +macro. +As a special case, if the mailer specified has the +.b F=@ +flag specified +and the first character of the +.b $: +value is +.q @ , +the +.q @ +is stripped off, and a flag is set in the address descriptor +that causes sendmail to not do ruleset 5 processing. +.pp +Normally, a rule that matches is retried, +that is, +the rule loops until it fails. +A RHS may also be preceded by a +.b $@ +or a +.b $: +to change this behavior. +A +.b $@ +prefix causes the ruleset to return with the remainder of the RHS +as the value. +A +.b $: +prefix causes the rule to terminate immediately, +but the ruleset to continue; +this can be used to avoid continued application of a rule. +The prefix is stripped before continuing. +.pp +The +.b $@ +and +.b $: +prefixes may precede a +.b $> +spec; +for example: +.(b +.ta 8n +R$+ $: $>7 $1 +.)b +matches anything, +passes that to ruleset seven, +and continues; +the +.b $: +is necessary to avoid an infinite loop. +.pp +Substitution occurs in the order described, +that is, +parameters from the LHS are substituted, +hostnames are canonicalized, +.q subroutines +are called, +and finally +.b $# , +.b $@ , +and +.b $: +are processed. +.sh 3 "Semantics of rewriting rule sets" +.pp +There are five rewriting sets +that have specific semantics. +Four of these are related as depicted by figure 1. +.(z +.hl +.ie n \{\ +.(c + +---+ + -->| 0 |-->resolved address + / +---+ + / +---+ +---+ + / ---->| 1 |-->| S |-- + +---+ / +---+ / +---+ +---+ \e +---+ +addr-->| 3 |-->| D |-- --->| 4 |-->msg + +---+ +---+ \e +---+ +---+ / +---+ + --->| 2 |-->| R |-- + +---+ +---+ +.)c + +.\} +.el .ie !"\*(.T"" \ +\{\ +.PS +boxwid = 0.3i +boxht = 0.3i +movewid = 0.3i +moveht = 0.3i +linewid = 0.3i +lineht = 0.3i + + box invis "addr"; arrow +Box3: box "3" +A1: arrow +BoxD: box "D"; line; L1: Here +C: [ + C1: arrow; box "1"; arrow; box "S"; line; E1: Here + move to C1 down 0.5; right + C2: arrow; box "2"; arrow; box "R"; line; E2: Here + ] with .w at L1 + (0.5, 0) + move to C.e right 0.5 +L4: arrow; box "4"; arrow; box invis "msg" + line from L1 to C.C1 + line from L1 to C.C2 + line from C.E1 to L4 + line from C.E2 to L4 + move to BoxD.n up 0.6; right +Box0: arrow; box "0" + arrow; box invis "resolved address" width 1.3 + line from 1/3 of the way between A1 and BoxD.w to Box0 +.PE +.\} +.el .sp 2i +.ce +Figure 1 \*- Rewriting set semantics +.(c +D \*- sender domain addition +S \*- mailer-specific sender rewriting +R \*- mailer-specific recipient rewriting +.)c +.hl +.)z +.pp +Ruleset three +should turn the address into +.q "canonical form." +This form should have the basic syntax: +.(b +local-part@host-domain-spec +.)b +Ruleset three +is applied by +.i sendmail +before doing anything with any address. +.pp +If no +.q @ +sign is specified, +then the +host-domain-spec +.i may +be appended (box +.q D +in Figure 1) +from the +sender address +(if the +.b C +flag is set in the mailer definition +corresponding to the +.i sending +mailer). +.pp +Ruleset zero +is applied after ruleset three +to addresses that are going to actually specify recipients. +It must resolve to a +.i "{mailer, host, user}" +triple. +The +.i mailer +must be defined in the mailer definitions +from the configuration file. +The +.i host +is defined into the +.b $h +macro +for use in the argv expansion of the specified mailer. +.pp +Rulesets one and two +are applied to all sender and recipient addresses respectively. +They are applied before any specification +in the mailer definition. +They must never resolve. +.pp +Ruleset four is applied to all addresses +in the message. +It is typically used +to translate internal to external form. +.pp +In addition, +ruleset 5 is applied to all local addresses +(specifically, those that resolve to a mailer with the `F=5' +flag set) +that do not have aliases. +This allows a last minute hook for local names. +.sh 3 "Ruleset hooks" +.pp +A few extra rulesets are defined as +.q hooks +that can be defined to get special features. +They are all named rulesets. +The +.q check_* +forms all give accept/reject status; +falling off the end or returning normally is an accept, +and resolving to $#error +is a reject. +.sh 4 "check_relay" +.pp +The +.i check_relay +ruleset is called after a connection is accepted. +It is passed +.(b +client.host.name $| client.host.address +.)b +where +.b $| +is a metacharacter separating the two parts. +This ruleset can reject connections from various locations. +.sh 4 "check_mail" +.pp +The +.i check_mail +ruleset is passed the user name parameter of the +.sm "SMTP MAIL" +command. +It can accept or reject the address. +.sh 4 "check_rcpt" +.pp +The +.i check_rcpt +ruleset is passed the user name parameter of the +.sm "SMTP RCPT" +command. +It can accept or reject the address. +.sh 4 "check_compat" +.pp +The +.i check_compat +ruleset is passed +.(b +sender-address $| recipient-address +.)b +where +.b $| +is a metacharacter separating the addresses. +It can accept or reject mail transfer between these two addresses +much like the +.i checkcompat() +function. +.sh 3 "IPC mailers" +.pp +Some special processing occurs +if the ruleset zero resolves to an IPC mailer +(that is, a mailer that has +.q [IPC] +listed as the Path in the +.b M +configuration line. +The host name passed after +.q $@ +has MX expansion performed; +this looks the name up in DNS to find alternate delivery sites. +.pp +The host name can also be provided as a dotted quad in square brackets; +for example: +.(b +[128.32.149.78] +.)b +This causes direct conversion of the numeric value +to a TCP/IP host address. +.pp +The host name passed in after the +.q $@ +may also be a colon-separated list of hosts. +Each is separately MX expanded and the results are concatenated +to make (essentially) one long MX list. +The intent here is to create +.q fake +MX records that are not published in DNS +for private internal networks. +.pp +As a final special case, the host name can be passed in +as a text string +in square brackets: +.(b +[ucbvax.berkeley.edu] +.)b +This form avoids the MX mapping. +.b N.B.: +.i +This is intended only for situations where you have a network firewall +or other host that will do special processing for all your mail, +so that your MX record points to a gateway machine; +this machine could then do direct delivery to machines +within your local domain. +Use of this feature directly violates RFC 1123 section 5.3.5: +it should not be used lightly. +.r +.sh 2 "D \*- Define Macro" +.pp +Macros are named with a single character +or with a word in {braces}. +Single character names may be selected from the entire ASCII set, +but user-defined macros +should be selected from the set of upper case letters only. +Lower case letters +and special symbols +are used internally. +Long names beginning with a lower case letter or a punctuation character +are reserved for use by sendmail, +so user-defined long macro names should begin with an upper case letter. +.pp +The syntax for macro definitions is: +.(b F +.b D \c +.i x\|val +.)b +where +.i x +is the name of the macro +(which may be a single character +or a word in braces) +and +.i val +is the value it should have. +There should be no spaces given +that do not actually belong in the macro value. +.pp +Macros are interpolated +using the construct +.b $ \c +.i x , +where +.i x +is the name of the macro to be interpolated. +This interpolation is done when the configuration file is read, +except in +.b M +lines. +The special construct +.b $& \c +.i x +can be used in +.b R +lines to get deferred interpolation. +.pp +Conditionals can be specified using the syntax: +.(b +$?x text1 $| text2 $. +.)b +This interpolates +.i text1 +if the macro +.b $x +is set, +and +.i text2 +otherwise. +The +.q else +(\c +.b $| ) +clause may be omitted. +.pp +Lower case macro names are reserved to have +special semantics, +used to pass information in or out of +.i sendmail , +and special characters are reserved to +provide conditionals, etc. +Upper case names +(that is, +.b $A +through +.b $Z ) +are specifically reserved for configuration file authors. +.pp +The following macros are defined and/or used internally by +.i sendmail +for interpolation into argv's for mailers +or for other contexts. +The ones marked \(dg are information passed into sendmail\**, +.(f +\**As of version 8.6, +all of these macros have reasonable defaults. +Previous versions required that they be defined. +.)f +the ones marked \(dd are information passed both in and out of sendmail, +and the unmarked macros are passed out of sendmail +but are not otherwise used internally. +These macros are: +.nr ii 5n +.ip $a +The origination date in RFC 822 format. +This is extracted from the Date: line. +.ip $b +The current date in RFC 822 format. +.ip $c +The hop count. +This is a count of the number of Received: lines +plus the value of the +.b \-h +command line flag. +.ip $d +The current date in UNIX (ctime) format. +.ip $e\(dg +(Obsolete; use SmtpGreetingMessage option instead.) +The SMTP entry message. +This is printed out when SMTP starts up. +The first word must be the +.b $j +macro as specified by RFC821. +Defaults to +.q "$j Sendmail $v ready at $b" . +Commonly redefined to include the configuration version number, e.g., +.q "$j Sendmail $v/$Z ready at $b" +.ip $f +The envelope sender (from) address. +.ip $g +The sender address relative to the recipient. +For example, if +.b $f +is +.q foo , +.b $g +will be +.q host!foo , +.q foo@host.domain , +or whatever is appropriate for the receiving mailer. +.ip $h +The recipient host. +This is set in ruleset 0 from the $# field of a parsed address. +.ip $i +The queue id, +e.g., +.q HAA12345 . +.ip $j\(dd +The \*(lqofficial\*(rq domain name for this site. +This is fully qualified if the full qualification can be found. +It +.i must +be redefined to be the fully qualified domain name +if your system is not configured so that information can find +it automatically. +.ip $k +The UUCP node name (from the uname system call). +.ip $l\(dg +(Obsolete; use UnixFromLine option instead.) +The format of the UNIX from line. +Unless you have changed the UNIX mailbox format, +you should not change the default, +which is +.q "From $g $d" . +.ip $m +The domain part of the \fIgethostname\fP return value. +Under normal circumstances, +.b $j +is equivalent to +.b $w.$m . +.ip $n\(dg +The name of the daemon (for error messages). +Defaults to +.q MAILER-DAEMON . +.ip $o\(dg +(Obsolete: use OperatorChars option instead.) +The set of \*(lqoperators\*(rq in addresses. +A list of characters +which will be considered tokens +and which will separate tokens +when doing parsing. +For example, if +.q @ +were in the +.b $o +macro, then the input +.q a@b +would be scanned as three tokens: +.q a, +.q @, +and +.q b. +Defaults to +.q ".:@[]" , +which is the minimum set necessary to do RFC 822 parsing; +a richer set of operators is +.q ".:%@!/[]" , +which adds support for UUCP, the %-hack, and X.400 addresses. +.ip $p +Sendmail's process id. +.ip $q\(dg +Default format of sender address. +The +.b $q +macro specifies how an address should appear in a message +when it is defaulted. +Defaults to +.q "<$g>" . +It is commonly redefined to be +.q "$?x$x <$g>$|$g$." +or +.q "$g$?x ($x)$." , +corresponding to the following two formats: +.(b +Eric Allman <eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU> +eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU (Eric Allman) +.)b +.i Sendmail +properly quotes names that have special characters +if the first form is used. +.ip $r +Protocol used to receive the message. +Set from the +.b \-p +command line flag or by the SMTP server code. +.ip $s +Sender's host name. +Set from the +.b \-p +command line flag or by the SMTP server code. +.ip $t +A numeric representation of the current time. +.ip $u +The recipient user. +.ip $v +The version number of the +.i sendmail +binary. +.ip $w\(dd +The hostname of this site. +This is the root name of this host (but see below for caveats). +.ip $x +The full name of the sender. +.ip $z +The home directory of the recipient. +.ip $_ +The validated sender address. +.ip ${bodytype} +The message body type +(7BIT or 8BITMIME), +as determined from the envelope. +.ip ${client_addr} +The IP address of the SMTP client. +Defined in the SMTP server only. +.ip ${client_name} +The host name of the SMTP client. +Defined in the SMTP server only. +.ip ${client_port} +The port number of the SMTP client. +Defined in the SMTP server only. +.ip ${envid} +The envelope id passed to sendmail as part of the envelope. +.ip ${opMode} +The current operation mode (from the +.b \-b +flag). +.pp +There are three types of dates that can be used. +The +.b $a +and +.b $b +macros are in RFC 822 format; +.b $a +is the time as extracted from the +.q Date: +line of the message +(if there was one), +and +.b $b +is the current date and time +(used for postmarks). +If no +.q Date: +line is found in the incoming message, +.b $a +is set to the current time also. +The +.b $d +macro is equivalent to the +.b $b +macro in UNIX +(ctime) +format. +.pp +The macros +.b $w , +.b $j , +and +.b $m +are set to the identity of this host. +.i Sendmail +tries to find the fully qualified name of the host +if at all possible; +it does this by calling +.i gethostname (2) +to get the current hostname +and then passing that to +.i gethostbyname (3) +which is supposed to return the canonical version of that host name.\** +.(f +\**For example, on some systems +.i gethostname +might return +.q foo +which would be mapped to +.q foo.bar.com +by +.i gethostbyname . +.)f +Assuming this is successful, +.b $j +is set to the fully qualified name +and +.b $m +is set to the domain part of the name +(everything after the first dot). +The +.b $w +macro is set to the first word +(everything before the first dot) +if you have a level 5 or higher configuration file; +otherwise, it is set to the same value as +.b $j . +If the canonification is not successful, +it is imperative that the config file set +.b $j +to the fully qualified domain name\**. +.(f +\**Older versions of sendmail didn't pre-define +.b $j +at all, so up until 8.6, +config files +.i always +had to define +.b $j . +.)f +.pp +The +.b $f +macro is the id of the sender +as originally determined; +when mailing to a specific host +the +.b $g +macro is set to the address of the sender +.ul +relative to the recipient. +For example, +if I send to +.q bollard@matisse.CS.Berkeley.EDU +from the machine +.q vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU +the +.b $f +macro will be +.q eric +and the +.b $g +macro will be +.q eric@vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU. +.pp +The +.b $x +macro is set to the full name of the sender. +This can be determined in several ways. +It can be passed as flag to +.i sendmail . +It can be defined in the +.sm NAME +environment variable. +The third choice is the value of the +.q Full-Name: +line in the header if it exists, +and the fourth choice is the comment field +of a +.q From: +line. +If all of these fail, +and if the message is being originated locally, +the full name is looked up in the +.i /etc/passwd +file. +.pp +When sending, +the +.b $h , +.b $u , +and +.b $z +macros get set to the host, user, and home directory +(if local) +of the recipient. +The first two are set from the +.b $@ +and +.b $: +part of the rewriting rules, respectively. +.pp +The +.b $p +and +.b $t +macros are used to create unique strings +(e.g., for the +.q Message-Id: +field). +The +.b $i +macro is set to the queue id on this host; +if put into the timestamp line +it can be extremely useful for tracking messages. +The +.b $v +macro is set to be the version number of +.i sendmail ; +this is normally put in timestamps +and has been proven extremely useful for debugging. +.pp +The +.b $c +field is set to the +.q "hop count," +i.e., the number of times this message has been processed. +This can be determined +by the +.b \-h +flag on the command line +or by counting the timestamps in the message. +.pp +The +.b $r +and +.b $s +fields are set to the protocol used to communicate with +.i sendmail +and the sending hostname. +They can be set together using the +.b \-p +command line flag or separately using the +.b \-M +or +.b \-oM +flags. +.pp +The +.b $_ +is set to a validated sender host name. +If the sender is running an RFC 1413 compliant IDENT server +and the receiver has the IDENT protocol turned on, +it will include the user name on that host. +.pp +The +.b ${client_name} , +.b ${client_addr} , +and +.b ${client_port} +macros +are set to the name, address, and port number of the SMTP client +who is invoking +.i sendmail +as a server. +These can be used in the +.i check_* +rulesets (using the +.b $& +deferred evaluation form, of course!). +.sh 2 "C and F \*- Define Classes" +.pp +Classes of phrases may be defined +to match on the left hand side of rewriting rules, +where a +.q phrase +is a sequence of characters that do not contain space characters. +For example +a class of all local names for this site +might be created +so that attempts to send to oneself +can be eliminated. +These can either be defined directly in the configuration file +or read in from another file. +Classes are named as a single letter or a word in {braces}. +Class names beginning with lower case letters +and special characters are reserved for system use. +Classes defined in config files may be given names +from the set of upper case letters for short names +or beginning with an upper case letter for long names. +.pp +The syntax is: +.(b F +.b C \c +.i c\|phrase1 +.i phrase2... +.br +.b F \c +.i c\|file +.)b +The first form defines the class +.i c +to match any of the named words. +It is permissible to split them among multiple lines; +for example, the two forms: +.(b +CHmonet ucbmonet +.)b +and +.(b +CHmonet +CHucbmonet +.)b +are equivalent. +The ``F'' form +reads the elements of the class +.i c +from the named +.i file . +.pp +Elements of classes can be accessed in rules using +.b $= +or +.b $~ . +The +.b $~ +(match entries not in class) +only matches a single word; +multi-word entries in the class are ignored in this context. +.pp +Some classes have internal meaning to +.i sendmail : +.nr ii 0.5i +.\".ip $=b +.\"A set of Content-Types that will not have the newline character +.\"translated to CR-LF before encoding into base64 MIME. +.\"The class can have major times +.\"(e.g., +.\".q image ) +.\"or full types +.\"(such as +.\".q application/octet-stream ). +.\"The class is initialized with +.\".q application/octet-stream , +.\".q image , +.\".q audio , +.\"and +.\".q video . +.ip $=e +contains the Content-Transfer-Encodings that can be 8\(->7 bit encoded. +It is predefined to contain +.q 7bit , +.q 8bit , +and +.q binary . +.ip $=k +set to be the same as +.b $k , +that is, the UUCP node name. +.ip $=m +set to the set of domains by which this host is known, +initially just +.b $m . +.ip $=n +can be set to the set of MIME body types +that can never be eight to seven bit encoded. +It defaults to +.q multipart/signed . +Message types +.q message/* +and +.q multipart/* +are never encoded directly. +Multipart messages are always handled recursively. +The handling of message/* messages +are controlled by class +.b $=s . +.ip $=q +A set of Content-Types that will never be encoded as base64 +(if they have to be encoded, they will be encoded as quoted-printable). +It can have primary types +(e.g., +.q text ) +or full types +(such as +.q text/plain ). +The class is initialized to have +.q text/plain +only. +.ip $=s +contains the set of subtypes of message that can be treated recursively. +By default it contains only +.q rfc822 . +Other +.q message/* +types cannot be 8\(->7 bit encoded. +If a message containing eight bit data is sent to a seven bit host, +and that message cannot be encoded into seven bits, +it will be stripped to 7 bits. +.ip $=t +set to the set of trusted users by the +.b T +configuration line. +If you want to read trusted users from a file use +.b Ft \c +.i /file/name . +.ip $=w +set to be the set of all names +this host is known by. +This can be used to match local hostnames. +.pp +.i Sendmail +can be compiled to allow a +.i scanf (3) +string on the +.b F +line. +This lets you do simplistic parsing of text files. +For example, to read all the user names in your system +.i /etc/passwd +file into a class, use +.(b +FL/etc/passwd %[^:] +.)b +which reads every line up to the first colon. +.sh 2 "M \*- Define Mailer" +.pp +Programs and interfaces to mailers +are defined in this line. +The format is: +.(b F +.b M \c +.i name , +{\c +.i field =\c +.i value \|}* +.)b +where +.i name +is the name of the mailer +(used internally only) +and the +.q field=name +pairs define attributes of the mailer. +Fields are: +.(b +.ta 1i +Path The pathname of the mailer +Flags Special flags for this mailer +Sender Rewriting set(s) for sender addresses +Recipient Rewriting set(s) for recipient addresses +Argv An argument vector to pass to this mailer +Eol The end-of-line string for this mailer +Maxsize The maximum message length to this mailer +Linelimit The maximum line length in the message body +Directory The working directory for the mailer +Userid The default user and group id to run as +Nice The nice(2) increment for the mailer +Charset The default character set for 8-bit characters +Type The MTS type information (used for error messages) +.)b +Only the first character of the field name is checked. +.pp +The following flags may be set in the mailer description. +Any other flags may be used freely +to conditionally assign headers to messages +destined for particular mailers. +Flags marked with \(dg +are not interpreted by the +.i sendmail +binary; +these are the conventionally used to correlate to the flags portion +of the +.b H +line. +Flags marked with \(dd +apply to the mailers for the sender address +rather than the usual recipient mailers. +.nr ii 4n +.ip a +Run Extended SMTP (ESMTP) protocol (defined in RFCs 1651, 1652, and 1653). +This flag defaults on if the SMTP greeting message includes the word +.q ESMTP . +.ip A +Look up the user part of the address in the alias database. +Normally this is only set for local mailers. +.ip b +Force a blank line on the end of a message. +This is intended to work around some stupid versions of +/bin/mail +that require a blank line, but do not provide it themselves. +It would not normally be used on network mail. +.ip c +Do not include comments in addresses. +This should only be used if you have to work around +a remote mailer that gets confused by comments. +This strips addresses of the form +.q "Phrase <address>" +or +.q "address (Comment)" +down to just +.q address . +.ip C\(dd +If mail is +.i received +from a mailer with this flag set, +any addresses in the header that do not have an at sign +(\c +.q @ ) +after being rewritten by ruleset three +will have the +.q @domain +clause from the sender envelope address +tacked on. +This allows mail with headers of the form: +.(b +From: usera@hosta +To: userb@hostb, userc +.)b +to be rewritten as: +.(b +From: usera@hosta +To: userb@hostb, userc@hosta +.)b +automatically. +However, it doesn't really work reliably. +.ip d +Do not include angle brackets around route-address syntax addresses. +This is useful on mailers that are going to pass addresses to a shell +that might interpret angle brackets as I/O redirection. +.ip D\(dg +This mailer wants a +.q Date: +header line. +.ip e +This mailer is expensive to connect to, +so try to avoid connecting normally; +any necessary connection will occur during a queue run. +.ip E +Escape lines beginning with +.q From +in the message with a `>' sign. +.ip f +The mailer wants a +.b \-f +.i from +flag, +but only if this is a network forward operation +(i.e., +the mailer will give an error +if the executing user +does not have special permissions). +.ip F\(dg +This mailer wants a +.q From: +header line. +.ip g +Normally, +.i sendmail +sends internally generated email (e.g., error messages) +using the null return address +as required by RFC 1123. +However, some mailers don't accept a null return address. +If necessary, +you can set the +.b g +flag to prevent +.i sendmail +from obeying the standards; +error messages will be sent as from the MAILER-DAEMON +(actually, the value of the +.b $n +macro). +.ip h +Upper case should be preserved in host names +for this mailer. +.ip i +Do User Database rewriting on envelope sender address. +.ip I +This mailer will be speaking SMTP +to another +.i sendmail +\*- +as such it can use special protocol features. +This option is not required +(i.e., +if this option is omitted the transmission will still operate successfully, +although perhaps not as efficiently as possible). +.ip j +Do User Database rewriting on recipients as well as senders. +.ip k +Normally when +.i sendmail +connects to a host via SMTP, +it checks to make sure that this isn't accidently the same host name +as might happen if +.i sendmail +is misconfigured or if a long-haul network interface is set in loopback mode. +This flag disables the loopback check. +It should only be used under very unusual circumstances. +.ip K +Currently unimplemented. +Reserved for chunking. +.ip l +This mailer is local +(i.e., +final delivery will be performed). +.ip L +Limit the line lengths as specified in RFC821. +This deprecated option should be replaced by the +.b L= +mail declaration. +For historic reasons, the +.b L +flag also sets the +.b 7 +flag. +.ip m +This mailer can send to multiple users +on the same host +in one transaction. +When a +.b $u +macro occurs in the +.i argv +part of the mailer definition, +that field will be repeated as necessary +for all qualifying users. +.ip M\(dg +This mailer wants a +.q Message-Id: +header line. +.ip n +Do not insert a UNIX-style +.q From +line on the front of the message. +.ip o +Always run as the owner of the recipient mailbox. +Normally +.i sendmail +runs as the sender for locally generated mail +or as +.q daemon +(actually, the user specified in the +.b u +option) +when delivering network mail. +The normal behaviour is required by most local mailers, +which will not allow the envelope sender address +to be set unless the mailer is running as daemon. +This flag is ignored if the +.b S +flag is set. +.ip p +Use the route-addr style reverse-path in the SMTP +.q "MAIL FROM:" +command +rather than just the return address; +although this is required in RFC821 section 3.1, +many hosts do not process reverse-paths properly. +Reverse-paths are officially discouraged by RFC 1123. +.ip P\(dg +This mailer wants a +.q Return-Path: +line. +.ip q +When an address that resolves to this mailer is verified +(SMTP VRFY command), +generate 250 responses instead of 252 responses. +This will imply that the address is local. +.ip r +Same as +.b f , +but sends a +.b \-r +flag. +.ip R +Open SMTP connections from a +.q secure +port. +Secure ports aren't +(secure, that is) +except on UNIX machines, +so it is unclear that this adds anything. +.ip s +Strip quote characters (" and \e) off of the address +before calling the mailer. +.ip S +Don't reset the userid +before calling the mailer. +This would be used in a secure environment +where +.i sendmail +ran as root. +This could be used to avoid forged addresses. +If the +.b U= +field is also specified, +this flag causes the user id to always be set to that user and group +(instead of leaving it as root). +.ip u +Upper case should be preserved in user names +for this mailer. +.ip U +This mailer wants UUCP-style +.q From +lines with the ugly +.q "remote from <host>" +on the end. +.ip w +The user must have a valid account on this machine, +i.e., +getpwnam +must succeed. +If not, +the mail is bounced. +This is required to get +.q \&.forward +capability. +.ip x\(dg +This mailer wants a +.q Full-Name: +header line. +.ip X +This mailer want to use the hidden dot algorithm +as specified in RFC821; +basically, +any line beginning with a dot +will have an extra dot prepended +(to be stripped at the other end). +This insures that lines in the message containing a dot +will not terminate the message prematurely. +.ip 0 +Don't look up MX records for hosts sent via SMTP. +.ip 3 +Extend the list of characters converted to =XX notation +when converting to Quoted-Printable +to include those that don't map cleanly between ASCII and EBCDIC. +Useful if you have IBM mainframes on site. +.ip 5 +If no aliases are found for this address, +pass the address through ruleset 5 for possible alternate resolution. +This is intended to forward the mail to an alternate delivery spot. +.ip 7 +Strip all output to seven bits. +This is the default if the +.b L +flag is set. +Note that clearing this option is not +sufficient to get full eight bit data passed through +.i sendmail . +If the +.b 7 +option is set, this is essentially always set, +since the eighth bit was stripped on input. +Note that this option will only impact messages +that didn't have 8\(->7 bit MIME conversions performed. +.ip 8 +If set, +it is acceptable to send eight bit data to this mailer; +the usual attempt to do 8\(->7 bit MIME conversions will be bypassed. +.ip 9 +If set, +do +.i limited +7\(->8 bit MIME conversions. +These conversions are limited to text/plain data. +.ip : +Check addresses to see if they begin +.q :include: ; +if they do, convert them to the +.q *include* +mailer. +.ip | +Check addresses to see if they begin with a `|'; +if they do, convert them to the +.q prog +mailer. +.ip / +Check addresses to see if they begin with a `/'; +if they do, convert them to the +.q *file* +mailer. +.ip @ +Look up addresses in the user database. +.pp +Configuration files prior to level 6 +assume the `A', `w', `5', `:', `|', `/', and `@' options +on the mailer named +.q local . +.pp +The mailer with the special name +.q error +can be used to generate a user error. +The (optional) host field is an exit status to be returned, +and the user field is a message to be printed. +The exit status may be numeric or one of the values +USAGE, NOUSER, NOHOST, UNAVAILABLE, SOFTWARE, TEMPFAIL, PROTOCOL, or CONFIG +to return the corresponding EX_ exit code, +or an enhanced error code as described in RFC 1893, +.ul +Enhanced Mail System Status Codes. +For example, the entry: +.(b +$#error $@ NOHOST $: Host unknown in this domain +.)b +on the RHS of a rule +will cause the specified error to be generated +and the +.q "Host unknown" +exit status to be returned +if the LHS matches. +This mailer is only functional in rulesets 0, 5, +or one of the check_* rulesets. +.pp +The mailer named +.q local +.i must +be defined in every configuration file. +This is used to deliver local mail, +and is treated specially in several ways. +Additionally, three other mailers named +.q prog , +.q *file* , +and +.q *include* +may be defined to tune the delivery of messages to programs, +files, +and :include: lists respectively. +They default to: +.(b +Mprog, P=/bin/sh, F=lsD, A=sh \-c $u +M*file*, P=/dev/null, F=lsDFMPEu, A=FILE +M*include*, P=/dev/null, F=su, A=INCLUDE +.)b +.pp +The Sender and Recipient rewriting sets +may either be a simple ruleset id +or may be two ids separated by a slash; +if so, the first rewriting set is applied to envelope +addresses +and the second is applied to headers. +.pp +The Directory +is actually a colon-separated path of directories to try. +For example, the definition +.q D=$z:/ +first tries to execute in the recipient's home directory; +if that is not available, +it tries to execute in the root of the filesystem. +This is intended to be used only on the +.q prog +mailer, +since some shells (such as +.i csh ) +refuse to execute if they cannot read the home directory. +Since the queue directory is not normally readable by unprivileged users +.i csh +scripts as recipients can fail. +.pp +The Userid +specifies the default user and group id to run as, +overriding the +.b DefaultUser +option (q.v.). +If the +.b S +mailer flag is also specified, +this is the user and group to run as in all circumstances. +This may be given as +.i user:group +to set both the user and group id; +either may be an integer or a symbolic name to be looked up +in the +.i passwd +and +.i group +files respectively. +If only a symbolic user name is specified, +the group id in the +.i passwd +file for that user is used as the group id. +.pp +The Charset field +is used when converting a message to MIME; +this is the character set used in the +Content-Type: header. +If this is not set, the +.b DefaultCharset +option is used, +and if that is not set, the value +.q unknown-8bit +is used. +.b WARNING: +this field applies to the sender's mailer, +not the recipient's mailer. +For example, if the envelope sender address +lists an address on the local network +and the recipient is on an external network, +the character set will be set from the Charset= field +for the local network mailer, +not that of the external network mailer. +.pp +The Type= field +sets the type information +used in MIME error messages +as defined by +RFC 1894. +It is actually three values separated by slashes: +the MTA-type (that is, the description of how hosts are named), +the address type (the description of e-mail addresses), +and the diagnostic type (the description of error diagnostic codes). +Each of these must be a registered value +or begin with +.q X\- . +The default is +.q dns/rfc822/smtp . +.sh 2 "H \*- Define Header" +.pp +The format of the header lines that +.i sendmail +inserts into the message +are defined by the +.b H +line. +The syntax of this line is: +.(b F +.b H [\c +.b ? \c +.i mflags \c +.b ? ]\c +.i hname \c +.b : +.i htemplate +.)b +Continuation lines in this spec +are reflected directly into the outgoing message. +The +.i htemplate +is macro expanded before insertion into the message. +If the +.i mflags +(surrounded by question marks) +are specified, +at least one of the specified flags +must be stated in the mailer definition +for this header to be automatically output. +If one of these headers is in the input +it is reflected to the output +regardless of these flags. +.pp +Some headers have special semantics +that will be described later. +.sh 2 "O \*- Set Option" +.pp +There are a number of +global +options that +can be set from a configuration file. +Options are represented by full words; +some are also representable as single characters +for back compatibility. +The syntax of this line is: +.(b F +.b O \0 +.i option \c +.b = \c +.i value +.)b +This sets option +.i option +to be +.i value . +Note that there +.i must +be a space between the letter `O' and the name of the option. +An older version is: +.(b F +.b O \c +.i o\|value +.)b +where the option +.i o +is a single character. +Depending on the option, +.i value +may be a string, an integer, +a boolean +(with legal values +.q t , +.q T , +.q f , +or +.q F ; +the default is TRUE), +or +a time interval. +.pp +The options supported (with the old, one character names in brackets) are: +.nr ii 1i +.ip "AliasFile=\fIspec, spec, ...\fP" +[A] +Specify possible alias file(s). +Each +.i spec +should be in the format +``\c +.i class \c +.b : +.i file '' +where +.i class \c +.b : +is optional and defaults to ``implicit''. +Depending on how +.i sendmail +is compiled, valid classes are +.q implicit +(search through a compiled-in list of alias file types, +for back compatibility), +.q hash +(if +.sm NEWDB +is specified), +.q dbm +(if +.sm NDBM +is specified), +.q stab +(internal symbol table \*- not normally used +unless you have no other database lookup), +or +.q nis +(if +.sm NIS +is specified). +If a list of +.i spec s +are provided, +.i sendmail +searches them in order. +.ip AliasWait=\fItimeout\fP +[a] +If set, +wait up to +.i timeout +(units default to minutes) +for an +.q @:@ +entry to exist in the alias database +before starting up. +If it does not appear in the +.i timeout +interval +rebuild the database +(if the +.b AutoRebuildAliases +option is also set) +or issue a warning. +.ip AllowBogusHELO +[no short name] +If set, allow HELO SMTP commands that don't include a host name. +Setting this violates RFC 1123 section 5.2.5, +but is necessary to interoperate with several SMTP clients. +If there is a value, it is still checked for legitimacy. +.ip AutoRebuildAliases +[D] +If set, +rebuild the alias database if necessary and possible. +If this option is not set, +.i sendmail +will never rebuild the alias database +unless explicitly requested +using +.b \-bi . +Not recommended \(em can cause thrashing. +.ip BlankSub=\fIc\fP +[B] +Set the blank substitution character to +.i c . +Unquoted spaces in addresses are replaced by this character. +Defaults to space (i.e., no change is made). +.ip CheckAliases +[n] +Validate the RHS of aliases when rebuilding the alias database. +.ip CheckpointInterval=\fIN\fP +[C] +Checkpoints the queue every +.i N +(default 10) +addresses sent. +If your system crashes during delivery to a large list, +this prevents retransmission to any but the last +.I N +recipients. +.ip ClassFactor=\fIfact\fP +[z] +The indicated +.i fact or +is multiplied by the message class +(determined by the Precedence: field in the user header +and the +.b P +lines in the configuration file) +and subtracted from the priority. +Thus, messages with a higher Priority: will be favored. +Defaults to 1800. +.ip ColonOkInAddr +[no short name] +If set, colons are acceptable in e-mail addresses +(e.g., +.q host:user ). +If not set, colons indicate the beginning of a RFC 822 group construct +(\c +.q "groupname: member1, member2, ... memberN;" ). +Doubled colons are always acceptable +(\c +.q nodename::user ) +and proper route-addr nesting is understood +(\c +.q <@relay:user@host> ). +Furthermore, this option defaults on if the configuration version level +is less than 6 (for back compatibility). +However, it must be off for full compatibility with RFC 822. +.ip ConnectionCacheSize=\fIN\fP +[k] +The maximum number of open connections that will be cached at a time. +The default is one. +This delays closing the current connection until +either this invocation of +.i sendmail +needs to connect to another host +or it terminates. +Setting it to zero defaults to the old behavior, +that is, connections are closed immediately. +Since this consumes file descriptors, +the connection cache should be kept small: +4 is probably a practical maximum. +.ip ConnectionCacheTimeout=\fItimeout\fP +[K] +The maximum amount of time a cached connection will be permitted to idle +without activity. +If this time is exceeded, +the connection is immediately closed. +This value should be small (on the order of ten minutes). +Before +.i sendmail +uses a cached connection, +it always sends a RSET command +to check the connection; +if this fails, it reopens the connection. +This keeps your end from failing if the other end times out. +The point of this option is to be a good network neighbor +and avoid using up excessive resources +on the other end. +The default is five minutes. +.ip ConnectionRateThrottle=\fIN\fP +[no short name] +If set to a positive value, +allow no more than +.i N +incoming daemon connections in a one second period. +This is intended to flatten out peaks +and allow the load average checking to cut in. +Defaults to zero (no limits). +.ip DaemonPortOptions=\fIoptions\fP +[O] +Set server SMTP options. +The options are +.i key=value +pairs. +Known keys are: +.(b +.ta 1i +Port Name/number of listening port (defaults to "smtp") +Addr Address mask (defaults INADDR_ANY) +Family Address family (defaults to INET) +Listen Size of listen queue (defaults to 10) +SndBufSize Size of TCP send buffer +RcvBufSize Size of TCP receive buffer +.)b +The +.i Addr ess +mask may be a numeric address in dot notation +or a network name. +.ip DefaultCharSet=\fIcharset\fP +[no short name] +When a message that has 8-bit characters but is not in MIME format +is converted to MIME +(see the EightBitMode option) +a character set must be included in the Content-Type: header. +This character set is normally set from the Charset= field +of the mailer descriptor. +If that is not set, the value of this option is used. +If this option is not set, the value +.q unknown-8bit +is used. +.ip DefaultUser=\fIuser:group\fP +[u] +Set the default userid for mailers to +.i user:group . +If +.i group +is omitted and +.i user +is a user name +(as opposed to a numeric user id) +the default group listed in the /etc/passwd file for that user is used +as the default group. +Both +.i user +and +.i group +may be numeric. +Mailers without the +.i S +flag in the mailer definition +will run as this user. +Defaults to 1:1. +The value can also be given as a symbolic user name.\** +.(f +\**The old +.b g +option has been combined into the +.b DefaultUser +option. +.)f +.ip DeliveryMode=\fIx\fP +[d] +Deliver in mode +.i x . +Legal modes are: +.(b +.ta 4n +i Deliver interactively (synchronously) +b Deliver in background (asynchronously) +q Just queue the message (deliver during queue run) +d Defer delivery and all map lookups (deliver during queue run) +.)b +Defaults to ``b'' if no option is specified, +``i'' if it is specified but given no argument +(i.e., ``Od'' is equivalent to ``Odi''). +The +.b \-v +command line flag sets this to +.b i . +.ip DialDelay=\fIsleeptime\fP +[no short name] +Dial-on-demand network connections can see timeouts +if a connection is opened before the call is set up. +If this is set to an interval and a connection times out +on the first connection being attempted +.i sendmail +will sleep for this amount of time and try again. +This should give your system time to establish the connection +to your service provider. +Units default to seconds, so +.q DialDelay=5 +uses a five second delay. +Defaults to zero +(no retry). +.ip DontExpandCnames +[no short name] +The standards say that all host addresses used in a mail message +must be fully canonical. +For example, if your host is named +.q Cruft.Foo.ORG +and also has an alias of +.q FTP.Foo.ORG , +the former name must be used at all times. +This is enforced during host name canonification +($[ ... $] lookups). +If this option is set, the protocols are ignored and the +.q wrong +thing is done. +However, the IETF is moving toward changing this standard, +so the behaviour may become acceptable. +Please note that hosts downstream may still rewrite the address +to be the true canonical name however. +.ip DontInitGroups +[no short name] +If set, +.i sendmail +will avoid using the initgroups(3) call. +If you are running NIS, +this causes a sequential scan of the groups.byname map, +which can cause your NIS server to be badly overloaded in a large domain. +The cost of this is that the only group found for users +will be their primary group (the one in the password file), +which will make file access permissions somewhat more restrictive. +Has no effect on systems that don't have group lists. +.ip DontPruneRoutes +[R] +Normally, +.i sendmail +tries to eliminate any unnecessary explicit routes +when sending an error message +(as discussed in RFC 1123 \(sc 5.2.6). +For example, +when sending an error message to +.(b +<@known1,@known2,@known3:user@unknown> +.)b +.i sendmail +will strip off the +.q @known1,@known2 +in order to make the route as direct as possible. +However, if the +.b R +option is set, this will be disabled, +and the mail will be sent to the first address in the route, +even if later addresses are known. +This may be useful if you are caught behind a firewall. +.ip DoubleBounceAddress=\fIerror-address\fP +[no short name] +If an error occurs when sending an error message, +send the error report +(termed a +.q "double bounce" +because it is an error +.q bounce +that occurs when trying to send another error +.q bounce ) +to the indicated address. +If not set, defaults to +.q postmaster . +.ip EightBitMode=\fIaction\fP +[8] +Set handling of eight-bit data. +There are two kinds of eight-bit data: +that declared as such using the +.b BODY=8BITMIME +ESMTP declaration or the +.b \-B8BITMIME +command line flag, +and undeclared 8-bit data, that is, +input that just happens to be eight bits. +There are three basic operations that can happen: +undeclared 8-bit data can be automatically converted to 8BITMIME, +undeclared 8-bit data can be passed as-is without conversion to MIME +(``just send 8''), +and declared 8-bit data can be converted to 7-bits +for transmission to a non-8BITMIME mailer. +The possible +.i action s +are: +.(b +.\" r Reject undeclared 8-bit data; +.\" don't convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``reject'') + s Reject undeclared 8-bit data (``strict'') +.\" do convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``strict'') +.\" c Convert undeclared 8-bit data to MIME; +.\" don't convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``convert'') + m Convert undeclared 8-bit data to MIME (``mime'') +.\" do convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``mime'') +.\" j Pass undeclared 8-bit data; +.\" don't convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``just send 8'') + p Pass undeclared 8-bit data (``pass'') +.\" do convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``pass'') +.\" a Adaptive algorithm: see below +.)b +.\"The adaptive algorithm is to accept 8-bit data, +.\"converting it to 8BITMIME only if the receiver understands that, +.\"otherwise just passing it as undeclared 8-bit data; +.\"8BITMIME\(->7BIT conversions are done. +In all cases properly declared 8BITMIME data will be converted to 7BIT +as needed. +.ip ErrorHeader=\fIfile-or-message\fP +[E] +Prepend error messages with the indicated message. +If it begins with a slash, +it is assumed to be the pathname of a file +containing a message (this is the recommended setting). +Otherwise, it is a literal message. +The error file might contain the name, email address, and/or phone number +of a local postmaster who could provide assistance +in to end users. +If the option is missing or null, +or if it names a file which does not exist or which is not readable, +no message is printed. +.ip ErrorMode=\fIx\fP +[e] +Dispose of errors using mode +.i x . +The values for +.i x +are: +.(b +p Print error messages (default) +q No messages, just give exit status +m Mail back errors +w Write back errors (mail if user not logged in) +e Mail back errors and give zero exit stat always +.)b +.ip FallbackMXhost=\fIfallbackhost\fP +[V] +If specified, the +.i fallbackhost +acts like a very low priority MX +on every host. +This is intended to be used by sites with poor network connectivity. +.ip ForkEachJob +[Y] +If set, +deliver each job that is run from the queue in a separate process. +Use this option if you are short of memory, +since the default tends to consume considerable amounts of memory +while the queue is being processed. +.ip ForwardPath=\fIpath\fP +[J] +Set the path for searching for users' .forward files. +The default is +.q $z/.forward . +Some sites that use the automounter may prefer to change this to +.q /var/forward/$u +to search a file with the same name as the user in a system directory. +It can also be set to a sequence of paths separated by colons; +.i sendmail +stops at the first file it can successfully and safely open. +For example, +.q /var/forward/$u:$z/.forward +will search first in /var/forward/\c +.i username +and then in +.i ~username /.forward +(but only if the first file does not exist). +.ip HelpFile=\fIfile\fP +[H] +Specify the help file +for SMTP. +.ip HoldExpensive +[c] +If an outgoing mailer is marked as being expensive, +don't connect immediately. +This requires that queueing be compiled in, +since it will depend on a queue run process to +actually send the mail. +.ip HostsFile=\fIpath\fP +[no short name] +The path to the hosts database, +normally +.q /etc/hosts . +This option is only consulted when sendmail +is canonifying addresses, +and then only when +.q files +is in the +.q hosts +service switch entry. +In particular, this file is +.i never +used when looking up host addresses; +that is under the control of the system +.i gethostbyname (3) +routine. +.ip HostStatusDirectory=\fIpath\fP +[no short name] +The location of the long term host status information. +When set, +information about the status of hosts +(e.g., host down or not accepting connections) +will be shared between all +.i sendmail +processes; +normally, this information is only held within a single queue run. +This option requires a connection cache of at least 1 to function. +If the option begins with a leading `/', +it is an absolute pathname; +otherwise, +it is relative to the mail queue directory. +A suggested value for sites desiring persistent host status is +.q \&.hoststat +(i.e., a subdirectory of the queue directory). +.ip IgnoreDots +[i] +Ignore dots in incoming messages. +This is always disabled (that is, dots are always accepted) +when reading SMTP mail. +.ip LogLevel=\fIn\fP +[L] +Set the default log level to +.i n . +Defaults to 9. +.ip M\fIx\|value\fP +[no long version] +Set the macro +.i x +to +.i value . +This is intended only for use from the command line. +The +.b \-M +flag is preferred. +.ip MatchGECOS +[G] +Allow fuzzy matching on the GECOS field. +If this flag is set, +and the usual user name lookups fail +(that is, there is no alias with this name and a +.i getpwnam +fails), +sequentially search the password file +for a matching entry in the GECOS field. +This also requires that MATCHGECOS +be turned on during compilation. +This option is not recommended. +.ip MaxDaemonChildren=\fIN\fP +[no short name] +If set, +.i sendmail +will refuse connections when it has more than +.i N +children processing incoming mail. +This does not limit the number of outgoing connections. +If not set, there is no limit to the number of children -- +that is, the system load averaging controls this. +.ip MaxHopCount=\fIN\fP +[h] +The maximum hop count. +Messages that have been processed more than +.i N +times are assumed to be in a loop and are rejected. +Defaults to 25. +.ip MaxHostStatAge=\fIage\fP +[no short name] +Not yet implemented. +This option specifies how long host status information will be retained. +For example, if a host is found to be down, +connections to that host will not be retried for this interval. +The units default to minutes. +.ip MaxMessageSize=\fIN\fP +[no short name] +Specify the maximum message size +to be advertised in the ESMTP EHLO response. +Messages larger than this will be rejected. +.ip MaxQueueRunSize=\fIN\fP +[no short name] +The maximum number of jobs that will be processed +in a single queue run. +If not set, there is no limit on the size. +If you have very large queues or a very short queue run interval +this could be unstable. +However, since the first +.i N +jobs in queue directory order are run (rather than the +.i N +highest priority jobs) +this should be set as high as possible to avoid +.q losing +jobs that happen to fall late in the queue directory. +.ip MeToo +[m] +Send to me too, +even if I am in an alias expansion. +.ip MinFreeBlocks=\fIN\fP +[b] +Insist on at least +.i N +blocks free on the filesystem that holds the queue files +before accepting email via SMTP. +If there is insufficient space +.i sendmail +gives a 452 response +to the MAIL command. +This invites the sender to try again later. +.ip MinQueueAge=\fPage\fP +[no short name] +Don't process any queued jobs +that have been in the queue less than the indicated time interval. +This is intended to allow you to get responsiveness +by processing the queue fairly frequently +without thrashing your system by trying jobs too often. +The default units are minutes. +.ip MustQuoteChars=\fIs\fP +[no short name] +Sets the list of characters that must be quoted if used in a full name +that is in the phrase part of a ``phrase <address>'' syntax. +The default is ``\'.''. +The characters ``@,;:\e()[]'' are always added to this list. +.ip NoRecipientAction +[no short name] +The action to take when you receive a message that has no valid +recipient headers (To:, Cc:, Bcc:, or Apparently-To: \(em +the last included for back compatibility with old +.i sendmail s). +It can be +.b None +to pass the message on unmodified, +which violates the protocol, +.b Add-To +to add a To: header with any recipients it can find in the envelope +(which might expose Bcc: recipients), +.b Add-Apparently-To +to add an Apparently-To: header +(this is only for back-compatibility +and is officially deprecated), +.b Add-To-Undisclosed +to add a header +.q "To: undisclosed-recipients:;" +to make the header legal without disclosing anything, +or +.b Add-Bcc +to add an empty Bcc: header. +.ip OldStyleHeaders +[o] +Assume that the headers may be in old format, +i.e., +spaces delimit names. +This actually turns on +an adaptive algorithm: +if any recipient address contains a comma, parenthesis, +or angle bracket, +it will be assumed that commas already exist. +If this flag is not on, +only commas delimit names. +Headers are always output with commas between the names. +Defaults to off. +.ip OperatorChars=\fIcharlist\fP +[$o macro] +The list of characters that are considered to be +.q operators , +that is, characters that delimit tokens. +All operator characters are tokens by themselves; +sequences of non-operator characters are also tokens. +White space characters separate tokens +but are not tokens themselves \(em for example, +.q AAA.BBB +has three tokens, but +.q "AAA BBB" +has two. +If not set, OperatorChars defaults to +.q \&.\|:\|@\|[\|] ; +additionally, the characters +.q (\|)\|<\|>\|,\|; +are always operators. +.ip PostmasterCopy=\fIpostmaster\fP +[P] +If set, +copies of error messages will be sent to the named +.i postmaster . +Only the header of the failed message is sent. +Since most errors are user problems, +this is probably not a good idea on large sites, +and arguably contains all sorts of privacy violations, +but it seems to be popular with certain operating systems vendors. +Defaults to no postmaster copies. +.ip PrivacyOptions=\fI\|opt,opt,...\fP +[p] +Set the privacy +.i opt ions. +``Privacy'' is really a misnomer; +many of these are just a way of insisting on stricter adherence +to the SMTP protocol. +The +.i opt ions +can be selected from: +.(b +.ta \w'needvrfyhelo'u+3n +public Allow open access +needmailhelo Insist on HELO or EHLO command before MAIL +needexpnhelo Insist on HELO or EHLO command before EXPN +noexpn Disallow EXPN entirely +needvrfyhelo Insist on HELO or EHLO command before VRFY +novrfy Disallow VRFY entirely +restrictmailq Restrict mailq command +restrictqrun Restrict \-q command line flag +noreceipts Don't return success DSNs +goaway Disallow essentially all SMTP status queries +authwarnings Put X-Authentication-Warning: headers in messages +.)b +The +.q goaway +pseudo-flag sets all flags except +.q restrictmailq +and +.q restrictqrun . +If mailq is restricted, +only people in the same group as the queue directory +can print the queue. +If queue runs are restricted, +only root and the owner of the queue directory +can run the queue. +Authentication Warnings add warnings about various conditions +that may indicate attempts to spoof the mail system, +such as using an non-standard queue directory. +.ip QueueDirectory=\fIdir\fP +[Q] +Use the named +.i dir +as the queue directory. +.ip QueueFactor=\fIfactor\fP +[q] +Use +.i factor +as the multiplier in the map function +to decide when to just queue up jobs rather than run them. +This value is divided by the difference between the current load average +and the load average limit +(\c +.b QueueLA +option) +to determine the maximum message priority +that will be sent. +Defaults to 600000. +.ip QueueLA=\fILA\fP +[x] +When the system load average exceeds +.i LA , +just queue messages +(i.e., don't try to send them). +Defaults to 8. +.ip QueueSortOrder=\fIalgorithm\fP +[no short name] +Sets the +.i algorithm +used for sorting the queue. +Only the first character of the value is used. +Legal values are +.q host +(to order by the name of the first host name of the first recipient), +.q time +(to order by the submission time), +and +.q priority +(to order by message priority). +Host ordering makes better use of the connection cache, +but may tend to process low priority messages +that go to a single host +over high priority messages that go to several hosts; +it probably shouldn't be used on slow network links. +Time ordering is almost always a bad idea, +since it allows large, bulk mail to go out +before smaller, personal mail, +but may have applicability on some hosts with very fast connections. +Priority ordering is the default. +.ip QueueTimeout=\fItimeout\fP +[T] +A synonym for +.q Timeout.queuereturn . +Use that form instead of the +.q QueueTimeout +form. +.ip ResolverOptions=\fIoptions\fP +[I] +Set resolver options. +Values can be set using +.b + \c +.i flag +and cleared using +.b \- \c +.i flag ; +the +.i flag s +can be +.q debug , +.q aaonly , +.q usevc , +.q primary , +.q igntc , +.q recurse , +.q defnames , +.q stayopen , +or +.q dnsrch . +The string +.q HasWildcardMX +(without a +.b + +or +.b \- ) +can be specified to turn off matching against MX records +when doing name canonifications. +.b N.B. +Prior to 8.7, +this option indicated that the name server be responding +in order to accept addresses. +This has been replaced by checking to see +if the +.q dns +method is listed in the service switch entry for the +.q hosts +service. +.ip RunAsUser=\fIuser\fP +[no short name] +The +.i user +parameter may be a user name +(looked up in +.i /etc/passwd ) +or a numeric user id; +either form can have +.q ":group" +attached +(where group can be numeric or symbolic). +If set to a non-zero (non-root) value, +.i sendmail +will change to this user id shortly after startup\**. +.(f +\**When running as a daemon, +it changes to this user after accepting a connection +but before reading any +.sm SMTP +commands. +.)f +This avoids a certain class of security problems. +However, this means that all +.q \&.forward +and +.q :include: +files must be readable by the indicated +.i user , +and on systems that don't support the saved uid bit properly, +all files to be written must be writable by +.i user +and all programs will be executed by +.i user . +It is also incompatible with the +.b SafeFileEnvironment +option. +In other words, it may not actually add much to security on an average system, +and may in fact detract from security +(because other file permissions must be loosened). +However, it should be useful on firewalls and other +places where users don't have accounts and the aliases file is +well constrained. +.ip RecipientFactor=\fIfact\fP +[y] +The indicated +.i fact or +is added to the priority (thus +.i lowering +the priority of the job) +for each recipient, +i.e., this value penalizes jobs with large numbers of recipients. +Defaults to 30000. +.ip RefuseLA=\fILA\fP +[X] +When the system load average exceeds +.i LA , +refuse incoming SMTP connections. +Defaults to 12. +.ip RetryFactor=\fIfact\fP +[Z] +The +.i fact or +is added to the priority +every time a job is processed. +Thus, +each time a job is processed, +its priority will be decreased by the indicated value. +In most environments this should be positive, +since hosts that are down are all too often down for a long time. +Defaults to 90000. +.ip SafeFileEnvironment=\fIdir\fP +[no short name] +If this option is set, +.i sendmail +will do a +.i chroot (2) +call into the indicated +.i dir ectory +before doing any file writes. +If the file name specified by the user begins with +.i dir , +that partial path name will be stripped off before writing, +so (for example) +if the SafeFileEnvironment variable is set to +.q /safe +then aliases of +.q /safe/logs/file +and +.q /logs/file +actually indicate the same file. +Additionally, if this option is set, +.i sendmail +refuses to deliver to symbolic links. +.ip SaveFromLine +[f] +Save +Unix-style +.q From +lines at the front of headers. +Normally they are assumed redundant +and discarded. +.ip SendMIMEErrors +[j] +If set, send error messages in MIME format +(see RFC1521 and RFC1344 for details). +If disabled, +.i sendmail +will not return the DSN keyword in response to an EHLO +and will not do Delivery Status Notification processing as described in +RFC1891. +.ip ServiceSwitchFile=\fIfilename\fP +[no short name] +If your host operating system has a service switch abstraction +(e.g., /etc/nsswitch.conf on Solaris +or /etc/svc.conf on Ultrix and DEC OSF/1) +that service will be consulted and this option is ignored. +Otherwise, this is the name of a file +that provides the list of methods used to implement particular services. +The syntax is a series of lines, +each of which is a sequence of words. +The first word is the service name, +and following words are service types. +The services that +.i sendmail +consults directly are +.q aliases +and +.q hosts. +Service types can be +.q dns , +.q nis , +.q nisplus , +or +.q files +(with the caveat that the appropriate support +must be compiled in +before the service can be referenced). +If ServiceSwitchFile is not specified, it defaults to /etc/service.switch. +If that file does not exist, the default switch is: +.(b +aliases files +hosts dns nis files +.)b +The default file is +.q /etc/service.switch . +.ip SevenBitInput +[7] +Strip input to seven bits for compatibility with old systems. +This shouldn't be necessary. +.ip SingleLineFromHeader +[no short name] +If set, From: lines that have embedded newlines are unwrapped +onto one line. +This is to get around a botch in Lotus Notes +that apparently cannot understand legally wrapped RFC822 headers. +.ip SingleThreadDelivery +[no short name] +If set, a client machine will never try to open two SMTP connections +to a single server machine at the same time, +even in different processes. +That is, if another +.i sendmail +is already talking to some host a new +.i sendmail +will not open another connection. +This property is of mixed value; +although this reduces the load on the other machine, +it can cause mail to be delayed +(for example, if one +.i sendmail +is delivering a huge message, other +.i sendmail s +won't be able to send even small messages). +Also, it requires another file descriptor +(for the lock file) +per connection, so you may have to reduce the +.b ConnectionCacheSize +option to avoid running out of per-process file descriptors. +Requires the +.b HostStatusDirectory +option. +.ip SmtpGreetingMessage=\fImessage\fP +[$e macro] +The message printed when the SMTP server starts up. +Defaults to +.q "$j Sendmail $v ready at $b". +.ip StatusFile=\fIfile\fP +[S] +Log summary statistics in the named +.i file . +If not set, +no summary statistics are saved. +This file does not grow in size. +It can be printed using the +.i mailstats (8) +program. +.ip SuperSafe +[s] +Be super-safe when running things, +i.e., +always instantiate the queue file, +even if you are going to attempt immediate delivery. +.i Sendmail +always instantiates the queue file +before returning control the client +under any circumstances. +This should really +.i always +be set. +.ip TempFileMode=\fImode\fP +[F] +The file mode for queue files. +It is interpreted in octal by default. +Defaults to 0600. +.ip Timeout.\fItype\fP=\|\fItimeout\fP +[r; subsumes old T option as well] +Set timeout values. +The actual timeout is indicated by the +.i type . +The recognized timeouts and their default values, and their +minimum values specified in RFC 1123 section 5.3.2 are: +.(b +.ta \w'datafinal'u+3n +initial wait for initial greeting message [5m, 5m] +helo reply to HELO or EHLO command [5m, none] +mail reply to MAIL command [10m, 5m] +rcpt reply to RCPT command [1h, 5m] +datainit reply to DATA command [5m, 2m] +datablock data block read [1h, 3m] +datafinal reply to final ``.'' in data [1h, 10m] +rset reply to RSET command [5m, none] +quit reply to QUIT command [2m, none] +misc reply to NOOP and VERB commands [2m, none] +ident IDENT protocol timeout [30s, none] +fileopen\(dg timeout on opening .forward and :include: files [60s, none] +command\(dg command read [1h, 5m] +queuereturn\(dg how long until a message is returned [5d, 5d] +queuewarn\(dg how long until a warning is sent [none, none] +hoststatus\(dg how long until host status is ``stale'' [30m, none] +.)b +All but those marked with a dagger (\(dg) +apply to client SMTP. +If the message is submitted using the +.sm NOTIFY +.sm SMTP +extension, +warning messages will only be sent if +.sm NOTIFY=DELAY +is specified. +The queuereturn and queuewarn timeouts +can be further qualified with a tag based on the Precedence: field +in the message; +they must be one of +.q urgent +(indicating a positive non-zero precedence) +.q normal +(indicating a zero precedence), or +.q non-urgent +(indicating negative precedences). +For example, setting +.q Timeout.queuewarn.urgent=1h +sets the warning timeout for urgent messages only +to one hour. +The default if no precedence is indicated +is to set the timeout for all precedences. +.ip TimeZoneSpec=\fItzinfo\fP +[t] +Set the local time zone info to +.i tzinfo +\*- for example, +.q PST8PDT . +Actually, if this is not set, +the TZ environment variable is cleared (so the system default is used); +if set but null, the user's TZ variable is used, +and if set and non-null the TZ variable is set to this value. +.ip TryNullMXList +[w] +If this system is the +.q best +(that is, lowest preference) +MX for a given host, +its configuration rules should normally detect this situation +and treat that condition specially +by forwarding the mail to a UUCP feed, +treating it as local, +or whatever. +However, in some cases (such as Internet firewalls) +you may want to try to connect directly to that host +as though it had no MX records at all. +Setting this option causes +.i sendmail +to try this. +The downside is that errors in your configuration +are likely to be diagnosed as +.q "host unknown" +or +.q "message timed out" +instead of something more meaningful. +This option is disrecommended. +.ip UnixFromLine=\fIfromline\fP +[$l macro] +Defines the format used when +.i sendmail +must add a UNIX-style From_ line +(that is, a line beginning +.q From<space>user ). +Defaults to +.q "From $g $d" . +Don't change this unless your system uses a different UNIX mailbox format +(very unlikely). +.ip UnsafeGroupWrites +[no short name] +If set, +:include: and .forward files that are group writable are considered +.q unsafe , +that is, +they cannot reference programs or write directly to files. +World writable :include: and .forward files +are always unsafe.. +.ip UseErrorsTo +[l] +If there is an +.q Errors-To: +header, send error messages to the addresses listed there. +They normally go to the envelope sender. +Use of this option causes +.i sendmail +to violate RFC 1123. +This option is disrecommended and deprecated. +.ip UserDatabaseSpec=\fIudbspec\fP +[U] +The user database specification. +.ip UserSubmission +[no short name] +This is an initial submission directly from a Mail User Agent. +This can be set in the configuration file if you have +MUAs that don't pass the +.b \-U +flag or use the +XUSR +ESMTP extension, +but some relayed mail may get inappropriately rewritten if you do. +.ip Verbose +[v] +Run in verbose mode. +If this is set, +.i sendmail +adjusts options +.b HoldExpensive +(old +.b c ) +and +.b DeliveryMode +(old +.b d ) +so that all mail is delivered completely +in a single job +so that you can see the entire delivery process. +Option +.b Verbose +should +.i never +be set in the configuration file; +it is intended for command line use only. +.lp +All options can be specified on the command line using the +\-O or \-o flag, +but most will cause +.i sendmail +to relinquish its setuid permissions. +The options that will not cause this are +MinFreeBlocks [b], +DeliveryMode [d], +ErrorMode [e], +IgnoreDots [i], +LogLevel [L], +MeToo [m], +OldStyleHeaders [o], +PrivacyOptions [p], +Timeouts [r], +SuperSafe [s], +Verbose [v], +CheckpointInterval [C], +and +SevenBitInput [7]. +Also, M (define macro) when defining the r or s macros +is also considered +.q safe . +.sh 2 "P \*- Precedence Definitions" +.pp +Values for the +.q "Precedence:" +field may be defined using the +.b P +control line. +The syntax of this field is: +.(b +\fBP\fP\fIname\fP\fB=\fP\fInum\fP +.)b +When the +.i name +is found in a +.q Precedence: +field, +the message class is set to +.i num . +Higher numbers mean higher precedence. +Numbers less than zero +have the special property +that if an error occurs during processing +the body of the message will not be returned; +this is expected to be used for +.q "bulk" +mail such as through mailing lists. +The default precedence is zero. +For example, +our list of precedences is: +.(b +Pfirst-class=0 +Pspecial-delivery=100 +Plist=\-30 +Pbulk=\-60 +Pjunk=\-100 +.)b +People writing mailing list exploders +are encouraged to use +.q "Precedence: list" . +Older versions of +.i sendmail +(which discarded all error returns for negative precedences) +didn't recognize this name, giving it a default precedence of zero. +This allows list maintainers to see error returns +on both old and new versions of +.i sendmail . +.sh 2 "V \*- Configuration Version Level" +.pp +To provide compatibility with old configuration files, +the +.b V +line has been added to define some very basic semantics +of the configuration file. +These are not intended to be long term supports; +rather, they describe compatibility features +which will probably be removed in future releases. +.pp +.b N.B.: +these version +.i levels +have nothing +to do with the version +.i number +on the files. +For example, +as of this writing +version 8 config files +(specifically, 8.7) +used version level 6 configurations. +.pp +.q Old +configuration files are defined as version level one. +Version level two files make the following changes: +.np +Host name canonification ($[ ... $]) +appends a dot if the name is recognized; +this gives the config file a way of finding out if anything matched. +(Actually, this just initializes the +.q host +map with the +.q \-a. +flag \*- you can reset it to anything you prefer +by declaring the map explicitly.) +.np +Default host name extension is consistent throughout processing; +version level one configurations turned off domain extension +(that is, adding the local domain name) +during certain points in processing. +Version level two configurations are expected to include a trailing dot +to indicate that the name is already canonical. +.np +Local names that are not aliases +are passed through a new distinguished ruleset five; +this can be used to append a local relay. +This behaviour can be prevented by resolving the local name +with an initial `@'. +That is, something that resolves to a local mailer and a user name of +.q vikki +will be passed through ruleset five, +but a user name of +.q @vikki +will have the `@' stripped, +will not be passed through ruleset five, +but will otherwise be treated the same as the prior example. +The expectation is that this might be used to implement a policy +where mail sent to +.q vikki +was handled by a central hub, +but mail sent to +.q vikki@localhost +was delivered directly. +.pp +Version level three files +allow # initiated comments on all lines. +Exceptions are backslash escaped # marks +and the $# syntax. +.pp +Version level four configurations +are completely equivalent to level three +for historical reasons. +.pp +Version level five configuration files +change the default definition of +.b $w +to be just the first component of the hostname. +.pp +Version level six configuration files +change many of the local processing options +(such as aliasing and matching the beginning of the address for +`|' characters) +to be mailer flags; +this allows fine-grained control over the special local processing. +Level six configuration files may also use long option names. +The +.b ColonOkInAddr +option (to allow colons in the local-part of addresses) +defaults +.b on +for lower numbered configuration files; +the configuration file requires some additional intelligence +to properly handle the RFC 822 group construct. +.pp +The +.b V +line may have an optional +.b / \c +.i vendor +to indicate that this configuration file uses modifications +specific to a particular vendor\**. +.(f +\**And of course, vendors are encouraged to add themselves +to the list of recognized vendors by editing the routine +.i setvendor +in +.i conf.c . +Please send e-mail to sendmail@Sendmail.ORG +to register your vendor dialect. +.)f +You may use +.q /Berkeley +to emphasize that this configuration file +uses the Berkeley dialect of +.i sendmail . +.sh 2 "K \*- Key File Declaration" +.pp +Special maps can be defined using the line: +.(b +Kmapname mapclass arguments +.)b +The +.i mapname +is the handle by which this map is referenced in the rewriting rules. +The +.i mapclass +is the name of a type of map; +these are compiled in to +.i sendmail . +The +.i arguments +are interpreted depending on the class; +typically, +there would be a single argument naming the file containing the map. +.pp +Maps are referenced using the syntax: +.(b +$( \fImap\fP \fIkey\fP $@ \fIarguments\fP $: \fIdefault\fP $) +.)b +where either or both of the +.i arguments +or +.i default +portion may be omitted. +The +.i "$@ arguments" +may appear more than once. +The indicated +.i key +and +.i arguments +are passed to the appropriate mapping function. +If it returns a value, it replaces the input. +If it does not return a value and the +.i default +is specified, the +.i default +replaces the input. +Otherwise, the input is unchanged. +.pp +The +.i arguments +are passed to the map for arbitrary use. +Most map classes can interpolate these arguments +into their values using the syntax +.q %\fIn\fP +(where +.i n +is a digit) +to indicate the corresponding +.i argument . +Argument +.q %0 +indicates the database key. +For example, the rule +.(b +.ta 1.5i +R$\- ! $+ $: $(uucp $1 $@ $2 $: %1 @ %0 . UUCP $) +.)b +Looks up the UUCP name in a (user defined) UUCP map; +if not found it turns it into +.q \&.UUCP +form. +The database might contain records like: +.(b +decvax %1@%0.DEC.COM +research %1@%0.ATT.COM +.)b +Note that +.i default +clauses never do this mapping. +.pp +The built in map with both name and class +.q host +is the host name canonicalization lookup. +Thus, +the syntax: +.(b +$(host \fIhostname\fP$) +.)b +is equivalent to: +.(b +$[\fIhostname\fP$] +.)b +.pp +There are many defined classes. +.ip dbm +Database lookups using the ndbm(3) library. +.i Sendmail +must be compiled with +.b NDBM +defined. +.ip btree +Database lookups using the btree interface to the Berkeley db(3) library. +.i Sendmail +must be compiled with +.b NEWDB +defined. +.ip hash +Database lookups using the hash interface to the Berkeley db(3) library. +.i Sendmail +must be compiled with +.b NEWDB +defined. +.ip nis +NIS lookups. +.i Sendmail +must be compiled with +.b NIS +defined. +.ip nisplus +NIS+ lookups. +.i Sendmail +must be compiled with +.b NISPLUS +defined. +The argument is the name of the table to use for lookups, +and the +.b \-k +and +.b \-v +flags may be used to set the key and value columns respectively. +.ip hesiod +Hesiod lookups. +.i Sendmail +must be compiled with +.b HESIOD +defined. +.ip ldapx +LDAP X500 directory lookups. +.i Sendmail +must be compiled with +.b LDAPMAP +defined. +The map supports most of the standard arguments +and most of the command line arguments of the +.i ldapsearch +program. +.ip netinfo +NeXT NetInfo lookups. +.i Sendmail +must be compiled with +.b NETINFO +defined. +.ip text +Text file lookups. +The format of the text file is defined by the +.b \-k +(key field number), +.b \-v +(value field number), +and +.b \-z +(field delimiter) +flags. +.ip stab +Internal symbol table lookups. +Used internally for aliasing. +.ip implicit +Really should be called +.q alias +\(em this is used to get the default lookups +for alias files, +and is the default if no class is specified for alias files. +.ip user +Looks up users using +.i getpwnam (3). +The +.b \-v +flag can be used to specify the name of the field to return +(although this is normally used only to check the existence +of a user). +.ip host +Canonifies host domain names. +Given a host name it calls the name server +to find the canonical name for that host. +.ip sequence +The arguments on the `K' line are a list of maps; +the resulting map searches the argument maps in order +until it finds a match for the indicated key. +For example, if the key definition is: +.(b +Kmap1 ... +Kmap2 ... +Kseqmap sequence map1 map2 +.)b +then a lookup against +.q seqmap +first does a lookup in map1. +If that is found, it returns immediately. +Otherwise, the same key is used for map2. +.ip switch +Much like the +.q sequence +map except that the order of maps is determined by the service switch. +The argument is the name of the service to be looked up; +the values from the service switch are appended to the map name +to create new map names. +For example, consider the key definition: +.(b +Kali switch aliases +.)b +together with the service switch entry: +.(b +aliases nis files +.)b +This causes a query against the map +.q ali +to search maps named +.q ali.nis +and +.q ali.files +in that order. +.ip dequote +Strip double quotes (") from a name. +It does not strip backslashes, +and will not strip quotes if the resulting string +would contain unscannable syntax +(that is, basic errors like unbalanced angle brackets; +more sophisticated errors such as unknown hosts are not checked). +The intent is for use when trying to accept mail from systems such as +DECnet +that routinely quote odd syntax such as +.(b +"49ers::ubell" +.)b +A typical usage is probably something like: +.(b +Kdequote dequote + +\&... + +R$\- $: $(dequote $1 $) +R$\- $+ $: $>3 $1 $2 +.)b +Care must be taken to prevent unexpected results; +for example, +.(b +"|someprogram < input > output" +.)b +will have quotes stripped, +but the result is probably not what you had in mind. +Fortunately these cases are rare. +.pp +Most of these accept as arguments the same optional flags +and a filename +(or a mapname for NIS; +the filename is the root of the database path, +so that +.q .db +or some other extension appropriate for the database type +will be added to get the actual database name). +Known flags are: +.ip "\-o" +Indicates that this map is optional \*- that is, +if it cannot be opened, +no error is produced, +and +.i sendmail +will behave as if the map existed but was empty. +.ip "\-N, \-O" +If neither +.b \-N +or +.b \-O +are specified, +.i sendmail +uses an adaptive algorithm to decide whether or not to look for null bytes +on the end of keys. +It starts by trying both; +if it finds any key with a null byte it never tries again without a null byte +and vice versa. +If +.b \-N +is specified it never tries without a null byte and +if +.b \-O +is specified it never tries with a null byte. +Setting one of +these can speed matches but are never necessary. +If both +.b \-N +and +.b \-O +are specified, +.i sendmail +will never try any matches at all \(em +that is, everything will appear to fail. +.ip "\-a\fIx\fP" +Append the string +.i x +on successful matches. +For example, the default +.i host +map appends a dot on successful matches. +.ip "\-f" +Do not fold upper to lower case before looking up the key. +.ip "\-m" +Match only (without replacing the value). +If you only care about the existence of a key and not the value +(as you might when searching the NIS map +.q hosts.byname +for example), +this flag prevents the map from substituting the value. +However, +The \-a argument is still appended on a match, +and the default is still taken if the match fails. +.ip "\-k\fIkeycol\fP" +The key column name (for NIS+) or number +(for text lookups). +For LDAP maps this is a filter string +passed to printf with a %s where the string to be +.q "mapped" +is inserted. +.ip "\-v\fIvalcol\fP" +The value column name (for NIS+) or number +(for text lookups). +For LDAP maps this is the name of the +attribute to be returned. +.ip "\-z\fIdelim\fP" +The column delimiter (for text lookups). +It can be a single character or one of the special strings +.q \|\en +or +.q \|\et +to indicate newline or tab respectively. +If omitted entirely, +the column separator is any sequence of whitespace. +.ip "\-t" +Normally, when a map attempts to do a lookup +and the server fails +(e.g., +.i sendmail +couldn't contact any name server; +this is +.i not +the same as an entry not being found in the map), +the message being processed is queued for future processing. +The +.b \-t +flag turns off this behaviour, +letting the temporary failure (server down) +act as though it were a permanent failure (entry not found). +It is particularly useful for DNS lookups, +where someone else's misconfigured name server can cause problems +on your machine. +However, care must be taken to ensure that you don't bounce mail +that would be resolved correctly if you tried again. +A common strategy is to forward such mail +to another, possibly better connected, mail server. +.ip "\-s\fIspacesub\fP +For the dequote map only, +the character to use to replace space characters +after a successful dequote. +.pp +The +.i dbm +map appends the strings +.q \&.pag +and +.q \&.dir +to the given filename; +the two +.i db -based +maps append +.q \&.db . +For example, the map specification +.(b +Kuucp dbm \-o \-N /usr/lib/uucpmap +.)b +specifies an optional map named +.q uucp +of class +.q dbm ; +it always has null bytes at the end of every string, +and the data is located in +/usr/lib/uucpmap.{dir,pag}. +.pp +The program +.i makemap (8) +can be used to build any of the three database-oriented maps. +It takes the following flags: +.ip \-f +Do not fold upper to lower case in the map. +.ip \-N +Include null bytes in keys. +.ip \-o +Append to an existing (old) file. +.ip \-r +Allow replacement of existing keys; +normally, re-inserting an existing key is an error. +.ip \-v +Print what is happening. +.lp +The +.i sendmail +daemon does not have to be restarted to read the new maps +as long as you change them in place; +file locking is used so that the maps won't be read +while they are being updated.\** +.(f +\**That is, don't create new maps and then use +.i mv (1) +to move them into place. +Since the maps are already open +the new maps will never be seen. +.)f +.pp +New classes can be added in the routine +.b setupmaps +in file +.b conf.c . +.sh 2 "The User Database" +.pp +If you have a version of +.i sendmail +with the user database package +compiled in, +the handling of sender and recipient addresses +is modified. +.pp +The location of this database is controlled with the +.b UserDatabaseSpec +option. +.sh 3 "Structure of the user database" +.pp +The database is a sorted (BTree-based) structure. +User records are stored with the key: +.(b +\fIuser-name\fP\fB:\fP\fIfield-name\fP +.)b +The sorted database format ensures that user records are clustered together. +Meta-information is always stored with a leading colon. +.pp +Field names define both the syntax and semantics of the value. +Defined fields include: +.nr ii 1i +.ip maildrop +The delivery address for this user. +There may be multiple values of this record. +In particular, +mailing lists will have one +.i maildrop +record for each user on the list. +.ip "mailname" +The outgoing mailname for this user. +For each outgoing name, +there should be an appropriate +.i maildrop +record for that name to allow return mail. +See also +.i :default:mailname . +.ip mailsender +Changes any mail sent to this address to have the indicated envelope sender. +This is intended for mailing lists, +and will normally be the name of an appropriate -request address. +It is very similar to the owner-\c +.i list +syntax in the alias file. +.ip fullname +The full name of the user. +.ip office-address +The office address for this user. +.ip office-phone +The office phone number for this user. +.ip office-fax +The office FAX number for this user. +.ip home-address +The home address for this user. +.ip home-phone +The home phone number for this user. +.ip home-fax +The home FAX number for this user. +.ip project +A (short) description of the project this person is affiliated with. +In the University this is often just the name of their graduate advisor. +.ip plan +A pointer to a file from which plan information can be gathered. +.pp +As of this writing, +only a few of these fields are actually being used by +.i sendmail : +.i maildrop +and +.i mailname . +A +.i finger +program that uses the other fields is planned. +.sh 3 "User database semantics" +.pp +When the rewriting rules submit an address to the local mailer, +the user name is passed through the alias file. +If no alias is found (or if the alias points back to the same address), +the name (with +.q :maildrop +appended) +is then used as a key in the user database. +If no match occurs (or if the maildrop points at the same address), +forwarding is tried. +.pp +If the first token of the user name returned by ruleset 0 +is an +.q @ +sign, the user database lookup is skipped. +The intent is that the user database will act as a set of defaults +for a cluster (in our case, the Computer Science Division); +mail sent to a specific machine should ignore these defaults. +.pp +When mail is sent, +the name of the sending user is looked up in the database. +If that user has a +.q mailname +record, +the value of that record is used as their outgoing name. +For example, I might have a record: +.(b +eric:mailname Eric.Allman@CS.Berkeley.EDU +.)b +This would cause my outgoing mail to be sent as Eric.Allman. +.pp +If a +.q maildrop +is found for the user, +but no corresponding +.q mailname +record exists, +the record +.q :default:mailname +is consulted. +If present, this is the name of a host to override the local host. +For example, in our case we would set it to +.q CS.Berkeley.EDU . +The effect is that anyone known in the database +gets their outgoing mail stamped as +.q user@CS.Berkeley.EDU , +but people not listed in the database use the local hostname. +.sh 3 "Creating the database\**" +.(f +\**These instructions are known to be incomplete. +A future version of the user database is planned +including things such as finger service \*- and good documentation. +.)f +.pp +The user database is built from a text file +using the +.i makemap +utility +(in the distribution in the makemap subdirectory). +The text file is a series of lines corresponding to userdb records; +each line has a key and a value separated by white space. +The key is always in the format described above \*- +for example: +.(b +eric:maildrop +.)b +This file is normally installed in a system directory; +for example, it might be called +.i /etc/userdb . +To make the database version of the map, run the program: +.(b +makemap btree /etc/userdb.db < /etc/userdb +.)b +Then create a config file that uses this. +For example, using the V8 M4 configuration, include the +following line in your .mc file: +.(b +define(\`confUSERDB_SPEC\', /etc/userdb.db) +.)b +.sh 1 "OTHER CONFIGURATION" +.pp +There are some configuration changes that can be made by +recompiling +.i sendmail . +This section describes what changes can be made +and what has to be modified to make them. +In most cases this should be unnecessary +unless you are porting +.i sendmail +to a new environment. +.sh 2 "Parameters in src/Makefile" +.pp +These parameters are intended to describe the compilation environment, +not site policy, +and should normally be defined in src/Makefile. +.ip NDBM +If set, +the new version of the DBM library +that allows multiple databases will be used. +If neither NDBM nor NEWDB are set, +a much less efficient method of alias lookup is used. +.ip NEWDB +If set, use the new database package from Berkeley (from 4.4BSD). +This package is substantially faster than DBM or NDBM. +If NEWDB and NDBM are both set, +.i sendmail +will read DBM files, +but will create and use NEWDB files. +.ip NIS +Include support for NIS. +If set together with +.i both +NEWDB and NDBM, +.i sendmail +will create both DBM and NEWDB files if and only if +an alias file includes the substring +.q /yp/ +in the name. +This is intended for compatibility with Sun Microsystems' +.i mkalias +program used on YP masters. +.ip NISPLUS +Compile in support for NIS+. +.ip NETINFO +Compile in support for NetInfo (NeXT stations). +.ip LDAPMAP +Compile in support for LDAP X500 queries. +Requires libldap and liblber +from the Umich LDAP 3.2 or 3.3 release. +.ip HESIOD +Compile in support for Hesiod. +.ip _PATH_SENDMAILCF +The pathname of the sendmail.cf file. +.ip _PATH_SENDMAILPID +The pathname of the sendmail.pid file. +.pp +There are also several compilation flags to indicate the environment +such as +.q _AIX3 +and +.q _SCO_unix_ . +See the READ_ME +file for the latest scoop on these flags. +.sh 2 "Parameters in src/conf.h" +.pp +Parameters and compilation options +are defined in conf.h. +Most of these need not normally be tweaked; +common parameters are all in sendmail.cf. +However, the sizes of certain primitive vectors, etc., +are included in this file. +The numbers following the parameters +are their default value. +.pp +This document is not the best source of information +for compilation flags in conf.h \(em +see src/READ_ME or src/conf.h itself. +.nr ii 1.2i +.ip "MAXLINE [2048]" +The maximum line length of any input line. +If message lines exceed this length +they will still be processed correctly; +however, header lines, +configuration file lines, +alias lines, +etc., +must fit within this limit. +.ip "MAXNAME [256]" +The maximum length of any name, +such as a host or a user name. +.ip "MAXPV [40]" +The maximum number of parameters to any mailer. +This limits the number of recipients that may be passed in one transaction. +It can be set to any arbitrary number above about 10, +since +.i sendmail +will break up a delivery into smaller batches as needed. +A higher number may reduce load on your system, however. +.ip "MAXATOM [100]" +The maximum number of atoms +(tokens) +in a single address. +For example, +the address +.q "eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU" +is seven atoms. +.ip "MAXMAILERS [25]" +The maximum number of mailers that may be defined +in the configuration file. +.ip "MAXRWSETS [200]" +The maximum number of rewriting sets +that may be defined. +The first half of these are reserved for numeric specification +(e.g., ``S92''), +while the upper half are reserved for auto-numbering +(e.g., ``Sfoo''). +Thus, with a value of 200 an attempt to use ``S99'' will succeed, +but ``S100'' will fail. +.ip "MAXPRIORITIES [25]" +The maximum number of values for the +.q Precedence: +field that may be defined +(using the +.b P +line in sendmail.cf). +.ip "MAXUSERENVIRON [100]" +The maximum number of items in the user environment +that will be passed to subordinate mailers. +.ip "MAXMXHOSTS [100]" +The maximum number of MX records we will accept for any single host. +.ip "MAXALIASDB [12]" +The maximum number of alias databases that can be open at any time. +Note that there may also be an open file limit. +.ip "MAXMAPSTACK [12]" +The maximum number of maps that may be "stacked" in a +.b sequence +class map. +.ip "MAXMIMEARGS [20]" +The maximum number of arguments in a MIME Content-Type: header; +additional arguments will be ignored. +.ip "MAXMIMENESTING [20]" +The maximum depth to which MIME messages may be nested +(that is, nested Message or Multipart documents; +this does not limit the number of components in a single Multipart document). +.lp +A number of other compilation options exist. +These specify whether or not specific code should be compiled in. +Ones marked with \(dg +are 0/1 valued. +.nr ii 1.2i +.ip NETINET\(dg +If set, +support for Internet protocol networking is compiled in. +Previous versions of +.i sendmail +referred to this as +.sm DAEMON ; +this old usage is now incorrect. +Defaults on; +turn it off in the Makefile +if your system doesn't support the Internet protocols. +.ip NETISO\(dg +If set, +support for ISO protocol networking is compiled in +(it may be appropriate to #define this in the Makefile instead of conf.h). +.ip LOG +If set, +the +.i syslog +routine in use at some sites is used. +This makes an informational log record +for each message processed, +and makes a higher priority log record +for internal system errors. +.b "STRONGLY RECOMMENDED" +\(em if you want no logging, turn it off in the configuration file. +.ip MATCHGECOS\(dg +Compile in the code to do ``fuzzy matching'' on the GECOS field +in /etc/passwd. +This also requires that the +.b MatchGECOS +option be turned on. +.ip NAMED_BIND\(dg +Compile in code to use the +Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) server +to resolve TCP/IP host names. +.ip NOTUNIX +If you are using a non-UNIX mail format, +you can set this flag to turn off special processing +of UNIX-style +.q "From " +lines. +.ip QUEUE\(dg +This flag should be set to compile in the queueing code. +If this is not set, +mailers must accept the mail immediately +or it will be returned to the sender. +.ip SMTP\(dg +If set, +the code to handle user and server SMTP will be compiled in. +This is only necessary if your machine has some mailer +that speaks SMTP +(this means most machines everywhere). +.ip USERDB\(dg +Include the +.b experimental +Berkeley user information database package. +This adds a new level of local name expansion +between aliasing and forwarding. +It also uses the NEWDB package. +This may change in future releases. +.lp +The following options are normally turned on +in per-operating-system clauses in conf.h. +.ip IDENTPROTO\(dg +Compile in the IDENT protocol as defined in RFC 1413. +This defaults on for all systems except Ultrix, +which apparently has the interesting +.q feature +that when it receives a +.q "host unreachable" +message it closes all open connections to that host. +Since some firewall gateways send this error code +when you access an unauthorized port (such as 113, used by IDENT), +Ultrix cannot receive email from such hosts. +.ip SYSTEM5 +Set all of the compilation parameters appropriate for System V. +.ip HASFLOCK\(dg +Use Berkeley-style +.b flock +instead of System V +.b lockf +to do file locking. +Due to the highly unusual semantics of locks +across forks in +.b lockf , +this should always be used if at all possible. +.ip HASINITGROUPS +Set this if your system has the +.i initgroups() +call +(if you have multiple group support). +This is the default if SYSTEM5 is +.i not +defined or if you are on HPUX. +.ip HASUNAME +Set this if you have the +.i uname (2) +system call (or corresponding library routine). +Set by default if +SYSTEM5 +is set. +.ip HASGETDTABLESIZE +Set this if you have the +.i getdtablesize (2) +system call. +.ip HASWAITPID +Set this if you have the +.i haswaitpid (2) +system call. +.ip SFS_TYPE +The mechanism that can be used to get file system capacity information. +The values can be one of +SFS_USTAT (use the ustat(2) syscall), +SFS_4ARGS (use the four argument statfs(2) syscall), +SFS_VFS (use the two argument statfs(2) syscall including <sys/vfs.h>), +SFS_MOUNT (use the two argument statfs(2) syscall including <sys/mount.h>), +SFS_STATFS (use the two argument statfs(2) syscall including <sys/statfs.h>), +SFS_STATVFS (use the two argument statfs(2) syscall including <sys/statvfs.h>), +or +SFS_NONE (no way to get this information). +.ip LA_TYPE +The load average type. +Details are described below. +.lp +The are several built-in ways of computing the load average. +.i Sendmail +tries to auto-configure them based on imperfect guesses; +you can select one using the +.i cc +option +.b \-DLA_TYPE= \c +.i type , +where +.i type +is: +.ip LA_INT +The kernel stores the load average in the kernel as an array of long integers. +The actual values are scaled by a factor FSCALE +(default 256). +.ip LA_SHORT +The kernel stores the load average in the kernel as an array of short integers. +The actual values are scaled by a factor FSCALE +(default 256). +.ip LA_FLOAT +The kernel stores the load average in the kernel as an array of +double precision floats. +.ip LA_MACH +Use MACH-style load averages. +.ip LA_SUBR +Call the +.i getloadavg +routine to get the load average as an array of doubles. +.ip LA_ZERO +Always return zero as the load average. +This is the fallback case. +.lp +If type +.sm LA_INT , +.sm LA_SHORT , +or +.sm LA_FLOAT +is specified, +you may also need to specify +.sm _PATH_UNIX +(the path to your system binary) +and +.sm LA_AVENRUN +(the name of the variable containing the load average in the kernel; +usually +.q _avenrun +or +.q avenrun ). +.sh 2 "Configuration in src/conf.c" +.pp +The following changes can be made in conf.c. +.sh 3 "Built-in Header Semantics" +.pp +Not all header semantics are defined in the configuration file. +Header lines that should only be included by certain mailers +(as well as other more obscure semantics) +must be specified in the +.i HdrInfo +table in +.i conf.c . +This table contains the header name +(which should be in all lower case) +and a set of header control flags (described below), +The flags are: +.ip H_ACHECK +Normally when the check is made to see if a header line is compatible +with a mailer, +.i sendmail +will not delete an existing line. +If this flag is set, +.i sendmail +will delete +even existing header lines. +That is, +if this bit is set and the mailer does not have flag bits set +that intersect with the required mailer flags +in the header definition in +sendmail.cf, +the header line is +.i always +deleted. +.ip H_EOH +If this header field is set, +treat it like a blank line, +i.e., +it will signal the end of the header +and the beginning of the message text. +.ip H_FORCE +Add this header entry +even if one existed in the message before. +If a header entry does not have this bit set, +.i sendmail +will not add another header line if a header line +of this name already existed. +This would normally be used to stamp the message +by everyone who handled it. +.ip H_TRACE +If set, +this is a timestamp +(trace) +field. +If the number of trace fields in a message +exceeds a preset amount +the message is returned +on the assumption that it has an aliasing loop. +.ip H_RCPT +If set, +this field contains recipient addresses. +This is used by the +.b \-t +flag to determine who to send to +when it is collecting recipients from the message. +.ip H_FROM +This flag indicates that this field +specifies a sender. +The order of these fields in the +.i HdrInfo +table specifies +.i sendmail 's +preference +for which field to return error messages to. +.ip H_ERRORSTO +Addresses in this header should receive error messages. +.ip H_CTE +This header is a Content-Transfer-Encoding header. +.ip H_CTYPE +This header is a Content-Type header. +.ip H_STRIPVAL +Strip the value from the header (for Bcc:). +.nr ii 5n +.lp +Let's look at a sample +.i HdrInfo +specification: +.(b +.ta 4n +\w'"content-transfer-encoding", 'u +struct hdrinfo HdrInfo[] = +\&{ + /* originator fields, most to least significant */ + "resent-sender", H_FROM, + "resent-from", H_FROM, + "sender", H_FROM, + "from", H_FROM, + "full-name", H_ACHECK, + "errors-to", H_FROM\^|\^H_ERRORSTO, + /* destination fields */ + "to", H_RCPT, + "resent-to", H_RCPT, + "cc", H_RCPT, + "bcc", H_RCPT\^|\^H_STRIPVAL, + /* message identification and control */ + "message", H_EOH, + "text", H_EOH, + /* trace fields */ + "received", H_TRACE\^|\^H_FORCE, + /* miscellaneous fields */ + "content-transfer-encoding", H_CTE, + "content-type", H_CTYPE, + + NULL, 0, +}; +.)b +This structure indicates that the +.q To: , +.q Resent-To: , +and +.q Cc: +fields +all specify recipient addresses. +Any +.q Full-Name: +field will be deleted unless the required mailer flag +(indicated in the configuration file) +is specified. +The +.q Message: +and +.q Text: +fields will terminate the header; +these are used by random dissenters around the network world. +The +.q Received: +field will always be added, +and can be used to trace messages. +.pp +There are a number of important points here. +First, +header fields are not added automatically just because they are in the +.i HdrInfo +structure; +they must be specified in the configuration file +in order to be added to the message. +Any header fields mentioned in the configuration file but not +mentioned in the +.i HdrInfo +structure have default processing performed; +that is, +they are added unless they were in the message already. +Second, +the +.i HdrInfo +structure only specifies cliched processing; +certain headers are processed specially by ad hoc code +regardless of the status specified in +.i HdrInfo . +For example, +the +.q Sender: +and +.q From: +fields are always scanned on ARPANET mail +to determine the sender\**; +.(f +\**Actually, this is no longer true in SMTP; +this information is contained in the envelope. +The older ARPANET protocols did not completely distinguish +envelope from header. +.)f +this is used to perform the +.q "return to sender" +function. +The +.q "From:" +and +.q "Full-Name:" +fields are used to determine the full name of the sender +if possible; +this is stored in the macro +.b $x +and used in a number of ways. +.sh 3 "Restricting Use of Email" +.pp +If it is necessary to restrict mail through a relay, +the +.i checkcompat +routine can be modified. +This routine is called for every recipient address. +It returns an exit status +indicating the status of the message. +The status +.sm EX_OK +accepts the address, +.sm EX_TEMPFAIL +queues the message for a later try, +and other values +(commonly +.sm EX_UNAVAILABLE ) +reject the message. +It is up to +.i checkcompat +to print an error message +(using +.i usrerr ) +if the message is rejected. +For example, +.i checkcompat +could read: +.(b +.re +.sz -1 +.ta 4n +4n +4n +4n +4n +4n +4n +int +checkcompat(to, e) + register ADDRESS *to; + register ENVELOPE *e; +\&{ + register STAB *s; + + s = stab("private", ST_MAILER, ST_FIND); + if (s != NULL && e\->e_from.q_mailer != LocalMailer && + to->q_mailer == s->s_mailer) + { + usrerr("No private net mail allowed through this machine"); + return (EX_UNAVAILABLE); + } + if (MsgSize > 50000 && bitnset(M_LOCALMAILER, to\->q_mailer)) + { + usrerr("Message too large for non-local delivery"); + e\->e_flags |= EF_NORETURN; + return (EX_UNAVAILABLE); + } + return (EX_OK); +} +.sz +.)b +This would reject messages greater than 50000 bytes +unless they were local. +The +.i EF_NORETURN +flag can be set in +.i e\(->e_flags +to suppress the return of the actual body +of the message in the error return. +The actual use of this routine is highly dependent on the +implementation, +and use should be limited. +.sh 3 "Load Average Computation" +.pp +The routine +.i getla +should return an approximation of the current system load average +as an integer. +There are several versions included on compilation flags +as described above. +.sh 3 "New Database Map Classes" +.pp +New key maps can be added by creating a class initialization function +and a lookup function. +These are then added to the routine +.i setupmaps. +.pp +The initialization function is called as +.(b +\fIxxx\fP_map_init(MAP *map, char *args) +.)b +The +.i map +is an internal data structure. +The +.i args +is a pointer to the portion of the configuration file line +following the map class name; +flags and filenames can be extracted from this line. +The initialization function must return +.sm TRUE +if it successfully opened the map, +.sm FALSE +otherwise. +.pp +The lookup function is called as +.(b +\fIxxx\fP_map_lookup(MAP *map, char buf[], char **av, int *statp) +.)b +The +.i map +defines the map internally. +The +.i buf +has the input key. +This may be (and often is) used destructively. +The +.i av +is a list of arguments passed in from the rewrite line. +The lookup function should return a pointer to the new value. +IF the map lookup fails, +.i *statp +should be set to an exit status code; +in particular, it should be set to +.sm EX_TEMPFAIL +if recovery is to be attempted by the higher level code. +.sh 3 "Queueing Function" +.pp +The routine +.i shouldqueue +is called to decide if a message should be queued +or processed immediately. +Typically this compares the message priority to the current load average. +The default definition is: +.(b +bool +shouldqueue(pri, ctime) + long pri; + time_t ctime; +{ + if (CurrentLA < QueueLA) + return (FALSE); + return (pri > (QueueFactor / (CurrentLA \- QueueLA + 1))); +} +.)b +If the current load average +(global variable +.i CurrentLA , +which is set before this function is called) +is less than the low threshold load average +(option +.b x , +variable +.i QueueLA ), +.i shouldqueue +returns +.sm FALSE +immediately +(that is, it should +.i not +queue). +If the current load average exceeds the high threshold load average +(option +.b X , +variable +.i RefuseLA ), +.i shouldqueue +returns +.sm TRUE +immediately. +Otherwise, it computes the function based on the message priority, +the queue factor +(option +.b q , +global variable +.i QueueFactor ), +and the current and threshold load averages. +.pp +An implementation wishing to take the actual age of the message into account +can also use the +.i ctime +parameter, +which is the time that the message was first submitted to +.i sendmail . +Note that the +.i pri +parameter is already weighted +by the number of times the message has been tried +(although this tends to lower the priority of the message with time); +the expectation is that the +.i ctime +would be used as an +.q "escape clause" +to ensure that messages are eventually processed. +.sh 3 "Refusing Incoming SMTP Connections" +.pp +The function +.i refuseconnections +returns +.sm TRUE +if incoming SMTP connections should be refused. +The current implementation is based exclusively on the current load average +and the refuse load average option +(option +.b X , +global variable +.i RefuseLA ): +.(b +bool +refuseconnections() +{ + return (CurrentLA >= RefuseLA); +} +.)b +A more clever implementation +could look at more system resources. +.sh 3 "Load Average Computation" +.pp +The routine +.i getla +returns the current load average (as a rounded integer). +The distribution includes several possible implementations. +If you are porting to a new environment +you may need to add some new tweaks.\** +.(f +\**If you do, please send updates to +sendmail@Sendmail.ORG. +.)f +.sh 2 "Configuration in src/daemon.c" +.pp +The file +.i src/daemon.c +contains a number of routines that are dependent +on the local networking environment. +The version supplied assumes you have BSD style sockets. +.pp +In previous releases, +we recommended that you modify the routine +.i maphostname +if you wanted to generalize +.b $[ +\&...\& +.b $] +lookups. +We now recommend that you create a new keyed map instead. +.sh 1 "CHANGES IN VERSION 8" +.pp +The following summarizes changes +since the last commonly available version of +.i sendmail +(5.67). +For a detailed list, +consult the file +RELEASE_NOTES +in the root directory of the +.i sendmail +distribution. +.sh 2 "Connection Caching" +.pp +Instead of closing SMTP connections immediately, +those connections are cached for possible future use. +The advent of MX records made this effective for mailing lists; +in addition, +substantial performance improvements can be expected for queue processing. +.sh 2 "MX Piggybacking" +.pp +If two hosts with different names in a single message +happen to have the same set of MX hosts, +they can be sent in the same transaction. +Version 8 notices this and tries to batch the messages. +.sh 2 "RFC 1123 Compliance" +.pp +A number of changes have been made to make +.i sendmail +.q "conditionally compliant" +(that is, +.i sendmail +satisfies all of the +.q MUST +clauses and most but not all of the +.q SHOULD +clauses in RFC 1123). +.pp +The major areas of change are (numbers are RFC 1123 section numbers): +.nr ii \w'5.3.1.1\0\0'u +.ip 5.2.7 +Response to RCPT command is fast. +.ip 5.2.8 +Numeric IP addresses are logged in Received: lines. +.ip 5.2.17 +Self domain literal is properly handled. +.ip 5.3.2 +Better control over individual timeouts. +.ip 5.3.3 +Error messages are sent as +.q From:<> . +.ip 5.3.3 +Error messages are never sent to +.q <> . +.ip 5.3.3 +Route-addrs are pruned. +.lp +The areas in which +.i sendmail +is not +.q "unconditionally compliant" +are: +.ip 5.2.6 +.i Sendmail +does do header munging. +.ip 5.2.10 +.i Sendmail +doesn't always use the exact SMTP message text +as listed in RFC 821. +.ip 5.3.1.1 +.i Sendmail +doesn't guarantee only one connect for each host in queue runs. +.ip 5.3.1.1 +.i Sendmail +doesn't always provide adequate concurrency limits. +.sh 2 "Extended SMTP Support" +.pp +Version 8 includes both sending and receiving support for Extended +SMTP support as defined by RFC 1651 (basic) and RFC 1653 (SIZE); +and limited support for RFC 1652 (BODY). +.sh 2 "Eight-Bit Clean" +.pp +Previous versions of +.i sendmail +used the 0200 bit for quoting. +This version avoids that use. +However, for compatibility with RFC 822, +you can set option `7' to get seven bit stripping. +.pp +Individual mailers can still produce seven bit output using the +`7' mailer flag. +.sh 2 "User Database" +.pp +The user database is an as-yet experimental attempt +to provide unified large-site name support. +We are installing it at Berkeley; +future versions may show significant modifications. +.sh 2 "Improved BIND Support" +.pp +The BIND support, +particularly for MX records, +had a number of annoying +.q features +which have been removed in this release. +In particular, +these more tightly bind (pun intended) the name server to +.i sendmail , +so that the name server resolution rules are incorporated directly into +.b sendmail . +.sh 2 "Keyed Files" +.pp +Generalized keyed files is an idea taken directly from +.sm IDA +.i sendmail +(albeit with a completely different implementation). +They can be useful on large sites. +.pp +Version 8 also understands YP. +.sh 2 "Multi-Word Classes" +.pp +Classes can now be multiple words. +For example, +.(b +CShofmann.CS.Berkeley.EDU +.)b +allows you to match the entire string +.q hofmann.CS.Berkeley.EDU +using the single construct +.q $=S . +.sh 2 "Deferred Macro Expansion" +.pp +The +.b $& \c +.i x +construct has been adopted from +.sm IDA . +.sh 2 "IDENT Protocol Support" +.pp +The IDENT protocol as defined in RFC 1413 is supported. +.sh 2 "Parsing Bug Fixes" +.pp +A number of small bugs having to do with things like +backslash-escaped quotes inside of comments +have been fixed. +.sh 2 "Separate Envelope/Header Processing" +.pp +Since the From: line is passed in separately from the envelope sender, +these have both been made visible; +the +.b $g +macro is set to the envelope sender during processing +of mailer argument vectors +and the header sender during processing of headers. +.pp +It is also possible to specify separate per-mailer +envelope and header processing. +The +.b S enderRWSet +and +.b R ecipientRWset +arguments for mailers +can be specified as +.i envelope/header +to give different rewritings for envelope versus header addresses. +.sh 2 "Owner-List Propagates to Envelope" +.pp +When an alias has an associated owner\-list name, +that alias is used to change the envelope sender address. +This will cause downstream errors to be returned to that owner. +.sh 2 "Dynamic Header Allocation" +.pp +The fixed size limit on header lines has been eliminated. +.sh 2 "New Command Line Flags" +.pp +The +.b \-B +flag has been added to pass in body type information. +.pp +The +.b \-p +flag has been added +to pass in protocol information. +.pp +The +.b \-X +flag has been added +to allow logging of all protocol in and out of +.i sendmail +for debugging. +.pp +The +.b \-O +flag implies setting long-form options. +.sh 2 "Enhanced Command Line Flags" +.pp +The +.b \-q +flag can limit limit a queue run to specific recipients, senders, or queue ids +using +.b \-qR\c +.i substring , +.b \-qS\c +.i substring , +or +.b \-qI\c +.i substring +respectively. +.sh 2 "New and Old Configuration Line Types" +.pp +The +.b K +line has been added to declare database maps. +.pp +The +.b V +line has been added to declare the configuration version level. +.pp +The +.b M +line has a +.q D= +field that lets you change into a temporary directory while that mailer +is running. +It also has a +.q U= +field to allow you to set the user and group id to be used +when running the mailer. +.sh 2 "New Options" +.pp +Several new options have been added, +many to support new features, +others to allow tuning that was previously available +only by recompiling. +They are described in detail in Section 5.6. +Briefly, +.nr ii 0.5i +.ip b +Insist on a minimum number of disk blocks. +.ip C +Set checkpoint interval. +.ip E +Default error message. +.ip G +Enable GECOS matching. +.ip h +Maximum hop count. +.ip j +Send errors in MIME-encapsulated format. +.ip J +Forward file path. +.ip k +Connection cache size +.ip K +Connection cache lifetime. +.ip l +Enable Errors-To: header. +These headers violate RFC 1123; +this option is included to provide back compatibility +with old versions of +.i sendmail . +.ip O +Set incoming SMTP daemon options, such as an alternate SMTP port. +.ip p +Privacy options. +.ip R +Don't prune route-addrs. +.ip U +User database spec. +.ip V +Fallback +.q MX +host. +.ip w +.q "Best MX" +handling technique. +.ip 7 +Do not run eight bit clean. +.ip 8 +Eight bit data handling mode. +.sh 2 "Extended Options" +.pp +The +.b r +(read timeout), +.b I +(use BIND), +and +.b T +(queue timeout) +options have been extended to pass in more information. +.sh 2 "New Mailer Flags" +.pp +Several new mailer flags have been added. +.ip a +Try to use ESMTP when creating a connection. +If this is not set, +.i sendmail +will still try if the other end hints that it knows about ESMTP +in its greeting message; +this flag says to try even if it doesn't hint. +If the EHLO (extended hello) +command fails, +.i sendmail +falls back to old SMTP. +.ip A +Try the user part of addresses for this mailer as aliases. +.ip b +Ensure that there is a blank line at the end of all messages. +.ip c +Strip all comments from addresses; +this should only be used as a last resort +when dealing with cranky mailers. +.ip g +Never use the null sender as the envelope sender, +even when running SMTP. +Although this violates RFC 1123, +it may be necessary when you must deal with some obnoxious old hosts. +.ip k +Turn off the loopback check in the HELO protocol; +doing this may cause mailer loops. +.ip o +Always run the mailer as the recipient of the message. +.ip w +This user should have a passwd file entry. +.ip 5 +Try ruleset 5 if no local aliases. +.ip 7 +Strip all output to 7 bits. +.ip : +Check for :include: files. +.ip | +Check for |program addresses. +.ip / +Check for /file addresses. +.ip @ +Check this user against the user database. +.sh 2 "Long Option Names" +.pp +All options can be specified using long names, +and some new options can only be specified with long names. +.sh 2 "New Pre-Defined Macros" +.pp +The following macros are pre-defined: +.ip $k +The UUCP node name, +nominally from +.i uname (2) +call. +.ip $m +The domain part of our full hostname. +.ip $_ +The RFC 1413-provided sender address. +.sh 2 "New LHS Token" +.pp +Version 8 allows +.b $@ +on the Left Hand Side of an +.q R +line to match zero tokens. +This is intended to be used to match the null input. +.sh 2 "Bigger Defaults" +.pp +Version 8 allows up to 100 rulesets instead of 30. +It is recommended that rulesets 0\-9 be reserved for +.i sendmail 's +dedicated use in future releases. +.pp +The total number of MX records that can be used has been raised to 20. +.pp +The number of queued messages that can be handled at one time +has been raised from 600 to 1000. +.sh 2 "Different Default Tuning Parameters" +.pp +Version 8 has changed the default parameters +for tuning queue costs +to make the number of recipients more important +than the size of the message (for small messages). +This is reasonable if you are connected with reasonably fast links. +.sh 2 "Auto-Quoting in Addresses" +.pp +Previously, the +.q "Full Name <email address>" +syntax would generate incorrect protocol output +if +.q "Full Name" +had special characters such as dot. +This version puts quotes around such names. +.sh 2 "Symbolic Names On Error Mailer" +.pp +Several names have been built in to the $@ portion of the $#error +mailer. +.sh 2 "SMTP VRFY Doesn't Expand" +.pp +Previous versions of +.i sendmail +treated VRFY and EXPN the same. +In this version, +VRFY doesn't expand aliases or follow .forward files. +EXPN still does. +.pp +As an optimization, if you run with your default delivery mode being +queue-only or deliver-in-background, +the RCPT command will also not chase aliases and .forward files. +It will chase them when it processes the queue. +.sh 2 "[IPC] Mailers Allow Multiple Hosts" +.pp +When an address resolves to a mailer that has +.q [IPC] +as its +.q Path , +the $@ part (host name) +can be a colon-separated list of hosts instead of a single hostname. +This asks +.i sendmail +to search the list for the first entry that is available +exactly as though it were an MX record. +The intent is to route internal traffic through internal networks +without publishing an MX record to the net. +MX expansion is still done on the individual items. +.sh 2 "Aliases Extended" +.pp +The implementation has been merged with maps. +Among other things, +this supports NIS-based aliases. +.sh 2 "Portability and Security Enhancements" +.pp +A number of internal changes have been made to enhance portability. +.pp +Several fixes have been made to increase the paranoia factor. +.sh 2 "Miscellaneous Changes" +.pp +.i Sendmail +writes a +.i /etc/sendmail.pid +file with the current process id of the SMTP daemon. +.pp +Two people using the same program in their .forward file +are considered different +so that duplicate elimination doesn't delete one of them. +.pp +The +.i mailstats +program prints mailer names +and gets the location of the +.i sendmail.st +file from +.i /etc/sendmail.cf . +.pp +Many minor bugs have been fixed, such as handling of backslashes +inside of quotes. +.pp +A hook (ruleset 5) has been added +to allow rewriting of local addresses after aliasing. +.sh 1 "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS" +.pp +I've worked on +.i sendmail +for many years, +and many employers have been remarkably patient +about letting me work on a large project +that was not part of my official job. +This includes time on the INGRES Project at +the University of California at Berkeley, +at Britton Lee, +and again on the Mammoth and Titan Projects at Berkeley. +.pp +Much of the second wave of improvements +should be credited to Bryan Costales of ICSI. +As he passed me drafts of his book on +.i sendmail +I was inspired to start working on things again. +Bryan was also available to bounce ideas off of. +.pp +Many, many people contributed chunks of code and ideas to +.i sendmail . +It has proven to be a group network effort. +Version 8 in particular was a group project. +The following people made notable contributions: +.(l +John Beck, Hewlett-Packard +Keith Bostic, CSRG, University of California, Berkeley +Andrew Cheng, Sun Microsystems +Michael J. Corrigan, University of California, San Diego +Bryan Costales, International Computer Science Institute +Pa\*:r (Pell) Emanuelsson +Craig Everhart, Transarc Corporation +Tom Ivar Helbekkmo, Norwegian School of Economics +Allan E. Johannesen, WPI +Jonathan Kamens, OpenVision Technologies, Inc. +Takahiro Kanbe, Fuji Xerox Information Systems Co., Ltd. +Brian Kantor, University of California, San Diego +Murray S. Kucherawy, HookUp Communication Corp. +Bruce Lilly, Sony U.S. +Karl London +Motonori Nakamura, Ritsumeikan University & Kyoto University +John Gardiner Myers, Carnegie Mellon University +Neil Rickert, Northern Illinois University +Eric Schnoebelen, Convex Computer Corp. +Eric Wassenaar, National Institute for Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Amsterdam +Christophe Wolfhugel, Pasteur Institute & Herve Schauer Consultants (Paris) +.)l +I apologize for anyone I have omitted, misspelled, misattributed, or +otherwise missed. +At this point, I suspect that at least a hundred people +have contributed code, +and many more have contributed ideas, comments, and encouragement. +I've tried to list them in the RELEASE_NOTES in the distribution directory. +I appreciate their contribution as well. +.pp +Special thanks are reserved for Michael Corrigan and Christophe Wolfhugel, +who besides being wonderful guinea pigs and contributors +have also consented to be added to the ``sendmail@Sendmail.ORG'' list +and, by answering the bulk of the questions sent to that list, +have freed me up to do other work. +.++ A +.+c "COMMAND LINE FLAGS" +.ba 0 +.nr ii 1i +.pp +Arguments must be presented with flags before addresses. +The flags are: +.ip \-b\fIx\fP +Set operation mode to +.i x . +Operation modes are: +.(b +.ta 4n +m Deliver mail (default) +s Speak SMTP on input side +a\(dg ``Arpanet'' mode (get envelope sender information from header) +d Run as a daemon in background +D Run as a daemon in foreground +t Run in test mode +v Just verify addresses, don't collect or deliver +i Initialize the alias database +p Print the mail queue +.)b +.(f +\(dgDeprecated. +.)f +.ip \-B\fItype\fP +Indicate body type. +.ip \-C\fIfile\fP +Use a different configuration file. +.i Sendmail +runs as the invoking user (rather than root) +when this flag is specified. +.ip \-d\fIlevel\fP +Set debugging level. +.ip "\-f\ \fIaddr\fP" +The sender's machine address is +.i addr . +.ip \-F\fIname\fP +Sets the full name of this user to +.i name . +.ip "\-h\ \fIcnt\fP" +Sets the +.q "hop count" +to +.i cnt . +This represents the number of times this message has been processed +by +.i sendmail +(to the extent that it is supported by the underlying networks). +.i Cnt +is incremented during processing, +and if it reaches +MAXHOP +(currently 30) +.i sendmail +throws away the message with an error. +.ip \-n +Don't do aliasing or forwarding. +.ip "\-N \fInotifications\fP" +Tag all addresses being sent as wanting the indicated +.i notifications , +which consists of the word +.q NEVER +or a comma-separated list of +.q SUCCESS , +.q FAILURE , +and +.q DELAY +for successful delivery, +failure, +and a message that is stuck in a queue somewhere. +The default is +.q FAILURE,DELAY . +.ip "\-r\ \fIaddr\fP" +An obsolete form of +.b \-f . +.ip \-o\fIx\|value\fP +Set option +.i x +to the specified +.i value . +These options are described in Section 5.6. +.ip \-O\fIoption\fP\fB=\fP\fIvalue\fP +Set +.i option +to the specified +.i value +(for long form option names). +These options are described in Section 5.6. +.ip \-M\fIx\|value +Set macro +.i x +to the specified +.i value . +.ip \-p\fIprotocol\fP +Set the sending protocol. +Programs are encouraged to set this. +The protocol field can be in the form +.i protocol \c +.b : \c +.i host +to set both the sending protocol and sending host. +For example, +.q \-pUUCP:uunet +sets the sending protocol to UUCP +and the sending host to uunet. +(Some existing programs use \-oM to set the r and s macros; +this is equivalent to using \-p.) +.ip \-q\fItime\fP +Try to process the queued up mail. +If the time is given, +a +.i sendmail +will run through the queue at the specified interval +to deliver queued mail; +otherwise, it only runs once. +.ip \-q\fIXstring\fP +Run the queue once, +limiting the jobs to those matching +.i Xstring . +The key letter +.i X +can be +.b I +to limit based on queue identifier, +.b R +to limit based on recipient, +or +.b S +to limit based on sender. +A particular queued job is accepted if one of the corresponding addresses +contains the indicated +.i string . +.ip "\-R ret" +What information you want returned if the message bounces; +.i ret +can be +.q HDRS +for headers only or +.q FULL +for headers plus body. +This is a request only; +the other end is not required to honor the parameter. +.ip \-t +Read the header for +.q To: , +.q Cc: , +and +.q Bcc: +lines, and send to everyone listed in those lists. +The +.q Bcc: +line will be deleted before sending. +Any addresses in the argument vector will be deleted +from the send list. +.ip "\-U" +Indicate that this is an initial User Agent submission. +In future releases, sendmail may complain about syntactically invalid messages +rather than fixing them when this flag is not set. +.ip "\-V envid" +The indicated +.i envid +is passed with the envelope of the message +and returned if the message bounces. +.ip "\-X \fIlogfile\fP" +Log all traffic in and out of +.i sendmail +in the indicated +.i logfile +for debugging mailer problems. +This produces a lot of data very quickly and should be used sparingly. +.pp +There are a number of options that may be specified as +primitive flags. +These are the e, i, m, and v options. +Also, +the f option +may be specified as the +.b \-s +flag. +.+c "QUEUE FILE FORMATS" +.pp +This appendix describes the format of the queue files. +These files live in the directory defined by the +.b Q +option in the +.i sendmail.cf +file, usually +.i /var/spool/mqueue +or +.i /usr/spool/mqueue . +.pp +All queue files have the name +\fIx\fP\|\fBf\fP\fIAAA99999\fP +where +.i AAA99999 +is the +.i id +for this message +and the +.i x +is a type. +The first letter of the id encodes the hour of the day +that the message was received by the system +(with A being the hour between midnight and 1:00AM). +All files with the same id collectively define one message. +.pp +The types are: +.nr ii 0.5i +.ip d +The data file. +The message body (excluding the header) is kept in this file. +.ip q +The queue control file. +This file contains the information necessary to process the job. +.ip t +A temporary file. +These are an image of the +.b qf +file when it is being rebuilt. +It should be renamed to a +.b qf +file very quickly. +.ip x +A transcript file, +existing during the life of a session +showing everything that happens +during that session. +.pp +The +.b qf +file is structured as a series of lines +each beginning with a code letter. +The lines are as follows: +.ip V +The version number of the queue file format, +used to allow new +.i sendmail +binaries to read queue files created by older versions. +Defaults to version zero. +Must be the first line of the file if present. +.ip H +A header definition. +There may be any number of these lines. +The order is important: +they represent the order in the final message. +These use the same syntax +as header definitions in the configuration file. +.ip C +The controlling address. +The syntax is +.q localuser:aliasname . +Recipient addresses following this line +will be flagged so that deliveries will be run as the +.i localuser +(a user name from the /etc/passwd file); +.i aliasname +is the name of the alias that expanded to this address +(used for printing messages). +.ip Q +The ``original recipient'', +specified by the ORCPT= field in an ESMTP transaction. +Used exclusively for Delivery Status Notifications. +It applies only to the immediately following `R' line. +.ip R +A recipient address. +This will normally be completely aliased, +but is actually realiased when the job is processed. +There will be one line +for each recipient. +Version 1 qf files +also include a leading colon-terminated list of flags, +which can be +`S' to return a message on successful final delivery, +`F' to return a message on failure, +`D' to return a message if the message is delayed, +`B' to indicate that the body should be returned, +`N' to suppress returning the body, +and +`P' to declare this as a ``primary'' (command line or SMTP-session) address. +.ip S +The sender address. +There may only be one of these lines. +.ip T +The job creation time. +This is used to compute when to time out the job. +.ip P +The current message priority. +This is used to order the queue. +Higher numbers mean lower priorities. +The priority changes +as the message sits in the queue. +The initial priority depends on the message class +and the size of the message. +.ip M +A message. +This line is printed by the +.i mailq +command, +and is generally used to store status information. +It can contain any text. +.ip F +Flag bits, represented as one letter per flag. +Defined flag bits are +.b r +indicating that this is a response message +and +.b w +indicating that a warning message has been sent +announcing that the mail has been delayed. +.ip N +The total number of delivery attempts. +.ip K +The time (as seconds since January 1, 1970) +of the last delivery attempt. +.ip I +The i-number of the data file; +this can be used to recover your mail queue +after a disastrous disk crash. +.ip $ +A macro definition. +The values of certain macros +(as of this writing, only +.b $r +and +.b $s ) +are passed through to the queue run phase. +.ip B +The body type. +The remainder of the line is a text string defining the body type. +If this field is missing, +the body type is assumed to be +.q "undefined" +and no special processing is attempted. +Legal values are +.q 7BIT +and +.q 8BITMIME . +.ip O +The original MTS value (from the ESMTP transaction). +For Deliver Status Notifications only. +.ip Z +The original envelope id (from the ESMTP transaction). +For Deliver Status Notifications only. +.pp +As an example, +the following is a queue file sent to +.q eric@mammoth.Berkeley.EDU +and +.q bostic@okeeffe.CS.Berkeley.EDU \**: +.(f +\**This example is contrived and probably inaccurate for your environment. +Glance over it to get an idea; +nothing can replace looking at what your own system generates. +.)f +.(b +P835771 +T404261372 +Seric +Ceric:sendmail@vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU +Reric@mammoth.Berkeley.EDU +Rbostic@okeeffe.CS.Berkeley.EDU +H?P?return-path: <owner-sendmail@vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU> +Hreceived: by vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU (5.108/2.7) id AAA06703; + Fri, 17 Jul 92 00:28:55 -0700 +Hreceived: from mail.CS.Berkeley.EDU by vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU (5.108/2.7) + id AAA06698; Fri, 17 Jul 92 00:28:54 -0700 +Hreceived: from [128.32.31.21] by mail.CS.Berkeley.EDU (5.96/2.5) + id AA22777; Fri, 17 Jul 92 03:29:14 -0400 +Hreceived: by foo.bar.baz.de (5.57/Ultrix3.0-C) + id AA22757; Fri, 17 Jul 92 09:31:25 GMT +H?F?from: eric@foo.bar.baz.de (Eric Allman) +H?x?full-name: Eric Allman +Hmessage-id: <9207170931.AA22757@foo.bar.baz.de> +HTo: sendmail@vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU +Hsubject: this is an example message +.)b +This shows +the person who sent the message, +the submission time +(in seconds since January 1, 1970), +the message priority, +the message class, +the recipients, +and the headers for the message. +.+c "SUMMARY OF SUPPORT FILES" +.pp +This is a summary of the support files +that +.i sendmail +creates or generates. +Many of these can be changed by editing the sendmail.cf file; +check there to find the actual pathnames. +.nr ii 1i +.ip "/usr/\*(SD/sendmail" +The binary of +.i sendmail . +.ip /usr/\*(SB/newaliases +A link to /usr/\*(SD/sendmail; +causes the alias database to be rebuilt. +Running this program is completely equivalent to giving +.i sendmail +the +.b \-bi +flag. +.ip /usr/\*(SB/mailq +Prints a listing of the mail queue. +This program is equivalent to using the +.b \-bp +flag to +.i sendmail . +.ip /etc/sendmail.cf +The configuration file, +in textual form. +.ip /usr/lib/sendmail.hf +The SMTP help file. +.ip /etc/sendmail.st +A statistics file; need not be present. +.ip /etc/sendmail.pid +Created in daemon mode; +it contains the process id of the current SMTP daemon. +If you use this in scripts; +use ``head \-1'' to get just the first line; +later versions of +.i sendmail +may add information to subsequent lines. +.ip /etc/aliases +The textual version of the alias file. +.ip /etc/aliases.{pag,dir} +The alias file in +.i dbm \|(3) +format. +.ip /var/spool/mqueue +The directory in which the mail queue +and temporary files reside. +.ip /var/spool/mqueue/qf* +Control (queue) files for messages. +.ip /var/spool/mqueue/df* +Data files. +.ip /var/spool/mqueue/tf* +Temporary versions of the qf files, +used during queue file rebuild. +.ip /var/spool/mqueue/xf* +A transcript of the current session. +.if e \ +\{\ +. bp +. rs +. sp |4i +. ce 2 +This page intentionally left blank; +replace it with a blank sheet for double-sided output. +.\} +.\".ro +.\".ls 1 +.\".tp +.\".sp 2i +.\".in 0 +.\".ce 100 +.\".sz 24 +.\".b SENDMAIL +.\".sz 14 +.\".sp +.\"INSTALLATION AND OPERATION GUIDE +.\".sp +.\".sz 10 +.\"Eric Allman +.\".sp +.\"Version 8.106 +.\".ce 0 +.bp 3 +.ce +.sz 12 +TABLE OF CONTENTS +.sz 10 +.sp +.\" remove some things to 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+-1.14 E/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Eric Allman)263.42 196.2 Q +(eric@Sendmail.ORG)245.205 208.2 Q -1.11(Ve)260.225 232.2 S(rsion 8.106) +1.11 E -.15(Fo)236.965 256.2 S 2.5(rS).15 G(endmail V)-2.5 E(ersion 8.8) +-1.11 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Sendmail)97 300.6 Q F2 .482 +(implements a general purpose internetw)2.982 F .482(ork mail routing f) +-.1 F .481(acility under the UNIX\256 operat-)-.1 F .378(ing system.)72 +312.6 R .378(It is not tied to an)5.378 F 2.878(yo)-.15 G .378 +(ne transport protocol \212 its function may be lik)-2.878 F .378 +(ened to a crossbar switch,)-.1 F 1.036 +(relaying messages from one domain into another)72 324.6 R 6.036(.I)-.55 +G 3.536(nt)-6.036 G 1.036 +(he process, it can do a limited amount of message)-3.536 F .604(header editing to put the message into a format that is appropriate for the recei) +72 336.6 R .604(ving domain.)-.25 F .604(All of this is)5.604 F +(done under the control of a con\214guration \214le.)72 348.6 Q .711 +(Due to the requirements of \215e)97 364.8 R .711(xibility for)-.15 F F3 +(sendmail)3.211 E F2 3.211(,t)C .71 +(he con\214guration \214le can seem some)-3.211 F .71(what unap-)-.25 F +2.893(proachable. Ho)72 376.8 R(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.193 -.4(r, t) +.15 H .393(here are only a fe).4 F 2.893(wb)-.25 G .394 +(asic con\214gurations for most sites, for which standard con\214gu-) +-2.893 F .646(ration \214les ha)72 388.8 R .946 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .646 +(een supplied.).15 F .645(Most other con\214gurations can be b)5.646 F +.645(uilt by adjusting an e)-.2 F .645(xisting con\214gura-)-.15 F +(tion \214les incrementally)72 400.8 Q(.)-.65 E F3(Sendmail)97 417 Q F2 +.15(is based on RFC821 \(Simple Mail T)2.65 F .15 +(ransport Protocol\), RFC822 \(Internet Mail F)-.35 F .15(ormat Pro-) +-.15 F .423(tocol\), RFC1123 \(Internet Host Requirements\), RFC1521 \(MIME\), RFC1651 \(SMTP Service Extensions\),) +72 429 R 2.022(RFC1891 \(SMTP Deli)72 441 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.022(ry Status Noti\214cations\), RFC1892 \(Multipart/Report\), RFC1893 \(Mail System) +.15 F 2.365(Status Codes\), RFC1894 \(Deli)72 453 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.364 +(ry Status Noti\214cations\), and RFC1985 \(SMTP Service Extension for) +.15 F .251(Remote Message Queue Starting\).)72 465 R(Ho)5.251 E(we)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.051 -.4(r, s).15 H(ince).4 E F3(sendmail)2.751 E F2 +.251(is designed to w)2.751 F .251(ork in a wider w)-.1 F .252 +(orld, in man)-.1 F(y)-.15 E(cases it can be con\214gured to e)72 477 Q +(xceed these protocols.)-.15 E(These cases are described herein.)5 E +(Although)97 493.2 Q F3(sendmail)3.548 E F2 1.047(is intended to run without the need for monitoring, it has a number of features) +3.548 F 1.972(that may be used to monitor or adjust the operation under unusual circumstances.) +72 505.2 R 1.972(These features are)6.972 F(described.)72 517.2 Q .817 +(Section one describes ho)97 533.4 R 3.317(wt)-.25 G 3.317(od)-3.317 G +3.317(oa)-3.317 G(basic)-.001 E F3(sendmail)3.316 E F2 3.316 +(installation. Section)3.316 F(tw)3.316 E 3.316(oe)-.1 G .816 +(xplains the day-to-day)-3.466 F .282(information you should kno)72 +545.4 R 2.782(wt)-.25 G 2.782(om)-2.782 G .282 +(aintain your mail system.)-2.782 F .282(If you ha)5.282 F .583 -.15 +(ve a r)-.2 H(elati).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .283(ly normal site, these tw) +.15 F(o)-.1 E .635(sections should contain suf)72 557.4 R .635 +(\214cient information for you to install)-.25 F F3(sendmail)3.135 E F2 +.634(and k)3.135 F .634(eep it happ)-.1 F 4.434 -.65(y. S)-.1 H .634 +(ection three).65 F .925 +(describes some parameters that may be safely tweak)72 569.4 R 3.425 +(ed. Section)-.1 F .925(four has information re)3.425 F -.05(ga)-.15 G +.925(rding the com-).05 F .886(mand line ar)72 581.4 R 3.386 +(guments. Section)-.18 F<8c76>3.386 E 3.386(ec)-.15 G .885 +(ontains the nitty-gritty information about the con\214guration \214le.) +-3.386 F(This)5.885 E .004 +(section is for masochists and people who must write their o)72 593.4 R +.005(wn con\214guration \214le.)-.25 F .005(Section six describes con-) +5.005 F .886(\214guration that can be done at compile time.)72 605.4 R +.886(Section se)5.886 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.386(ng).15 G -2.15 -.25(iv e) +-3.386 H 3.386(sab).25 G .886(rief description of dif)-3.386 F .885 +(ferences in this)-.25 F -.15(ve)72 617.4 S 1.619(rsion of).15 F F3 +(sendmail)4.119 E F2 6.619(.T)C 1.619(he appendix)-6.619 F 1.619(es gi) +-.15 F 1.919 -.15(ve a b)-.25 H 1.619(rief b).15 F 1.619(ut detailed e) +-.2 F 1.62(xplanation of a number of features not)-.15 F +(described in the rest of the paper)72 629.4 Q(.)-.55 E/F4 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.2(WA)97 645.6 S(RNING:)1.2 E F2(Se)3.268 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G .767(ral major changes were introduced in v).15 F .767 +(ersion 8.7.)-.15 F -1.1(Yo)5.767 G 3.267(us)1.1 G .767 +(hould not attempt to use)-3.267 F(this document for prior v)72 657.6 Q +(ersions of)-.15 E F3(sendmail)2.5 E F2(.)A F4 +(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 756 Q(SMM:08-1)200.86 E EP +%%Page: 2 2 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 198.36(SMM:08-2 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(This page intentionally left blank;)220.225 300 Q +(replace it with a blank sheet for double-sided output.)182.6 312 Q EP +%%Page: 7 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-7)200.86 E 2.5(1. B)72 96 R(ASIC INST)-.3 E(ALLA)-.9 E(TION)-.95 +E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .233(There are tw)112 112.2 R 2.733(ob)-.1 G +.233(asic steps to installing)-2.733 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail) +2.733 E F1 5.233(.T)C .233(he hard part is to b)-5.233 F .234 +(uild the con\214guration table.)-.2 F 1.186(This is a \214le that)87 +124.2 R F2(sendmail)3.686 E F1 1.186 +(reads when it starts up that describes the mailers it kno)3.686 F 1.185 +(ws about, ho)-.25 F 3.685(wt)-.25 G(o)-3.685 E .714 +(parse addresses, ho)87 136.2 R 3.214(wt)-.25 G 3.214(or)-3.214 G -.25 +(ew)-3.214 G .715(rite the message header).25 F 3.215(,a)-.4 G .715 +(nd the settings of v)-3.215 F .715(arious options.)-.25 F .715 +(Although the)5.715 F .852(con\214guration table is quite comple)87 +148.2 R .852(x, a con\214guration can usually be b)-.15 F .852 +(uilt by adjusting an e)-.2 F .852(xisting of)-.15 F(f-)-.25 E 1.077 +(the-shelf con\214guration.)87 160.2 R 1.078(The second part is actually doing the installation, i.e., creating the necessary) +6.077 F(\214les, etc.)87 172.2 Q .192 +(The remainder of this section will describe the installation of)112 +188.4 R F2(sendmail)2.692 E F1 .192(assuming you can use one)2.692 F +1.431(of the e)87 200.4 R 1.432(xisting con\214gurations and that the standard installation parameters are acceptable.) +-.15 F 1.432(All path-)6.432 F .977(names and e)87 212.4 R .976 +(xamples are gi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.476(nf).15 G .976 +(rom the root of the)-3.476 F F2(sendmail)3.476 E F1 .976 +(subtree, normally)3.476 F F2(/usr/sr)3.476 E(c/usr)-.37 E(.sbin/send-) +-1.11 E(mail)87 224.4 Q F1(on 4.4BSD.)2.5 E .542 +(If you are loading this of)112 240.6 R 3.042(ft)-.25 G .542 +(he tape, continue with the ne)-3.042 F .542(xt section.)-.15 F .542 +(If you ha)5.542 F .843 -.15(ve a r)-.2 H .543(unning binary).15 F +(already on your system, you should probably skip to section 1.2.)87 +252.6 Q F0 2.5(1.1. 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T)102 385.2 R(weaking the Mak)-.74 E +(e\214le)-.1 E F2(Sendmail)142 401.4 Q F1 2.18(supports tw)4.68 F 4.681 +(od)-.1 G(if)-4.681 E 2.181(ferent formats for the local \(on disk\) v) +-.25 F 2.181(ersion of databases,)-.15 F(notably the)117 413.4 Q F2 +(aliases)2.5 E F1 2.5(database. At)2.5 F +(least one of these should be de\214ned if at all possible.)2.5 E 39.5 +(NDBM The)117 429.6 R -.74(``)3.167 G(ne).74 E 3.167(wD)-.25 G(BM') +-3.167 E 3.167('f)-.74 G .667(ormat, a)-3.167 F -.25(va)-.2 G .666 +(ilable on nearly all systems around today).25 F 5.666(.T)-.65 G(his) +-5.666 E -.1(wa)189 441.6 S 3.54(st).1 G 1.041 +(he preferred format prior to 4.4BSD.)-3.54 F 1.041(It allo)6.041 F +1.041(ws such comple)-.25 F 3.541(xt)-.15 G 1.041(hings as)-3.541 F +(multiple databases and closing a currently open database.)189 453.6 Q +32.84(NEWDB The)117 469.8 R(ne)3.324 E 3.324(wd)-.25 G .824 +(atabase package from Berk)-3.324 F(ele)-.1 E 4.624 -.65(y. I)-.15 H +3.324(fy).65 G .824(ou ha)-3.324 F 1.124 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .824 +(his, use it.).15 F .823(It allo)5.823 F(ws)-.25 E .839(long records, multiple open databases, real in-memory caching, and so forth.) +189 481.8 R -1.1(Yo)189 493.8 S 3.582(uc)1.1 G 1.081 +(an de\214ne this in conjunction with one of the other tw)-3.582 F 1.081 +(o; if you do, old)-.1 F .692(databases are read, b)189 505.8 R .693 +(ut when a ne)-.2 F 3.193(wd)-.25 G .693 +(atabase is created it will be in NEWDB)-3.193 F 2.852(format. As)189 +517.8 R 2.852(an)2.852 G .352(asty hack, if you ha)-2.852 F .651 -.15 +(ve N)-.2 H .351(EWDB, NDBM, and NIS de\214ned, and).15 F .951 +(if the alias \214le name includes the substring \231/yp/\232,)189 529.8 +R F2(sendmail)3.452 E F1 .952(will create both)3.452 F(ne)189 541.8 Q +3.976(wa)-.25 G 1.476(nd old v)-3.976 F 1.475 +(ersions of the alias \214le during a)-.15 F F2(ne)3.975 E(walias)-.15 E +F1 3.975(command. This)3.975 F(is)3.975 E .711 +(required because the Sun NIS/YP system reads the DBM v)189 553.8 R .711 +(ersion of the alias)-.15 F 2.5(\214le. It')189 565.8 R 2.5(su)-.55 G +(gly as sin, b)-2.5 E(ut it w)-.2 E(orks.)-.1 E 1.112 +(If neither of these are de\214ned,)117 582 R F2(sendmail)3.612 E F1 +1.112(reads the alias \214le into memory on e)3.612 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.112(ry in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation.).2 E 1.042(This can be slo)117 +594 R 3.542(wa)-.25 G 1.043(nd should be a)-3.542 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 3.543 +(ided. There).2 F 1.043(are also se)3.543 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.043 +(ral methods for remote database).15 F(access:)117 606 Q 53.39(NIS Sun') +117 622.2 R 2.5(sN)-.55 G(etw)-2.5 E +(ork Information Services \(formerly YP\).)-.1 E 28.94(NISPLUS Sun')117 +638.4 R 2.5(sN)-.55 G(IS+ services.)-2.5 E 26.73(NETINFO NeXT')117 654.6 +R 2.5(sN)-.55 G(etInfo service.)-2.5 E 32.84(HESIOD Hesiod)117 670.8 R +(service \(from Athena\).)2.5 E .042(Other compilation \215ags are set in conf.h and should be prede\214ned for you unless you are porting) +117 687 R(to a ne)117 699 Q 2.5(we)-.25 G -.4(nv)-2.5 G(ironment.).4 E +EP +%%Page: 8 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 198.36(SMM:08-8 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E 2.5(1.1.2. Compilation)102 96 R +(and installation)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .308 +(After making the local system con\214guration described abo)142 112.2 R +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.809(,Y).15 G .309(ou should be able to com-)-3.909 F +(pile and install the system.)117 124.2 Q(The script \231mak)5 E +(esendmail\232 is the best approach on most systems:)-.1 E(sh mak)157 +140.4 Q(esendmail)-.1 E(This will use)117 156.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(uname)2.5 E F1(\(1\) to select the correct Mak)A(e\214le for your en) +-.1 E(vironment.)-.4 E -1.1(Yo)142 172.8 S 2.5(um)1.1 G +(ay be able to install using)-2.5 E(sh mak)157 189 Q(esendmail install) +-.1 E 3.346(This should install the binary in /usr/sbin and create links from /usr/bin/ne) +117 205.2 R -.1(wa)-.25 G 3.345(liases and).1 F 1.576 +(/usr/bin/mailq to /usr/sbin/sendmail.)117 217.2 R 1.577 +(On 4.4BSD systems it will also format and install man)6.576 F(pages.) +117 229.2 Q F0 2.5(1.2. Con\214guration)87 253.2 R(Files)2.5 E F2 +(Sendmail)127 269.4 Q F1 2.079 +(cannot operate without a con\214guration \214le.)4.58 F 2.079 +(The con\214guration de\214nes the mail)7.079 F(deli)102 281.4 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .888(ry mechanisms understood at this site, ho).15 F 3.389 +(wt)-.25 G 3.389(oa)-3.389 G .889(ccess them, ho)-3.389 F 3.389(wt)-.25 +G 3.389(of)-3.389 G(orw)-3.389 E .889(ard email to remote)-.1 F .088 +(mail systems, and a number of tuning parameters.)102 293.4 R .088 +(This con\214guration \214le is detailed in the later por)5.088 F(-)-.2 +E(tion of this document.)102 305.4 Q(The)127 321.6 Q F2(sendmail)2.764 E +F1 .264(con\214guration can be daunting at \214rst.)2.764 F .264(The w) +5.264 F .264(orld is comple)-.1 F .264(x, and the mail con-)-.15 F .109 +(\214guration re\215ects that.)102 333.6 R .109(The distrib)5.109 F .108 +(ution includes an m4-based con\214guration package that hides a lot)-.2 +F(of the comple)102 345.6 Q(xity)-.15 E(.)-.65 E .47 +(These con\214guration \214les are simpler than old v)127 361.8 R .47 +(ersions lar)-.15 F .47(gely because the w)-.18 F .47(orld has become) +-.1 F 1.449(simpler; in particular)102 373.8 R 3.949(,t)-.4 G -.15(ex) +-3.949 G 1.449(t-based host \214les are of).15 F 1.448 +(\214cially eliminated, ob)-.25 F 1.448 +(viating the need to \231hide\232)-.15 F(hosts behind a re)102 385.8 Q +(gistered internet g)-.15 E(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G -.65(y.).1 G .092(These \214les also assume that most of your neighbors use domain-based UUCP addressing; that) +127 402 R .361(is, instead of naming hosts as \231host!user\232 the)102 +414 R 2.861(yw)-.15 G .361(ill use \231host.domain!user\232.)-2.861 F +.36(The con\214guration \214les)5.36 F(can be customized to w)102 426 Q +(ork around this, b)-.1 E(ut it is more comple)-.2 E(x.)-.15 E .657 +(Our con\214guration \214les are processed by)127 442.2 R F2(m4)3.158 E +F1 .658(to f)3.158 F .658(acilitate local customization; the directory) +-.1 F F2(cf)3.158 E F1 .397(of the)102 454.2 R F2(sendmail)2.897 E F1 +(distrib)2.896 E .396(ution directory contains the source \214les.)-.2 F +.396(This directory contains se)5.396 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .396(ral sub-).15 +F(directories:)102 466.2 Q 61.73(cf Both)102 482.4 R .56 +(site-dependent and site-independent descriptions of hosts.)3.06 F .56 +(These can be lit-)5.56 F .445(eral host names \(e.g., \231ucb)174 494.4 +R -.25(va)-.15 G .445(x.mc\232\) when the hosts are g).25 F(ate)-.05 E +-.1(wa)-.25 G .445(ys or more general).1 F 1.812(descriptions \(such as \231tcpproto.mc\232 as a general description of an SMTP-con-) +174 506.4 R 1.98(nected host or \231uucpproto.mc\232 as a general description of a UUCP-connected) +174 518.4 R 3.291(host\). Files)174 530.4 R(ending)3.291 E F0(.mc)3.291 +E F1(\(`)3.291 E .791(`Master Con\214guration')-.74 F .791 +('\) are the input descriptions; the)-.74 F 2.14 +(output is in the corresponding)174 542.4 R F0(.cf)4.64 E F1 4.64 +(\214le. The)4.64 F 2.14(general structure of these \214les is)4.64 F +(described belo)174 554.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G 39.5(domain Site-dependent) +102 570.6 R .428(subdomain descriptions.)2.928 F .428 +(These are tied to the w)5.428 F .428(ay your or)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.18 G +(niza-).05 E .292(tion w)174 582.6 R .292(ants to do addressing.)-.1 F +-.15(Fo)5.292 G 2.792(re).15 G(xample,)-2.942 E F0(domain/cs.exposed.m4) +2.792 E F1 .292(is our descrip-)2.792 F .442 +(tion for hosts in the CS.Berk)174 594.6 R(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G .443 +(EDU subdomain that w).65 F .443(ant their indi)-.1 F .443(vidual host-) +-.25 F .963(name to be e)174 606.6 R .963(xternally visible;)-.15 F F0 +(domain/cs.hidden.m4)3.463 E F1 .963(is the same e)3.463 F .962 +(xcept that the)-.15 F 2.627(hostname is hidden \(e)174 618.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.628(rything looks lik).15 F 5.128(ei)-.1 G 5.128(tc)-5.128 G +2.628(omes from CS.Berk)-5.128 F(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU\).).65 E +(These are referenced using the)174 630.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(DOMAIN)2.5 E F0(m4)2.5 E F1(macro in the)2.5 E F0(.mc)2.5 E F1(\214le.) +2.5 E 41.74(feature De\214nitions)102 646.8 R .728 +(of speci\214c features that some particular host in your site might w) +3.229 F(ant.)-.1 E 2.466(These are referenced using the)174 658.8 R F3 +(FEA)4.966 E(TURE)-.999 E F0(m4)4.966 E F1 4.966(macro. An)4.966 F -.15 +(ex)4.967 G 2.467(ample feature is).15 F 1.317 +(use_cw_\214le \(which tells)174 670.8 R F2(sendmail)3.817 E F1 1.316 +(to read an /etc/sendmail.cw \214le on startup to)3.817 F +(\214nd the set of local names\).)174 682.8 Q 50.62(hack Local)102 699 R +1.886(hacks, referenced using the)4.386 F F3(HA)4.386 E(CK)-.36 E F0(m4) +4.386 E F1 4.386(macro. T)4.386 F 1.886(ry to a)-.35 F -.2(vo)-.2 G +1.886(id these.).2 F(The)6.887 E(point of ha)174 711 Q +(ving them here is to mak)-.2 E 2.5(ei)-.1 G 2.5(tc)-2.5 G +(lear that the)-2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(mell.)-2.5 E EP +%%Page: 9 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-9)200.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 56.72(m4 Site-independent)102 +96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(m4)2.538 E F1 .038 +(\(1\) include \214les that ha)B .338 -.15(ve i)-.2 H .038 +(nformation common to all con\214gu-).15 F(ration \214les.)174 108 Q +(This can be thought of as a \231#include\232 directory)5 E(.)-.65 E +43.95(mailer De\214nitions)102 124.2 R .152 +(of mailers, referenced using the)2.652 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(MAILER) +2.652 E F0(m4)2.652 E F1 2.652(macro. The)2.652 F .153(mailer types) +2.652 F 1.787(that are kno)174 136.2 R 1.787(wn in this distrib)-.25 F +1.787(ution are f)-.2 F 1.787(ax, local, smtp, uucp, and usenet.)-.1 F +-.15(Fo)6.786 G(r).15 E -.15(ex)174 148.2 S(ample, to include support for the UUCP-based mailers, use \231MAILER\(uucp\)\232.) +.15 E 43.39(ostype De\214nitions)102 164.4 R 1.156(describing v)3.656 F +1.157(arious operating system en)-.25 F 1.157 +(vironments \(such as the loca-)-.4 F(tion of support \214les\).)174 +176.4 Q(These are referenced using the)5 E F3(OSTYPE)2.5 E F0(m4)2.5 E +F1(macro.)2.5 E 60.61(sh Shell)102 192.6 R(\214les used by the)2.5 E F0 +(m4)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(ild process.).2 E -1.1(Yo)5 G 2.5(us)1.1 G +(houldn')-2.5 E 2.5(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.5 H(to mess with these.) +2.7 E 30.61(sitecon\214g Local)102 208.8 R .729(UUCP connecti)3.229 F +.729(vity information.)-.25 F(The)5.729 E 3.229(yn)-.15 G .729 +(ormally contain lists of site infor)-3.229 F(-)-.2 E(mation, for e)174 +220.8 Q(xample:)-.15 E(SITE\(contessa\))214 237 Q(SITE\(hoptoad\))214 +249 Q(SITE\(nkainc\))214 261 Q(SITE\(well\))214 273 Q(The)174 289.2 Q +2.5(ya)-.15 G(re referenced using the SITECONFIG macro:)-2.5 E +(SITECONFIG\(site.con\214g.\214le, name_of_site, X\))214 305.4 Q(where) +174 321.6 Q F2(X)2.703 E F1 .203(is the macro/class name to use.)2.703 F +.204(It can be U \(indicating locally connected)5.204 F .074 +(hosts\) or one of W)174 333.6 R 2.574(,X)-.92 G 2.574(,o)-2.574 G 2.574 +(rYf)-2.574 G .073(or up to three remote UUCP hubs.)-2.574 F .073 +(This directory has)5.073 F 1.712 +(been supplanted by the mailertable feature; an)174 345.6 R 4.212(yn) +-.15 G 2.212 -.25(ew c)-4.212 H 1.712(on\214gurations should use).25 F +(that feature to do UUCP \(and other\) routing.)174 357.6 Q .757 +(If you are in a ne)127 373.8 R 3.257(wd)-.25 G .757 +(omain \(e.g., a compan)-3.257 F .756(y\), you will probably w)-.15 F +.756(ant to create a cf/domain)-.1 F .87(\214le for your domain.)102 +385.8 R .871(This consists primarily of relay de\214nitions: for e)5.871 +F .871(xample, Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E(y')-.15 E 3.371(sd)-.55 G(omain) +-3.371 E .16(de\214nition de\214nes relays for BitNET)102 397.8 R 2.66 +(,C)-.74 G(SNET)-2.66 E 2.66(,a)-.74 G .16(nd UUCP)-2.66 F 5.16(.O)-1.11 +G 2.66(ft)-5.16 G .16(hese, only the UUCP relay is particu-)-2.66 F .46 +(larly speci\214c to Berk)102 409.8 R(ele)-.1 E 4.26 -.65(y. A)-.15 H +.46(ll of these are internet-style domain names.).65 F .46 +(Please check to mak)5.46 F 2.96(ec)-.1 G(er)-2.96 E(-)-.2 E(tain the) +102 421.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re reasonable for your domain.)-2.5 E 1.407 +(Subdomains at Berk)127 438 R(ele)-.1 E 3.907(ya)-.15 G 1.407 +(re also represented in the cf/domain directory)-3.907 F 6.406(.F)-.65 G +1.406(or e)-6.556 F 1.406(xample, the)-.15 F 1.49(domain cs-e)102 450 R +1.491 +(xposed is the Computer Science subdomain with the local hostname sho) +-.15 F 1.491(wn to other)-.25 F 1.411(users; cs-hidden mak)102 462 R +1.411(es users appear to be from the CS.Berk)-.1 F(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.) +-.15 G 1.41(EDU subdomain \(with no local).65 F 1.083 +(host information included\).)102 474 R -1.1(Yo)6.083 G 3.583(uw)1.1 G +1.083(ill probably ha)-3.583 F 1.384 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.584(ou).15 G +1.084(pdate this directory to be appropriate for)-3.584 F(your domain.) +102 486 Q -1.1(Yo)127 502.2 S 4.373(uw)1.1 G 1.873(ill ha)-4.373 F 2.173 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H 4.373(ou).15 G 1.873(se or create)-4.373 F F0(.mc)4.372 +E F1 1.872(\214les in the)4.372 F F2(cf/cf)4.372 E F1 1.872 +(subdirectory for your hosts.)4.372 F 1.872(This is)6.872 F +(detailed in the cf/README \214le.)102 514.2 Q F0 2.5(1.3. Details)87 +538.2 R(of Installation Files)2.5 E F1 +(This subsection describes the \214les that comprise the)127 554.4 Q F2 +(sendmail)2.5 E F1(installation.)2.5 E F0 2.5(1.3.1. /usr/sbin/sendmail) +102 578.4 R F1 .08(The binary for)142 596.6 R F2(sendmail)2.58 E F1 .079 +(is located in /usr/sbin)2.58 F/F4 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)-4 I F1 5.079 +(.I)4 K 2.579(ts)-5.079 G .079(hould be setuid root.)-2.579 F -.15(Fo) +5.079 G 2.579(rs).15 G .079(ecurity rea-)-2.579 F(sons, /, /usr)117 +610.6 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(nd /usr/sbin should be o)-2.5 E +(wned by root, mode 755)-.25 E F4(2)-4 I F1(.)4 I .32 LW 76 646 72 646 +DL 80 646 76 646 DL 84 646 80 646 DL 88 646 84 646 DL 92 646 88 646 DL +96 646 92 646 DL 100 646 96 646 DL 104 646 100 646 DL 108 646 104 646 DL +112 646 108 646 DL 116 646 112 646 DL 120 646 116 646 DL 124 646 120 646 +DL 128 646 124 646 DL 132 646 128 646 DL 136 646 132 646 DL 140 646 136 +646 DL 144 646 140 646 DL 148 646 144 646 DL 152 646 148 646 DL 156 646 +152 646 DL 160 646 156 646 DL 164 646 160 646 DL 168 646 164 646 DL 172 +646 168 646 DL 176 646 172 646 DL 180 646 176 646 DL 184 646 180 646 DL +188 646 184 646 DL 192 646 188 646 DL 196 646 192 646 DL 200 646 196 646 +DL 204 646 200 646 DL 208 646 204 646 DL 212 646 208 646 DL 216 646 212 +646 DL/F5 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)93.6 656.4 Q/F6 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .384 +(This is usually /usr/sbin on 4.4BSD and ne)3.2 J .384(wer systems; man) +-.2 F 2.385(ys)-.12 G .385(ystems install it in /usr/lib)-2.385 F 4.385 +(.I)-.32 G .385(understand it is in /usr/ucblib on)-2 F +(System V Release 4.)72 669.2 Q F5(2)93.6 679.6 Q F6 .149(Some v)3.2 J +.15(endors ship them o)-.12 F .15(wned by bin; this creates a security hole that is not actually related to) +-.2 F/F7 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.15 E F6 4.15(.O)C .15 +(ther important di-)-4.15 F(rectories that should ha)72 692.4 Q .24 -.12 +(ve r)-.16 H(estricti).12 E .24 -.12(ve o)-.2 H(wnerships and permissions are /bin, /usr/bin, /etc, /usr/etc, /lib, and /usr/lib) +-.08 E(.)-.32 E EP +%%Page: 10 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-10 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E 2.5(1.3.2. /etc/sendmail.cf)102 +96 R/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .698(This is the con\214guration \214le for) +142 114.2 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.198 E/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 +SF(3)-4 I F1 5.698(.T)4 K .699 +(his and /etc/sendmail.pid are the only non-)-5.698 F +(library \214le names compiled into)117 128.2 Q F2(sendmail)2.5 E F3(4) +-4 I F1(.)4 I .721 +(The con\214guration \214le is normally created using the distrib)142 +144.4 R .721(ution \214les described abo)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.721(.I) +.15 G(f)-5.721 E .64(you ha)117 156.4 R .94 -.15(ve a p)-.2 H .64(articularly unusual system con\214guration you may need to create a special v) +.15 F(ersion.)-.15 E(The format of this \214le is detailed in later sections of this document.) +117 168.4 Q F0 2.5(1.3.3. /usr/bin/newaliases)102 192.4 R F1(The)142 +208.6 Q F2(ne)2.5 E(waliases)-.15 E F1(command should just be a link to) +2.5 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(:)A(rm \255f /usr/bin/ne)157 224.8 Q -.1(wa) +-.25 G(liases).1 E(ln \255s /usr/sbin/sendmail /usr/bin/ne)157 236.8 Q +-.1(wa)-.25 G(liases).1 E(This can be installed in whate)117 253 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rs).15 G(earch path you prefer for your system.)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(1.3.4. /usr/bin/hoststat)102 277 R F1(The)142 293.2 Q F2(hoststat) +5.844 E F1 3.344(command should just be a link to)5.844 F F2(sendmail) +5.844 E F1 5.844(,i)C 5.845(naf)-5.844 G 3.345(ashion similar to)-5.945 +F F2(ne)117 305.2 Q(waliases)-.15 E F1 5.607(.T)C .607(his command lists the status of the last mail transaction with all remote hosts.) +-5.607 F(It)5.606 E(functions only when the)117 317.2 Q F0 +(HostStatusDir)2.5 E(ectory)-.18 E F1(option is set.)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(1.3.5. /usr/bin/pur)102 341.2 R(gestat)-.1 E F1 .993 +(This command is also a link to)142 357.4 R F2(sendmail)3.493 E F1 5.993 +(.I)C 3.493<748d>-5.993 G .993 +(ushes all information that is stored in the)-3.493 F F0(HostStatusDir) +117 369.4 Q(ectory)-.18 E F1(tree.)2.5 E F0 2.5(1.3.6. /v)102 393.4 R +(ar/spool/mqueue)-.1 E F1 .218(The directory)142 409.6 R F2 +(/var/spool/mqueue)2.718 E F1 .217 +(should be created to hold the mail queue.)2.718 F .217(This directory) +5.217 F(should be mode 700 and o)117 421.6 Q(wned by root.)-.25 E +(The actual path of this directory is de\214ned in the)142 437.8 Q F0(Q) +2.5 E F1(option of the)2.5 E F2(sendmail.cf)2.5 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F0 +2.5(1.3.7. /v)102 461.8 R(ar/spool/mqueue/.hoststat)-.1 E F1 1.044 +(This is a typical v)142 478 R 1.044(alue for the)-.25 F F0 +(HostStatusDir)3.545 E(ectory)-.18 E F1 1.045 +(option, containing one \214le per host)3.545 F +(that this sendmail has chatted with recently)117 490 Q 5(.I)-.65 G 2.5 +(ti)-5 G 2.5(sn)-2.5 G(ormally a subdirectory of)-2.5 E F2(mqueue)2.5 E +F1(.)A F0 2.5(1.3.8. /etc/aliases*)102 514 R F1 1.493 +(The system aliases are held in \231/etc/aliases\232.)142 530.2 R 3.992 +(As)6.492 G 1.492(ample is gi)-3.992 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.992(ni).15 G +3.992<6e99>-3.992 G 1.492(lib/aliases\232 which)-3.992 F +(includes some aliases which)117 542.2 Q F2(must)2.5 E F1(be de\214ned:) +2.5 E(cp lib/aliases /etc/aliases)157 558.4 Q F2(edit /etc/aliases)157 +570.4 Q F1 -1.1(Yo)117 586.6 S 2.5(us)1.1 G(hould e)-2.5 E +(xtend this \214le with an)-.15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G +(liases that are apropos to your system.)-2.5 E(Normally)142 602.8 Q F2 +(sendmail)3.609 E F1 1.109(looks at a v)3.609 F 1.109 +(ersion of these \214les maintained by the)-.15 F F2(dbm)3.609 E F1 1.11 +(\(3\) or)1.666 F F2(db)3.61 E F1(\(3\))1.666 E 3.46(routines. These)117 +614.8 R .96(are stored either in \231/etc/aliases.dir\232 and \231/etc/aliases.pag\232 or \231/etc/aliases.db\232) +3.46 F 1.022(depending on which database package you are using.)117 +626.8 R 1.022(These can initially be created as empty)6.022 F +(\214les, b)117 638.8 Q(ut the)-.2 E 2.5(yw)-.15 G(ill ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(ob).15 G 2.5(ei)-2.5 G(nitialized promptly)-2.5 E 5(.T) +-.65 G(hese should be mode 644:)-5 E .32 LW 76 648.4 72 648.4 DL 80 +648.4 76 648.4 DL 84 648.4 80 648.4 DL 88 648.4 84 648.4 DL 92 648.4 88 +648.4 DL 96 648.4 92 648.4 DL 100 648.4 96 648.4 DL 104 648.4 100 648.4 +DL 108 648.4 104 648.4 DL 112 648.4 108 648.4 DL 116 648.4 112 648.4 DL +120 648.4 116 648.4 DL 124 648.4 120 648.4 DL 128 648.4 124 648.4 DL 132 +648.4 128 648.4 DL 136 648.4 132 648.4 DL 140 648.4 136 648.4 DL 144 +648.4 140 648.4 DL 148 648.4 144 648.4 DL 152 648.4 148 648.4 DL 156 +648.4 152 648.4 DL 160 648.4 156 648.4 DL 164 648.4 160 648.4 DL 168 +648.4 164 648.4 DL 172 648.4 168 648.4 DL 176 648.4 172 648.4 DL 180 +648.4 176 648.4 DL 184 648.4 180 648.4 DL 188 648.4 184 648.4 DL 192 +648.4 188 648.4 DL 196 648.4 192 648.4 DL 200 648.4 196 648.4 DL 204 +648.4 200 648.4 DL 208 648.4 204 648.4 DL 212 648.4 208 648.4 DL 216 +648.4 212 648.4 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(3)93.6 658.8 Q/F5 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(Actually)3.2 I 2.277(,t)-.52 G .277(he pathname v) +-2.277 F .276(aries depending on the operating system; /etc is the preferred directory) +-.2 F 4.276(.S)-.52 G .276(ome older systems install it)-4.276 F(in)72 +671.6 Q/F6 8/Times-Bold@0 SF(/usr/lib/sendmail.cf)2 E F5 2(,a)C(nd I')-2 +E .24 -.12(ve a)-.4 H(lso seen it in).12 E F6(/usr/ucblib)2 E F5(and)2 E +F6(/etc/mail)2 E F5 4(.I)C 2(fy)-4 G(ou w)-2 E(ant to mo)-.08 E .24 -.12 +(ve t)-.12 H(his \214le, change).12 E/F7 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(sr)2 E +(c/conf)-.296 E(.h)-.12 E F5(.)A F4(4)93.6 682 Q F5 .589 +(The system libraries can reference other \214les; in particular)3.2 J +2.589(,s)-.32 G .589(ystem library subroutines that)-2.589 F F7 +(sendmail)2.588 E F5 .588(calls probably reference)2.588 F F7 +(/etc/passwd)72 694.8 Q F5(and)2 E F7(/etc/r)2 E(esolv)-.296 E(.conf) +-.592 E F5(.)A EP +%%Page: 11 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-11)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(cp /de)157 96 Q +(v/null /etc/aliases.dir)-.25 E(cp /de)157 108 Q +(v/null /etc/aliases.pag)-.25 E(chmod 644 /etc/aliases.*)157 120 Q(ne) +157 132 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G(liases).1 E(The)117 148.2 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(db)2.79 E F1 .29(routines preset the mode reasonably)2.79 F 2.79(,s) +-.65 G 2.79(ot)-2.79 G .29(his step can be skipped.)-2.79 F .29 +(The actual path of this)5.29 F(\214le is de\214ned in the)117 160.2 Q +F0(AliasFile)2.5 E F1(option of the)2.5 E F2(sendmail.cf)2.5 E F1 +(\214le.)2.5 E F0 2.5(1.3.9. /etc/r)102 184.2 R(c)-.18 E F1 .155 +(It will be necessary to start up the)142 200.4 R F2(sendmail)2.655 E F1 +.156(daemon when your system reboots.)2.655 F .156(This dae-)5.156 F +1.538(mon performs tw)117 212.4 R 4.037(of)-.1 G 1.537 +(unctions: it listens on the SMTP sock)-4.037 F 1.537 +(et for connections \(to recei)-.1 F 1.837 -.15(ve m)-.25 H(ail).15 E +.442(from a remote system\) and it processes the queue periodically to insure that mail gets deli) +117 224.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(red).15 E(when hosts come up.)117 236.4 Q +.505(Add the follo)142 252.6 R .505(wing lines to \231/etc/rc\232 \(or \231/etc/rc.local\232 as appropriate\) in the area where it) +-.25 F(is starting up the daemons:)117 264.6 Q +(if [ \255f /usr/sbin/sendmail \255a \255f /etc/sendmail.cf ]; then)157 +280.8 Q(\(cd /v)193 292.8 Q(ar/spool/mqueue; rm \255f [lnx]f*\))-.25 E +(/usr/sbin/sendmail \255bd \255q30m &)193 304.8 Q +(echo \255n ' sendmail' >/de)193 316.8 Q(v/console)-.25 E<8c>157 328.8 Q +.173 +(The \231cd\232 and \231rm\232 commands insure that all lock \214les ha) +117 345 R .474 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .174(een remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .174 +(d; e).15 F .174(xtraneous lock \214les)-.15 F .005 +(may be left around if the system goes do)117 357 R .004 +(wn in the middle of processing a message.)-.25 F .004(The line that) +5.004 F 2.293(actually in)117 369 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(s).1 E F2 +(sendmail)4.793 E F1 2.293(has tw)4.793 F 4.793<6f8d>-.1 G 2.293 +(ags: \231\255bd\232 causes it to listen on the SMTP port, and)-4.793 F +(\231\255q30m\232 causes it to run the queue e)117 381 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ry half hour).15 E(.)-.55 E .379(Some people use a more comple)142 +397.2 R 2.879(xs)-.15 G .379(tartup script, remo)-2.879 F .378 +(ving zero length qf \214les and df \214les)-.15 F 1.12 +(for which there is no qf \214le.)117 409.2 R -.15(Fo)6.12 G 3.62(re).15 +G 1.121(xample, see Figure 1 for an e)-3.77 F 1.121(xample of a comple) +-.15 F 3.621(xs)-.15 G(tartup)-3.621 E(script.)117 421.2 Q .756 +(If you are not running a v)142 437.4 R .755 +(ersion of UNIX that supports Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E 3.255(yT)-.15 G +(CP/IP)-3.255 E 3.255(,d)-1.11 G 3.255(on)-3.255 G .755(ot include) +-3.255 F(the)117 449.4 Q F0(\255bd)2.5 E F1(\215ag.)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(1.3.10. /usr/lib/sendmail.hf)102 473.4 R F1 2.078 +(This is the help \214le used by the SMTP)142 489.6 R F0(HELP)4.578 E F1 +4.578(command. It)4.578 F 2.078(should be copied from)4.578 F +(\231lib/sendmail.hf\232:)117 501.6 Q(cp lib/sendmail.hf /usr/lib)157 +517.8 Q(The actual path of this \214le is de\214ned in the)117 534 Q F0 +(H)2.5 E F1(option of the)2.5 E F2(sendmail.cf)2.5 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F0 +2.5(1.3.11. /etc/sendmail.st)102 558 R F1 3.04 +(If you wish to collect statistics about your mail traf)142 574.2 R 3.04 +(\214c, you should create the \214le)-.25 F(\231/etc/sendmail.st\232:) +117 586.2 Q(cp /de)157 602.4 Q(v/null /etc/sendmail.st)-.25 E +(chmod 666 /etc/sendmail.st)157 614.4 Q .715(This \214le does not gro) +117 630.6 R 4.516 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.216(ti).65 G 3.216(sp)-3.216 G .716 +(rinted with the program \231mailstats/mailstats.c.)-3.216 F 5.716<9a54> +-.7 G .716(he actual path)-5.716 F(of this \214le is de\214ned in the) +117 642.6 Q F0(S)2.5 E F1(option of the)2.5 E F2(sendmail.cf)2.5 E F1 +(\214le.)2.5 E F0 2.5(1.3.12. /usr/bin/mailq)102 666.6 R F1(If)142 682.8 +Q F2(sendmail)3.44 E F1 .94(is in)3.44 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.44 +(da).1 G 3.44<7399>-3.44 G(mailq,)-3.44 E 3.439<9a69>-.7 G 3.439(tw) +-3.439 G .939(ill simulate the)-3.439 F F0(\255bp)3.439 E F1 .939 +(\215ag \(i.e.,)3.439 F F2(sendmail)3.439 E F1 .939(will print)3.439 F +(the contents of the mail queue; see belo)117 694.8 Q 2.5(w\). This)-.25 +F(should be a link to /usr/sbin/sendmail.)2.5 E EP +%%Page: 12 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-12 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E .4 LW 77 108 72 108 DL 79 108 74 +108 DL 84 108 79 108 DL 89 108 84 108 DL 94 108 89 108 DL 99 108 94 108 +DL 104 108 99 108 DL 109 108 104 108 DL 114 108 109 108 DL 119 108 114 +108 DL 124 108 119 108 DL 129 108 124 108 DL 134 108 129 108 DL 139 108 +134 108 DL 144 108 139 108 DL 149 108 144 108 DL 154 108 149 108 DL 159 +108 154 108 DL 164 108 159 108 DL 169 108 164 108 DL 174 108 169 108 DL +179 108 174 108 DL 184 108 179 108 DL 189 108 184 108 DL 194 108 189 108 +DL 199 108 194 108 DL 204 108 199 108 DL 209 108 204 108 DL 214 108 209 +108 DL 219 108 214 108 DL 224 108 219 108 DL 229 108 224 108 DL 234 108 +229 108 DL 239 108 234 108 DL 244 108 239 108 DL 249 108 244 108 DL 254 +108 249 108 DL 259 108 254 108 DL 264 108 259 108 DL 269 108 264 108 DL +274 108 269 108 DL 279 108 274 108 DL 284 108 279 108 DL 289 108 284 108 +DL 294 108 289 108 DL 299 108 294 108 DL 304 108 299 108 DL 309 108 304 +108 DL 314 108 309 108 DL 319 108 314 108 DL 324 108 319 108 DL 329 108 +324 108 DL 334 108 329 108 DL 339 108 334 108 DL 344 108 339 108 DL 349 +108 344 108 DL 354 108 349 108 DL 359 108 354 108 DL 364 108 359 108 DL +369 108 364 108 DL 374 108 369 108 DL 379 108 374 108 DL 384 108 379 108 +DL 389 108 384 108 DL 394 108 389 108 DL 399 108 394 108 DL 404 108 399 +108 DL 409 108 404 108 DL 414 108 409 108 DL 419 108 414 108 DL 424 108 +419 108 DL 429 108 424 108 DL 434 108 429 108 DL 439 108 434 108 DL 444 +108 439 108 DL 449 108 444 108 DL 454 108 449 108 DL 459 108 454 108 DL +464 108 459 108 DL 469 108 464 108 DL 474 108 469 108 DL 479 108 474 108 +DL 484 108 479 108 DL 489 108 484 108 DL 494 108 489 108 DL 499 108 494 +108 DL 504 108 499 108 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(#r)72 132 S(emo) +-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve z)-.15 H(ero length qf \214les).15 E(for qf)72 144 Q +(\214le in qf*)-.25 E(do)72 156 Q(if [ \255r $qf)108 168 Q(\214le ])-.25 +E(then)108 180 Q(if [ ! \255s $qf)144 192 Q(\214le ])-.25 E(then)144 204 +Q(echo \255n " <zero: $qf)180 216 Q(\214le>" > /de)-.25 E(v/console)-.25 +E(rm \255f $qf)180 228 Q(\214le)-.25 E<8c>144 240 Q<8c>108 252 Q(done)72 +264 Q 2.5(#r)72 276 S(ename tf \214les to be qf if the qf does not e) +-2.5 E(xist)-.15 E(for tf)72 288 Q(\214le in tf*)-.25 E(do)72 300 Q(qf) +108 312 Q(\214le=`echo $tf)-.25 E(\214le | sed ')-.25 E(s/t/q/'`)-.55 E +(if [ \255r $tf)108 324 Q(\214le \255a ! \255f $qf)-.25 E(\214le ])-.25 +E(then)108 336 Q(echo \255n " <reco)144 348 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ring: $tf) +.15 E(\214le>" > /de)-.25 E(v/console)-.25 E(mv $tf)144 360 Q +(\214le $qf)-.25 E(\214le)-.25 E(else)108 372 Q(echo \255n " <e)144 384 +Q(xtra: $tf)-.15 E(\214le>" > /de)-.25 E(v/console)-.25 E(rm \255f $tf) +144 396 Q(\214le)-.25 E<8c>108 408 Q(done)72 420 Q 2.5(#r)72 432 S(emo) +-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.5<668c>.15 G +(les with no corresponding qf \214les)-2.5 E(for df)72 444 Q +(\214le in df*)-.25 E(do)72 456 Q(qf)108 468 Q(\214le=`echo $df)-.25 E +(\214le | sed ')-.25 E(s/d/q/'`)-.55 E(if [ \255r $df)108 480 Q +(\214le \255a ! \255f $qf)-.25 E(\214le ])-.25 E(then)108 492 Q +(echo \255n " <incomplete: $df)144 504 Q(\214le>" > /de)-.25 E +(v/console)-.25 E(mv $df)144 516 Q(\214le `echo $df)-.25 E +(\214le | sed ')-.25 E(s/d/D/'`)-.55 E<8c>108 528 Q(done)72 540 Q 2.5 +(#a)72 552 S(nnounce \214les that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een sa) +.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(dd).15 G(uring disaster reco)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 +G(ry).15 E(for xf)72 564 Q(\214le in [A-Z]f*)-.25 E(do)72 576 Q +(echo \255n " <panic: $xf)108 588 Q(\214le>" > /de)-.25 E(v/console)-.25 +E(done)72 600 Q(Figure 1 \212 A comple)214.47 624 Q 2.5(xs)-.15 G +(tartup script)-2.5 E 77 636 72 636 DL 79 636 74 636 DL 84 636 79 636 DL +89 636 84 636 DL 94 636 89 636 DL 99 636 94 636 DL 104 636 99 636 DL 109 +636 104 636 DL 114 636 109 636 DL 119 636 114 636 DL 124 636 119 636 DL +129 636 124 636 DL 134 636 129 636 DL 139 636 134 636 DL 144 636 139 636 +DL 149 636 144 636 DL 154 636 149 636 DL 159 636 154 636 DL 164 636 159 +636 DL 169 636 164 636 DL 174 636 169 636 DL 179 636 174 636 DL 184 636 +179 636 DL 189 636 184 636 DL 194 636 189 636 DL 199 636 194 636 DL 204 +636 199 636 DL 209 636 204 636 DL 214 636 209 636 DL 219 636 214 636 DL +224 636 219 636 DL 229 636 224 636 DL 234 636 229 636 DL 239 636 234 636 +DL 244 636 239 636 DL 249 636 244 636 DL 254 636 249 636 DL 259 636 254 +636 DL 264 636 259 636 DL 269 636 264 636 DL 274 636 269 636 DL 279 636 +274 636 DL 284 636 279 636 DL 289 636 284 636 DL 294 636 289 636 DL 299 +636 294 636 DL 304 636 299 636 DL 309 636 304 636 DL 314 636 309 636 DL +319 636 314 636 DL 324 636 319 636 DL 329 636 324 636 DL 334 636 329 636 +DL 339 636 334 636 DL 344 636 339 636 DL 349 636 344 636 DL 354 636 349 +636 DL 359 636 354 636 DL 364 636 359 636 DL 369 636 364 636 DL 374 636 +369 636 DL 379 636 374 636 DL 384 636 379 636 DL 389 636 384 636 DL 394 +636 389 636 DL 399 636 394 636 DL 404 636 399 636 DL 409 636 404 636 DL +414 636 409 636 DL 419 636 414 636 DL 424 636 419 636 DL 429 636 424 636 +DL 434 636 429 636 DL 439 636 434 636 DL 444 636 439 636 DL 449 636 444 +636 DL 454 636 449 636 DL 459 636 454 636 DL 464 636 459 636 DL 469 636 +464 636 DL 474 636 469 636 DL 479 636 474 636 DL 484 636 479 636 DL 489 +636 484 636 DL 494 636 489 636 DL 499 636 494 636 DL 504 636 499 636 DL +F0 2.5(2. NORMAL)72 672 R(OPERA)2.5 E(TIONS)-.95 E 2.5(2.1. The)87 696 R +(System Log)2.5 E F1 1.511(The system log is supported by the)127 712.2 +R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(syslo)4.011 E(gd)-.1 E F1 1.511 +(\(8\) program.)1.666 F 1.511(All messages from)6.511 F F2(sendmail) +4.011 E F1(are)4.012 E EP +%%Page: 13 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-13)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(logged under the)102 98 Q/F2 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(LOG_MAIL)2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(cility).1 E/F3 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(5)-4 I F1(.)4 I F0 2.5(2.1.1. F)102 122 R(ormat)-.25 E +F1 .574(Each line in the system log consists of a timestamp, the name of the machine that gener) +142 138.2 R(-)-.2 E .848(ated it \(for logging from se)117 150.2 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .848(ral machines o).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.349(rt).15 G .849 +(he local area netw)-3.349 F .849(ork\), the w)-.1 F .849 +(ord \231sendmail:\232,)-.1 F(and a message)117 164.2 Q F3(6)-4 I F1 5 +(.M)4 K(ost messages are a sequence of)-5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(name)2.5 E F1(=)A F4(value)A F1(pairs.)2.5 E .68(The tw)142 180.4 R +3.18(om)-.1 G .68 +(ost common lines are logged when a message is processed.)-3.18 F .68 +(The \214rst logs the)5.68 F .376(receipt of a message; there will be e) +117 192.4 R .376(xactly one of these per message.)-.15 F .376 +(Some \214elds may be omit-)5.376 F(ted if the)117 204.4 Q 2.5(yd)-.15 G +2.5(on)-2.5 G(ot contain interesting information.)-2.5 E(Fields are:)5 E +50.06(from The)117 220.6 R(en)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(lope sender address.) +.15 E 53.95(size The)117 236.8 R(size of the message in bytes.)2.5 E +50.06(class The)117 253 R +(class \(i.e., numeric precedence\) of the message.)2.5 E 58.39(pri The) +117 269.2 R(initial message priority \(used for queue sorting\).)2.5 E +45.06(nrcpts The)117 285.4 R 1.515(number of en)4.015 F -.15(ve)-.4 G +1.514(lope recipients for this message \(after aliasing and for).15 F(-) +-.2 E -.1(wa)189 297.4 S(rding\).).1 E 45.05(msgid The)117 313.6 R +(message id of the message \(from the header\).)2.5 E 48.39(proto The) +117 329.8 R(protocol used to recei)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +(his message \(e.g., ESMTP or UUCP\)).15 E 49.51(relay The)117 346 R +(machine from which it w)2.5 E(as recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(d.).15 E +.43(There is also one line logged per deli)117 362.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +.43(ry attempt \(so there can be se).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .43 +(ral per message if deli).15 F(v-)-.25 E +(ery is deferred or there are multiple recipients\).)117 374.2 Q +(Fields are:)5 E 61.72(to A)117 390.4 R +(comma-separated list of the recipients to this mailer)2.5 E(.)-.55 E +41.73(ctladdr The)117 406.6 R -.74(``)2.727 G .227(controlling user').74 +F .226(', that is, the name of the user whose credentials we use)-.74 F +(for deli)189 418.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E(.)-.65 E 47.84(delay The) +117 434.8 R 1.303(total delay between the time this message w)3.803 F +1.303(as recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.803(da).15 G 1.303(nd the time it) +-3.803 F -.1(wa)189 446.8 S 2.5(sd).1 G(eli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(red.) +.15 E 42.84(xdelay The)117 463 R .116 +(amount of time needed in this deli)2.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .116 +(ry attempt \(normally indicati).15 F .415 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.615(ft).15 +G(he)-2.615 E(speed of the connection\).)189 475 Q 43.95(mailer The)117 +491.2 R(name of the mailer used to deli)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 +G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(his recipient.)-2.5 E 49.51(relay The)117 507.4 R(name of the host that actually accepted \(or rejected\) this recipient.) +2.5 E 55.61(stat The)117 523.6 R(deli)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry status.) +.15 E(Not all \214elds are present in all messages; for e)117 539.8 Q +(xample, the relay is not listed for local deli)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ries.).15 E F0 2.5(2.1.2. Le)102 563.8 R -.1(ve)-.15 G(ls).1 E F1 .204 +(If you ha)142 580 R -.15(ve)-.2 G F4(syslo)2.854 E(gd)-.1 E F1 .204 +(\(8\) or an equi)1.666 F -.25(va)-.25 G .205 +(lent installed, you will be able to do logging.).25 F .205(There is) +5.205 F 2.788(al)117 592 S(ar)-2.788 E .287 +(ge amount of information that can be logged.)-.18 F .287 +(The log is arranged as a succession of le)5.287 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls.) +.15 E .65(At the lo)117 604 R .65(west le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.15(lo) +.15 G .65(nly e)-3.15 F .651(xtremely strange situations are logged.) +-.15 F .651(At the highest le)5.651 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .651(l, e).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.151(nt).15 G(he)-3.151 E .826 +(most mundane and uninteresting e)117 616 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .825 +(nts are recorded for posterity).15 F 5.825(.A)-.65 G 3.325(sac)-5.825 G +(on)-3.325 E -.15(ve)-.4 G .825(ntion, log le).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls) +.15 E .2(under ten are considered generally \231useful;\232 log le)117 +628 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .201(ls abo).15 F .501 -.15(ve 6)-.15 H 2.701(4a) +.15 G .201(re reserv)-2.701 F .201(ed for deb)-.15 F .201(ugging pur)-.2 +F(-)-.2 E 2.5(poses. Le)117 640 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ls from 11\25564 are reserv).15 E(ed for v)-.15 E +(erbose information that some sites might w)-.15 E(ant.)-.1 E 2.5(Ac)142 +656.2 S(omplete description of the log le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ls is gi).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ns)-2.5 G(ection 4.6.) +-2.5 E .32 LW 76 674.8 72 674.8 DL 80 674.8 76 674.8 DL 84 674.8 80 +674.8 DL 88 674.8 84 674.8 DL 92 674.8 88 674.8 DL 96 674.8 92 674.8 DL +100 674.8 96 674.8 DL 104 674.8 100 674.8 DL 108 674.8 104 674.8 DL 112 +674.8 108 674.8 DL 116 674.8 112 674.8 DL 120 674.8 116 674.8 DL 124 +674.8 120 674.8 DL 128 674.8 124 674.8 DL 132 674.8 128 674.8 DL 136 +674.8 132 674.8 DL 140 674.8 136 674.8 DL 144 674.8 140 674.8 DL 148 +674.8 144 674.8 DL 152 674.8 148 674.8 DL 156 674.8 152 674.8 DL 160 +674.8 156 674.8 DL 164 674.8 160 674.8 DL 168 674.8 164 674.8 DL 172 +674.8 168 674.8 DL 176 674.8 172 674.8 DL 180 674.8 176 674.8 DL 184 +674.8 180 674.8 DL 188 674.8 184 674.8 DL 192 674.8 188 674.8 DL 196 +674.8 192 674.8 DL 200 674.8 196 674.8 DL 204 674.8 200 674.8 DL 208 +674.8 204 674.8 DL 212 674.8 208 674.8 DL 216 674.8 212 674.8 DL/F5 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(5)93.6 685.2 Q/F6 8/Times-Roman@0 SF +(Except on Ultrix, which does not support f)3.2 I +(acilities in the syslog.)-.08 E F5(6)93.6 698.8 Q F6(This format may v) +3.2 I(ary slightly if your v)-.2 E(endor has changed the syntax.)-.12 E +EP +%%Page: 14 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-14 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E 2.5(2.2. Dumping)87 96 R(State) +2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -1.1(Yo)127 112.2 S 2.564(uc)1.1 G .064 +(an ask)-2.564 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.564 E F1 .064(to log a dump of the open \214les and the connection cache by sending it a) +2.564 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(SIGUSR1)102 124.2 Q F1 2.5(signal. The)2.5 +F(results are logged at)2.5 E F3(LOG_DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.09 E F1(priority)2.5 +E(.)-.65 E F0 2.5(2.3. The)87 148.2 R(Mail Queue)2.5 E F1 1.283 +(Sometimes a host cannot handle a message immediately)127 164.4 R 6.283 +(.F)-.65 G 1.283(or e)-6.433 F 1.283(xample, it may be do)-.15 F 1.283 +(wn or)-.25 F -.15(ove)102 176.4 S .043 +(rloaded, causing it to refuse connections.).15 F .043 +(The sending host is then e)5.043 F .042(xpected to sa)-.15 F .342 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H .042(his message).15 F +(in its mail queue and attempt to deli)102 188.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ri).15 G 2.5(tl)-2.5 G(ater)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E .568 +(Under normal conditions the mail queue will be processed transparently) +127 204.6 R 5.569(.H)-.65 G -.25(ow)-5.569 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H 1.369 +-.4(r, y).25 H .569(ou may).4 F .994(\214nd that manual interv)102 216.6 +R .993(ention is sometimes necessary)-.15 F 5.993(.F)-.65 G .993(or e) +-6.143 F .993(xample, if a major host is do)-.15 F .993(wn for a)-.25 F +1.699(period of time the queue may become clogged.)102 228.6 R(Although) +6.699 E F2(sendmail)4.199 E F1 1.7(ought to reco)4.199 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +4.2(rg).15 G(racefully)-4.2 E(when the host comes up, you may \214nd performance unacceptably bad in the meantime.) +102 240.6 Q F0 2.5(2.3.1. Printing)102 264.6 R(the queue)2.5 E F1 .526 +(The contents of the queue can be printed using the)142 280.8 R F2 +(mailq)3.026 E F1 .526(command \(or by specifying the)3.026 F F0(\255bp) +117 292.8 Q F1(\215ag to)2.5 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(\):)A(mailq)157 309 +Q 1.673(This will produce a listing of the queue id')117 325.2 R 1.673 +(s, the size of the message, the date the message)-.55 F +(entered the queue, and the sender and recipients.)117 337.2 Q F0 2.5 +(2.3.2. F)102 361.2 R(or)-.25 E(cing the queue)-.18 E F2(Sendmail)142 +377.4 Q F1 1.138(should run the queue automatically at interv)3.638 F +3.638(als. The)-.25 F 1.137(algorithm is to read and)3.638 F .355 +(sort the queue, and then to attempt to process all jobs in order)117 +389.4 R 5.355(.W)-.55 G .356(hen it attempts to run the job,)-5.355 F F2 +(sendmail)117 401.4 Q F1(\214rst checks to see if the job is lock)2.5 E +2.5(ed. If)-.1 F(so, it ignores the job)2.5 E(.)-.4 E .338 +(There is no attempt to insure that only one queue processor e)142 417.6 +R .338(xists at an)-.15 F 2.838(yt)-.15 G .338(ime, since there)-2.838 F +.094(is no guarantee that a job cannot tak)117 429.6 R 2.595(ef)-.1 G +(ore)-2.595 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.595(rt).15 G 2.595(op)-2.595 G .095 +(rocess \(ho)-2.595 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G F2(sendmail) +2.995 E F1 .095(does include heuris-)2.595 F 1.086(tics to try to abort jobs that are taking absurd amounts of time; technically) +117 441.6 R 3.586(,t)-.65 G 1.086(his violates RFC)-3.586 F .461(821, b) +117 453.6 R .461(ut is blessed by RFC 1123\).)-.2 F .461 +(Due to the locking algorithm, it is impossible for one job to)5.461 F +1.087(freeze the entire queue.)117 465.6 R(Ho)6.086 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.886 -.4(r, a).15 H 3.586(nu).4 G(ncooperati)-3.586 E 1.386 -.15 +(ve r)-.25 H 1.086(ecipient host or a program recipient that).15 F(ne) +117 477.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.35(rr).15 G .85(eturns can accumulate man) +-3.35 F 3.351(yp)-.15 G .851(rocesses in your system.)-3.351 F +(Unfortunately)5.851 E 3.351(,t)-.65 G .851(here is no com-)-3.351 F +(pletely general w)117 489.6 Q(ay to solv)-.1 E 2.5(et)-.15 G(his.)-2.5 +E .082(In some cases, you may \214nd that a major host going do)142 +505.8 R .082(wn for a couple of days may create)-.25 F 2.924(ap)117 +517.8 S(rohibiti)-2.924 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .424(ly lar).15 F .424 +(ge queue.)-.18 F .424(This will result in)5.424 F F2(sendmail)2.924 E +F1 .425(spending an inordinate amount of time)2.924 F 1.085 +(sorting the queue.)117 529.8 R 1.085(This situation can be \214x)6.085 +F 1.084(ed by mo)-.15 F 1.084(ving the queue to a temporary place and) +-.15 F .022(creating a ne)117 541.8 R 2.522(wq)-.25 G 2.522(ueue. The) +-2.522 F .022(old queue can be run later when the of)2.522 F .023 +(fending host returns to service.)-.25 F 1.6 -.8(To d)142 558 T 2.5(ot) +.8 G(his, it is acceptable to mo)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H +(he entire queue directory:).15 E(cd /v)157 574.2 Q(ar/spool)-.25 E +(mv mqueue omqueue; mkdir mqueue; chmod 700 mqueue)157 586.2 Q -1.1(Yo) +117 602.4 S 2.709(us)1.1 G .209(hould then kill the e)-2.709 F .209(xisting daemon \(since it will still be processing in the old queue direc-) +-.15 F(tory\) and create a ne)117 614.4 Q 2.5(wd)-.25 G(aemon.)-2.5 E +1.6 -.8(To r)142 630.6 T(un the old mail queue, run the follo).8 E +(wing command:)-.25 E(/usr/sbin/sendmail \255oQ/v)157 646.8 Q +(ar/spool/omqueue \255q)-.25 E(The)117 663 Q F0(\255oQ)2.867 E F1 .367 +(\215ag speci\214es an alternate queue directory and the)2.867 F F0 +<ad71>2.867 E F1 .367(\215ag says to just run e)2.867 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.368(ry job in).15 F .594(the queue.)117 675 R .594(If you ha)5.594 F +.894 -.15(ve a t)-.2 H(endenc).15 E 3.093(yt)-.15 G -2.1 -.25(ow a) +-3.093 H .593(rd v).25 F -.1(oy)-.2 G .593(eurism, you can use the).1 F +F0<ad76>3.093 E F1 .593(\215ag to w)3.093 F .593(atch what is)-.1 F +(going on.)117 687 Q(When the queue is \214nally emptied, you can remo) +142 703.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(he directory:).15 E EP +%%Page: 15 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-15)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(rmdir /v)157 96 Q +(ar/spool/omqueue)-.25 E F0 2.5(2.4. Disk)87 124.2 R +(Based Connection Inf)2.5 E(ormation)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(Sendmail)127 140.4 Q F1 .596(stores a lar)3.096 F .597 +(ge amount of information about each remote system it has connected to) +-.18 F 1.128(in memory)102 152.4 R 3.628(.I)-.65 G 3.628(ti)-3.628 G +3.628(sn)-3.628 G 1.627 -.25(ow p)-3.628 H 1.127(ossible to preserv).25 +F 3.627(es)-.15 G 1.127 +(ome of this information on disk as well, by using the)-3.627 F F0 +(HostStatusDir)102 164.4 Q(ectory)-.18 E F1 1.705 +(option, so that it may be shared between se)4.205 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.705(ral in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.705(cations of).2 F F2(sendmail)4.205 +E F1(.)A .284(This allo)102 176.4 R .283(ws mail to be queued immediately or skipped during a queue run if there has been a recent) +-.25 F -.1(fa)102 188.4 S(ilure in connecting to a remote machine.).1 E +1.438(Additionally enabling)127 204.6 R F0(SingleThr)3.939 E(eadDeli) +-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(ry).1 E F1 1.439(has the added ef)3.939 F 1.439 +(fect of single-threading mail)-.25 F(deli)102 216.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.611(ry to a destination.).15 F 1.611 +(This can be quite helpful if the remote machine is running an SMTP) +6.611 F(serv)102 228.6 Q 1.01(er that is easily o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +1.011 +(rloaded or cannot accept more than a single connection at a time, b).15 +F 1.011(ut can)-.2 F .458 +(cause some messages to be punted to a future queue run.)102 240.6 R +.458(It also applies to)5.458 F F2(all)2.958 E F1 .457 +(hosts, so setting this)2.958 F .281(because you ha)102 252.6 R .581 +-.15(ve o)-.2 H .281(ne machine on site that runs some softw).15 F .281 +(are that is easily o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .282(rrun can cause mail).15 +F .315(to other hosts to be slo)102 264.6 R .315(wed do)-.25 F 2.815 +(wn. If)-.25 F .315(this option is set, you probably w)2.815 F .315 +(ant to set the)-.1 F F0(MinQueueAge)2.815 E F1 1.177 +(option as well and run the queue f)102 276.6 R 1.177 +(airly frequently; this will cause hosts that are skipped because)-.1 F +(another)102 288.6 Q F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1 +(instance is talking to it to be tried ag)2.5 E(ain soon.)-.05 E .303 +(The disk based host information is stored in a subdirectory of of the) +127 304.8 R F0(mqueue)2.803 E F1 .303(directory called)2.803 F F0 +(.hoststat)102 318.8 Q/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(7)-4 I F1 6.749(.R)4 K(emo) +-6.749 E 1.749(ving this directory and its subdirectories has an ef)-.15 +F 1.75(fect similar to the)-.25 F F2(pur)4.25 E -.1(ge)-.37 G(stat).1 E +F1 .046(command and is completely safe.)102 330.8 R .045 +(The information in these directories can be perused with the)5.046 F F2 +(host-)2.545 E(stat)102 342.8 Q F1 .513(command, which will indicate the host name, the last access, and the status of that access.) +3.012 F(An)5.513 E .69 +(asterisk in the left most column indicates that a)102 354.8 R F2 +(sendmail)3.19 E F1 .69(process currently has the host lock)3.19 F .69 +(ed for)-.1 F(mail deli)102 366.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E(.)-.65 E .53 +(The disk based connection information is treated the same w)127 383 R +.53(ay as memory based connection)-.1 F .536 +(information for the purpose of timeouts.)102 395 R .536(By def)5.536 F +.536(ault, information about host f)-.1 F .536(ailures is v)-.1 F .536 +(alid for 30)-.25 F 2.5(minutes. This)102 407 R +(can be adjusted with the)2.5 E F0 -.18(Ti)2.5 G(meout.hoststatus).18 E +F1(option.)2.5 E .022 +(The connection information stored on disk may be pur)127 423.2 R .023 +(ged at an)-.18 F 2.523(yt)-.15 G .023(ime with the)-2.523 F F2(pur) +2.523 E -.1(ge)-.37 G(stat).1 E F1(com-)2.523 E .95(mand or by in)102 +435.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .949(king sendmail with the).2 F F0(\255bH)3.449 E +F1 3.449(switch. The)3.449 F .949(connection information may be vie) +3.449 F(wed)-.25 E(with the)102 447.2 Q F2(hoststat)2.5 E F1 +(command or by in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(king sendmail with the).2 E F0 +(\255bh)2.5 E F1(switch.)2.5 E F0 2.5(2.5. The)87 471.2 R(Ser)2.5 E +(vice Switch)-.1 E F1 1.416(The implementation of certain system services such as host and user name lookup is con-) +127 487.4 R .336(trolled by the service switch.)102 499.4 R .336 +(If the host operating system supports such a switch)5.336 F F2 +(sendmail)2.835 E F1 .335(will use)2.835 F(the nati)102 511.4 Q .3 -.15 +(ve ve)-.25 H 2.5(rsion. 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Reb)102 96 R(uilding the alias database) +-.2 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .542(The DB or DBM v)142 112.2 R .542 +(ersion of the database may be reb)-.15 F .542(uilt e)-.2 F .542 +(xplicitly by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .542(cuting the com-).15 F(mand) +117 124.2 Q(ne)157 140.4 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G(liases).1 E(This is equi)117 +156.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to gi).25 E(ving)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(sendmail)2.5 E F1(the)2.5 E F0(\255bi)2.5 E F1(\215ag:)2.5 E +(/usr/sbin/sendmail \255bi)157 172.8 Q 2.29(If the)142 193.2 R F0(Reb) +4.79 E(uildAliases)-.2 E F1(\(old)4.79 E F0(D)4.79 E F1 4.79(\)o)C 2.29 +(ption is speci\214ed in the con\214guration,)-4.79 F F2(sendmail)4.79 E +F1(will)4.79 E(reb)117 205.2 Q .775(uild the alias database automatically if possible when it is out of date.) +-.2 F(Auto-reb)5.774 E .774(uild can be)-.2 F 1.853(dangerous on hea)117 +217.2 R 1.853(vily loaded machines with lar)-.2 F 1.853 +(ge alias \214les; if it might tak)-.18 F 4.354(em)-.1 G 1.854 +(ore than the)-4.354 F(reb)117 229.2 Q 2.832(uild timeout \(option)-.2 F +F0(AliasW)5.332 E(ait)-.65 E F1 5.332(,o)C(ld)-5.332 E F0(a)5.332 E F1 +5.332(,w)C 2.831(hich is normally \214v)-5.332 F 5.331(em)-.15 G 2.831 +(inutes\) to reb)-5.331 F 2.831(uild the)-.2 F +(database, there is a chance that se)117 241.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ral processes will start the reb).15 E(uild process simultaneously)-.2 +E(.)-.65 E 1.77(If you ha)142 257.4 R 2.07 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.77 +(ultiple aliases databases speci\214ed, the).15 F F0(\255bi)4.27 E F1 +1.77(\215ag reb)4.27 F 1.77(uilds all the database)-.2 F +(types it understands \(for e)117 269.4 Q(xample, it can reb)-.15 E +(uild NDBM databases b)-.2 E(ut not NIS databases\).)-.2 E F0 2.5 +(2.6.2. 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Before).05 F F2(sendmail)2.836 E F1 .336 +(will access the database, it checks to insure that)2.836 F +(this entry e)117 468.2 Q(xists)-.15 E/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(10)-4 I F1 +(.)4 I F0 2.5(2.6.3. List)102 492.2 R -.1(ow)2.5 G(ners).1 E F1 .4 +(If an error occurs on sending to a certain address, say \231)142 508.4 +R F2(x)A F1<9a2c>A F2(sendmail)2.901 E F1 .401(will look for an alias) +2.901 F .418(of the form \231o)117 520.4 R(wner)-.25 E(-)-.2 E F2(x)A F1 +2.918<9a74>C 2.918(or)-2.918 G(ecei)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .418 +(he errors.).15 F .417 +(This is typically useful for a mailing list where the)5.418 F 1.116 +(submitter of the list has no control o)117 532.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.617 +(rt).15 G 1.117 +(he maintenance of the list itself; in this case the list)-3.617 F +(maintainer w)117 544.4 Q(ould be the o)-.1 E(wner of the list.)-.25 E +-.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E +(unix-wizards: eric@ucbarpa, wnj@monet, nosuchuser)157 560.6 Q(,)-.4 E +(sam@matisse)193 572.6 Q -.25(ow)157 584.6 S(ner).25 E +(-unix-wizards: unix-wizards-request)-.2 E +(unix-wizards-request: eric@ucbarpa)157 596.6 Q -.1(wo)117 612.8 S .689 +(uld cause \231eric@ucbarpa\232 to get the error that will occur when someone sends to unix-wiz-) +.1 F(ards due to the inclusion of \231nosuchuser\232 on the list.)117 +624.8 Q .958(List o)142 641 R .958(wners also cause the en)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .959(lope sender address to be modi\214ed.).15 F .959 +(The contents of the)5.959 F -.25(ow)117 653 S .429 +(ner alias are used if the).25 F 2.929(yp)-.15 G .429 +(oint to a single user)-2.929 F 2.928(,o)-.4 G .428 +(therwise the name of the alias itself is used.)-2.928 F -.15(Fo)117 665 +S 3.454(rt).15 G .954(his reason, and to obe)-3.454 F 3.454(yI)-.15 G +.954(nternet con)-3.454 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .954(ntions, the \231o).15 F +(wner)-.25 E .955(-\232 address normally points at the)-.2 F .504(\231-request\232 address; this causes messages to go out with the typical Internet con) +117 677 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .503(ntion of using).15 F .32 LW 76 686.6 72 +686.6 DL 80 686.6 76 686.6 DL 84 686.6 80 686.6 DL 88 686.6 84 686.6 DL +92 686.6 88 686.6 DL 96 686.6 92 686.6 DL 100 686.6 96 686.6 DL 104 +686.6 100 686.6 DL 108 686.6 104 686.6 DL 112 686.6 108 686.6 DL 116 +686.6 112 686.6 DL 120 686.6 116 686.6 DL 124 686.6 120 686.6 DL 128 +686.6 124 686.6 DL 132 686.6 128 686.6 DL 136 686.6 132 686.6 DL 140 +686.6 136 686.6 DL 144 686.6 140 686.6 DL 148 686.6 144 686.6 DL 152 +686.6 148 686.6 DL 156 686.6 152 686.6 DL 160 686.6 156 686.6 DL 164 +686.6 160 686.6 DL 168 686.6 164 686.6 DL 172 686.6 168 686.6 DL 176 +686.6 172 686.6 DL 180 686.6 176 686.6 DL 184 686.6 180 686.6 DL 188 +686.6 184 686.6 DL 192 686.6 188 686.6 DL 196 686.6 192 686.6 DL 200 +686.6 196 686.6 DL 204 686.6 200 686.6 DL 208 686.6 204 686.6 DL 212 +686.6 208 686.6 DL 216 686.6 212 686.6 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(10)93.6 +697 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)3.2 I/F6 8/Times-Bold@0 SF(AliasW)2 E +(ait)-.52 E F5 +(option is required in the con\214guration for this action to occur)2 E +4(.T)-.44 G(his should normally be speci\214ed.)-4 E EP +%%Page: 18 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-18 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.74(``) +117 96 S/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list).74 E F1(-request')A 2.5('a)-.74 G +2.5(st)-2.5 G(he return address.)-2.5 E F0 2.5(2.7. User)87 120 R(Inf) +2.5 E(ormation Database)-.25 E F1 1.059(If you ha)127 136.2 R 1.359 -.15 +(ve a ve)-.2 H 1.059(rsion of).15 F F2(sendmail)3.559 E F1 1.06 +(with the user information database compiled in, and you)3.559 F(ha)102 +148.2 Q 2.206 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.906 +(peci\214ed one or more databases using the).15 F F0(U)4.406 E F1 1.905 +(option, the databases will be searched for a)4.406 F F2(user)102 160.2 +Q F1(:maildrop entry)A 5(.I)-.65 G 2.5(ff)-5 G +(ound, the mail will be sent to the speci\214ed address.)-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(2.8. P)87 184.2 R(er)-.2 E(-User F)-.37 E(orwarding \(.f)-.25 E +(orward Files\))-.25 E F1 .12(As an alternati)127 200.4 R .42 -.15(ve t) +-.25 H 2.62(ot).15 G .12(he alias database, an)-2.62 F 2.62(yu)-.15 G +.121(ser may put a \214le with the name \231.forw)-2.62 F .121 +(ard\232 in his)-.1 F .205(or her home directory)102 212.4 R 5.205(.I) +-.65 G 2.705(ft)-5.205 G .205(his \214le e)-2.705 F(xists,)-.15 E F2 +(sendmail)2.705 E F1 .205 +(redirects mail for that user to the list of addresses)2.705 F .908 +(listed in the .forw)102 224.4 R .908(ard \214le.)-.1 F -.15(Fo)5.908 G +3.408(re).15 G .908 +(xample, if the home directory for user \231mckusick\232 has a .forw) +-3.558 F(ard)-.1 E(\214le with contents:)102 236.4 Q(mckusick@ernie)142 +252.6 Q(kirk@calder)142 264.6 Q(then an)102 280.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(ail arri)-2.5 E(ving for \231mckusick\232 will be redirected to the speci\214ed accounts.) +-.25 E(Actually)127 297 Q 3.375(,t)-.65 G .874(he con\214guration \214le de\214nes a sequence of \214lenames to check.) +-3.375 F .874(By def)5.874 F .874(ault, this is)-.1 F .687(the user')102 +309 R 3.187(s.)-.55 G(forw)-3.187 E .687(ard \214le, b)-.1 F .687 +(ut can be de\214ned to be more generally using the)-.2 F F0(J)3.187 E +F1 3.188(option. If)3.188 F .688(you change)3.188 F .393 +(this, you will ha)102 321 R .693 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.893(oi).15 G .393 +(nform your user base of the change; .forw)-2.893 F .393 +(ard is pretty well incorporated into)-.1 F(the collecti)102 333 Q .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(ubconscious.).15 E F0 2.5(2.9. Special)87 357 R +(Header Lines)2.5 E F1(Se)127 373.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.897 +(ral header lines ha).15 F 2.197 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.897 +(pecial interpretations de\214ned by the con\214guration \214le.).15 F +(Others)6.898 E(ha)102 385.2 Q 1.206 -.15(ve i)-.2 H .906 +(nterpretations b).15 F .906(uilt into)-.2 F F2(sendmail)3.406 E F1 .905 +(that cannot be changed without changing the code.)3.406 F(These)5.905 E +-.2(bu)102 397.2 S(iltins are described here.).2 E F0 2.5(2.9.1. Err)102 +421.2 R(ors-T)-.18 E(o:)-.92 E F1 .22(If errors occur an)142 437.4 R .22 +(ywhere during processing, this header will cause error messages to go to) +-.15 F(the listed addresses.)117 449.4 Q +(This is intended for mailing lists.)5 E .385(The Errors-T)142 465.6 R +.385(o: header w)-.8 F .384 +(as created in the bad old days when UUCP didn')-.1 F 2.884(tu)-.18 G +.384(nderstand the)-2.884 F .889(distinction between an en)117 477.6 R +-.15(ve)-.4 G .889(lope and a header; this w).15 F .889 +(as a hack to pro)-.1 F .89(vide what should no)-.15 F 3.39(wb)-.25 G(e) +-3.39 E .81(passed as the en)117 489.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .81 +(lope sender address.).15 F .809(It should go a)5.81 F -.1(wa)-.15 G +4.609 -.65(y. I).1 H 3.309(ti).65 G 3.309(so)-3.309 G .809 +(nly used if the)-3.309 F F0(UseErr)3.309 E(orsT)-.18 E(o)-.92 E F1 +(option is set.)117 501.6 Q(The Errors-T)142 517.8 Q(o: header is of)-.8 +E(\214cial deprecated and will go a)-.25 E -.1(wa)-.15 G 2.5(yi).1 G 2.5 +(naf)-2.5 G(uture release.)-2.5 E F0 2.5(2.9.2. A)102 541.8 R(ppar)-.25 +E(ently-T)-.18 E(o:)-.92 E F1 .044 +(RFC 822 requires at least one recipient \214eld \(T)142 558 R .045 +(o:, Cc:, or Bcc: line\) in e)-.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(ry message.).15 +F .045(If a)5.045 F .562 +(message comes in with no recipients listed in the message then)117 570 +R F2(sendmail)3.062 E F1 .562(will adjust the header)3.062 F .085 +(based on the \231NoRecipientAction\232 option.)117 582 R .085 +(One of the possible actions is to add an \231)5.085 F(Apparently-)-.8 E +-.8(To)117 594 S .08(:\232 header line for an).8 F 2.58(yr)-.15 G .08 +(ecipients it is a)-2.58 F -.1(wa)-.15 G .08(re of.).1 F .08 +(This is not put in as a standard recipient line to)5.08 F -.1(wa)117 +606 S(rn an).1 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(ecipients that the list is not complete.) +-2.5 E(The Apparently-T)142 622.2 Q +(o: header is non-standard and is deprecated.)-.8 E F0 2.5(2.9.3. Pr)102 +646.2 R(ecedence)-.18 E F1 .425(The Precedence: header can be used as a crude control of message priority) +142 662.4 R 5.425(.I)-.65 G 2.925(tt)-5.425 G .425(weaks the)-2.925 F(sort order in the queue and can be con\214gured to change the message timeout v) +117 674.4 Q(alues.)-.25 E EP +%%Page: 19 15 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-19)195.86 E 2.5(2.10. IDENT)87 96 R(Pr)2.5 E(otocol Support)-.18 +E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Sendmail)127 112.2 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +1.835(supports the IDENT protocol as de\214ned in RFC 1413.)4.335 F +1.835(Although this enhances)6.835 F .289 +(identi\214cation of the author of an email message by doing a `)102 +124.2 R .29(`call back')-.74 F 2.79('t)-.74 G 2.79(ot)-2.79 G .29 +(he originating system to)-2.79 F .469(include the o)102 136.2 R .469(wner of a particular TCP connection in the audit trail it is in no sense perfect; a deter) +-.25 F(-)-.2 E 1.293(mined for)102 148.2 R 1.294 +(ger can easily spoof the IDENT protocol.)-.18 F 1.294(The follo)6.294 F +1.294(wing description is e)-.25 F 1.294(xcerpted from)-.15 F(RFC 1413:) +102 160.2 Q 2.5(6. Security)127 176.4 R(Considerations)2.5 E .006 +(The information returned by this protocol is at most as trustw)127 +192.6 R(orth)-.1 E 2.505(ya)-.05 G 2.505(st)-2.505 G .005(he host pro) +-2.505 F .005(viding it OR)-.15 F .273(the or)127 204.6 R -.05(ga)-.18 G +.273(nization operating the host.).05 F -.15(Fo)5.273 G 2.773(re).15 G +.274(xample, a PC in an open lab has fe)-2.923 F 2.774(wi)-.25 G 2.774 +(fa)-2.774 G .574 -.15(ny c)-2.774 H(ontrols).15 E .987(on it to pre)127 +216.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .986(nt a user from ha).15 F .986 +(ving this protocol return an)-.2 F 3.486(yi)-.15 G .986 +(denti\214er the user w)-3.486 F 3.486(ants. Lik)-.1 F(e-)-.1 E 1.441(wise, if the host has been compromised the information returned may be completely erro-) +127 228.6 R(neous and misleading.)127 240.6 Q .521(The Identi\214cation Protocol is not intended as an authorization or access control protocol.) +127 256.8 R(At)5.52 E 1.036(best, it pro)127 268.8 R 1.037(vides some additional auditing information with respect to TCP connections.) +-.15 F(At)6.037 E -.1(wo)127 280.8 S(rst, it can pro).1 E +(vide misleading, incorrect, or maliciously incorrect information.)-.15 +E 1.006(The use of the information returned by this protocol for other than auditing is strongly dis-) +127 297 R 2.697(couraged. Speci\214cally)127 309 R 2.697(,u)-.65 G .197 +(sing Identi\214cation Protocol information to mak)-2.697 F 2.697(ea)-.1 +G .197(ccess control deci-)-2.697 F .514(sions - either as the primary method \(i.e., no other checks\) or as an adjunct to other methods) +127 321 R(may result in a weak)127 333 Q(ening of normal host security) +-.1 E(.)-.65 E 1.778(An Identi\214cation serv)127 349.2 R 1.778 +(er may re)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.778 +(al information about users, entities, objects or processes).15 F .337 +(which might normally be considered pri)127 361.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G 2.836 +(te. An).25 F .336(Identi\214cation serv)2.836 F .336(er pro)-.15 F .336 +(vides service which)-.15 F .806 +(is a rough analog of the CallerID services pro)127 373.2 R .806 +(vided by some phone companies and man)-.15 F 3.306(yo)-.15 G(f)-3.306 E +1.398(the same pri)127 385.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.698 -.15(cy c).25 H +1.398(onsiderations and ar).15 F 1.398 +(guments that apply to the CallerID service apply to)-.18 F 3.545 +(Identi\214cation. If)127 397.2 R 1.045(you w)3.545 F(ouldn')-.1 E 3.545 +(tr)-.18 G 1.045(un a "\214nger" serv)-3.545 F 1.046(er due to pri)-.15 +F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.346 -.15(cy c).25 H 1.046(onsiderations you may).15 F +(not w)127 409.2 Q(ant to run this protocol.)-.1 E .377 +(In some cases your system may not w)102 425.4 R .377 +(ork properly with IDENT support due to a b)-.1 F .376(ug in the TCP/IP) +-.2 F 3.675(implementation. The)102 437.4 R 1.175(symptoms will be that for some hosts the SMTP connection will be closed) +3.675 F .566(almost immediately)102 449.4 R 5.566(.I)-.65 G 3.066(ft) +-5.566 G .565(his is true or if you do not w)-3.066 F .565 +(ant to use IDENT)-.1 F 3.065(,y)-.74 G .565(ou should set the IDENT) +-3.065 F(timeout to zero; this will disable the IDENT protocol.)102 +461.4 Q F0 2.5(3. ARGUMENTS)72 485.4 R F2 .017(The complete list of ar) +112 501.6 R .017(guments to)-.18 F F1(sendmail)2.517 E F2 .017 +(is described in detail in Appendix A.)2.517 F .018(Some important)5.018 +F(ar)87 513.6 Q(guments are described here.)-.18 E F0 2.5(3.1. Queue)87 +537.6 R(Inter)2.5 E -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F2 .455(The amount of time between forking a process to run through the queue is de\214ned by the) +127 553.8 R F0<ad71>2.955 E F2 2.675(\215ag. If)102 565.8 R .175 +(you run with deli)2.675 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(ry mode set to).15 F F0 +(i)2.675 E F2(or)2.675 E F0(b)2.675 E F2 .176(this can be relati)2.675 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .176(ly lar).15 F .176(ge, since it will only be rel-) +-.18 F -.25(eva)102 577.8 S .207(nt when a host that w).25 F .207(as do) +-.1 F .207(wn comes back up.)-.25 F .206(If you run in)5.207 F F0(q) +2.706 E F2 .206(mode it should be relati)2.706 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .206 +(ly short,).15 F 1.039(since it de\214nes the maximum amount of time that a message may sit in the queue.) +102 589.8 R 1.039(\(See also the)6.039 F(MinQueueAge option.\))102 601.8 +Q 1.336(RFC 1123 section 5.3.1.1 says that this v)127 618 R 1.335 +(alue should be at least 30 minutes \(although that)-.25 F +(probably doesn')102 630 Q 2.5(tm)-.18 G(ak)-2.5 E 2.5(es)-.1 G +(ense if you use `)-2.5 E(`queue-only')-.74 E 2.5('m)-.74 G(ode\).)-2.5 +E F0 2.5(3.2. Daemon)87 654 R(Mode)2.5 E F2 .084(If you allo)127 670.2 R +2.584(wi)-.25 G .084(ncoming mail o)-2.584 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.585(ra).15 +G 2.585(nI)-2.585 G .085(PC connection, you should ha)-2.585 F .385 -.15 +(ve a d)-.2 H .085(aemon running.).15 F(This)5.085 E .07 +(should be set by your)102 682.2 R F1(/etc/r)2.57 E(c)-.37 E F2 .07 +(\214le using the)2.57 F F0(\255bd)2.57 E F2 2.569(\215ag. The)2.57 F F0 +(\255bd)2.569 E F2 .069(\215ag and the)2.569 F F0<ad71>2.569 E F2 .069 +(\215ag may be combined)2.569 F(in one call:)102 694.2 Q +(/usr/sbin/sendmail \255bd \255q30m)142 710.4 Q EP +%%Page: 20 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-20 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .292 +(An alternati)127 96 R .592 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .292(pproach is to in).15 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G .493 -.1(ke s).2 H .293(endmail from).1 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(inetd)2.793 E F1 .293(\(8\) \(use the)B F0(\255bs) +2.793 E F1 .293(\215ag to ask sendmail)2.793 F .255 +(to speak SMTP on its standard input and output\).)102 108 R .255 +(This w)5.255 F .255(orks and allo)-.1 F .255(ws you to wrap)-.25 F F2 +(sendmail)2.755 E F1 .255(in a)2.755 F 1.39(TCP wrapper program, b)102 +120 R 1.39(ut may be a bit slo)-.2 F 1.39 +(wer since the con\214guration \214le has to be re-read on)-.25 F -2.15 +-.25(ev e)102 132 T .556(ry message that comes in.).25 F .556 +(If you do this, you still need to ha)5.556 F .856 -.15(ve a)-.2 H F2 +(sendmail)3.206 E F1 .555(running to \215ush the)3.055 F(queue:)102 144 +Q(/usr/sbin/sendmail \255q30m)142 160.2 Q F0 2.5(3.3. F)87 188.4 R(or) +-.25 E(cing the Queue)-.18 E F1 .04(In some cases you may \214nd that the queue has gotten clogged for some reason.) +127 204.6 R -1.1(Yo)5.04 G 2.54(uc)1.1 G .04(an force)-2.54 F 3.185(aq) +102 216.6 S .685(ueue run using the)-3.185 F F0<ad71>3.184 E F1 .684 +(\215ag \(with no v)3.184 F 3.184(alue\). It)-.25 F .684 +(is entertaining to use the)3.184 F F0<ad76>3.184 E F1 .684(\215ag \(v) +3.184 F .684(erbose\) when)-.15 F(this is done to w)102 228.6 Q +(atch what happens:)-.1 E(/usr/sbin/sendmail \255q \255v)142 244.8 Q +-1.1(Yo)127 265.2 S 4.004(uc)1.1 G 1.504 +(an also limit the jobs to those with a particular queue identi\214er) +-4.004 F 4.004(,s)-.4 G(ender)-4.004 E 4.004(,o)-.4 G 4.004(rr)-4.004 G +(ecipient)-4.004 E .687(using one of the queue modi\214ers.)102 277.2 R +-.15(Fo)5.687 G 3.187(re).15 G .687(xample, \231\255qRberk)-3.337 F(ele) +-.1 E .686(y\232 restricts the queue run to jobs that)-.15 F(ha)102 +289.2 Q .525 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .225(he string \231berk).15 F(ele)-.1 E +.225(y\232 some)-.15 F .225(where in one of the recipient addresses.) +-.25 F(Similarly)5.226 E 2.726<2c99>-.65 G .226(\255qSstring\232 lim-) +-2.726 F(its the run to particular senders and \231\255qIstring\232 limits it to particular queue identi\214ers.) +102 301.2 Q F0 2.5(3.4. Deb)87 325.2 R(ugging)-.2 E F1 1.365 +(There are a f)127 341.4 R 1.365(airly lar)-.1 F 1.365(ge number of deb) +-.18 F 1.365(ug \215ags b)-.2 F 1.365(uilt into)-.2 F F2(sendmail)3.865 +E F1 6.365(.E)C 1.365(ach deb)-6.365 F 1.365(ug \215ag has a)-.2 F 1.116 +(number and a le)102 353.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.116(l, where higher le).15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.116(ls means to print out more information.).15 F +1.116(The con)6.116 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.116(ntion is).15 F .294(that le) +102 365.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .294(ls greater than nine are \231absurd,).15 +F 2.794<9a69>-.7 G .294(.e., the)-2.794 F 2.794(yp)-.15 G .293 +(rint out so much information that you w)-2.794 F(ouldn')-.1 E(t)-.18 E +.691(normally w)102 377.4 R .692(ant to see them e)-.1 F .692 +(xcept for deb)-.15 F .692(ugging that particular piece of code.)-.2 F +(Deb)5.692 E .692(ug \215ags are set)-.2 F(using the)102 389.4 Q F0 +<ad64>2.5 E F1(option; the syntax is:)2.5 E(deb)142 405.6 Q(ug-\215ag:) +-.2 E F0<ad64>12.78 E F1(deb)2.5 E(ug-list)-.2 E(deb)142 417.6 Q 13.05 +(ug-list: deb)-.2 F(ug-option [ , deb)-.2 E(ug-option ]*)-.2 E(deb)142 +429.6 Q -.28(ug-option: deb)-.2 F(ug-range [ . deb)-.2 E(ug-le)-.2 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l]).15 G(deb)142 441.6 Q 3.07(ug-range: inte)-.2 F +(ger | inte)-.15 E(ger \255 inte)-.15 E(ger)-.15 E(deb)142 453.6 Q +(ug-le)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.24(l: inte).15 F(ger)-.15 E +(where spaces are for reading ease only)102 469.8 Q 5(.F)-.65 G(or e) +-5.15 E(xample,)-.15 E 34.99(\255d12 Set)142 486 R(\215ag 12 to le)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l1).15 G 27.49(\255d12.3 Set)142 498 R +(\215ag 12 to le)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l3).15 G 24.35 +(\255d3\25517 Set)142 510 R(\215ags 3 through 17 to le)2.5 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(l1).15 G 16.85(\255d3\25517.4 Set)142 522 R +(\215ags 3 through 17 to le)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l4).15 G -.15(Fo) +102 538.2 S 4.066(rac).15 G 1.566(omplete list of the a)-4.066 F -.25 +(va)-.2 G 1.565(ilable deb).25 F 1.565(ug \215ags you will ha)-.2 F +1.865 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 4.065(ol).15 G 1.565(ook at the code \(the)-4.065 +F 4.065(ya)-.15 G 1.565(re too)-4.065 F(dynamic to k)102 550.2 Q +(eep this documentation up to date\).)-.1 E F0 2.5(3.5. Changing)87 +574.2 R(the V)2.5 E(alues of Options)-.92 E F1(Options can be o)127 +590.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rridden using the).15 E F0<ad6f>2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E +F0<ad4f>2.5 E F1(command line \215ags.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G +(xample,)-2.65 E(/usr/sbin/sendmail \255oT2m)142 606.6 Q .02(sets the) +102 622.8 R F0(T)2.52 E F1 .02(\(timeout\) option to tw)2.52 F 2.52(om) +-.1 G .021(inutes for this run only; the equi)-2.52 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.021(lent line using the long option).25 F(name is)102 634.8 Q +(/usr/sbin/sendmail -O)142 651 Q -.35(Ti)-.4 G(meout.queuereturn=2m).35 +E .72(Some options ha)127 671.4 R 1.02 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .72 +(ecurity implications.).15 F .72(Sendmail allo)5.72 F .72 +(ws you to set these, b)-.25 F .72(ut relinquishes)-.2 F EP +%%Page: 21 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-21)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(its setuid root permissions thereafter)102 98 Q/F2 7/Times-Roman@0 SF +(11)-4 I F1(.)4 I F0 2.5(3.6. T)87 122 R(rying a Differ)-.74 E +(ent Con\214guration File)-.18 E F1(An alternati)127 138.2 Q .3 -.15 +(ve c)-.25 H(on\214guration \214le can be speci\214ed using the).15 E F0 +<ad43>2.5 E F1(\215ag; for e)2.5 E(xample,)-.15 E +(/usr/sbin/sendmail \255Ctest.cf \255oQ/tmp/mqueue)142 154.4 Q .429 +(uses the con\214guration \214le)102 170.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(test.cf)2.928 E F1 .428(instead of the def)2.928 F(ault)-.1 E F3 +(/etc/sendmail.cf)2.928 E(.)-.15 E F1 .428(If the)5.428 F F0<ad43>2.928 +E F1 .428(\215ag has no v)2.928 F(alue)-.25 E(it def)102 182.6 Q +(aults to)-.1 E F3(sendmail.cf)2.5 E F1(in the current directory)2.5 E +(.)-.65 E F3(Sendmail)127 198.8 Q F1(gi)2.679 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.679(su) +.15 G 2.679(pi)-2.679 G .18(ts setuid root permissions when you use this \215ag, so it is common to use a) +-2.679 F .069(publicly writable directory \(such as /tmp\) as the spool directory \(QueueDirectory or Q option\) while) +102 210.8 R(testing.)102 222.8 Q F0 2.5(3.7. Logging)87 246.8 R -.74(Tr) +2.5 G(af\214c).74 E F1(Man)127 263 Q 3.254(yS)-.15 G .754 +(MTP implementations do not fully implement the protocol.)-3.254 F -.15 +(Fo)5.754 G 3.254(re).15 G .755(xample, some per)-3.404 F(-)-.2 E 1.178 +(sonal computer based SMTPs do not understand continuation lines in reply codes.) +102 275 R 1.177(These can be)6.178 F -.15(ve)102 287 S .13 +(ry hard to trace.).15 F .13 +(If you suspect such a problem, you can set traf)5.13 F .13 +(\214c logging using the)-.25 F F0<ad58>2.63 E F1 2.63(\215ag. F)2.63 F +(or)-.15 E -.15(ex)102 299 S(ample,).15 E +(/usr/sbin/sendmail \255X /tmp/traf)142 315.2 Q(\214c \255bd)-.25 E +(will log all traf)102 331.4 Q(\214c in the \214le)-.25 E F3(/tmp/tr)2.5 +E(af)-.15 E<8c63>-.18 E F1(.)A .998(This logs a lot of data v)127 347.6 +R .997(ery quickly and should)-.15 F F0(NEVER)3.497 E F1 .997 +(be used during normal operations.)3.497 F .962(After starting up such a daemon, force the errant implementation to send a message to your host.) +102 359.6 R .609(All message traf)102 371.6 R .609(\214c in and out of) +-.25 F F3(sendmail)3.109 E F1 3.109(,i)C .609 +(ncluding the incoming SMTP traf)-3.109 F .608(\214c, will be logged in) +-.25 F(this \214le.)102 383.6 Q F0 2.5(3.8. T)87 407.6 R +(esting Con\214guration Files)-.92 E F1 .643(When you b)127 423.8 R .644 +(uild a con\214guration table, you can do a certain amount of testing using the \231test) +-.2 F(mode\232 of)102 435.8 Q F3(sendmail)2.5 E F1 5(.F)C(or e)-5.15 E +(xample, you could in)-.15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3(sendmail)2.6 E +F1(as:)2.5 E(sendmail \255bt \255Ctest.cf)142 452 Q .448(which w)102 +468.2 R .448(ould read the con\214guration \214le \231test.cf\232 and enter test mode.) +-.1 F .447(In this mode, you enter lines)5.447 F(of the form:)102 480.2 +Q(rwset address)142 496.4 Q(where)102 512.6 Q F3(rwset)3.006 E F1 .506 +(is the re)3.006 F .506(writing set you w)-.25 F .506(ant to use and)-.1 +F F3(addr)3.007 E(ess)-.37 E F1 .507(is an address to apply the set to.) +3.007 F -.7(Te)5.507 G(st).7 E .794(mode sho)102 524.6 R .794 +(ws you the steps it tak)-.25 F .794(es as it proceeds, \214nally sho) +-.1 F .794(wing you the address it ends up with.)-.25 F -1.1(Yo)102 +536.6 S 3.331(um)1.1 G .832(ay use a comma separated list of rwsets for sequential application of rules to an input.) +-3.331 F -.15(Fo)5.832 G(r).15 E -.15(ex)102 548.6 S(ample:).15 E +(3,1,21,4 monet:bollard)142 564.8 Q .622 +(\214rst applies ruleset three to the input \231monet:bollard.)102 581 R +5.622<9a52>-.7 G .622(uleset one is then applied to the output of)-5.622 +F(ruleset three, follo)102 593 Q +(wed similarly by rulesets twenty-one and four)-.25 E(.)-.55 E 1.084(If you need more detail, you can also use the \231\255d21\232 \215ag to turn on more deb) +127 609.2 R 3.585(ugging. F)-.2 F(or)-.15 E -.15(ex)102 621.2 S(ample,) +.15 E(sendmail \255bt \255d21.99)142 637.4 Q .689 +(turns on an incredible amount of information; a single w)102 653.6 R +.688(ord address is probably going to print out)-.1 F(se)102 665.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ral pages w).15 E(orth of information.)-.1 E .32 LW 76 +678.8 72 678.8 DL 80 678.8 76 678.8 DL 84 678.8 80 678.8 DL 88 678.8 84 +678.8 DL 92 678.8 88 678.8 DL 96 678.8 92 678.8 DL 100 678.8 96 678.8 DL +104 678.8 100 678.8 DL 108 678.8 104 678.8 DL 112 678.8 108 678.8 DL 116 +678.8 112 678.8 DL 120 678.8 116 678.8 DL 124 678.8 120 678.8 DL 128 +678.8 124 678.8 DL 132 678.8 128 678.8 DL 136 678.8 132 678.8 DL 140 +678.8 136 678.8 DL 144 678.8 140 678.8 DL 148 678.8 144 678.8 DL 152 +678.8 148 678.8 DL 156 678.8 152 678.8 DL 160 678.8 156 678.8 DL 164 +678.8 160 678.8 DL 168 678.8 164 678.8 DL 172 678.8 168 678.8 DL 176 +678.8 172 678.8 DL 180 678.8 176 678.8 DL 184 678.8 180 678.8 DL 188 +678.8 184 678.8 DL 192 678.8 188 678.8 DL 196 678.8 192 678.8 DL 200 +678.8 196 678.8 DL 204 678.8 200 678.8 DL 208 678.8 204 678.8 DL 212 +678.8 208 678.8 DL 216 678.8 212 678.8 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(11)93.6 +689.2 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .497(That is, it sets its ef)3.2 J(fecti) +-.2 E .737 -.12(ve u)-.2 H .497(id to the real uid; thus, if you are e) +.12 F -.12(xe)-.12 G .497(cuting as root, as from root').12 F 2.497(sc) +-.44 G .497(rontab \214le or during system)-2.497 F +(startup the root permissions will still be honored.)72 702 Q EP +%%Page: 22 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-22 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -1.1(Yo) +127 96 S 2.574(us)1.1 G .074(hould be w)-2.574 F .074 +(arned that internally)-.1 F(,)-.65 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail) +2.575 E F1 .075(applies ruleset 3 to all addresses.)2.575 F .075 +(In test mode)5.075 F(you will ha)102 108 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(od) +.15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(hat manually)-2.5 E 5(.F)-.65 G(or e)-5.15 E +(xample, older v)-.15 E(ersions allo)-.15 E(wed you to use)-.25 E 2.5 +(0b)142 124.2 S(ruce@broadcast.son)-2.5 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(com).65 E +(This v)102 140.4 Q(ersion requires that you use:)-.15 E +(3,0 bruce@broadcast.son)142 156.6 Q -.65(y.)-.15 G(com).65 E(As of v) +127 177 Q(ersion 8.7, some other syntax)-.15 E(es are a)-.15 E -.25(va) +-.2 G(ilable in test mode:).25 E 5<832e>107 193.2 S 1.666(Dxv)-5 G .328 +(alue de\214nes macro)-1.916 F F2(x)2.828 E F1 .328(to ha)2.828 F .628 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H .328(he indicated).15 F F2(value)2.828 E F1 5.328(.T)C +.328(his is useful when deb)-5.328 F .327(ugging rules that)-.2 F +(use the)115.5 205.2 Q F0($&)2.5 E F2(x)A F1(syntax.)2.5 E 5<832e>107 +217.2 S 1.666(Ccv)-5 G(alue adds the indicated)-1.916 E F2(value)2.5 E +F1(to class)2.5 E F2(c)2.5 E F1(.)A 5<832e>107 229.2 S 1.666(Sr)-5 G +(uleset dumps the contents of the indicated ruleset.)-1.666 E 5<83ad>107 +241.2 S 1.666(dd)-5 G(eb)-1.666 E(ug-spec is equi)-.2 E -.25(va)-.25 G +(lent to the command-line \215ag.).25 E F0 2.5(3.9. P)87 265.2 R +(ersistent Host Status Inf)-.2 E(ormation)-.25 E F1(When)127 281.4 Q F0 +(HostStatusDir)2.569 E(ectory)-.18 E F1 .069 +(is enabled, information about the status of hosts is maintained on) +2.569 F .249(disk and can thus be shared between dif)102 293.4 R .249 +(ferent instantiations of)-.25 F F2(sendmail)2.749 E F1 5.249(.T)C .248 +(he status of the last con-)-5.249 F +(nection with each remote host may be vie)102 305.4 Q +(wed with the command:)-.25 E(sendmail \255bh)142 321.6 Q +(This information may be \215ushed with the command:)102 337.8 Q +(sendmail \255bH)142 354 Q 1.534(Flushing the information pre)102 370.2 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.534(nts ne).15 F(w)-.25 E F2(sendmail)4.034 E F1 +1.535(processes from loading it, b)4.035 F 1.535(ut does not pre)-.2 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt).15 E -.15(ex)102 382.2 S +(isting processes from using the status information that the).15 E 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(lready ha)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(.).15 E F0 2.5(4. TUNING)72 +406.2 R F1 1.922 +(There are a number of con\214guration parameters you may w)112 422.4 R +1.922(ant to change, depending on the)-.1 F .366 +(requirements of your site.)87 434.4 R .367 +(Most of these are set using an option in the con\214guration \214le.) +5.366 F -.15(Fo)5.367 G 2.867(re).15 G(xample,)-3.017 E +(the line \231O T)87 446.4 Q +(imeout.queuereturn=5d\232 sets option \231T)-.35 E +(imeout.queuereturn\232 to the v)-.35 E(alue \2315d\232 \(\214v)-.25 E +2.5(ed)-.15 G(ays\).)-2.5 E .735(Most of these options ha)112 462.6 R +1.035 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .735(ppropriate def).15 F .735 +(aults for most sites.)-.1 F(Ho)5.735 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.535 +-.4(r, s).15 H .735(ites ha).4 F .735(ving v)-.2 F .735(ery high)-.15 F +.045(mail loads may \214nd the)87 474.6 R 2.545(yn)-.15 G .046 +(eed to tune them as appropriate for their mail load.)-2.545 F .046 +(In particular)5.046 F 2.546(,s)-.4 G .046(ites e)-2.546 F(xperi-)-.15 E +1.088(encing a lar)87 486.6 R 1.088(ge number of small messages, man) +-.18 F 3.588(yo)-.15 G 3.587(fw)-3.588 G 1.087(hich are deli)-3.587 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.087(red to man).15 F 3.587(yr)-.15 G 1.087 +(ecipients, may \214nd)-3.587 F(that the)87 498.6 Q 2.5(yn)-.15 G +(eed to adjust the parameters dealing with queue priorities.)-2.5 E .523 +(All v)112 514.8 R .523(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sendmail)3.023 E F1 .524 +(prior to 8.7 had single character option names.)3.023 F .524 +(As of 8.7, options ha)5.524 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.216 +(long \(multi-character names\).)87 526.8 R 1.216 +(Although old short names are still accepted, most ne)6.216 F 3.715(wo) +-.25 G 1.215(ptions do not)-3.715 F(ha)87 538.8 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H +(hort equi).15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lents.).25 E .802 +(This section only describes the options you are most lik)112 555 R .802 +(ely to w)-.1 F .802(ant to tweak; read section 5 for)-.1 F +(more details.)87 567 Q F0 2.5(4.1. T)87 591 R(imeouts)-.18 E F1 .583 +(All time interv)127 607.2 R .583(als are set using a scaled syntax.) +-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.583 G 3.083(re).15 G .583 +(xample, \23110m\232 represents ten minutes,)-3.233 F +(whereas \2312h30m\232 represents tw)102 619.2 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G +(nd a half hours.)-2.5 E(The full set of scales is:)5 E 16.11(ss)142 +635.4 S(econds)-16.11 E 12.22(mm)142 647.4 S(inutes)-12.22 E 15(hh)142 +659.4 S(ours)-15 E 15(dd)142 671.4 S(ays)-15 E 12.78(ww)142 683.4 S +(eeks)-12.78 E EP +%%Page: 23 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-23)195.86 E 2.5(4.1.1. Queue)102 96 R(inter)2.5 E -.1(va)-.1 G +(l).1 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .18(The ar)142 112.2 R .18(gument to the) +-.18 F F0<ad71>2.68 E F1 .18(\215ag speci\214es ho)2.68 F 2.68(wo)-.25 G +.18(ften a sub-daemon will run the queue.)-2.68 F .18(This is)5.18 F +.968(typically set to between \214fteen minutes and one hour)117 124.2 R +5.968(.R)-.55 G .967(FC 1123 section 5.3.1.1 recommends)-5.968 F +(that this be at least 30 minutes.)117 136.2 Q F0 2.5(4.1.2. Read)102 +160.2 R(timeouts)2.5 E F1 -.35(Ti)142 176.4 S 1.052(meouts all ha).35 F +1.352 -.15(ve o)-.2 H 1.052(ption names \231T).15 F(imeout.)-.35 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(suboption)A F1 3.552(\232. The)B(recognized)3.552 E +F2(suboption)3.553 E F1 1.053(s, their)B(def)117 188.4 Q(ault v)-.1 E +(alues, and the minimum v)-.25 E(alues allo)-.25 E +(wed by RFC 1123 section 5.3.2 are:)-.25 E 38.4(connect The)117 204.6 R +.161(time to w)2.661 F .161(ait for an SMTP connection to open \(the)-.1 +F F2(connect)2.66 E F1 .16(\(2\) system call\))B 1.153 +([0, unspeci\214ed].)189 216.6 R 1.153(If zero, uses the k)6.153 F 1.153 +(ernel def)-.1 F 3.653(ault. In)-.1 F 1.153(no case can this option) +3.653 F -.15(ex)189 228.6 S .519(tend the timeout longer than the k).15 +F .518(ernel pro)-.1 F .518(vides, b)-.15 F .518(ut it can shorten it.) +-.2 F(This)5.518 E .579(is to get around k)189 240.6 R .579 +(ernels that pro)-.1 F .579 +(vide an absurdly long connection timeout \(90)-.15 F +(minutes in one case\).)189 252.6 Q 35.62(iconnect The)117 268.8 R .311 +(same as)2.811 F F2(connect,)2.811 E F1 -.15(ex)2.811 G .311 +(cept it applies only to the initial attempt to connect to).15 F 2.75 +(ah)189 280.8 S .25(ost for a gi)-2.75 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.75(nm).15 G +.25(essage [0, unspeci\214ed].)-2.75 F .25 +(The concept is that this should be)5.25 F -.15(ve)189 292.8 S .767 +(ry short \(a fe).15 F 3.267(ws)-.25 G .767 +(econds\); hosts that are well connected and responsi)-3.267 F 1.066 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ill).15 E .026(thus be serviced immediately)189 304.8 R +5.026(.H)-.65 G .026(osts that are slo)-5.026 F 2.526(ww)-.25 G .026 +(ill not hold up other deli)-2.526 F(v-)-.25 E +(eries in the initial deli)189 316.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry attempt.).15 E +46.16(initial The)117 333 R -.1(wa)2.5 G +(it for the initial 220 greeting message [5m, 5m].).1 E 52.28(helo The) +117 349.2 R -.1(wa)4.227 G 1.727 +(it for a reply from a HELO or EHLO command [5m, unspeci\214ed].).1 F .1 +(This may require a host name lookup, so \214v)189 361.2 R 2.6(em)-.15 G +.1(inutes is probably a reasonable)-2.6 F(minimum.)189 373.2 Q 46.72 +(mail\207 The)117 389.4 R -.1(wa)2.5 G +(it for a reply from a MAIL command [10m, 5m].).1 E 48.95(rcpt\207 The) +117 405.6 R -.1(wa)3.482 G .982 +(it for a reply from a RCPT command [1h, 5m].).1 F .981 +(This should be long)5.981 F 1.556 +(because it could be pointing at a list that tak)189 417.6 R 1.556 +(es a long time to e)-.1 F 1.556(xpand \(see)-.15 F(belo)189 429.6 Q +(w\).)-.25 E 34.5(datainit\207 The)117 445.8 R -.1(wa)2.5 G +(it for a reply from a D).1 E -1.21 -1.11(AT A)-.4 H(command [5m, 2m].) +3.61 E 25.62(datablock\207 The)117 462 R -.1(wa)2.696 G .196 +(it for reading a data block \(that is, the body of the message\).).1 F +.196([1h, 3m].)5.196 F .621(This should be long because it also applies to programs piping input to) +189 474 R F2(send-)3.121 E(mail)189 486 Q F1(which ha)2.5 E .3 -.15 +(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(og).15 G(uarantee of promptness.)-2.5 E 30.06 +(data\214nal\207 The)117 502.2 R -.1(wa)2.806 G .306 +(it for a reply from the dot terminating a message.).1 F .306 +([1h, 10m].)5.306 F .306(If this is)5.306 F .883 +(shorter than the time actually needed for the recei)189 514.2 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.384(rt).15 G 3.384(od)-3.384 G(eli)-3.384 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.384(rt).15 G .884(he message,)-3.384 F(duplicates will be generated.) +189 526.2 Q(This is discussed in RFC 1047.)5 E 55.06(rset The)117 542.4 +R -.1(wa)2.5 G(it for a reply from a RSET command [5m, unspeci\214ed].) +.1 E 53.94(quit The)117 558.6 R -.1(wa)2.5 G(it for a reply from a Q).1 +E(UIT command [2m, unspeci\214ed].)-.1 E 50.61(misc The)117 574.8 R -.1 +(wa)2.761 G .261(it for a reply from miscellaneous \(b).1 F .261 +(ut short\) commands such as NOOP)-.2 F +(\(no-operation\) and VERB \(go into v)189 586.8 Q(erbose mode\).)-.15 E +([2m, unspeci\214ed].)5 E 25.06(command\207 In)117 603 R(serv)2.5 E +(er SMTP)-.15 E 2.5(,t)-1.11 G(he time to w)-2.5 E +(ait for another command.)-.1 E([1h, 5m].)5 E 49.5(ident The)117 621.2 R +(timeout w)2.5 E(aiting for a reply to an IDENT query [30s)-.1 E/F3 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(12)-4 I F1 2.5(,u)4 K(nspeci\214ed].)-2.5 E -.15(Fo) +117 637.4 S 4.608(rc).15 G 2.108 +(ompatibility with old con\214guration \214les, if no)-4.608 F F2 +(suboption)4.609 E F1 2.109(is speci\214ed, all the timeouts)4.609 F +(mark)117 649.4 Q(ed with \207 are set to the indicated v)-.1 E(alue.) +-.25 E(Man)142 665.6 Q 2.501(yo)-.15 G 2.501(ft)-2.501 G .001 +(he RFC 1123 minimum v)-2.501 F .001(alues may well be too short.)-.25 F +F2(Sendmail)5 E F1 -.1(wa)2.5 G 2.5(sd).1 G(esigned to)-2.5 E .711 +(the RFC 822 protocols, which did not specify read timeouts; hence, v) +117 677.6 R .712(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sendmail)3.212 E F1(prior)3.212 E +.32 LW 76 687.2 72 687.2 DL 80 687.2 76 687.2 DL 84 687.2 80 687.2 DL 88 +687.2 84 687.2 DL 92 687.2 88 687.2 DL 96 687.2 92 687.2 DL 100 687.2 96 +687.2 DL 104 687.2 100 687.2 DL 108 687.2 104 687.2 DL 112 687.2 108 +687.2 DL 116 687.2 112 687.2 DL 120 687.2 116 687.2 DL 124 687.2 120 +687.2 DL 128 687.2 124 687.2 DL 132 687.2 128 687.2 DL 136 687.2 132 +687.2 DL 140 687.2 136 687.2 DL 144 687.2 140 687.2 DL 148 687.2 144 +687.2 DL 152 687.2 148 687.2 DL 156 687.2 152 687.2 DL 160 687.2 156 +687.2 DL 164 687.2 160 687.2 DL 168 687.2 164 687.2 DL 172 687.2 168 +687.2 DL 176 687.2 172 687.2 DL 180 687.2 176 687.2 DL 184 687.2 180 +687.2 DL 188 687.2 184 687.2 DL 192 687.2 188 687.2 DL 196 687.2 192 +687.2 DL 200 687.2 196 687.2 DL 204 687.2 200 687.2 DL 208 687.2 204 +687.2 DL 212 687.2 208 687.2 DL 216 687.2 212 687.2 DL/F4 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(12)93.6 697.6 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF +(On some systems the def)3.2 I(ault is zero to turn the protocol of)-.08 +E 2(fe)-.2 G(ntirely)-2 E(.)-.52 E EP +%%Page: 24 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-24 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .865 +(to v)117 96 R .865 +(ersion 8.1 did not guarantee to reply to messages promptly)-.15 F 5.864 +(.I)-.65 G 3.364(np)-5.864 G(articular)-3.364 E 3.364(,a\231)-.4 G .864 +(RCPT\232 com-)-3.364 F .06(mand specifying a mailing list will e)117 +108 R .06(xpand and v)-.15 F .061(erify the entire list; a lar)-.15 F +.061(ge list on a slo)-.18 F 2.561(ws)-.25 G(ystem)-2.561 E .435 +(may easily tak)117 122 R 2.935(em)-.1 G .435(ore than \214v)-2.935 F +2.935(em)-.15 G(inutes)-2.935 E/F2 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(13)-4 I F1 5.436 +(.I)4 K .436(recommend a one hour timeout \212 since a commu-)-2.5 F +1.366(nications f)117 134 R 1.366(ailure during the RCPT phase is rare, a long timeout is not onerous and may ulti-) +-.1 F(mately help reduce netw)117 146 Q +(ork load and duplicated messages.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)142 162.2 S 2.5(re).15 +G(xample, the lines:)-2.65 E 2.5(OT)157 178.4 S(imeout.command=25m)-2.85 +E 2.5(OT)157 190.4 S(imeout.datablock=3h)-2.85 E .343(sets the serv)117 +206.6 R .344(er SMTP command timeout to 25 minutes and the input data block timeout to three) +-.15 F(hours.)117 218.6 Q F0 2.5(4.1.3. Message)102 242.6 R(timeouts)2.5 +E F1 .238(After sitting in the queue for a fe)142 258.8 R 2.737(wd)-.25 +G .237(ays, a message will time out.)-2.737 F .237 +(This is to insure that at)5.237 F .567(least the sender is a)117 270.8 +R -.1(wa)-.15 G .568(re of the inability to send a message.).1 F .568 +(The timeout is typically set to \214v)5.568 F(e)-.15 E 2.6(days. It)117 +282.8 R .1(is sometimes considered con)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .099 +(nient to also send a w).15 F .099(arning message if the message is in) +-.1 F .175(the queue longer than a fe)117 294.8 R 2.675(wh)-.25 G .175 +(ours \(assuming you normally ha)-2.675 F .476 -.15(ve g)-.2 H .176 +(ood connecti).15 F .176(vity; if your mes-)-.25 F .645 +(sages normally took se)117 306.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .645 +(ral hours to send you w).15 F(ouldn')-.1 E 3.145(tw)-.18 G .645 +(ant to do this because it w)-3.245 F(ouldn')-.1 E 3.145(tb)-.18 G(e) +-3.145 E .057(an unusual e)117 318.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.557(nt\). These) +.15 F .057(timeouts are set using the)2.557 F F0 -.18(Ti)2.558 G +(meout.queuer).18 E(etur)-.18 E(n)-.15 E F1(and)2.558 E F0 -.18(Ti)2.558 +G(meout.queue-).18 E(war)117 330.8 Q(n)-.15 E F1 +(options in the con\214guration \214le \(pre)2.5 E +(viously both were set using the)-.25 E F0(T)2.5 E F1(option\).)2.5 E +.106(Since these options are global, and since you can not kno)142 347 R +(w)-.25 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 2.606(ap)2.606 G(riori)-2.606 E F1(ho) +2.606 E 2.606(wl)-.25 G .106(ong another host)-2.606 F .475 +(outside your domain will be do)117 359 R .475(wn, a \214v)-.25 F 2.975 +(ed)-.15 G .475(ay timeout is recommended.)-2.975 F .476(This allo)5.476 +F .476(ws a recipient)-.25 F 1.58(to \214x the problem e)117 371 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 4.08(ni).15 G 4.08(fi)-4.08 G 4.08(to)-4.08 G 1.579 +(ccurs at the be)-4.08 F 1.579(ginning of a long week)-.15 F 4.079 +(end. RFC)-.1 F 1.579(1123 section)4.079 F +(5.3.1.1 says that this parameter should be `)117 383 Q +(`at least 4\2555 days')-.74 E('.)-.74 E(The)142 399.2 Q F0 -.18(Ti) +2.922 G(meout.queuewar).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 -.25(va)2.922 G .422 +(lue can be piggyback).25 F .422(ed on the)-.1 F F0(T)2.922 E F1 .423 +(option by indicating a time)2.922 F .846(after which a w)117 411.2 R +.846(arning message should be sent; the tw)-.1 F 3.346(ot)-.1 G .845 +(imeouts are separated by a slash.)-3.346 F -.15(Fo)5.845 G(r).15 E -.15 +(ex)117 423.2 S(ample, the line).15 E -.4(OT)157 439.4 S(5d/4h).4 E .971 +(causes email to f)117 455.6 R .971(ail after \214v)-.1 F 3.471(ed)-.15 +G .971(ays, b)-3.471 F .971(ut a w)-.2 F .971 +(arning message will be sent after four hours.)-.1 F(This)5.972 E +(should be lar)117 467.6 Q(ge enough that the message will ha)-.18 E .3 +-.15(ve b)-.2 H(een tried se).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral times.).15 E F0 +2.5(4.2. F)87 491.6 R(orking During Queue Runs)-.25 E F1 .849 +(By setting the)127 507.8 R F0 -.25(Fo)3.349 G(rkEachJ).25 E(ob)-.15 E +F1(\()3.349 E F0(Y)A F1 3.348(\)o)C(ption,)-3.348 E F3(sendmail)3.348 E +F1 .848(will fork before each indi)3.348 F .848(vidual message)-.25 F +.292(while running the queue.)102 519.8 R .293(This will pre)5.293 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt).15 E F3(sendmail)2.793 E F1 .293(from consuming lar) +2.793 F .293(ge amounts of memory)-.18 F 2.793(,s)-.65 G(o)-2.793 E 1.11 +(it may be useful in memory-poor en)102 531.8 R 3.61(vironments. Ho)-.4 +F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.91 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.61(ft).4 G(he)-3.61 E +F0 -.25(Fo)3.61 G(rkEachJ).25 E(ob)-.15 E F1 1.11(option is not set,) +3.61 F F3(sendmail)102 543.8 Q F1 .084(will k)2.584 F .084 +(eep track of hosts that are do)-.1 F .085 +(wn during a queue run, which can impro)-.25 F .385 -.15(ve p)-.15 H +(erformance).15 E(dramatically)102 555.8 Q(.)-.65 E(If the)127 572 Q F0 +-.25(Fo)2.5 G(rkEachJ).25 E(ob)-.15 E F1(option is set,)2.5 E F3 +(sendmail)2.5 E F1(can not use connection caching.)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(4.3. Queue)87 596 R(Priorities)2.5 E F1(Ev)127 612.2 Q 1.128(ery message is assigned a priority when it is \214rst instantiated, consisting of the message) +-.15 F .286(size \(in bytes\) of)102 624.2 R .286(fset by the message class \(which is determined from the Precedence: header\) times) +-.25 F .343(the \231w)102 636.2 R .343(ork class f)-.1 F .343 +(actor\232 and the number of recipients times the \231w)-.1 F .342 +(ork recipient f)-.1 F(actor)-.1 E 4.242 -.7(.\232 T)-.55 H .342 +(he priority).7 F .073(is used to order the queue.)102 648.2 R .073(Higher numbers for the priority mean that the message will be processed) +5.073 F(later when running the queue.)102 660.2 Q .32 LW 76 669.8 72 +669.8 DL 80 669.8 76 669.8 DL 84 669.8 80 669.8 DL 88 669.8 84 669.8 DL +92 669.8 88 669.8 DL 96 669.8 92 669.8 DL 100 669.8 96 669.8 DL 104 +669.8 100 669.8 DL 108 669.8 104 669.8 DL 112 669.8 108 669.8 DL 116 +669.8 112 669.8 DL 120 669.8 116 669.8 DL 124 669.8 120 669.8 DL 128 +669.8 124 669.8 DL 132 669.8 128 669.8 DL 136 669.8 132 669.8 DL 140 +669.8 136 669.8 DL 144 669.8 140 669.8 DL 148 669.8 144 669.8 DL 152 +669.8 148 669.8 DL 156 669.8 152 669.8 DL 160 669.8 156 669.8 DL 164 +669.8 160 669.8 DL 168 669.8 164 669.8 DL 172 669.8 168 669.8 DL 176 +669.8 172 669.8 DL 180 669.8 176 669.8 DL 184 669.8 180 669.8 DL 188 +669.8 184 669.8 DL 192 669.8 188 669.8 DL 196 669.8 192 669.8 DL 200 +669.8 196 669.8 DL 204 669.8 200 669.8 DL 208 669.8 204 669.8 DL 212 +669.8 208 669.8 DL 216 669.8 212 669.8 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(13)93.6 +680.2 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .213(This v)3.2 J .213 +(eri\214cation includes looking up e)-.12 F -.12(ve)-.2 G .212 +(ry address with the name serv).12 F .212(er; this in)-.12 F -.16(vo) +-.32 G(lv).16 E .212(es netw)-.12 F .212 +(ork delays, and can in some cases)-.08 F(can be considerable.)72 693 Q +EP +%%Page: 25 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-25)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .329 +(The message size is included so that lar)127 96 R .328 +(ge messages are penalized relati)-.18 F .628 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.828(os) +.15 G .328(mall messages.)-2.828 F .285(The message class allo)102 108 R +.285(ws users to send \231high priority\232 messages by including a \231Precedence:\232 \214eld) +-.25 F .008(in their message; the v)102 120 R .008 +(alue of this \214eld is look)-.25 F .007(ed up in the)-.1 F F0(P)2.507 +E F1 .007(lines of the con\214guration \214le.)2.507 F .007(Since the) +5.007 F 1.966(number of recipients af)102 132 R 1.967(fects the amount of load a message presents to the system, this is also) +-.25 F(included into the priority)102 144 Q(.)-.65 E .53 +(The recipient and class f)127 160.2 R .53 +(actors can be set in the con\214guration \214le using the)-.1 F F0 +(RecipientF)3.03 E(actor)-.25 E F1(\()102 172.2 Q F0(y)A F1 3.442(\)a)C +(nd)-3.442 E F0(ClassF)3.442 E(actor)-.25 E F1(\()3.442 E F0(z)A F1 +3.442(\)o)C .942(ptions respecti)-3.442 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.942 +(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.942 E 3.442(yd)-.15 G(ef)-3.442 E .942 +(ault to 30000 \(for the recipient f)-.1 F .943(actor\) and)-.1 F +(1800 \(for the class f)102 184.2 Q 2.5(actor\). The)-.1 F +(initial priority is:)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pri)168.495 202.2 Q +/F3 10/Symbol SF(=)3.16 E F2(msgsize)3.18 E F3(-)2.38 E F1(\()2.2 E F2 +(class).2 E F3<b4>2.47 E F0(ClassFactor\))2.2 E F3(+)2.2 E F1(\()2.2 E +F2(nrcpt).36 E F3<b4>2.88 E F0(RecipientFactor\))2.2 E F1(\(Remember)102 +220.2 Q 3.328(,h)-.4 G .828(igher v)-3.328 F .828(alues for this parameter actually mean that the job will be treated with lo) +-.25 F(wer)-.25 E(priority)102 232.2 Q(.\))-.65 E 1.519(The priority of a job can also be adjusted each time it is processed \(that is, each time an) +127 248.4 R .236(attempt is made to deli)102 260.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.736(ri).15 G .236(t\) using the \231w)-2.736 F .236(ork time f)-.1 F +(actor)-.1 E 1.636 -.7(,\232 s)-.4 H .236(et by the).7 F F0(RetryF)2.736 +E(actor)-.25 E F1(\()2.736 E F0(Z)A F1 2.735(\)o)C 2.735(ption. This) +-2.735 F .366(is added to the priority)102 272.4 R 2.866(,s)-.65 G 2.866 +(oi)-2.866 G 2.867(tn)-2.866 G .367 +(ormally decreases the precedence of the job, on the grounds that jobs) +-2.867 F .138(that ha)102 284.4 R .437 -.15(ve f)-.2 H .137(ailed man) +.05 F 2.637(yt)-.15 G .137(imes will tend to f)-2.637 F .137(ail ag)-.1 +F .137(ain in the future.)-.05 F(The)5.137 E F0(RetryF)2.637 E(actor) +-.25 E F1 .137(option def)2.637 F .137(aults to)-.1 F(90000.)102 296.4 Q +F0 2.5(4.4. Load)87 320.4 R(Limiting)2.5 E F2(Sendmail)127 336.6 Q F1 +.101(can be ask)2.601 F .101(ed to queue \(b)-.1 F .101(ut not deli)-.2 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .101(r\) mail if the system load a).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +.102(rage gets too high).15 F .484(using the)102 348.6 R F0(QueueLA) +2.984 E F1(\()2.984 E F0(x)A F1 2.984(\)o)C 2.984(ption. When)-2.984 F +.483(the load a)2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .483(rage e).15 F .483 +(xceeds the v)-.15 F .483(alue of the)-.25 F F0(QueueLA)2.983 E F1 +(option,)2.983 E .531(the deli)102 360.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .531 +(ry mode is set to).15 F F0(q)3.032 E F1 .532(\(queue only\) if the) +3.032 F F0(QueueF)3.032 E(actor)-.25 E F1(\()3.032 E F0(q)A F1 3.032 +(\)o)C .532(ption di)-3.032 F .532(vided by the dif)-.25 F(ference)-.25 +E .005(in the current load a)102 372.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .004 +(rage and the).15 F F0(QueueLA)2.504 E F1 .004(option plus one e)2.504 F +.004(xceeds the priority of the message \212)-.15 F +(that is, the message is queued if)102 384.6 Q(f:)-.25 E F2(pri)251.425 +408.01 Q F1(>)3.16 E F0(QueueFactor)15.315 -7 M F2(LA)-66.835 14 M F3(-) +2.23 E F0(QueueLA)2.2 E F3(+)2.2 E .4 LW 354.625 405.41 275.895 405.41 +DL F1(1)349.625 415.01 Q(The)102 431.27 Q F0(QueueF)2.616 E(actor)-.25 E +F1 .116(option def)2.616 F .116 +(aults to 600000, so each point of load a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .116 +(rage is w).15 F .116(orth 600000 priority)-.1 F +(points \(as described abo)102 443.27 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E -.15 +(Fo)127 459.47 S 3.894(rd).15 G 1.394(rastic cases, the)-3.894 F F0 +(RefuseLA)3.894 E F1(\()3.894 E F0(X)A F1 3.894(\)o)C 1.394 +(ption de\214nes a load a)-3.894 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.393(rage at which).15 +F F2(sendmail)3.893 E F1(will)3.893 E .689(refuse to accept netw)102 +471.47 R .689(ork connections.)-.1 F .689 +(Locally generated mail \(including incoming UUCP mail\) is)5.689 F +(still accepted.)102 483.47 Q F0 2.5(4.5. Deli)87 507.47 R -.1(ve)-.1 G +(ry Mode).1 E F1 .254(There are a number of deli)127 523.67 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G .253(ry modes that).15 F F2(sendmail)2.753 E F1 .253 +(can operate in, set by the)2.753 F F0(Deli)2.753 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(ryMode) +.1 E F1(\()102 535.67 Q F0(d)A F1 3.598(\)c)C 1.098 +(on\214guration option.)-3.598 F 1.098(These modes specify ho)6.098 F +3.598(wq)-.25 G 1.099(uickly mail will be deli)-3.598 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.599(red. Le).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.599(lm).05 G(odes)-3.599 E(are:)102 +547.67 Q 17.22(id)142 563.87 S(eli)-17.22 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ri).15 G +(nteracti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly \(synchronously\)).15 E 15(bd)142 +575.87 S(eli)-15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ri).15 G 2.5(nb)-2.5 G +(ackground \(asynchronously\))-2.5 E 15(qq)142 587.87 S +(ueue only \(don')-15 E 2.5(td)-.18 G(eli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(r\)).15 +E 15(dd)142 599.87 S(efer delv)-15 E(ery attempts \(don')-.15 E 2.5(td) +-.18 G(eli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(r\)).15 E 1.274(There are tradeof)102 +616.07 R 3.774(fs. Mode)-.25 F 1.274(\231i\232 gi)3.774 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.773(st).15 G 1.273(he sender the quick)-3.773 F 1.273(est feedback, b) +-.1 F 1.273(ut may slo)-.2 F 3.773(wd)-.25 G -.25(ow)-3.773 G 3.773(ns) +.25 G(ome)-3.773 E .798(mailers and is hardly e)102 628.07 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.298(rn).15 G(ecessary)-3.298 E 5.799(.M)-.65 G .799 +(ode \231b\232 deli)-5.799 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .799(rs promptly b).15 F +.799(ut can cause lar)-.2 F .799(ge numbers of)-.18 F .224 +(processes if you ha)102 640.07 R .524 -.15(ve a m)-.2 H .224 +(ailer that tak).15 F .224(es a long time to deli)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.724(ram).15 G 2.724(essage. Mode)-2.724 F .223 +(\231q\232 minimizes the)2.724 F .596(load on your machine, b)102 652.07 +R .596(ut means that deli)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .597 +(ry may be delayed for up to the queue interv).15 F 3.097(al. Mode)-.25 +F .04(\231d\232 is identical to mode \231q\232 e)102 664.07 R .04 +(xcept that it also pre)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .039 +(nts all the early map lookups from w).15 F .039(orking; it is)-.1 F +.085(intended for `)102 676.07 R .085(`dial on demand')-.74 F 2.585('s) +-.74 G .085(ites where DNS lookups might cost real mone)-2.585 F 3.886 +-.65(y. S)-.15 H .086(ome simple error).65 F .818 +(messages \(e.g., host unkno)102 688.07 R .817 +(wn during the SMTP protocol\) will be delayed using this mode.)-.25 F +(Mode)5.817 E(\231b\232 is the usual def)102 700.07 Q(ault.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 26 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-26 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .052(If you run in mode \231q\232 \(queue only\), \231d\232 \(defer\), or \231b\232 \(deli) +127 96 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.552(ri).15 G 2.552(nb)-2.552 G(ackground\)) +-2.552 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.552 E F1(will)2.552 E 1.392 +(not e)102 108 R 1.392(xpand aliases and follo)-.15 F 3.892(w.)-.25 G +(forw)-3.892 E 1.392(ard \214les upon initial receipt of the mail.)-.1 F +1.391(This speeds up the)6.392 F(response to RCPT commands.)102 120 Q +(Mode \231i\232 cannot be used by the SMTP serv)5 E(er)-.15 E(.)-.55 E +F0 2.5(4.6. Log)87 144 R(Le)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.15 G(l).1 E F1 .189(The le) +127 160.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.689(lo).15 G 2.689(fl)-2.689 G .189 +(ogging can be set for)-2.689 F F2(sendmail)2.689 E F1 5.189(.T)C .189 +(he def)-5.189 F .19(ault using a standard con\214guration table)-.1 F +(is le)102 172.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l9).15 G 5(.T)-2.5 G(he le)-5 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ls are as follo).15 E(ws:)-.25 E 31(0N)102 188.4 S 2.5 +(ol)-31 G(ogging.)-2.5 E 31(1S)102 204.6 S(erious system f)-31 E +(ailures and potential security problems.)-.1 E 31(2L)102 220.8 S +(ost communications \(netw)-31 E(ork problems\) and protocol f)-.1 E +(ailures.)-.1 E 31(3O)102 237 S(ther serious f)-31 E(ailures.)-.1 E 31 +(4M)102 253.2 S(inor f)-31 E(ailures.)-.1 E 31(5M)102 269.4 S +(essage collection statistics.)-31 E 31(6C)102 285.6 S +(reation of error messages, VRFY and EXPN commands.)-31 E 31(7D)102 +301.8 S(eli)-31 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry f).15 E +(ailures \(host or user unkno)-.1 E(wn, etc.\).)-.25 E 31(8S)102 318 S +(uccessful deli)-31 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ries and alias database reb).15 E +(uilds.)-.2 E 31(9M)102 334.2 S +(essages being deferred \(due to a host being do)-31 E(wn, etc.\).)-.25 +E 23.5(10 Database)102 350.4 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansion \(alias, forw).15 E +(ard, and userdb lookups\).)-.1 E 23.5(12 Log)102 366.6 R +(all incoming and outgoing SMTP commands.)2.5 E 23.5(20 Logs)102 382.8 R +.603(attempts to run lock)3.103 F .603(ed queue \214les.)-.1 F .603 +(These are not errors, b)5.603 F .603(ut can be useful to note if)-.2 F +(your queue appears to be clogged.)138 394.8 Q 23.5(30 Lost)102 411 R +(locks \(only if using lockf instead of \215ock\).)2.5 E(Additionally) +102 427.2 Q 2.716(,v)-.65 G .216(alues abo)-2.966 F .516 -.15(ve 6)-.15 +H 2.716(4a).15 G .216(re reserv)-2.716 F .216(ed for e)-.15 F .216 +(xtremely v)-.15 F .216(erbose deb)-.15 F .216(ugging output.)-.2 F .217 +(No normal site)5.216 F -.1(wo)102 439.2 S(uld e).1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(rs).15 G(et these.)-2.5 E F0 2.5(4.7. File)87 463.2 R(Modes)2.5 E F1 +.264(The modes used for \214les depend on what functionality you w)127 +479.4 R .264(ant and the le)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.763(lo).15 G 2.763 +(fs)-2.763 G .263(ecurity you)-2.763 F(require.)102 491.4 Q F0 2.5 +(4.7.1. T)102 515.4 R 2.5(os)-.92 G(uid or not to suid?)-2.5 E F2 +(Sendmail)142 531.6 Q F1 .933(can safely be made setuid to root.)3.433 F +.934(At the point where it is about to)5.934 F F2 -.2(ex)3.434 G(ec).2 E +F1 .934(\(2\) a)1.666 F(mailer)117 543.6 Q 2.583(,i)-.4 G 2.583(tc) +-2.583 G .082(hecks to see if the userid is zero; if so, it resets the userid and groupid to a def) +-2.583 F .082(ault \(set)-.1 F .576(by the)117 555.6 R F0(u)3.076 E F1 +(and)3.076 E F0(g)3.076 E F1 3.076(options\). \(This)3.076 F .576 +(can be o)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .576(rridden by setting the).15 F F0(S) +3.076 E F1 .577(\215ag to the mailer for mailers)3.077 F 1.532 +(that are trusted and must be called as root.\))117 567.6 R(Ho)6.531 E +(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.331 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.531 +(his will cause mail processing to be).4 F(accounted \(using)117 579.6 Q +F2(sa)2.5 E F1 +(\(8\)\) to root rather than to the user sending the mail.)1.666 E .338 +(If you don')142 595.8 R 2.839(tm)-.18 G(ak)-2.839 E(e)-.1 E F2 +(sendmail)2.839 E F1 .339(setuid to root, it will still run b)2.839 F +.339(ut you lose a lot of functional-)-.2 F .008(ity and a lot of pri) +117 607.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G 2.508(,s)-.5 G .008(ince you') +-2.508 F .008(ll ha)-.1 F .308 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.508(om).15 G(ak)-2.508 +E 2.508(et)-.1 G .007(he queue directory w)-2.508 F .007(orld readable.) +-.1 F -1.1(Yo)5.007 G 2.507(uc)1.1 G(ould)-2.507 E .5(also mak)117 619.8 +R(e)-.1 E F2(sendmail)3 E F1 .501(setuid to some pseudo-user \(e.g., create a user called \231sendmail\232 and mak) +3 F(e)-.1 E F2(sendmail)117 631.8 Q F1 1.534 +(setuid to that\) which will \214x the pri)4.034 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.833 +-.15(cy p).25 H 1.533(roblems b).15 F 1.533 +(ut not the functionality issues.)-.2 F .641(Also, this isn')117 643.8 R +3.141(tag)-.18 G .641(uarantee of security: for e)-3.141 F .642 +(xample, root occasionally sends mail, and the dae-)-.15 F +(mon often runs as root.)117 655.8 Q F0 2.5(4.7.2. Should)102 679.8 R +(my alias database be writable?)2.5 E F1 .058(At Berk)142 696 R(ele)-.1 +E 2.558(yw)-.15 G 2.558(eh)-2.558 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.558 H .058 +(the alias database \(/etc/aliases*\) mode 644.)2.758 F .058 +(While this is not as \215e)5.058 F(x-)-.15 E 1.718 +(ible as if the database were more 666, it a)117 708 R -.2(vo)-.2 G +1.719(ids potential security problems with a globally).2 F +(writable database.)117 720 Q EP +%%Page: 27 23 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-27)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.191(The database that)142 +96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.691 E F1 1.191 +(actually used is represented by the tw)3.691 F 3.69<6f8c>-.1 G(les) +-3.69 E F2(aliases.dir)3.69 E F1(and)3.69 E F2(aliases.pa)117 108 Q(g) +-.1 E F1 .158(\(both in /etc\) \(or)2.658 F F2(aliases.db)2.658 E F1 +.159(if you are running with the ne)2.659 F 2.659(wB)-.25 G(erk)-2.659 E +(ele)-.1 E 2.659(yd)-.15 G .159(atabase prim-)-2.659 F(iti)117 120 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.607(s\). The).15 F 1.107 +(mode on these \214les should match the mode on /etc/aliases.)3.607 F +(If)6.106 E F2(aliases)3.606 E F1 1.106(is writable)3.606 F 1.624 +(and the DBM \214les \()117 132 R F2(aliases.dir)A F1(and)4.124 E F2 +(aliases.pa)4.124 E(g)-.1 E F1 4.124(\)a)C 1.624 +(re not, users will be unable to re\215ect their)-4.124 F .72 +(desired changes through to the actual database.)117 144 R(Ho)5.719 E +(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.519 -.4(r, i).15 H(f).4 E F2(aliases)3.219 E +F1 .719(is read-only and the DBM)3.219 F(\214les are writable, a slightly sophisticated user can arrange to steal mail an) +117 156 Q(yw)-.15 E(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .62 +(If your DBM \214les are not writable by the w)142 172.2 R .621 +(orld or you do not ha)-.1 F .921 -.15(ve a)-.2 H(uto-reb).15 E .621 +(uild enabled)-.2 F 3.029(\(with the)117 184.2 R F0 -.5(Au)5.529 G +(toReb).5 E(uildAliases)-.2 E F1 3.028 +(option\), then you must be careful to reconstruct the alias)5.529 F +(database each time you change the te)117 196.2 Q(xt v)-.15 E(ersion:) +-.15 E(ne)157 212.4 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G(liases).1 E +(If this step is ignored or for)117 228.6 Q(gotten an)-.18 E 2.5(yi)-.15 +G(ntended changes will also be ignored or for)-2.5 E(gotten.)-.18 E F0 +2.5(4.8. Connection)87 252.6 R(Caching)2.5 E F1 .642 +(When processing the queue,)127 268.8 R F2(sendmail)3.142 E F1 .642 +(will try to k)3.142 F .642(eep the last fe)-.1 F 3.142(wo)-.25 G .642 +(pen connections open to)-3.142 F -.2(avo)102 280.8 S +(id startup and shutdo).2 E(wn costs.)-.25 E +(This only applies to IPC connections.)5 E .286 +(When trying to open a connection the cache is \214rst searched.)127 297 +R .286(If an open connection is found,)5.286 F 1.033 +(it is probed to see if it is still acti)102 309 R 1.333 -.15(ve b)-.25 +H 3.533(ys).15 G 1.033(ending a)-3.533 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(RSET) +3.533 E F1 3.534(command. It)3.534 F 1.034(is not an error if this f) +3.534 F(ails;)-.1 E(instead, the connection is closed and reopened.)102 +321 Q -1 -.8(Tw o)127 337.2 T .408 +(parameters control the connection cache.)3.708 F(The)5.408 E F0 +(ConnectionCacheSize)2.908 E F1(\()2.908 E F0(k)A F1 2.908(\)o)C .408 +(ption de\214nes)-2.908 F .145 +(the number of simultaneous open connections that will be permitted.)102 +349.2 R .145(If it is set to zero, connections)5.145 F .213 +(will be closed as quickly as possible.)102 361.2 R .212(The def)5.212 F +.212(ault is one.)-.1 F .212(This should be set as appropriate for your) +5.212 F .629 +(system size; it will limit the amount of system resources that)102 +373.2 R F2(sendmail)3.13 E F1 .63(will use during queue runs.)3.13 F(Ne) +102 385.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rs).15 G(et this higher than 4.)-2.5 E +(The)127 401.4 Q F0(ConnectionCacheT)2.741 E(imeout)-.18 E F1(\()2.741 E +F0(K)A F1 2.741(\)o)C .241(ption speci\214es the maximum time that an) +-2.741 F 2.741(yc)-.15 G .24(ached con-)-2.741 F .899 +(nection will be permitted to idle.)102 413.4 R .899 +(When the idle time e)5.899 F .9(xceeds this v)-.15 F .9 +(alue the connection is closed.)-.25 F .34 +(This number should be small \(under ten minutes\) to pre)102 425.4 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .34(nt you from grabbing too man).15 F 2.84(yr)-.15 G +(esources)-2.84 E(from other hosts.)102 437.4 Q(The def)5 E +(ault is \214v)-.1 E 2.5(em)-.15 G(inutes.)-2.5 E F0 2.5(4.9. Name)87 +461.4 R(Ser)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(rA).1 G(ccess)-2.5 E F1 .103 +(Control of host address lookups is set by the)127 477.6 R F0(hosts) +2.604 E F1 .104(service entry in your service switch \214le.)2.604 F(If) +5.104 E .99(you are on a system that has b)102 489.6 R .99 +(uilt-in service switch support \(e.g., Ultrix, Solaris, or DEC OSF/1\)) +-.2 F .335(then your system is probably con\214gured properly already) +102 501.6 R 5.335(.O)-.65 G(therwise,)-5.335 E F2(sendmail)2.836 E F1 +.336(will consult the \214le)2.836 F F0(/etc/ser)102 513.6 Q +(vice.switch)-.1 E F1 2.5(,w)C(hich should be created.)-2.5 E F2 +(Sendmail)5 E F1(only uses tw)2.5 E 2.5(oe)-.1 G(ntries:)-2.5 E F0 +(hosts)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(aliases)2.5 E F1(.)A(Ho)127 529.8 Q(we)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .908 -.4(r, s).15 H .108 +(ome systems \(such as SunOS\) will do DNS lookups re).4 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G .108(rdless of the setting of the).05 F 1.557(service switch entry)102 +541.8 R 6.558(.I)-.65 G 4.058(np)-6.558 G(articular)-4.058 E 4.058(,t) +-.4 G 1.558(he system routine)-4.058 F F2 -.1(ge)4.058 G(thostbyname).1 +E F1 1.558(\(3\) is used to look up host)B .462(names, and man)102 553.8 +R 2.962(yv)-.15 G .462(endor v)-3.112 F .461(ersions try some combination of DNS, NIS, and \214le lookup in /etc/hosts) +-.15 F .536(without consulting a service switch.)102 565.8 R F2 +(Sendmail)5.536 E F1(mak)3.036 E .536(es no attempt to w)-.1 F .537 +(ork around this problem, and)-.1 F .271(the DNS lookup will be done an) +102 577.8 R(yw)-.15 E(ay)-.1 E 5.271(.I)-.65 G 2.771(fy)-5.271 G .271 +(ou do not ha)-2.771 F .57 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H(ameserv).15 E .27 +(er con\214gured at all, such as at)-.15 F 2.854(aU)102 589.8 S .354 +(UCP-only site,)-2.854 F F2(sendmail)2.854 E F1 .354(will get a \231connection refused\232 message when it tries to connect to the) +2.854 F .623(name serv)102 601.8 R(er)-.15 E 5.623(.I)-.55 G 3.123(ft) +-5.623 G(he)-3.123 E F0(hosts)3.123 E F1 .622 +(switch entry has the service \231dns\232 listed some)3.123 F .622 +(where in the list,)-.25 F F2(sendmail)3.122 E F1 .912 +(will interpret this to mean a temporary f)102 613.8 R .912 +(ailure and will queue the mail for later processing; other)-.1 F(-)-.2 +E(wise, it ignores the name serv)102 625.8 Q(er data.)-.15 E .673 +(The same technique is used to decide whether to do MX lookups.)127 642 +R .672(If you w)5.672 F .672(ant MX support,)-.1 F(you)102 654 Q F2 +(must)2.5 E F1(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve \231)-.2 H +(dns\232 listed as a service in the).15 E F0(hosts)2.5 E F1 +(switch entry)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)127 670.2 Q F0(Resolv)3.869 E +(erOptions)-.1 E F1(\()3.869 E F0(I)A F1 3.869(\)o)C 1.369(ption allo) +-3.869 F 1.369(ws you to tweak name serv)-.25 F 1.369(er options.)-.15 F +1.37(The command)6.37 F .892(line tak)102 682.2 R .892 +(es a series of \215ags as documented in)-.1 F F2 -.37(re)3.392 G +(solver).37 E F1 .892(\(3\) \(with the leading \231RES_\232 deleted\).)B +(Each)5.892 E(can be preceded by an optional `+' or `)102 694.2 Q/F4 10 +/Symbol SF(-)A F1 2.5('. F)B(or e)-.15 E(xample, the line)-.15 E 2.5(OR) +142 710.4 S(esolv)-2.5 E(erOptions=+AA)-.15 E(ONL)-.55 E(Y)-1 E F4(-)2.5 +E F1(DNSRCH)A EP +%%Page: 28 24 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-28 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .861 +(turns on the AA)102 96 R(ONL)-.55 E 3.361(Y\()-1 G .861 +(accept authoritati)-3.361 F 1.161 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .861 +(nswers only\) and turns of).15 F 3.362(ft)-.25 G .862 +(he DNSRCH \(search the)-3.362 F 2.039(domain path\) options.)102 108 R +2.039(Most resolv)7.039 F 2.039(er libraries def)-.15 F 2.039 +(ault DNSRCH, DEFN)-.1 F 2.039(AMES, and RECURSE)-.35 F .503 +(\215ags on and all others of)102 120 R 3.003(f. Y)-.25 F .503 +(ou can also include \231HasW)-1.1 F .503 +(ildcardMX\232 to specify that there is a wild-)-.4 F 1.973 +(card MX record matching your domain; this turns of)102 132 R 4.472(fM) +-.25 G 4.472(Xm)-4.472 G 1.972(atching when canonifying names,)-4.472 F +(which can lead to inappropriate canoni\214cations.)102 144 Q -1.11(Ve) +127 160.2 S 2.256(rsion le)1.11 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.756(l1c).15 G 2.256 +(on\214gurations turn DNSRCH and DEFN)-4.756 F 2.257(AMES of)-.35 F +4.757(fw)-.25 G 2.257(hen doing deli)-4.757 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E +2.06(lookups, b)102 172.2 R 2.06(ut lea)-.2 F 2.36 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.06 +(hem on e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.06(rywhere else.).15 F -1.11(Ve)7.06 G +2.06(rsion 8 of)1.11 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)4.56 E F1 2.06 +(ignores them when doing)4.56 F .313 +(canoni\214cation lookups \(that is, when using $[ ... $]\), and al)102 +184.2 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .313(ys does the search.).1 F .313(If you don') +5.313 F 2.813(tw)-.18 G(ant)-2.913 E(to do automatic name e)102 196.2 Q +(xtension, don')-.15 E 2.5(tc)-.18 G(all $[ ... $].)-2.5 E .486 +(The search rules for $[ ... $] are some)127 212.4 R .485(what dif)-.25 +F .485(ferent than usual.)-.25 F .485(If the name being look)5.485 F +.485(ed up)-.1 F .109(has at least one dot, it al)102 224.4 R -.1(wa)-.1 +G .109(ys tries the unmodi\214ed name \214rst.).1 F .11(If that f)5.11 F +.11(ails, it tries the reduced search)-.1 F .124 +(path, and lastly tries the unmodi\214ed name \(b)102 236.4 R .124 +(ut only for names without a dot, since names with a dot)-.2 F(ha)102 +248.4 Q .788 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .488(lready been tried\).).15 F .488 +(This allo)5.488 F .489(ws names such as `)-.25 F(`utc.CS')-.74 E 2.989 +('t)-.74 G 2.989(om)-2.989 G .489(atch the site in Czechoslo)-2.989 F +-.25(va)-.15 G(kia).25 E 1.588 +(rather than the site in your local Computer Science department.)102 +260.4 R 1.587(It also prefers A and CN)6.587 F(AME)-.35 E .512 +(records o)102 272.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.012(rM).15 G 3.012(Xr)-3.012 G +.512(ecords \212 that is, if it \214nds an MX record it mak)-3.012 F +.513(es note of it, b)-.1 F .513(ut k)-.2 F .513(eeps looking.)-.1 F +1.542(This w)102 284.4 R(ay)-.1 E 4.042(,i)-.65 G 4.042(fy)-4.042 G +1.541(ou ha)-4.042 F 1.841 -.15(ve a w)-.2 H 1.541 +(ildcard MX record matching your domain, it will not assume that all).15 +F(names match.)102 296.4 Q 3.453 -.8(To c)127 312.6 T 1.853 +(ompletely turn of).8 F 4.353(fa)-.25 G 1.853(ll name serv)-4.353 F +1.853(er access on systems without service switch support)-.15 F .579 +(\(such as SunOS\) you will ha)102 324.6 R .879 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.078 +(or).15 G .578(ecompile with \255DN)-3.078 F .578(AMED_BIND=0 and remo) +-.35 F .878 -.15(ve \255)-.15 H .578(lresolv from).15 F +(the list of libraries to be searched when linking.)102 336.6 Q F0 2.5 +(4.10. Mo)87 360.6 R(ving the P)-.1 E(er)-.2 E(-User F)-.37 E +(orward Files)-.25 E F1 .772(Some sites mount each user')127 376.8 R +3.272(sh)-.55 G .772(ome directory from a local disk on their w)-3.272 F +.772(orkstation, so that)-.1 F .576(local access is f)102 388.8 R 3.076 +(ast. Ho)-.1 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.376 -.4(r, t).15 H .575 +(he result is that .forw).4 F .575(ard \214le lookups are slo)-.1 F +4.375 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.075(ns).65 G .575(ome cases, mail)-3.075 F .216 +(can e)102 400.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.716(nb).15 G 2.716(ed)-2.716 G(eli) +-2.716 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .216 +(red on machines inappropriately because of a \214le serv).15 F .216 +(er being do)-.15 F 2.716(wn. The)-.25 F(perfor)2.716 E(-)-.2 E +(mance can be especially bad if you run the automounter)102 412.8 Q(.) +-.55 E(The)127 429 Q F0 -.25(Fo)2.744 G(rwardP).25 E(ath)-.1 E F1(\() +2.744 E F0(J)A F1 2.743(\)o)C .243(ption allo)-2.743 F .243 +(ws you to set a path of forw)-.25 F .243(ard \214les.)-.1 F -.15(Fo) +5.243 G 2.743(re).15 G .243(xample, the con-)-2.893 F(\214g \214le line) +102 441 Q 2.5(OF)142 457.2 S(orw)-2.65 E(ardP)-.1 E(ath=/v)-.15 E +(ar/forw)-.25 E(ard/$u:$z/.forw)-.1 E(ard.$w)-.1 E -.1(wo)102 473.4 S +.207(uld \214rst look for a \214le with the same name as the user').1 F +2.708(sl)-.55 G .208(ogin in /v)-2.708 F(ar/forw)-.25 E .208 +(ard; if that is not found)-.1 F 1.171 +(\(or is inaccessible\) the \214le `)102 485.4 R(`.forw)-.74 E(ard.)-.1 +E F2(mac)A(hinename)-.15 E F1 2.651 -.74('' i)D 3.671(nt).74 G 1.171 +(he user')-3.671 F 3.671(sh)-.55 G 1.17(ome directory is searched.) +-3.671 F(A)6.17 E(truly perv)102 497.4 Q +(erse site could also search by sender by using $r)-.15 E 2.5(,$)-.4 G +(s, or $f.)-2.5 E .69(If you create a directory such as /v)127 513.6 R +(ar/forw)-.25 E .69(ard, it should be mode 1777 \(that is, the stick)-.1 +F 3.19(yb)-.15 G(it)-3.19 E(should be set\).)102 525.6 Q +(Users should create the \214les mode 644.)5 E F0 2.5(4.11. Fr)87 549.6 +R(ee Space)-.18 E F1 1.406(On systems that ha)127 565.8 R 1.706 -.15 +(ve o)-.2 H 1.405(ne of the system calls in the).15 F F2(statfs)3.905 E +F1 1.405(\(2\) f)B 1.405(amily \(including)-.1 F F2(statvfs)3.905 E F1 +(and)3.905 E F2(ustat)102 577.8 Q F1 .839(\), you can specify a minimum number of free blocks on the queue \214lesystem using the) +B F0(Min-)3.34 E(Fr)102 589.8 Q(eeBlocks)-.18 E F1(\()2.554 E F0(b)A F1 +2.554(\)o)C 2.553(ption. If)-2.554 F .053(there are fe)2.553 F .053 +(wer than the indicated number of blocks free on the \214lesystem)-.25 F +1.354(on which the queue is mounted the SMTP serv)102 601.8 R 1.355 +(er will reject mail with the 452 error code.)-.15 F(This)6.355 E(in)102 +613.8 Q(vites the SMTP client to try ag)-.4 E(ain later)-.05 E(.)-.55 E +(Be)127 630 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G .746(re of setting this option too high; it can cause rejection of email when that mail w) +.1 F(ould)-.1 E(be processed without dif)102 642 Q(\214culty)-.25 E(.) +-.65 E F0 2.5(4.12. Maximum)87 666 R(Message Size)2.5 E F1 2.077 -.8 +(To a)127 682.2 T -.2(vo).6 G .477(id o).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E +.478(wing your system with a lar)-.25 F .478(ge message, the)-.18 F F0 +(MaxMessageSize)2.978 E F1 .478(option can be)2.978 F .693 +(set to set an absolute limit on the size of an)102 694.2 R 3.193(yo) +-.15 G .693(ne message.)-3.193 F .692(This will be adv)5.692 F .692 +(ertised in the ESMTP)-.15 F(dialogue and check)102 706.2 Q +(ed during message collection.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 29 25 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-29)195.86 E 2.5(4.13. Pri)87 96 R -.1(va)-.1 G(cy Flags).1 E/F1 +10/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)127 112.2 Q F0(Pri)2.96 E -.1(va)-.1 G +(cyOptions).1 E F1(\()2.96 E F0(p)A F1 2.96(\)o)C .46(ption allo)-2.96 F +.46(ws you to set certain `)-.25 F(`pri)-.74 E -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy) +.25 G 1.94 -.74('' \215).15 H 2.96(ags. Actually).74 F 2.96(,m)-.65 G +(an)-2.96 E 2.96(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.96 E .534(them don')102 124.2 R 3.034 +(tg)-.18 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-3.034 H .534(you an)3.284 F 3.034(ye)-.15 G +.534(xtra pri)-3.184 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G 3.034(,r)-.5 G .534 +(ather just insisting that client SMTP serv)-3.034 F .533 +(ers use the HELO)-.15 F 2.87 +(command before using certain commands or adding e)102 136.2 R 2.87 +(xtra headers to indicate possible spoof)-.15 F(attempts.)102 148.2 Q +.124(The option tak)127 164.4 R .124 +(es a series of \215ag names; the \214nal pri)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .424 +-.15(cy i).25 H 2.624(st).15 G .124(he inclusi)-2.624 F .424 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H 2.624(ro).15 G 2.624(ft)-2.624 G .123(hose \215ags.)-2.624 F -.15 +(Fo)5.123 G(r).15 E -.15(ex)102 176.4 S(ample:).15 E 2.5(OP)142 192.6 S +(ri)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G(Options=needmailhelo, noe).15 E +(xpn)-.15 E .928(insists that the HELO or EHLO command be used before a MAIL command is accepted and dis-) +102 208.8 R(ables the EXPN command.)102 220.8 Q +(The \215ags are detailed in section 5.6.)127 237 Q F0 2.5(4.14. Send)87 +261 R(to Me T)2.5 E(oo)-.92 E F1(Normally)127 277.2 Q(,)-.65 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.424 E F1 .924(deletes the \(en)3.424 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G .923(lope\) sender from an).15 F 3.423(yl)-.15 G .923 +(ist e)-3.423 F 3.423(xpansions. F)-.15 F .923(or e)-.15 F .923 +(xample, if)-.15 F .761(\231matt\232 sends to a list that contains \231matt\232 as one of the members he w) +102 289.2 R(on')-.1 E 3.261(tg)-.18 G .761(et a cop)-3.261 F 3.261(yo) +-.1 G 3.261(ft)-3.261 G .761(he mes-)-3.261 F 2.883(sage. If)102 301.2 R +(the)2.883 E F0<ad6d>2.883 E F1 .383 +(\(me too\) command line \215ag, or if the)2.883 F F0(MeT)2.883 E(oo) +-.92 E F1(\()2.882 E F0(m)A F1 2.882(\)o)C .382 +(ption is set in the con\214guration)-2.882 F(\214le, this beha)102 +313.2 Q(viour is suppressed.)-.2 E(Some sites lik)5 E 2.5(et)-.1 G 2.5 +(or)-2.5 G(un the)-2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(SMTP)2.5 E F1 +(daemon with)2.5 E F0<ad6d>2.5 E F1(.)A F0 2.5(5. THE)72 337.2 R +(WHOLE SCOOP ON THE CONFIGURA)2.5 E(TION FILE)-.95 E F1 +(This section describes the con\214guration \214le in detail.)112 353.4 +Q .648(There is one point that should be made clear immediately: the syntax of the con\214guration \214le is) +112 369.6 R 1.077 +(designed to be reasonably easy to parse, since this is done e)87 381.6 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.076(ry time).15 F F2(sendmail)3.576 E F1 1.076 +(starts up, rather than)3.576 F(easy for a human to read or write.)87 +393.6 Q(On the \231future project\232 list is a con\214guration-\214le compiler) +5 E(.)-.55 E .243(The con\214guration \214le is or)112 409.8 R -.05(ga) +-.18 G .243(nized as a series of lines, each of which be).05 F .243 +(gins with a single charac-)-.15 F .102 +(ter de\214ning the semantics for the rest of the line.)87 421.8 R .102 +(Lines be)5.102 F .102(ginning with a space or a tab are continuation) +-.15 F 1.322 +(lines \(although the semantics are not well de\214ned in man)87 433.8 R +3.823(yp)-.15 G 3.823(laces\). Blank)-3.823 F 1.323(lines and lines be) +3.823 F(ginning)-.15 E(with a sharp symbol \(`#'\) are comments.)87 +445.8 Q F0 2.5(5.1. R)87 469.8 R(and S \212 Rewriting Rules)2.5 E F1 +.466(The core of address parsing are the re)127 486 R .466 +(writing rules.)-.25 F .465(These are an ordered production system.) +5.466 F F2(Sendmail)102 498 Q F1 .19(scans through the set of re)2.69 F +.19(writing rules looking for a match on the left hand side \(LHS\) of) +-.25 F(the rule.)102 510 Q(When a rule matches, the address is replaced by the right hand side \(RHS\) of the rule.) +5 E .922(There are se)127 526.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .922(ral sets of re).15 +F .921(writing rules.)-.25 F .921(Some of the re)5.921 F .921 +(writing sets are used internally and)-.25 F .359(must ha)102 538.2 R +.659 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .359(peci\214c semantics.).15 F .359(Other re)5.359 +F .359(writing sets do not ha)-.25 F .659 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .36 +(peci\214cally assigned semantics, and).15 F +(may be referenced by the mailer de\214nitions or by other re)102 550.2 +Q(writing sets.)-.25 E(The syntax of these tw)127 566.4 Q 2.5(oc)-.1 G +(ommands are:)-2.5 E F0(S)142 582.6 Q F2(n)A F1 .249 +(Sets the current ruleset being collected to)102 598.8 R F2(n)2.749 E F1 +5.249(.I)C 2.748(fy)-5.249 G .248(ou be)-2.748 F .248 +(gin a ruleset more than once it appends to the)-.15 F +(old de\214nition.)102 610.8 Q F0(R)142 627 Q F2(lhs rhs comments)A F1 +1.185(The \214elds must be separated by at least one tab character; there may be embedded spaces in the) +102 643.2 R 2.595(\214elds. The)102 655.2 R F2(lhs)2.595 E F1 .095 +(is a pattern that is applied to the input.)2.595 F .095 +(If it matches, the input is re)5.095 F .094(written to the)-.25 F F2 +(rhs)2.594 E F1(.)A(The)102 667.2 Q F2(comments)2.5 E F1(are ignored.) +2.5 E .755(Macro e)127 683.4 R .755(xpansions of the form)-.15 F F0($) +3.255 E F2(x)A F1 .755 +(are performed when the con\214guration \214le is read.)3.255 F(Expan-) +5.755 E .284(sions of the form)102 695.4 R F0($&)2.784 E F2(x)A F1 .284 +(are performed at run time using a some)2.784 F .283 +(what less general algorithm.)-.25 F .283(This for)5.283 F +(is intended only for referencing internally de\214ned macros such as) +102 707.4 Q F0($h)2.5 E F1(that are changed at runtime.)2.5 E EP +%%Page: 30 26 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-30 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E 2.5(5.1.1. The)102 96 R +(left hand side)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.77 +(The left hand side of re)142 112.2 R 2.771 +(writing rules contains a pattern.)-.25 F 2.771(Normal w)7.771 F 2.771 +(ords are simply)-.1 F(matched directly)117 124.2 Q 5(.M)-.65 G +(etasyntax is introduced using a dollar sign.)-5 E(The metasymbols are:) +5 E F0($*)157 140.4 Q F1(Match zero or more tok)10.14 E(ens)-.1 E F0($+) +157 152.4 Q F1(Match one or more tok)9.44 E(ens)-.1 E F0<24ad>157 164.4 +Q F1(Match e)9.44 E(xactly one tok)-.15 E(en)-.1 E F0($=)157 176.4 Q/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1(Match an)5 E 2.5(yp)-.15 G(hrase in class) +-2.5 E F2(x)2.5 E F0($~)157 188.4 Q F2(x)A F1(Match an)7.37 E 2.5(yw) +-.15 G(ord not in class)-2.6 E F2(x)2.5 E F1 .132(If an)117 204.6 R +2.632(yo)-.15 G 2.632(ft)-2.632 G .132(hese match, the)-2.632 F 2.632 +(ya)-.15 G .132(re assigned to the symbol)-2.632 F F0($)2.632 E F2(n)A +F1 .131(for replacement on the right hand side,)2.632 F(where)117 216.6 +Q F2(n)2.5 E F1(is the inde)2.5 E 2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he LHS.) +-2.5 E -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, if the LHS:)-2.65 E($\255:$+)157 +232.8 Q(is applied to the input:)117 249 Q(UCB)157 265.2 Q(ARP)-.35 E +(A:eric)-.92 E(the rule will match, and the v)117 281.4 Q +(alues passed to the RHS will be:)-.25 E 7.5($1 UCB)157 297.6 R(ARP)-.35 +E(A)-.92 E 7.5($2 eric)157 309.6 R(Additionally)142 330 Q 2.704(,t)-.65 +G .204(he LHS can include)-2.704 F F0($@)2.704 E F1 .204 +(to match zero tok)2.704 F 2.704(ens. This)-.1 F(is)2.704 E F2(not)2.704 +E F1 .204(bound to a)2.704 F F0($)2.705 E F2(n)A F1(on)2.705 E(the RHS, and is normally only used when it stands alone in order to match the null input.) +117 342 Q F0 2.5(5.1.2. The)102 366 R(right hand side)2.5 E F1 .649 +(When the left hand side of a re)142 382.2 R .649 +(writing rule matches, the input is deleted and replaced by)-.25 F 1.036 +(the right hand side.)117 394.2 R -.8(To)6.036 G -.1(ke).8 G 1.036 +(ns are copied directly from the RHS unless the).1 F 3.537(yb)-.15 G +-.15(eg)-3.537 G 1.037(in with a dollar).15 F 2.5(sign. Metasymbols)117 +406.2 R(are:)2.5 E F0($)157 422.4 Q F2(n)A F1 +(Substitute inde\214nite tok)40.55 E(en)-.1 E F2(n)2.5 E F1(from LHS)2.5 +E F0($[)157 434.4 Q F2(name)A F0($])A F1(Canonicalize)12.23 E F2(name) +2.5 E F0($\()157 446.4 Q F2(map k)A -.3(ey)-.1 G F0($@)2.8 E F2(ar)A +(guments)-.37 E F0($:)2.5 E F2(default)A F0($\))2.5 E F1(Generalized k) +207.55 458.4 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(ed mapping function).15 E F0($>)157 470.4 Q +F2(n)A F1(\231Call\232 ruleset)34.85 E F2(n)2.5 E F0($#)157 482.4 Q F2 +(mailer)A F1(Resolv)14.44 E 2.5(et)-.15 G(o)-2.5 E F2(mailer)2.5 E F0 +($@)157 494.4 Q F2(host)A F1(Specify)19.58 E F2(host)2.5 E F0($:)157 +506.4 Q F2(user)A F1(Specify)25 E F2(user)2.5 E F1(The)142 526.8 Q F0($) +3.137 E F2(n)A F1 .637(syntax substitutes the corresponding v)3.137 F +.637(alue from a)-.25 F F0($+)3.137 E F1(,)A F0<24ad>3.137 E F1(,)A F0 +($*)3.137 E F1(,)A F0($=)3.137 E F1 3.137(,o)C(r)-3.137 E F0($~)3.137 E +F1 .636(match on)3.136 F(the LHS.)117 538.8 Q(It may be used an)5 E +(ywhere.)-.15 E 2.705(Ah)142 555 S .205(ost name enclosed between)-2.705 +F F0($[)2.705 E F1(and)2.705 E F0($])2.706 E F1 .206(is look)2.706 F +.206(ed up in the host database\(s\) and replaced)-.1 F 1.683 +(by the canonical name)117 569 R/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(14)-4 I F1 6.683 +(.F)4 K 1.683(or e)-6.833 F 1.683 +(xample, \231$[ftp$]\232 might become \231ftp.CS.Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E +-.65(y.)-.15 G 1.683(EDU\232 and).65 F 2.706 +(\231$[[128.32.130.2]$]\232 w)117 581 R 2.706(ould become \231v)-.1 F +(angogh.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU.).65 E<9a>-.7 E F2 +(Sendmail)7.707 E F1 2.707(recognizes it')5.207 F(s)-.55 E +(numeric IP address without calling the name serv)117 593 Q +(er and replaces it with it')-.15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(anonical name.)-2.5 E +(The)142 609.2 Q F0($\()3.004 E F1(...)3.004 E F0($\))5.504 E F1 .503(syntax is a more general form of lookup; it uses a named map instead of an) +3.003 F .809(implicit map.)117 621.2 R .809 +(If no lookup is found, the indicated)5.809 F F2(default)3.309 E F1 .81 +(is inserted; if no def)3.309 F .81(ault is speci\214ed)-.1 F .776 +(and no lookup matches, the v)117 633.2 R .776(alue is left unchanged.) +-.25 F(The)5.776 E F2(ar)3.276 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .775 +(are passed to the map for)3.275 F(possible use.)117 645.2 Q(The)142 +661.4 Q F0($>)2.619 E F2(n)A F1 .119(syntax causes the remainder of the line to be substituted as usual and then passed) +2.619 F .587(as the ar)117 673.4 R .587(gument to ruleset)-.18 F F2(n) +3.087 E F1 5.587(.T)C .587(he \214nal v)-5.587 F .586(alue of ruleset) +-.25 F F2(n)3.086 E F1 .586(then becomes the substitution for this)3.086 +F .32 LW 76 683 72 683 DL 80 683 76 683 DL 84 683 80 683 DL 88 683 84 +683 DL 92 683 88 683 DL 96 683 92 683 DL 100 683 96 683 DL 104 683 100 +683 DL 108 683 104 683 DL 112 683 108 683 DL 116 683 112 683 DL 120 683 +116 683 DL 124 683 120 683 DL 128 683 124 683 DL 132 683 128 683 DL 136 +683 132 683 DL 140 683 136 683 DL 144 683 140 683 DL 148 683 144 683 DL +152 683 148 683 DL 156 683 152 683 DL 160 683 156 683 DL 164 683 160 683 +DL 168 683 164 683 DL 172 683 168 683 DL 176 683 172 683 DL 180 683 176 +683 DL 184 683 180 683 DL 188 683 184 683 DL 192 683 188 683 DL 196 683 +192 683 DL 200 683 196 683 DL 204 683 200 683 DL 208 683 204 683 DL 212 +683 208 683 DL 216 683 212 683 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(14)93.6 693.4 Q +/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(This is actually completely equi)3.2 I -.2(va)-.2 +G(lent to $\(host).2 E/F6 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(hostname)2 E F5 2($\). In) +B(particular)2 E 2(,a)-.32 G/F7 8/Times-Bold@0 SF($:)A F5(def)2 E +(ault can be used.)-.08 E EP +%%Page: 31 27 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-31)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 3.075(rule. The)117 96 R F0 +($>)3.075 E F1 .575(syntax can only be used at the be)3.075 F .575 +(ginning of the right hand side; it can be only be)-.15 F(preceded by) +117 108 Q F0($@)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F0($:)2.5 E F1(.)A(The)142 124.2 Q F0 +($#)2.508 E F1 .008(syntax should)2.508 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(only) +2.508 E F1 .008 +(be used in ruleset zero or a subroutine of ruleset zero.)2.508 F .007 +(It causes)5.007 F -.25(eva)117 136.2 S .684 +(luation of the ruleset to terminate immediately).25 F 3.184(,a)-.65 G +.684(nd signals to)-3.184 F F2(sendmail)3.184 E F1 .685 +(that the address has)3.185 F(completely resolv)117 148.2 Q 2.5(ed. The) +-.15 F(complete syntax is:)2.5 E F0($#)157 164.4 Q F2(mailer)A F0($@)2.5 +E F2(host)A F0($:)2.5 E F2(user)A F1 1.394(This speci\214es the {mailer) +117 180.6 R 3.894(,h)-.4 G 1.394 +(ost, user} 3-tuple necessary to direct the mailer)-3.894 F 6.394(.I) +-.55 G 3.894(ft)-6.394 G 1.394(he mailer is)-3.894 F .775 +(local the host part may be omitted)117 194.6 R/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF +(15)-4 I F1 5.775(.T)4 K(he)-5.775 E F2(mailer)3.275 E F1 .774 +(must be a single w)3.274 F .774(ord, b)-.1 F .774(ut the)-.2 F F2(host) +3.274 E F1(and)3.274 E F2(user)3.274 E F1 .252(may be multi-part.)117 +206.6 R .253(If the)5.253 F F2(mailer)2.753 E F1 .253(is the b)2.753 F +.253(uiltin IPC mailer)-.2 F 2.753(,t)-.4 G(he)-2.753 E F2(host)2.753 E +F1 .253(may be a colon-separated list)2.753 F .5 +(of hosts that are searched in order for the \214rst w)117 218.6 R .5 +(orking address \(e)-.1 F .5(xactly lik)-.15 F 3(eM)-.1 G 3(Xr)-3 G 3 +(ecords\). The)-3 F F2(user)117 230.6 Q F1 .036(is later re)2.536 F .036 +(written by the mailer)-.25 F .036(-speci\214c en)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G +.036(lope re).15 F .036(writing set and assigned to the)-.25 F F0($u) +2.536 E F1(macro.)2.536 E .162 +(As a special case, if the mailer speci\214ed has the)117 242.6 R F0 +(F=@)2.662 E F1 .162 +(\215ag speci\214ed and the \214rst character of the)2.662 F F0($:)117 +254.6 Q F1 -.25(va)3.376 G .876 +(lue is \231@\232, the \231@\232 is stripped of).25 F .877 +(f, and a \215ag is set in the address descriptor that causes)-.25 F +(sendmail to not do ruleset 5 processing.)117 266.6 Q(Normally)142 282.8 +Q 3.252(,ar)-.65 G .751 +(ule that matches is retried, that is, the rule loops until it f)-3.252 +F 3.251(ails. A)-.1 F .751(RHS may)3.251 F 1.085(also be preceded by a) +117 294.8 R F0($@)3.585 E F1 1.085(or a)3.585 F F0($:)3.585 E F1 1.085 +(to change this beha)3.585 F(vior)-.2 E 6.085(.A)-.55 G F0($@)-2.5 E F1 +1.086(pre\214x causes the ruleset to)3.586 F 1.46 +(return with the remainder of the RHS as the v)117 306.8 R 3.96(alue. A) +-.25 F F0($:)3.96 E F1 1.46(pre\214x causes the rule to terminate)3.96 F +(immediately)117 318.8 Q 3.756(,b)-.65 G 1.256 +(ut the ruleset to continue; this can be used to a)-3.956 F -.2(vo)-.2 G +1.256(id continued application of a).2 F 2.5(rule. The)117 330.8 R +(pre\214x is stripped before continuing.)2.5 E(The)142 347 Q F0($@)2.5 E +F1(and)2.5 E F0($:)2.5 E F1(pre\214x)2.5 E(es may precede a)-.15 E F0 +($>)2.5 E F1(spec; for e)2.5 E(xample:)-.15 E 20.19(R$+ $:)157 363.2 R +($>7 $1)2.5 E 1.256(matches an)117 379.4 R 1.256 +(ything, passes that to ruleset se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.256 +(n, and continues; the).15 F F0($:)3.756 E F1 1.256(is necessary to a) +3.756 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 1.256(id an).2 F(in\214nite loop.)117 391.4 Q 1.205 +(Substitution occurs in the order described, that is, parameters from the LHS are substi-) +142 407.6 R .22(tuted, hostnames are canonicalized, \231subroutines\232 are called, and \214nally) +117 419.6 R F0($#)2.719 E F1(,)A F0($@)2.719 E F1 2.719(,a)C(nd)-2.719 E +F0($:)2.719 E F1 .219(are pro-)2.719 F(cessed.)117 431.6 Q F0 2.5 +(5.1.3. Semantics)102 455.6 R(of r)2.5 E(ewriting rule sets)-.18 E F1 +1.522(There are \214v)142 471.8 R 4.023(er)-.15 G -.25(ew)-4.023 G 1.523 +(riting sets that ha).25 F 1.823 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.523 +(peci\214c semantics.).15 F -.15(Fo)6.523 G 1.523 +(ur of these are related as).15 F(depicted by \214gure 1.)117 483.8 Q +1.029(Ruleset three should turn the address into \231canonical form.)142 +500 R 6.029<9a54>-.7 G 1.029(his form should ha)-6.029 F 1.329 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E(basic syntax:)117 512 Q +(local-part@host-domain-spec)157 528.2 Q(Ruleset three is applied by)117 +544.4 Q F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(before doing an)2.5 E(ything with an)-.15 E +2.5(ya)-.15 G(ddress.)-2.5 E .301 +(If no \231@\232 sign is speci\214ed, then the host-domain-spec)142 +560.6 R F2(may)2.801 E F1 .302(be appended \(box \231D\232 in Fig-)2.801 +F .578(ure 1\) from the sender address \(if the)117 572.6 R F0(C)3.077 E +F1 .577(\215ag is set in the mailer de\214nition corresponding to the) +3.077 F F2(sending)117 584.6 Q F1(mailer\).)2.5 E 1.021(Ruleset zero is applied after ruleset three to addresses that are going to actually specify) +142 600.8 R 3.664(recipients. It)117 612.8 R 1.164(must resolv)3.664 F +3.664(et)-.15 G 3.664(oa)-3.664 G F2({mailer)A 3.664(,h)-1.11 G 1.164 +(ost, user})-3.664 F F1 3.664(triple. The)3.664 F F2(mailer)3.664 E F1 +1.163(must be de\214ned in the)3.664 F .751 +(mailer de\214nitions from the con\214guration \214le.)117 624.8 R(The) +5.751 E F2(host)3.251 E F1 .751(is de\214ned into the)3.251 F F0($h) +3.251 E F1 .752(macro for use in)3.252 F(the ar)117 636.8 Q(gv e)-.18 E +(xpansion of the speci\214ed mailer)-.15 E(.)-.55 E .453 +(Rulesets one and tw)142 653 R 2.953(oa)-.1 G .452 +(re applied to all sender and recipient addresses respecti)-2.953 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.452(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.452 E(y)-.15 E +(are applied before an)117 665 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(peci\214cation in the mailer de\214nition.)-2.5 E(The)5 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(ust ne)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rr).15 G(esolv)-2.5 E(e.)-.15 E .32 LW +76 674.6 72 674.6 DL 80 674.6 76 674.6 DL 84 674.6 80 674.6 DL 88 674.6 +84 674.6 DL 92 674.6 88 674.6 DL 96 674.6 92 674.6 DL 100 674.6 96 674.6 +DL 104 674.6 100 674.6 DL 108 674.6 104 674.6 DL 112 674.6 108 674.6 DL +116 674.6 112 674.6 DL 120 674.6 116 674.6 DL 124 674.6 120 674.6 DL 128 +674.6 124 674.6 DL 132 674.6 128 674.6 DL 136 674.6 132 674.6 DL 140 +674.6 136 674.6 DL 144 674.6 140 674.6 DL 148 674.6 144 674.6 DL 152 +674.6 148 674.6 DL 156 674.6 152 674.6 DL 160 674.6 156 674.6 DL 164 +674.6 160 674.6 DL 168 674.6 164 674.6 DL 172 674.6 168 674.6 DL 176 +674.6 172 674.6 DL 180 674.6 176 674.6 DL 184 674.6 180 674.6 DL 188 +674.6 184 674.6 DL 192 674.6 188 674.6 DL 196 674.6 192 674.6 DL 200 +674.6 196 674.6 DL 204 674.6 200 674.6 DL 208 674.6 204 674.6 DL 212 +674.6 208 674.6 DL 216 674.6 212 674.6 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(15)93.6 +685 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF -.88(Yo)3.2 K 2.725(um).88 G .725(ay w) +-2.725 F .726(ant to use it for special \231per user\232 e)-.08 F 2.726 +(xtensions. F)-.12 F .726(or e)-.12 F .726 +(xample, in the address \231jgm+foo@CMU.EDU\232; the \231+foo\232)-.12 F +(part is not part of the user name, and is passed to the local mailer for local use.) +72 697.8 Q EP +%%Page: 32 28 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-32 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E .4 LW 77 108 72 108 DL 79 108 74 +108 DL 84 108 79 108 DL 89 108 84 108 DL 94 108 89 108 DL 99 108 94 108 +DL 104 108 99 108 DL 109 108 104 108 DL 114 108 109 108 DL 119 108 114 +108 DL 124 108 119 108 DL 129 108 124 108 DL 134 108 129 108 DL 139 108 +134 108 DL 144 108 139 108 DL 149 108 144 108 DL 154 108 149 108 DL 159 +108 154 108 DL 164 108 159 108 DL 169 108 164 108 DL 174 108 169 108 DL +179 108 174 108 DL 184 108 179 108 DL 189 108 184 108 DL 194 108 189 108 +DL 199 108 194 108 DL 204 108 199 108 DL 209 108 204 108 DL 214 108 209 +108 DL 219 108 214 108 DL 224 108 219 108 DL 229 108 224 108 DL 234 108 +229 108 DL 239 108 234 108 DL 244 108 239 108 DL 249 108 244 108 DL 254 +108 249 108 DL 259 108 254 108 DL 264 108 259 108 DL 269 108 264 108 DL +274 108 269 108 DL 279 108 274 108 DL 284 108 279 108 DL 289 108 284 108 +DL 294 108 289 108 DL 299 108 294 108 DL 304 108 299 108 DL 309 108 304 +108 DL 314 108 309 108 DL 319 108 314 108 DL 324 108 319 108 DL 329 108 +324 108 DL 334 108 329 108 DL 339 108 334 108 DL 344 108 339 108 DL 349 +108 344 108 DL 354 108 349 108 DL 359 108 354 108 DL 364 108 359 108 DL +369 108 364 108 DL 374 108 369 108 DL 379 108 374 108 DL 384 108 379 108 +DL 389 108 384 108 DL 394 108 389 108 DL 399 108 394 108 DL 404 108 399 +108 DL 409 108 404 108 DL 414 108 409 108 DL 419 108 414 108 DL 424 108 +419 108 DL 429 108 424 108 DL 434 108 429 108 DL 439 108 434 108 DL 444 +108 439 108 DL 449 108 444 108 DL 454 108 449 108 DL 459 108 454 108 DL +464 108 459 108 DL 469 108 464 108 DL 474 108 469 108 DL 479 108 474 108 +DL 484 108 479 108 DL 489 108 484 108 DL 494 108 489 108 DL 499 108 494 +108 DL 504 108 499 108 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(addr)91.915 202.6 Q +133.2 200.4 111.6 200.4 DL 133.2 200.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL +133.2 200.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 154.8 211.2 MT 0 -21.6 RL +-21.6 0 RL 0 21.6 RL CL ST(3)141.5 202.6 Q 176.4 200.4 154.8 200.4 DL +176.4 200.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 176.4 200.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 +-3.6 RL CL ST 198 211.2 MT 0 -21.6 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 21.6 RL CL ST(D) +183.59 202.6 Q 219.6 200.4 198 200.4 DL 277.2 182.4 255.6 182.4 DL 277.2 +182.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 277.2 182.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 +RL CL ST 298.8 193.2 MT 0 -21.6 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 21.6 RL CL ST(1)285.5 +184.6 Q 320.4 182.4 298.8 182.4 DL 320.4 182.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL +CL BL 320.4 182.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 342 193.2 MT 0 -21.6 RL +-21.6 0 RL 0 21.6 RL CL ST(S)328.42 184.6 Q 363.6 182.4 342 182.4 DL +277.2 218.4 255.6 218.4 DL 277.2 218.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL +277.2 218.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 298.8 229.2 MT 0 -21.6 RL +-21.6 0 RL 0 21.6 RL CL ST(2)285.5 220.6 Q 320.4 218.4 298.8 218.4 DL +320.4 218.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 320.4 218.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 +-3.6 RL CL ST 342 229.2 MT 0 -21.6 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 21.6 RL CL ST(R) +327.865 220.6 Q 363.6 218.4 342 218.4 DL 421.2 200.4 399.6 200.4 DL +421.2 200.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 421.2 200.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 +-3.6 RL CL ST 442.8 211.2 MT 0 -21.6 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 21.6 RL CL ST(4) +429.5 202.6 Q 464.4 200.4 442.8 200.4 DL 464.4 200.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 +-3.6 RL CL BL 464.4 200.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST(msg)466.865 +202.6 Q 255.6 182.4 219.6 200.4 DL 255.6 218.4 219.6 200.4 DL 399.6 +200.4 363.6 182.4 DL 399.6 200.4 363.6 218.4 DL 208.8 146.4 187.2 146.4 +DL 208.8 146.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 208.8 146.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL +0 -3.6 RL CL ST 230.4 157.2 MT 0 -21.6 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 21.6 RL CL ST(0) +217.1 148.6 Q 252 146.4 230.4 146.4 DL 252 146.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 +RL CL BL 252 146.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST(resolv)265.69 148.6 Q +(ed address)-.15 E 187.2 146.4 162 200.4 DL(Figure 1 \212 Re)216.045 +248.4 Q(writing set semantics)-.25 E 2.5(D\212s)209.35 260.4 S +(ender domain addition)-2.5 E 2.5(S\212m)209.35 272.4 S(ailer)-2.5 E +(-speci\214c sender re)-.2 E(writing)-.25 E 2.5(R\212m)209.35 284.4 S +(ailer)-2.5 E(-speci\214c recipient re)-.2 E(writing)-.25 E 77 296.4 72 +296.4 DL 79 296.4 74 296.4 DL 84 296.4 79 296.4 DL 89 296.4 84 296.4 DL +94 296.4 89 296.4 DL 99 296.4 94 296.4 DL 104 296.4 99 296.4 DL 109 +296.4 104 296.4 DL 114 296.4 109 296.4 DL 119 296.4 114 296.4 DL 124 +296.4 119 296.4 DL 129 296.4 124 296.4 DL 134 296.4 129 296.4 DL 139 +296.4 134 296.4 DL 144 296.4 139 296.4 DL 149 296.4 144 296.4 DL 154 +296.4 149 296.4 DL 159 296.4 154 296.4 DL 164 296.4 159 296.4 DL 169 +296.4 164 296.4 DL 174 296.4 169 296.4 DL 179 296.4 174 296.4 DL 184 +296.4 179 296.4 DL 189 296.4 184 296.4 DL 194 296.4 189 296.4 DL 199 +296.4 194 296.4 DL 204 296.4 199 296.4 DL 209 296.4 204 296.4 DL 214 +296.4 209 296.4 DL 219 296.4 214 296.4 DL 224 296.4 219 296.4 DL 229 +296.4 224 296.4 DL 234 296.4 229 296.4 DL 239 296.4 234 296.4 DL 244 +296.4 239 296.4 DL 249 296.4 244 296.4 DL 254 296.4 249 296.4 DL 259 +296.4 254 296.4 DL 264 296.4 259 296.4 DL 269 296.4 264 296.4 DL 274 +296.4 269 296.4 DL 279 296.4 274 296.4 DL 284 296.4 279 296.4 DL 289 +296.4 284 296.4 DL 294 296.4 289 296.4 DL 299 296.4 294 296.4 DL 304 +296.4 299 296.4 DL 309 296.4 304 296.4 DL 314 296.4 309 296.4 DL 319 +296.4 314 296.4 DL 324 296.4 319 296.4 DL 329 296.4 324 296.4 DL 334 +296.4 329 296.4 DL 339 296.4 334 296.4 DL 344 296.4 339 296.4 DL 349 +296.4 344 296.4 DL 354 296.4 349 296.4 DL 359 296.4 354 296.4 DL 364 +296.4 359 296.4 DL 369 296.4 364 296.4 DL 374 296.4 369 296.4 DL 379 +296.4 374 296.4 DL 384 296.4 379 296.4 DL 389 296.4 384 296.4 DL 394 +296.4 389 296.4 DL 399 296.4 394 296.4 DL 404 296.4 399 296.4 DL 409 +296.4 404 296.4 DL 414 296.4 409 296.4 DL 419 296.4 414 296.4 DL 424 +296.4 419 296.4 DL 429 296.4 424 296.4 DL 434 296.4 429 296.4 DL 439 +296.4 434 296.4 DL 444 296.4 439 296.4 DL 449 296.4 444 296.4 DL 454 +296.4 449 296.4 DL 459 296.4 454 296.4 DL 464 296.4 459 296.4 DL 469 +296.4 464 296.4 DL 474 296.4 469 296.4 DL 479 296.4 474 296.4 DL 484 +296.4 479 296.4 DL 489 296.4 484 296.4 DL 494 296.4 489 296.4 DL 499 +296.4 494 296.4 DL 504 296.4 499 296.4 DL 1.265 +(Ruleset four is applied to all addresses in the message.)142 332.4 R +1.266(It is typically used to translate)6.265 F(internal to e)117 344.4 +Q(xternal form.)-.15 E .653(In addition, ruleset 5 is applied to all local addresses \(speci\214cally) +142 360.6 R 3.152(,t)-.65 G .652(hose that resolv)-3.152 F 3.152(et)-.15 +G 3.152(oa)-3.152 G .296 +(mailer with the `F=5' \215ag set\) that do not ha)117 372.6 R .596 -.15 +(ve a)-.2 H 2.796(liases. This).15 F(allo)2.796 E .296 +(ws a last minute hook for local)-.25 F(names.)117 384.6 Q F0 2.5 +(5.1.4. Ruleset)102 408.6 R(hooks)2.5 E F1 3.815(Af)142 424.8 S 1.815 +-.25(ew e)-3.815 H 1.315(xtra rulesets are de\214ned as \231hooks\232 that can be de\214ned to get special features.) +.1 F(The)117 436.8 Q 3.467(ya)-.15 G .968(re all named rulesets.)-3.467 +F .968(The \231check_*\232 forms all gi)5.968 F 1.268 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +.968(ccept/reject status; f).15 F .968(alling of)-.1 F 3.468(ft)-.25 G +(he)-3.468 E(end or returning normally is an accept, and resolving to $#error is a reject.) +117 448.8 Q F0 2.5(5.1.4.1. check_r)117 472.8 R(elay)-.18 E F1(The)157 +489 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ch)2.5 G(ec).15 E(k_r)-.2 E(elay)-.37 +E F1(ruleset is called after a connection is accepted.)2.5 E +(It is passed)5 E(client.host.name $| client.host.address)172 505.2 Q +(where)132 521.4 Q F0($|)4.017 E F1 1.517 +(is a metacharacter separating the tw)4.017 F 4.017(op)-.1 G 4.017 +(arts. This)-4.017 F 1.517(ruleset can reject connections)4.017 F +(from v)132 533.4 Q(arious locations.)-.25 E F0 2.5(5.1.4.2. check_mail) +117 557.4 R F1(The)157 573.6 Q F2 -.15(ch)3.722 G(ec).15 E(k_mail)-.2 E +F1 1.223(ruleset is passed the user name parameter of the)3.722 F/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.223(SMTP MAIL)3.723 F F1(com-)3.723 E 2.5(mand. It) +132 585.6 R(can accept or reject the address.)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(5.1.4.3. check_r)117 609.6 R(cpt)-.18 E F1(The)157 625.8 Q F2 -.15(ch) +3.918 G(ec).15 E(k_r)-.2 E(cpt)-.37 E F1 1.417 +(ruleset is passed the user name parameter of the)3.918 F F3 1.417 +(SMTP RCPT)3.917 F F1(com-)3.917 E 2.5(mand. It)132 637.8 R +(can accept or reject the address.)2.5 E F0 2.5(5.1.4.4. check_compat) +117 661.8 R F1(The)157 678 Q F2 -.15(ch)2.5 G(ec).15 E(k_compat)-.2 E F1 +(ruleset is passed)2.5 E(sender)172 694.2 Q +(-address $| recipient-address)-.2 E(where)132 710.4 Q F0($|)3.725 E F1 +1.225(is a metacharacter separating the addresses.)3.725 F 1.225 +(It can accept or reject mail transfer)6.225 F(between these tw)132 +722.4 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(ddresses much lik)-2.5 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he)-2.5 E F2 +-.15(ch)2.5 G(ec).15 E(kcompat\(\))-.2 E F1(function.)2.5 E EP +%%Page: 33 29 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-33)195.86 E 2.5(5.1.5. IPC)102 96 R(mailers)2.5 E/F1 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.333 +(Some special processing occurs if the ruleset zero resolv)142 112.2 R +1.332(es to an IPC mailer \(that is, a)-.15 F 1.178 +(mailer that has \231[IPC]\232 listed as the P)117 124.2 R 1.179 +(ath in the)-.15 F F0(M)3.679 E F1 1.179(con\214guration line.)3.679 F +1.179(The host name passed)6.179 F .169(after \231$@\232 has MX e)117 +136.2 R .168(xpansion performed; this looks the name up in DNS to \214nd alternate deli) +-.15 F(v-)-.25 E(ery sites.)117 148.2 Q(The host name can also be pro) +142 164.4 Q(vided as a dotted quad in square brack)-.15 E(ets; for e)-.1 +E(xample:)-.15 E([128.32.149.78])157 180.6 Q(This causes direct con)117 +196.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rsion of the numeric v).15 E +(alue to a TCP/IP host address.)-.25 E .214(The host name passed in after the \231$@\232 may also be a colon-separated list of hosts.) +142 213 R(Each)5.214 E .485(is separately MX e)117 225 R .484 +(xpanded and the results are concatenated to mak)-.15 F 2.984(e\()-.1 G +.484(essentially\) one long MX)-2.984 F 3.464(list. The)117 237 R .964 +(intent here is to create \231f)3.464 F(ak)-.1 E .964 +(e\232 MX records that are not published in DNS for pri)-.1 F -.25(va) +-.25 G(te).25 E(internal netw)117 249 Q(orks.)-.1 E +(As a \214nal special case, the host name can be passed in as a te)142 +265.2 Q(xt string in square brack)-.15 E(ets:)-.1 E([ucb)157 281.4 Q +-.25(va)-.15 G(x.berk).25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(edu]).65 E .313 +(This form a)117 297.6 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .313(ids the MX mapping.).2 F F0 +(N.B.:)5.313 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .312 +(This is intended only for situations wher)2.813 F 2.812(ey)-.37 G .312 +(ou have a)-2.812 F .337(network \214r)117 309.6 R -.15(ew)-.37 G .337 +(all or other host that will do special pr).15 F .337 +(ocessing for all your mail, so that your MX)-.45 F -.37(re)117 321.6 S +(cor).37 E 3.959(dp)-.37 G 1.459(oints to a gate)-3.959 F 1.459(way mac) +-.15 F 1.459(hine; this mac)-.15 F 1.458(hine could then do dir)-.15 F +1.458(ect delivery to mac)-.37 F(hines)-.15 E .09 +(within your local domain.)117 333.6 R .09(Use of this featur)5.09 F +2.59(ed)-.37 G(ir)-2.59 E .09 +(ectly violates RFC 1123 section 5.3.5: it should)-.37 F +(not be used lightly)117 345.6 Q(.)-.55 E F0 2.5(5.2. D)87 369.6 R 2.5 +<8a44>2.5 G(e\214ne Macr)-2.5 E(o)-.18 E F1 .082 +(Macros are named with a single character or with a w)127 385.8 R .081 +(ord in {braces}.)-.1 F .081(Single character names)5.081 F .45 +(may be selected from the entire ASCII set, b)102 397.8 R .45(ut user) +-.2 F .45(-de\214ned macros should be selected from the set)-.2 F .446 +(of upper case letters only)102 409.8 R 5.446(.L)-.65 G -.25(ow)-5.446 G +.446(er case letters and special symbols are used internally).25 F 5.446 +(.L)-.65 G .446(ong names)-5.446 F(be)102 421.8 Q .912 +(ginning with a lo)-.15 F .912 +(wer case letter or a punctuation character are reserv)-.25 F .913 +(ed for use by sendmail, so)-.15 F(user)102 433.8 Q +(-de\214ned long macro names should be)-.2 E +(gin with an upper case letter)-.15 E(.)-.55 E +(The syntax for macro de\214nitions is:)127 450 Q F0(D)142 466.2 Q F2 +1.666(xv)C(al)-1.666 E F1(where)102 482.4 Q F2(x)3.069 E F1 .569 +(is the name of the macro \(which may be a single character or a w)3.069 +F .568(ord in braces\) and)-.1 F F2(val)3.068 E F1(is)3.068 E .478 +(the v)102 494.4 R .478(alue it should ha)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 5.478(.T) +.15 G .478(here should be no spaces gi)-5.478 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.978(nt) +.15 G .479(hat do not actually belong in the macro)-2.978 F -.25(va)102 +506.4 S(lue.).25 E .494(Macros are interpolated using the construct)127 +522.6 R F0($)2.994 E F2(x)A F1 2.994(,w)C(here)-2.994 E F2(x)2.994 E F1 +.494(is the name of the macro to be inter)2.994 F(-)-.2 E 2.932 +(polated. This)102 534.6 R .432 +(interpolation is done when the con\214guration \214le is read, e)2.932 +F .433(xcept in)-.15 F F0(M)2.933 E F1 2.933(lines. The)2.933 F(spe-) +2.933 E(cial construct)102 546.6 Q F0($&)2.5 E F2(x)A F1(can be used in) +2.5 E F0(R)2.5 E F1(lines to get deferred interpolation.)2.5 E +(Conditionals can be speci\214ed using the syntax:)127 562.8 Q($?x te) +142 579 Q(xt1 $| te)-.15 E(xt2 $.)-.15 E 1.128(This interpolates)102 +595.2 R F2(te)3.628 E(xt1)-.2 E F1 1.128(if the macro)3.628 F F0($x) +3.628 E F1 1.128(is set, and)3.628 F F2(te)3.628 E(xt2)-.2 E F1 3.627 +(otherwise. The)3.628 F 1.127(\231else\232 \()3.627 F F0($|)A F1 3.627 +(\)c)C 1.127(lause may be)-3.627 F(omitted.)102 607.2 Q(Lo)127 623.4 Q +.58(wer case macro names are reserv)-.25 F .58(ed to ha)-.15 F .88 -.15 +(ve s)-.2 H .58(pecial semantics, used to pass information in).15 F +1.561(or out of)102 635.4 R F2(sendmail)4.061 E F1 4.061(,a)C 1.561 +(nd special characters are reserv)-4.061 F 1.561(ed to pro)-.15 F 1.56 +(vide conditionals, etc.)-.15 F 1.56(Upper case)6.56 F(names \(that is,) +102 647.4 Q F0($A)2.5 E F1(through)2.5 E F0($Z)2.5 E F1 2.5(\)a)C +(re speci\214cally reserv)-2.5 E(ed for con\214guration \214le authors.) +-.15 E 1.302(The follo)127 663.6 R 1.302 +(wing macros are de\214ned and/or used internally by)-.25 F F2(sendmail) +3.803 E F1 1.303(for interpolation into)3.803 F EP +%%Page: 34 30 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-34 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(ar)102 98 +Q(gv')-.18 E 2.793(sf)-.55 G .293(or mailers or for other conte)-2.793 F +2.793(xts. The)-.15 F .293(ones mark)2.793 F .292 +(ed \207 are information passed into sendmail)-.1 F/F2 7/Times-Roman@0 +SF(16)-4 I F1(,)4 I .035(the ones mark)102 110 R .036(ed \210 are information passed both in and out of sendmail, and the unmark) +-.1 F .036(ed macros are)-.1 F(passed out of sendmail b)102 122 Q +(ut are not otherwise used internally)-.2 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(hese macros are:)-5 E 13.06($a The)102 138.2 R +(origination date in RFC 822 format.)2.5 E(This is e)5 E +(xtracted from the Date: line.)-.15 E 12.5($b The)102 154.4 R +(current date in RFC 822 format.)2.5 E 13.06($c The)102 170.6 R .003 +(hop count.)2.503 F .003(This is a count of the number of Recei)5.003 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .002(d: lines plus the v).15 F .002(alue of the)-.25 F F0 +<ad68>2.502 E F1(com-)2.502 E(mand line \215ag.)127 182.6 Q 12.5($d The) +102 198.8 R(current date in UNIX \(ctime\) format.)2.5 E 8.06 +($e\207 \(Obsolete;)102 215 R 1.814 +(use SmtpGreetingMessage option instead.\))4.314 F 1.814 +(The SMTP entry message.)6.814 F 1.814(This is)6.814 F 2.008 +(printed out when SMTP starts up.)127 227 R 2.008(The \214rst w)7.008 F +2.008(ord must be the)-.1 F F0($j)4.508 E F1 2.008 +(macro as speci\214ed by)4.508 F 2.731(RFC821. Def)127 239 R .231 +(aults to \231$j Sendmail $v ready at $b\232.)-.1 F .232 +(Commonly rede\214ned to include the con-)5.232 F(\214guration v)127 251 +Q(ersion number)-.15 E 2.5(,e)-.4 G +(.g., \231$j Sendmail $v/$Z ready at $b\232)-2.5 E 14.17($f The)102 +267.2 R(en)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(lope sender \(from\) address.).15 E 12.5 +($g The)102 283.4 R .018(sender address relati)2.518 F .318 -.15(ve t) +-.25 H 2.518(ot).15 G .018(he recipient.)-2.518 F -.15(Fo)5.018 G 2.518 +(re).15 G .017(xample, if)-2.668 F F0($f)2.517 E F1 .017 +(is \231foo\232,)2.517 F F0($g)2.517 E F1 .017 +(will be \231host!foo\232,)2.517 F(\231foo@host.domain\232, or whate)127 +295.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ri).15 G 2.5(sa)-2.5 G +(ppropriate for the recei)-2.5 E(ving mailer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E 12.5 +($h The)102 311.6 R(recipient host.)2.5 E +(This is set in ruleset 0 from the $# \214eld of a parsed address.)5 E +14.72($i The)102 327.8 R(queue id, e.g., \231HAA12345\232.)2.5 E 9.72 +($j\210 The)102 344 R(\231of)2.746 E .247 +(\214cial\232 domain name for this site.)-.25 F .247 +(This is fully quali\214ed if the full quali\214cation can be)5.247 F +3.094(found. It)127 356 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(must)3.094 E F1 .593(be rede\214ned to be the fully quali\214ed domain name if your system is not con-) +3.094 F(\214gured so that information can \214nd it automatically)127 +368 Q(.)-.65 E 12.5($k The)102 384.2 R +(UUCP node name \(from the uname system call\).)2.5 E 9.72 +($l\207 \(Obsolete;)102 400.4 R 1.281 +(use UnixFromLine option instead.\))3.781 F 1.282 +(The format of the UNIX from line.)6.282 F(Unless)6.282 E 1.41(you ha) +127 412.4 R 1.71 -.15(ve c)-.2 H 1.409 +(hanged the UNIX mailbox format, you should not change the def).15 F +1.409(ault, which is)-.1 F(\231From $g)127 424.4 Q($d\232.)5 E 9.72 +($m The)102 440.6 R .718(domain part of the)3.218 F F3 -.1(ge)3.218 G +(thostname).1 E F1 .718(return v)3.218 F 3.219(alue. Under)-.25 F .719 +(normal circumstances,)3.219 F F0($j)3.219 E F1 .719(is equi)3.219 F(v-) +-.25 E(alent to)127 452.6 Q F0($w)2.5 E(.$m)-.7 E F1(.)A 7.5($n\207 The) +102 468.8 R(name of the daemon \(for error messages\).)2.5 E(Def)5 E +(aults to \231MAILER-D)-.1 E(AEMON\232.)-.4 E 7.5($o\207 \(Obsolete:)102 +485 R .651(use OperatorChars option instead.\))3.151 F .651 +(The set of \231operators\232 in addresses.)5.651 F 3.15(Al)5.65 G .65 +(ist of)-3.15 F .581(characters which will be considered tok)127 497 R +.582(ens and which will separate tok)-.1 F .582(ens when doing pars-)-.1 +F 3.278(ing. F)127 509 R .778(or e)-.15 F .778 +(xample, if \231@\232 were in the)-.15 F F0($o)3.278 E F1 .777 +(macro, then the input \231a@b\232 w)3.278 F .777(ould be scanned as)-.1 +F .627(three tok)127 521 R .627(ens: \231a,)-.1 F 3.127<9a99>-.7 G(@,) +-3.127 E 3.127<9a61>-.7 G .627(nd \231b)-3.127 F 4.527 -.7(.\232 D)-.4 H +(ef).7 E .628 +(aults to \231.:@[]\232, which is the minimum set necessary to)-.1 F +.856(do RFC 822 parsing; a richer set of operators is \231.:%@!/[]\232, which adds support for UUCP) +127 533 R(,)-1.11 E(the %-hack, and X.400 addresses.)127 545 Q 12.5 +($p Sendmail')102 561.2 R 2.5(sp)-.55 G(rocess id.)-2.5 E 7.5 +($q\207 Def)102 577.4 R .403(ault format of sender address.)-.1 F(The) +5.403 E F0($q)2.903 E F1 .403(macro speci\214es ho)2.903 F 2.903(wa)-.25 +G 2.904(na)-2.903 G .404(ddress should appear in a)-2.904 F 1.181 +(message when it is def)127 589.4 R 3.681(aulted. Def)-.1 F 1.181 +(aults to \231<$g>\232.)-.1 F 1.18 +(It is commonly rede\214ned to be \231$?x$x)6.181 F(<$g>$|$g$.)127 601.4 +Q 5<9a6f>-.7 G 2.5<7299>-5 G($g$?x \($x\)$.)-2.5 E +(\232, corresponding to the follo)-.7 E(wing tw)-.25 E 2.5(of)-.1 G +(ormats:)-2.5 E(Eric Allman <eric@CS.Berk)167 617.6 Q(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.) +-.15 G(EDU>).65 E(eric@CS.Berk)167 629.6 Q(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G +(EDU \(Eric Allman\)).65 E F3(Sendmail)127 645.8 Q F1 +(properly quotes names that ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H +(pecial characters if the \214rst form is used.).15 E 14.17($r Protocol) +102 662 R .976(used to recei)3.476 F 1.276 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .976 +(he message.).15 F .976(Set from the)5.976 F F0<ad70>3.476 E F1 .977 +(command line \215ag or by the SMTP)3.476 F(serv)127 674 Q(er code.)-.15 +E .32 LW 76 688.4 72 688.4 DL 80 688.4 76 688.4 DL 84 688.4 80 688.4 DL +88 688.4 84 688.4 DL 92 688.4 88 688.4 DL 96 688.4 92 688.4 DL 100 688.4 +96 688.4 DL 104 688.4 100 688.4 DL 108 688.4 104 688.4 DL 112 688.4 108 +688.4 DL 116 688.4 112 688.4 DL 120 688.4 116 688.4 DL 124 688.4 120 +688.4 DL 128 688.4 124 688.4 DL 132 688.4 128 688.4 DL 136 688.4 132 +688.4 DL 140 688.4 136 688.4 DL 144 688.4 140 688.4 DL 148 688.4 144 +688.4 DL 152 688.4 148 688.4 DL 156 688.4 152 688.4 DL 160 688.4 156 +688.4 DL 164 688.4 160 688.4 DL 168 688.4 164 688.4 DL 172 688.4 168 +688.4 DL 176 688.4 172 688.4 DL 180 688.4 176 688.4 DL 184 688.4 180 +688.4 DL 188 688.4 184 688.4 DL 192 688.4 188 688.4 DL 196 688.4 192 +688.4 DL 200 688.4 196 688.4 DL 204 688.4 200 688.4 DL 208 688.4 204 +688.4 DL 212 688.4 208 688.4 DL 216 688.4 212 688.4 DL/F4 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(16)93.6 698.8 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(As of v)3.2 I +(ersion 8.6, all of these macros ha)-.12 E .24 -.12(ve r)-.16 H +(easonable def).12 E 2(aults. Pre)-.08 F(vious v)-.2 E +(ersions required that the)-.12 E 2(yb)-.12 G 2(ed)-2 G(e\214ned.)-2 E +EP +%%Page: 35 31 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-35)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 13.61($s Sender')102 96 R 2.5 +(sh)-.55 G(ost name.)-2.5 E(Set from the)5 E F0<ad70>2.5 E F1 +(command line \215ag or by the SMTP serv)2.5 E(er code.)-.15 E 14.72 +($t A)102 112.2 R(numeric representation of the current time.)2.5 E 12.5 +($u The)102 128.4 R(recipient user)2.5 E(.)-.55 E 12.5($v The)102 144.6 +R -.15(ve)2.5 G(rsion number of the).15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(sendmail)2.5 E F1(binary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E 5.28($w\210 The)102 160.8 R +(hostname of this site.)2.5 E(This is the root name of this host \(b)5 E +(ut see belo)-.2 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or ca)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(ats\).).15 E +12.5($x The)102 177 R(full name of the sender)2.5 E(.)-.55 E 13.06 +($z The)102 193.2 R(home directory of the recipient.)2.5 E 12.5($_ The) +102 209.4 R -.25(va)2.5 G(lidated sender address.).25 E(${bodytype})102 +225.6 Q +(The message body type \(7BIT or 8BITMIME\), as determined from the en) +127 237.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(lope.).15 E(${client_addr})102 253.8 Q +(The IP address of the SMTP client.)127 265.8 Q +(De\214ned in the SMTP serv)5 E(er only)-.15 E(.)-.65 E(${client_name}) +102 282 Q(The host name of the SMTP client.)127 294 Q +(De\214ned in the SMTP serv)5 E(er only)-.15 E(.)-.65 E(${client_port}) +102 310.2 Q(The port number of the SMTP client.)127 322.2 Q +(De\214ned in the SMTP serv)5 E(er only)-.15 E(.)-.65 E(${en)102 338.4 Q +(vid})-.4 E(The en)127 350.4 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G +(lope id passed to sendmail as part of the en).15 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(lope.) +.15 E(${opMode})102 366.6 Q(The current operation mode \(from the)127 +378.6 Q F0<ad62>2.5 E F1(\215ag\).)2.5 E .749 +(There are three types of dates that can be used.)127 394.8 R(The)5.749 +E F0($a)3.249 E F1(and)3.249 E F0($b)3.249 E F1 .749 +(macros are in RFC 822 for)3.249 F(-)-.2 E(mat;)102 406.8 Q F0($a)3.213 +E F1 .713(is the time as e)3.213 F .714 +(xtracted from the \231Date:\232 line of the message \(if there w)-.15 F +.714(as one\), and)-.1 F F0($b)3.214 E F1(is)3.214 E .057 +(the current date and time \(used for postmarks\).)102 418.8 R .056 +(If no \231Date:\232 line is found in the incoming message,)5.057 F F0 +($a)102 430.8 Q F1 .304(is set to the current time also.)2.804 F(The) +5.304 E F0($d)2.804 E F1 .305(macro is equi)2.804 F -.25(va)-.25 G .305 +(lent to the).25 F F0($b)2.805 E F1 .305(macro in UNIX \(ctime\) for) +2.805 F(-)-.2 E(mat.)102 442.8 Q .239(The macros)127 459 R F0($w)2.739 E +F1(,)A F0($j)2.739 E F1 2.739(,a)C(nd)-2.739 E F0($m)2.739 E F1 .238 +(are set to the identity of this host.)2.739 F F2(Sendmail)5.238 E F1 +.238(tries to \214nd the fully)2.738 F .334(quali\214ed name of the host if at all possible; it does this by calling) +102 471 R F2 -.1(ge)2.835 G(thostname).1 E F1 .335 +(\(2\) to get the current)B .457(hostname and then passing that to)102 +483 R F2 -.1(ge)2.957 G(thostbyname).1 E F1 .457 +(\(3\) which is supposed to return the canonical v)B(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E +.278(sion of that host name.)102 497 R/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(17)-4 I F1 +.278(Assuming this is successful,)2.778 4 N F0($j)2.778 E F1 .279 +(is set to the fully quali\214ed name and)2.778 F F0($m)2.779 E F1(is) +2.779 E .706(set to the domain part of the name \(e)102 509 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G .706(rything after the \214rst dot\).).15 F(The)5.706 E F0($w) +3.206 E F1 .706(macro is set to the \214rst)3.206 F -.1(wo)102 521 S +.358(rd \(e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .358 +(rything before the \214rst dot\) if you ha).15 F .658 -.15(ve a l)-.2 H +-2.15 -.25(ev e).15 H 2.858(l5o).25 G 2.858(rh)-2.858 G .359 +(igher con\214guration \214le; otherwise, it)-2.858 F .405 +(is set to the same v)102 533 R .405(alue as)-.25 F F0($j)2.905 E F1 +5.405(.I)C 2.905(ft)-5.405 G .405 +(he canoni\214cation is not successful, it is imperati)-2.905 F .704 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H .404(hat the con\214g).15 F(\214le set)102 547 Q F0($j) +2.5 E F1(to the fully quali\214ed domain name)2.5 E F3(18)-4 I F1(.)4 I +(The)127 563.2 Q F0($f)2.832 E F1 .333(macro is the id of the sender as originally determined; when mailing to a speci\214c host) +2.833 F(the)102 575.2 Q F0($g)3.225 E F1 .725 +(macro is set to the address of the sender)3.225 F F2 -.37(re)3.224 G +.724(lative to the r).37 F(ecipient.)-.37 E F1 -.15(Fo)5.724 G 3.224(re) +.15 G .724(xample, if I send to)-3.374 F(\231bollard@matisse.CS.Berk)102 +587.2 Q(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G .424(EDU\232 from the machine \231v).65 +F(angogh.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G .424(EDU\232 the).65 F +F0($f)2.925 E F1(macro)2.925 E(will be \231eric\232 and the)102 599.2 Q +F0($g)2.5 E F1(macro will be \231eric@v)2.5 E(angogh.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele) +-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU.).65 E<9a>-.7 E(The)127 615.4 Q F0($x)2.563 E +F1 .062(macro is set to the full name of the sender)2.563 F 5.062(.T) +-.55 G .062(his can be determined in se)-5.062 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .062 +(ral w).15 F 2.562(ays. It)-.1 F .629(can be passed as \215ag to)102 +627.4 R F2(sendmail)3.129 E F1 5.629(.I)C 3.129(tc)-5.629 G .629 +(an be de\214ned in the)-3.129 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -.315(NA)3.13 G +(ME).315 E F1(en)3.13 E .63(vironment v)-.4 F 3.13(ariable. The)-.25 F +(third)3.13 E .949(choice is the v)102 639.4 R .949 +(alue of the \231Full-Name:\232 line in the header if it e)-.25 F .948 +(xists, and the fourth choice is the)-.15 F .526 +(comment \214eld of a \231From:\232 line.)102 651.4 R .526 +(If all of these f)5.526 F .526 +(ail, and if the message is being originated locally)-.1 F(,)-.65 E +(the full name is look)102 663.4 Q(ed up in the)-.1 E F2(/etc/passwd)2.5 +E F1(\214le.)2.5 E .32 LW 76 673 72 673 DL 80 673 76 673 DL 84 673 80 +673 DL 88 673 84 673 DL 92 673 88 673 DL 96 673 92 673 DL 100 673 96 673 +DL 104 673 100 673 DL 108 673 104 673 DL 112 673 108 673 DL 116 673 112 +673 DL 120 673 116 673 DL 124 673 120 673 DL 128 673 124 673 DL 132 673 +128 673 DL 136 673 132 673 DL 140 673 136 673 DL 144 673 140 673 DL 148 +673 144 673 DL 152 673 148 673 DL 156 673 152 673 DL 160 673 156 673 DL +164 673 160 673 DL 168 673 164 673 DL 172 673 168 673 DL 176 673 172 673 +DL 180 673 176 673 DL 184 673 180 673 DL 188 673 184 673 DL 192 673 188 +673 DL 196 673 192 673 DL 200 673 196 673 DL 204 673 200 673 DL 208 673 +204 673 DL 212 673 208 673 DL 216 673 212 673 DL/F5 5/Times-Roman@0 SF +(17)93.6 683.4 Q/F6 8/Times-Roman@0 SF -.12(Fo)3.2 K 2(re).12 G +(xample, on some systems)-2.12 E/F7 8/Times-Italic@0 SF -.08(ge)2 G +(thostname).08 E F6(might return \231foo\232 which w)2 E +(ould be mapped to \231foo.bar)-.08 E(.com\232 by)-.44 E F7 -.08(ge)2 G +(thostbyname).08 E F6(.)A F5(18)93.6 697 Q F6(Older v)3.2 I +(ersions of sendmail didn')-.12 E 2(tp)-.144 G(re-de\214ne)-2 E/F8 8 +/Times-Bold@0 SF($j)2 E F6(at all, so up until 8.6, con\214g \214les)2 E +F7(always)2 E F6(had to de\214ne)2 E F8($j)2 E F6(.)A EP +%%Page: 36 32 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-36 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.321 +(When sending, the)127 96 R F0($h)3.821 E F1(,)A F0($u)3.821 E F1 3.821 +(,a)C(nd)-3.821 E F0($z)3.821 E F1 1.321 +(macros get set to the host, user)3.821 F 3.82(,a)-.4 G 1.32 +(nd home directory \(if)-3.82 F .516(local\) of the recipient.)102 108 R +.516(The \214rst tw)5.516 F 3.016(oa)-.1 G .516(re set from the)-3.016 F +F0($@)3.016 E F1(and)3.016 E F0($:)3.016 E F1 .517(part of the re)3.017 +F .517(writing rules, respec-)-.25 F(ti)102 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 +E(.)-.65 E(The)127 136.2 Q F0($p)3.806 E F1(and)3.806 E F0($t)3.806 E F1 +1.306(macros are used to create unique strings \(e.g., for the \231Message-Id:\232 \214eld\).) +3.806 F(The)102 148.2 Q F0($i)3.251 E F1 .751(macro is set to the queue id on this host; if put into the timestamp line it can be e) +3.251 F(xtremely)-.15 E .165(useful for tracking messages.)102 160.2 R +(The)5.165 E F0($v)2.665 E F1 .164(macro is set to be the v)2.665 F .164 +(ersion number of)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.664 E F1 +2.664(;t)C .164(his is nor)-2.664 F(-)-.2 E +(mally put in timestamps and has been pro)102 172.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5 +(ne).15 G(xtremely useful for deb)-2.65 E(ugging.)-.2 E(The)127 188.4 Q +F0($c)3.547 E F1 1.048(\214eld is set to the \231hop count,)3.547 F +3.548<9a69>-.7 G 1.048 +(.e., the number of times this message has been pro-)-3.548 F 2.857 +(cessed. This)102 200.4 R .357(can be determined by the)2.857 F F0<ad68> +2.857 E F1 .356 +(\215ag on the command line or by counting the timestamps)2.857 F +(in the message.)102 212.4 Q(The)127 228.6 Q F0($r)2.832 E F1(and)2.833 +E F0($s)2.833 E F1 .333 +(\214elds are set to the protocol used to communicate with)2.833 F F2 +(sendmail)2.833 E F1 .333(and the send-)2.833 F .195(ing hostname.)102 +240.6 R(The)5.195 E 2.694(yc)-.15 G .194(an be set together using the) +-2.694 F F0<ad70>2.694 E F1 .194 +(command line \215ag or separately using the)2.694 F F0<ad4d>2.694 E F1 +(or)102 252.6 Q F0(\255oM)2.5 E F1(\215ags.)2.5 E(The)127 268.8 Q F0($_) +2.966 E F1 .466(is set to a v)2.966 F .467(alidated sender host name.) +-.25 F .467(If the sender is running an RFC 1413 compli-)5.467 F .385 +(ant IDENT serv)102 280.8 R .384(er and the recei)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.884(rh).15 G .384 +(as the IDENT protocol turned on, it will include the user name)-2.884 F +(on that host.)102 292.8 Q(The)127 309 Q F0(${client_name})5.98 E F1(,)A +F0(${client_addr})5.98 E F1 5.98(,a)C(nd)-5.98 E F0(${client_port})5.98 +E F1 3.48(macros are set to the name,)5.98 F .786 +(address, and port number of the SMTP client who is in)102 321 R -.2(vo) +-.4 G(king).2 E F2(sendmail)3.286 E F1 .786(as a serv)3.286 F(er)-.15 E +5.786(.T)-.55 G .785(hese can be)-5.786 F(used in the)102 333 Q F2 -.15 +(ch)2.5 G(ec).15 E(k_*)-.2 E F1(rulesets \(using the)2.5 E F0($&)2.5 E +F1(deferred e)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(luation form, of course!\).).25 E F0 +2.5(5.3. C)87 357 R(and F \212 De\214ne Classes)2.5 E F1 .659(Classes of phrases may be de\214ned to match on the left hand side of re) +127 373.2 R .66(writing rules, where a)-.25 F .192(\231phrase\232 is a sequence of characters that do not contain space characters.) +102 385.2 R -.15(Fo)5.192 G 2.692(re).15 G .191(xample a class of all) +-2.842 F 1.428(local names for this site might be created so that attempts to send to oneself can be eliminated.) +102 397.2 R .041(These can either be de\214ned directly in the con\214guration \214le or read in from another \214le.) +102 409.2 R .04(Classes are)5.04 F .649(named as a single letter or a w) +102 421.2 R .649(ord in {braces}.)-.1 F .649(Class names be)5.649 F .649 +(ginning with lo)-.15 F .649(wer case letters and)-.25 F .639 +(special characters are reserv)102 433.2 R .639(ed for system use.)-.15 +F .638(Classes de\214ned in con\214g \214les may be gi)5.639 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.138(nn).15 G(ames)-3.138 E 1.05 +(from the set of upper case letters for short names or be)102 445.2 R +1.05(ginning with an upper case letter for long)-.15 F(names.)102 457.2 +Q(The syntax is:)127 473.4 Q F0(C)142 489.6 Q F2 1.666(cp)C(hr)-1.666 E +(ase1 phr)-.15 E(ase2...)-.15 E F0(F)142 501.6 Q F2 1.666<638c>C(le) +-1.666 E F1 .661(The \214rst form de\214nes the class)102 517.8 R F2(c) +3.161 E F1 .661(to match an)3.161 F 3.161(yo)-.15 G 3.161(ft)-3.161 G +.661(he named w)-3.161 F 3.161(ords. It)-.1 F .661 +(is permissible to split them)3.161 F(among multiple lines; for e)102 +529.8 Q(xample, the tw)-.15 E 2.5(of)-.1 G(orms:)-2.5 E +(CHmonet ucbmonet)142 546 Q(and)102 562.2 Q(CHmonet)142 578.4 Q +(CHucbmonet)142 590.4 Q(are equi)102 606.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5 +(lent. The).25 F -.74(``)2.5 G(F').74 E 2.5('f)-.74 G +(orm reads the elements of the class)-2.5 E F2(c)2.5 E F1 +(from the named)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1(.)A 1.339 +(Elements of classes can be accessed in rules using)127 622.8 R F0($=) +3.839 E F1(or)3.839 E F0($~)3.839 E F1 6.339(.T)C(he)-6.339 E F0($~) +3.839 E F1 1.339(\(match entries not in)3.839 F +(class\) only matches a single w)102 634.8 Q(ord; multi-w)-.1 E +(ord entries in the class are ignored in this conte)-.1 E(xt.)-.15 E +(Some classes ha)127 651 Q .3 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(nternal meaning to).15 E +F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(:)A 18.42($=e contains)102 667.2 R .562 +(the Content-T)3.062 F(ransfer)-.35 E .562(-Encodings that can be 8)-.2 +F/F3 10/Symbol SF<ae>A F1 3.062(7b)C .562(it encoded.)-3.062 F .561 +(It is prede\214ned to)5.561 F +(contain \2317bit\232, \2318bit\232, and \231binary\232.)138 679.2 Q +17.86($=k set)102 695.4 R(to be the same as)2.5 E F0($k)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t) +C(hat is, the UUCP node name.)-2.5 E 15.08($=m set)102 711.6 R +(to the set of domains by which this host is kno)2.5 E +(wn, initially just)-.25 E F0($m)2.5 E F1(.)A EP +%%Page: 37 33 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-37)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 17.86($=n can)102 96 R .58 +(be set to the set of MIME body types that can ne)3.08 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.081(rb).15 G 3.081(ee)-3.081 G .581(ight to se)-3.081 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.081(nb).15 G .581(it encoded.)-3.081 F(It)5.581 E(def)138 108 Q 1.81 +(aults to \231multipart/signed\232.)-.1 F 1.81 +(Message types \231message/*\232 and \231multipart/*\232 are ne)6.81 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E 1.853(encoded directly)138 120 R 6.853(.M)-.65 G +1.853(ultipart messages are al)-6.853 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.853 +(ys handled recursi).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.853(.T)-.65 G 1.853 +(he handling of)-6.853 F(message/* messages are controlled by class)138 +132 Q F0($=s)2.5 E F1(.)A 17.86($=q A)102 148.2 R .712(set of Content-T) +3.212 F .712(ypes that will ne)-.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.212(rb).15 G 3.212 +(ee)-3.212 G .712(ncoded as base64 \(if the)-3.212 F 3.212(yh)-.15 G +-2.25 -.2(av e)-3.212 H .711(to be encoded,)3.412 F(the)138 160.2 Q +3.357(yw)-.15 G .858(ill be encoded as quoted-printable\).)-3.357 F .858 +(It can ha)5.858 F 1.158 -.15(ve p)-.2 H .858 +(rimary types \(e.g., \231te).15 F .858(xt\232\) or full)-.15 F +(types \(such as \231te)138 172.2 Q 2.5(xt/plain\232\). The)-.15 F +(class is initialized to ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve \231)-.2 H(te).15 E +(xt/plain\232 only)-.15 E(.)-.65 E 18.97($=s contains)102 188.4 R .648 +(the set of subtypes of message that can be treated recursi)3.148 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.648(.B)-.65 G 3.148(yd)-5.648 G(ef)-3.148 E .648 +(ault it con-)-.1 F .969(tains only \231rfc822\232.)138 200.4 R .969 +(Other \231message/*\232 types cannot be 8)5.969 F/F2 10/Symbol SF<ae>A +F1 3.469(7b)C .969(it encoded.)-3.469 F .97(If a message)5.97 F 1.045 +(containing eight bit data is sent to a se)138 212.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.545(nb).15 G 1.045(it host, and that message cannot be encoded)-3.545 +F(into se)138 224.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nb).15 G +(its, it will be stripped to 7 bits.)-2.5 E 20.08($=t set)102 240.6 R +.372(to the set of trusted users by the)2.872 F F0(T)2.872 E F1 .372 +(con\214guration line.)2.872 F .372(If you w)5.372 F .373 +(ant to read trusted users)-.1 F(from a \214le use)138 252.6 Q F0(Ft)2.5 +E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/\214le/name)A F1(.)A 15.64($=w set)102 268.8 +R .513(to be the set of all names this host is kno)3.013 F .513(wn by) +-.25 F 5.513(.T)-.65 G .513(his can be used to match local host-)-5.513 +F(names.)138 280.8 Q F3(Sendmail)127 297 Q F1 .182 +(can be compiled to allo)2.682 F 2.682(wa)-.25 G F3(scanf)A F1 .182 +(\(3\) string on the)B F0(F)2.682 E F1 2.683(line. This)2.683 F .183 +(lets you do simplistic)2.683 F .555(parsing of te)102 309 R .555 +(xt \214les.)-.15 F -.15(Fo)5.555 G 3.055(re).15 G .554 +(xample, to read all the user names in your system)-3.205 F F3 +(/etc/passwd)3.054 E F1 .554(\214le into a)3.054 F(class, use)102 321 Q +(FL/etc/passwd %[^:])142 337.2 Q(which reads e)102 353.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(ry line up to the \214rst colon.).15 E F0 2.5(5.4. M)87 377.4 R 2.5 +<8a44>2.5 G(e\214ne Mailer)-2.5 E F1(Programs and interf)127 393.6 Q +(aces to mailers are de\214ned in this line.)-.1 E(The format is:)5 E F0 +(M)142 409.8 Q F3(name)A F1 2.5(,{)C F3(\214eld)-2.5 E F1(=)A F3(value)A +F1(}*)1.666 E(where)102 426 Q F3(name)4.244 E F1 1.744(is the name of the mailer \(used internally only\) and the \231\214eld=name\232 pairs de\214ne) +4.244 F(attrib)102 438 Q(utes of the mailer)-.2 E 5(.F)-.55 G +(ields are:)-5 E -.15(Pa)142 454.2 S 51.87(th The).15 F +(pathname of the mailer)2.5 E 47.83(Flags Special)142 466.2 R +(\215ags for this mailer)2.5 E 41.73(Sender Re)142 478.2 R +(writing set\(s\) for sender addresses)-.25 E 31.17(Recipient Re)142 +490.2 R(writing set\(s\) for recipient addresses)-.25 E(Ar)142 502.2 Q +49.13(gv An)-.18 F(ar)2.5 E(gument v)-.18 E +(ector to pass to this mailer)-.15 E 55.61(Eol The)142 514.2 R +(end-of-line string for this mailer)2.5 E 35.62(Maxsize The)142 526.2 R +(maximum message length to this mailer)2.5 E 32.27(Linelimit The)142 +538.2 R(maximum line length in the message body)2.5 E 31.18 +(Directory The)142 550.2 R -.1(wo)2.5 G(rking directory for the mailer) +.1 E 42.84(Userid The)142 562.2 R(def)2.5 E +(ault user and group id to run as)-.1 E 50.62(Nice The)142 574.2 R +(nice\(2\) increment for the mailer)2.5 E 38.95(Charset The)142 586.2 R +(def)2.5 E(ault character set for 8-bit characters)-.1 E -.8(Ty)142 +598.2 S 49.75(pe The).8 F +(MTS type information \(used for error messages\))2.5 E +(Only the \214rst character of the \214eld name is check)102 614.4 Q +(ed.)-.1 E .397(The follo)127 630.6 R .396 +(wing \215ags may be set in the mailer description.)-.25 F(An)5.396 E +2.896(yo)-.15 G .396(ther \215ags may be used freely)-2.896 F .075(to conditionally assign headers to messages destined for particular mailers.) +102 642.6 R .075(Flags mark)5.075 F .075(ed with \207 are)-.1 F 1.193 +(not interpreted by the)102 654.6 R F3(sendmail)3.693 E F1 1.193 +(binary; these are the con)3.693 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.192 +(ntionally used to correlate to the \215ags).15 F .737(portion of the) +102 666.6 R F0(H)3.237 E F1 3.237(line. Flags)3.237 F(mark)3.237 E .737 +(ed with \210 apply to the mailers for the sender address rather than) +-.1 F(the usual recipient mailers.)102 678.6 Q 15.56(aR)102 694.8 S .987 +(un Extended SMTP \(ESMTP\) protocol \(de\214ned in RFCs 1651, 1652, and 1653\).) +-15.56 F .986(This \215ag)5.987 F(def)122 706.8 Q +(aults on if the SMTP greeting message includes the w)-.1 E +(ord \231ESMTP\232.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 38 34 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-38 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 12.78(AL) +102 96 S .762 +(ook up the user part of the address in the alias database.)-12.78 F +.763(Normally this is only set for local)5.762 F(mailers.)122 108 Q 15 +(bF)102 124.2 S .456(orce a blank line on the end of a message.)-15.15 F +.456(This is intended to w)5.456 F .456(ork around some stupid v)-.1 F +(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E .361(sions of /bin/mail that require a blank line, b) +122 136.2 R .362(ut do not pro)-.2 F .362(vide it themselv)-.15 F 2.862 +(es. It)-.15 F -.1(wo)2.862 G .362(uld not nor).1 F(-)-.2 E +(mally be used on netw)122 148.2 Q(ork mail.)-.1 E 15.56(cD)102 164.4 S +2.663(on)-15.56 G .163(ot include comments in addresses.)-2.663 F .163 +(This should only be used if you ha)5.163 F .463 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.663 +(ow).15 G .163(ork around a)-2.763 F 1.846 +(remote mailer that gets confused by comments.)122 176.4 R 1.846 +(This strips addresses of the form \231Phrase)6.846 F +(<address>\232 or \231address \(Comment\)\232 do)122 188.4 Q +(wn to just \231address\232.)-.25 E 5.83(C\210 If)102 204.6 R .214 +(mail is)2.714 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)2.714 G(ceived).37 E F1 +.213(from a mailer with this \215ag set, an)2.713 F 2.713(ya)-.15 G .213 +(ddresses in the header that do not ha)-2.713 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .97 +(an at sign \(\231@\232\) after being re)122 216.6 R .97 +(written by ruleset three will ha)-.25 F 1.27 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .97 +(he \231@domain\232 clause from).15 F(the sender en)122 228.6 Q -.15(ve) +-.4 G(lope address tack).15 E(ed on.)-.1 E(This allo)5 E +(ws mail with headers of the form:)-.25 E(From: usera@hosta)162 244.8 Q +-.8(To)162 256.8 S 2.5(:u).8 G(serb@hostb, userc)-2.5 E(to be re)122 273 +Q(written as:)-.25 E(From: usera@hosta)162 289.2 Q -.8(To)162 301.2 S +2.5(:u).8 G(serb@hostb, userc@hosta)-2.5 E(automatically)122 317.4 Q 5 +(.H)-.65 G -.25(ow)-5 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .8 -.4(r, i).25 H 2.5(td) +.4 G(oesn')-2.5 E 2.5(tr)-.18 G(eally w)-2.5 E(ork reliably)-.1 E(.)-.65 +E 15(dD)102 333.6 S 2.56(on)-15 G .06(ot include angle brack)-2.56 F .06 +(ets around route-address syntax addresses.)-.1 F .06 +(This is useful on mailers)5.06 F .187(that are going to pass addresses to a shell that might interpret angle brack) +122 345.6 R .188(ets as I/O redirection.)-.1 F 5.28(D\207 This)102 361.8 +R(mailer w)2.5 E(ants a \231Date:\232 header line.)-.1 E 15.56(eT)102 +378 S .174(his mailer is e)-15.56 F(xpensi)-.15 E .474 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +2.674(oc).15 G .173(onnect to, so try to a)-2.674 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .173 +(id connecting normally; an).2 F 2.673(yn)-.15 G .173(ecessary con-) +-2.673 F(nection will occur during a queue run.)122 390 Q 13.89(EE)102 +406.2 S(scape lines be)-13.89 E +(ginning with \231From\232 in the message with a `>' sign.)-.15 E 16.67 +(fT)102 422.4 S .19(he mailer w)-16.67 F .19(ants a)-.1 F F0<ad66>2.69 E +F2(fr)2.69 E(om)-.45 E F1 .19(\215ag, b)2.69 F .19 +(ut only if this is a netw)-.2 F .19(ork forw)-.1 F .19 +(ard operation \(i.e., the mailer)-.1 F(will gi)122 434.4 Q .3 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H 2.5(ne).15 G(rror if the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting user does not ha).15 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H(pecial permissions\).) +.15 E 6.94(F\207 This)102 450.6 R(mailer w)2.5 E +(ants a \231From:\232 header line.)-.1 E 15(gN)102 466.8 S(ormally)-15 E +(,)-.65 E F2(sendmail)4.893 E F1 2.393(sends internally generated email \(e.g., error messages\) using the null) +4.893 F 1.327(return address as required by RFC 1123.)122 478.8 R(Ho) +6.327 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.127 -.4(r, s).15 H 1.327 +(ome mailers don').4 F 3.827(ta)-.18 G 1.328(ccept a null return)-3.827 +F 3.311(address. If)122 490.8 R(necessary)3.311 E 3.311(,y)-.65 G .811 +(ou can set the)-3.311 F F0(g)3.311 E F1 .811(\215ag to pre)3.311 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt).15 E F2(sendmail)3.31 E F1 .81(from obe)3.31 F .81 +(ying the standards;)-.15 F 1.57 +(error messages will be sent as from the MAILER-D)122 502.8 R 1.57 +(AEMON \(actually)-.4 F 4.07(,t)-.65 G 1.57(he v)-4.07 F 1.57 +(alue of the)-.25 F F0($n)4.07 E F1(macro\).)122 514.8 Q 15(hU)102 531 S +(pper case should be preserv)-15 E(ed in host names for this mailer)-.15 +E(.)-.55 E 17.22(iD)102 547.2 S 2.5(oU)-17.22 G(ser Database re)-2.5 E +(writing on en)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(lope sender address.).15 E 16.67(IT) +102 563.4 S .475(his mailer will be speaking SMTP to another)-16.67 F F2 +(sendmail)2.974 E F1 2.974<8a61>2.974 G 2.974(ss)-2.974 G .474 +(uch it can use special protocol)-2.974 F 3.632(features. This)122 575.4 +R 1.133(option is not required \(i.e., if this option is omitted the transmission will still) +3.632 F(operate successfully)122 587.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G +(lthough perhaps not as ef)-2.5 E(\214ciently as possible\).)-.25 E +17.22(jD)102 603.6 S 2.5(oU)-17.22 G(ser Database re)-2.5 E +(writing on recipients as well as senders.)-.25 E 15(kN)102 619.8 S 1.03 +(ormally when)-15 F F2(sendmail)3.53 E F1 1.03 +(connects to a host via SMTP)3.53 F 3.529(,i)-1.11 G 3.529(tc)-3.529 G +1.029(hecks to mak)-3.529 F 3.529(es)-.1 G 1.029(ure that this isn') +-3.529 F(t)-.18 E .562(accidently the same host name as might happen if) +122 631.8 R F2(sendmail)3.062 E F1 .562 +(is miscon\214gured or if a long-haul)3.062 F(netw)122 643.8 Q 1.074 +(ork interf)-.1 F 1.074(ace is set in loopback mode.)-.1 F 1.073 +(This \215ag disables the loopback check.)6.074 F 1.073(It should)6.073 +F(only be used under v)122 655.8 Q(ery unusual circumstances.)-.15 E +12.78(KC)102 672 S(urrently unimplemented.)-12.78 E(Reserv)5 E +(ed for chunking.)-.15 E 17.22(lT)102 688.2 S +(his mailer is local \(i.e., \214nal deli)-17.22 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ry will be performed\).).15 E 13.89(LL)102 704.4 S .819 +(imit the line lengths as speci\214ed in RFC821.)-13.89 F .82 +(This deprecated option should be replaced by)5.819 F(the)122 716.4 Q F0 +(L=)2.5 E F1(mail declaration.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(rh).15 G +(istoric reasons, the)-2.5 E F0(L)2.5 E F1(\215ag also sets the)2.5 E F0 +(7)2.5 E F1(\215ag.)2.5 E EP +%%Page: 39 35 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-39)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 12.22(mT)102 96 S .464(his mailer can send to multiple users on the same host in one transaction.) +-12.22 F .463(When a)5.463 F F0($u)2.963 E F1(macro)2.963 E .731 +(occurs in the)122 108 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.231 E(gv)-.37 E F1 +.732(part of the mailer de\214nition, that \214eld will be repeated as necessary for all) +3.231 F(qualifying users.)122 120 Q 3.61(M\207 This)102 136.2 R +(mailer w)2.5 E(ants a \231Message-Id:\232 header line.)-.1 E 15(nD)102 +152.4 S 2.5(on)-15 G +(ot insert a UNIX-style \231From\232 line on the front of the message.) +-2.5 E 15(oA)102 168.6 S -.1(lwa)-15 G .816(ys run as the o).1 F .816 +(wner of the recipient mailbox.)-.25 F(Normally)5.816 E F2(sendmail) +3.316 E F1 .816(runs as the sender for)3.316 F .198 +(locally generated mail or as \231daemon\232 \(actually)122 180.6 R +2.698(,t)-.65 G .198(he user speci\214ed in the)-2.698 F F0(u)2.698 E F1 +.198(option\) when deli)2.698 F(v-)-.25 E .981(ering netw)122 192.6 R +.981(ork mail.)-.1 F .981(The normal beha)5.981 F .981 +(viour is required by most local mailers, which will not)-.2 F(allo)122 +204.6 Q 2.52(wt)-.25 G .02(he en)-2.52 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .021 +(lope sender address to be set unless the mailer is running as daemon.) +.15 F .021(This \215ag is)5.021 F(ignored if the)122 216.6 Q F0(S)2.5 E +F1(\215ag is set.)2.5 E 15(pU)102 232.8 S .498 +(se the route-addr style re)-15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .498 +(rse-path in the SMTP \231MAIL FR).15 F .497 +(OM:\232 command rather than just)-.4 F .385(the return address; although this is required in RFC821 section 3.1, man) +122 244.8 R 2.886(yh)-.15 G .386(osts do not process)-2.886 F(re)122 +256.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rse-paths properly).15 E 5(.R)-.65 G -2.15 -.25 +(ev e)-5 H(rse-paths are of).25 E(\214cially discouraged by RFC 1123.) +-.25 E 6.94(P\207 This)102 273 R(mailer w)2.5 E(ants a \231Return-P)-.1 +E(ath:\232 line.)-.15 E 15(qW)102 289.2 S .069 +(hen an address that resolv)-15 F .069(es to this mailer is v)-.15 F +.068(eri\214ed \(SMTP VRFY command\), generate 250)-.15 F +(responses instead of 252 responses.)122 301.2 Q +(This will imply that the address is local.)5 E 16.67(rS)102 317.4 S +(ame as)-16.67 E F0(f)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut sends a)-2.7 E F0<ad72>2.5 E +F1(\215ag.)2.5 E 13.33(RO)102 333.6 S .669 +(pen SMTP connections from a \231secure\232 port.)-13.33 F .669 +(Secure ports aren')5.669 F 3.169(t\()-.18 G .67(secure, that is\) e) +-3.169 F .67(xcept on)-.15 F +(UNIX machines, so it is unclear that this adds an)122 345.6 Q(ything.) +-.15 E 16.11(sS)102 361.8 S(trip quote characters \(" and \\\) of)-16.11 +E 2.5(fo)-.25 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he address before calling the mailer)-2.5 +E(.)-.55 E 14.44(SD)102 378 S(on')-14.44 E 3.332(tr)-.18 G .832 +(eset the userid before calling the mailer)-3.332 F 5.831(.T)-.55 G .831 +(his w)-5.831 F .831(ould be used in a secure en)-.1 F(vironment)-.4 E +(where)122 390 Q F2(sendmail)3.317 E F1 .817(ran as root.)3.317 F .817 +(This could be used to a)5.817 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .817(id for).2 F .817 +(ged addresses.)-.18 F .817(If the)5.817 F F0(U=)3.317 E F1 .818 +(\214eld is)3.317 F .974 +(also speci\214ed, this \215ag causes the user id to al)122 402 R -.1 +(wa)-.1 G .974(ys be set to that user and group \(instead of).1 F(lea) +122 414 Q(ving it as root\).)-.2 E 15(uU)102 430.2 S +(pper case should be preserv)-15 E(ed in user names for this mailer)-.15 +E(.)-.55 E 12.78(UT)102 446.4 S(his mailer w)-12.78 E(ants UUCP-style \231From\232 lines with the ugly \231remote from <host>\232 on the end.) +-.1 E 12.78(wT)102 462.6 S .565(he user must ha)-12.78 F .865 -.15 +(ve a v)-.2 H .566 +(alid account on this machine, i.e., getpwnam must succeed.)-.1 F .566 +(If not, the)5.566 F(mail is bounced.)122 474.6 Q +(This is required to get \231.forw)5 E(ard\232 capability)-.1 E(.)-.65 E +7.5(x\207 This)102 490.8 R(mailer w)2.5 E +(ants a \231Full-Name:\232 header line.)-.1 E 12.78(XT)102 507 S .972 +(his mailer w)-12.78 F .972(ant to use the hidden dot algorithm as speci\214ed in RFC821; basically) +-.1 F 3.472(,a)-.65 G 1.272 -.15(ny l)-3.472 H(ine).15 E(be)122 519 Q +.796(ginning with a dot will ha)-.15 F 1.096 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.296(ne) +.15 G .797(xtra dot prepended \(to be stripped at the other end\).) +-3.446 F(This)5.797 E(insures that lines in the message containing a dot will not terminate the message prematurely) +122 531 Q(.)-.65 E 15(0D)102 547.2 S(on')-15 E 2.5(tl)-.18 G +(ook up MX records for hosts sent via SMTP)-2.5 E(.)-1.11 E 15(3E)102 +563.4 S .002(xtend the list of characters con)-15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .001 +(rted to =XX notation when con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .001 +(rting to Quoted-Printable to).15 F .977(include those that don')122 +575.4 R 3.478(tm)-.18 G .978(ap cleanly between ASCII and EBCDIC.)-3.478 +F .978(Useful if you ha)5.978 F 1.278 -.15(ve I)-.2 H(BM).15 E +(mainframes on site.)122 587.4 Q 15(5I)102 603.6 S 2.717(fn)-15 G 2.717 +(oa)-2.717 G .217(liases are found for this address, pass the address through ruleset 5 for possible alternate) +-2.717 F 2.5(resolution. This)122 615.6 R(is intended to forw)2.5 E +(ard the mail to an alternate deli)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry spot.).15 E +15(7S)102 631.8 S 1.14(trip all output to se)-15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.64 +(nb).15 G 3.64(its. This)-3.64 F 1.14(is the def)3.64 F 1.141 +(ault if the)-.1 F F0(L)3.641 E F1 1.141(\215ag is set.)3.641 F 1.141 +(Note that clearing this)6.141 F .295(option is not suf)122 643.8 R .295 +(\214cient to get full eight bit data passed through)-.25 F F2(sendmail) +2.795 E F1 5.295(.I)C 2.795(ft)-5.295 G(he)-2.795 E F0(7)2.795 E F1 .295 +(option is set,)2.795 F .716(this is essentially al)122 655.8 R -.1(wa) +-.1 G .717(ys set, since the eighth bit w).1 F .717 +(as stripped on input.)-.1 F .717(Note that this option)5.717 F +(will only impact messages that didn')122 667.8 Q 2.5(th)-.18 G -2.25 +-.2(av e)-2.5 H(8)2.7 E/F3 10/Symbol SF<ae>A F1 2.5(7b)C(it MIME con) +-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rsions performed.).15 E 15(8I)102 684 S 3.783(fs) +-15 G 1.283(et, it is acceptable to send eight bit data to this mailer; the usual attempt to do 8) +-3.783 F F3<ae>A F1 3.782(7b)C(it)-3.782 E(MIME con)122 696 Q -.15(ve) +-.4 G(rsions will be bypassed.).15 E 15(9I)102 712.2 S 2.704(fs)-15 G +.204(et, do)-2.704 F F2(limited)2.704 E F1(7)2.704 E F3<ae>A F1 2.704 +(8b)C .204(it MIME con)-2.704 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.704(rsions. These).15 F +(con)2.704 E -.15(ve)-.4 G .205(rsions are limited to te).15 F .205 +(xt/plain data.)-.15 F EP +%%Page: 40 36 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-40 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 17.22(:C) +102 96 S .982(heck addresses to see if the)-17.22 F 3.482(yb)-.15 G -.15 +(eg)-3.482 G .982(in \231:include:\232; if the).15 F 3.482(yd)-.15 G +.982(o, con)-3.482 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .982 +(rt them to the \231*include*\232).15 F(mailer)122 108 Q(.)-.55 E 18(|C) +102 124.2 S(heck addresses to see if the)-18 E 2.5(yb)-.15 G -.15(eg) +-2.5 G(in with a `|'; if the).15 E 2.5(yd)-.15 G(o, con)-2.5 E -.15(ve) +-.4 G(rt them to the \231prog\232 mailer).15 E(.)-.55 E 17.22(/C)102 +140.4 S(heck addresses to see if the)-17.22 E 2.5(yb)-.15 G -.15(eg)-2.5 +G(in with a `/'; if the).15 E 2.5(yd)-.15 G(o, con)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G +(rt them to the \231*\214le*\232 mailer).15 E(.)-.55 E 10.79(@L)102 +156.6 S(ook up addresses in the user database.)-10.79 E .267 +(Con\214guration \214les prior to le)127 172.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.768 +(l6a).15 G .268(ssume the `)-2.768 F -1.11(A')-.8 G 2.768(,`)1.11 G .268 +(w', `5', `:', `|', `/', and `@' options on the)-2.768 F +(mailer named \231local\232.)102 184.8 Q .306(The mailer with the special name \231error\232 can be used to generate a user error) +127 201 R 5.305(.T)-.55 G .305(he \(optional\))-5.305 F .323 +(host \214eld is an e)102 213 R .323(xit status to be returned, and the user \214eld is a message to be printed.) +-.15 F .324(The e)5.324 F .324(xit sta-)-.15 F .891 +(tus may be numeric or one of the v)102 225 R .891(alues USA)-.25 F .891 +(GE, NOUSER, NOHOST)-.4 F 3.39(,U)-.74 G -.35(NA)-3.39 G -1.35(VA)-1 G +.89(ILABLE, SOFT)1.35 F(-)-.92 E -1.2(WA)102 237 S 1.141(RE, TEMPF)1.2 F +1.141(AIL, PR)-.74 F -1.88 -.4(OT O)-.4 H 1.141 +(COL, or CONFIG to return the corresponding EX_ e).4 F 1.142 +(xit code, or an)-.15 F .288 +(enhanced error code as described in RFC 1893,)102 249 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF .288(Enhanced Mail System Status Codes.)2.788 F F1 +-.15(Fo)5.287 G 2.787(re).15 G(xample,)-2.937 E(the entry:)102 261 Q +($#error $@ NOHOST $: Host unkno)142 277.2 Q(wn in this domain)-.25 E +.145(on the RHS of a rule will cause the speci\214ed error to be generated and the \231Host unkno) +102 293.4 R .146(wn\232 e)-.25 F .146(xit sta-)-.15 F .491 +(tus to be returned if the LHS matches.)102 305.4 R .491 +(This mailer is only functional in rulesets 0, 5, or one of the)5.491 F +(check_* rulesets.)102 317.4 Q .468(The mailer named \231local\232)127 +333.6 R F2(must)2.968 E F1 .468(be de\214ned in e)2.968 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.468(ry con\214guration \214le.).15 F .468(This is used to deli)5.468 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .25(local mail, and is treated specially in se) +102 345.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .25(ral w).15 F 2.75(ays. Additionally)-.1 F +2.75(,t)-.65 G .25(hree other mailers named \231prog\232,)-2.75 F .942(\231*\214le*\232, and \231*include*\232 may be de\214ned to tune the deli) +102 357.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .942 +(ry of messages to programs, \214les, and).15 F +(:include: lists respecti)102 369.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.T)-.65 +G(he)-5 E 2.5(yd)-.15 G(ef)-2.5 E(ault to:)-.1 E +(Mprog, P=/bin/sh, F=lsD, A=sh \255c $u)142 385.8 Q(M*\214le*, P=/de)142 +397.8 Q(v/null, F=lsDFMPEu, A=FILE)-.25 E(M*include*, P=/de)142 409.8 Q +(v/null, F=su, A=INCLUDE)-.25 E .616(The Sender and Recipient re)127 +430.2 R .615 +(writing sets may either be a simple ruleset id or may be tw)-.25 F +3.115(oi)-.1 G(ds)-3.115 E .575 +(separated by a slash; if so, the \214rst re)102 442.2 R .576 +(writing set is applied to en)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .576 +(lope addresses and the second is).15 F(applied to headers.)102 454.2 Q +.197 +(The Directory is actually a colon-separated path of directories to try) +127 470.4 R 5.196(.F)-.65 G .196(or e)-5.346 F .196 +(xample, the de\214ni-)-.15 F .104 +(tion \231D=$z:/\232 \214rst tries to e)102 482.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .104 +(cute in the recipient').15 F 2.604(sh)-.55 G .104 +(ome directory; if that is not a)-2.604 F -.25(va)-.2 G .104 +(ilable, it tries to).25 F -.15(exe)102 494.4 S .816 +(cute in the root of the \214lesystem.).15 F .816 +(This is intended to be used only on the \231prog\232 mailer)5.816 F +3.316(,s)-.4 G(ince)-3.316 E .367(some shells \(such as)102 506.4 R F2 +(csh)2.867 E F1 2.867(\)r)C .367(efuse to e)-2.867 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .368 +(cute if the).15 F 2.868(yc)-.15 G .368(annot read the home directory) +-2.868 F 5.368(.S)-.65 G .368(ince the queue)-5.368 F +(directory is not normally readable by unpri)102 518.4 Q(vile)-.25 E +(ged users)-.15 E F2(csh)2.5 E F1(scripts as recipients can f)2.5 E +(ail.)-.1 E 1.863(The Userid speci\214es the def)127 534.6 R 1.863 +(ault user and group id to run as, o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.862 +(rriding the).15 F F0(DefaultUser)4.362 E F1 .286(option \(q.v)102 546.6 +R 2.786(.\). If)-.65 F(the)2.786 E F0(S)2.786 E F1 .287(mailer \215ag is also speci\214ed, this is the user and group to run as in all circum-) +2.786 F 2.588(stances. This)102 558.6 R .088(may be gi)2.588 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.588(na).15 G(s)-2.588 E F2(user:gr)2.588 E(oup)-.45 E F1 .088 +(to set both the user and group id; either may be an inte)2.588 F(ger) +-.15 E .541(or a symbolic name to be look)102 570.6 R .541(ed up in the) +-.1 F F2(passwd)3.041 E F1(and)3.041 E F2(gr)3.041 E(oup)-.45 E F1 .541 +(\214les respecti)3.041 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.541(.I)-.65 G 3.041 +(fo)-5.541 G .542(nly a symbolic)-3.041 F +(user name is speci\214ed, the group id in the)102 582.6 Q F2(passwd)2.5 +E F1(\214le for that user is used as the group id.)2.5 E .545 +(The Charset \214eld is used when con)127 598.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .545 +(rting a message to MIME; this is the character set used).15 F .465 +(in the Content-T)102 610.8 R .465(ype: header)-.8 F 5.465(.I)-.55 G +2.965(ft)-5.465 G .465(his is not set, the)-2.965 F F0(DefaultCharset) +2.966 E F1 .466(option is used, and if that is not)2.966 F .258 +(set, the v)102 622.8 R .258(alue \231unkno)-.25 F .258 +(wn-8bit\232 is used.)-.25 F F0 -1.2(WA)5.257 G(RNING:)1.2 E F1 .257 +(this \214eld applies to the sender')2.757 F 2.757(sm)-.55 G(ailer) +-2.757 E 2.757(,n)-.4 G .257(ot the)-2.757 F(recipient')102 634.8 Q +2.701(sm)-.55 G(ailer)-2.701 E 5.201(.F)-.55 G .201(or e)-5.351 F .201 +(xample, if the en)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .202 +(lope sender address lists an address on the local netw).15 F(ork)-.1 E +.48(and the recipient is on an e)102 646.8 R .48(xternal netw)-.15 F .48 +(ork, the character set will be set from the Charset= \214eld for)-.1 F +(the local netw)102 658.8 Q(ork mailer)-.1 E 2.5(,n)-.4 G +(ot that of the e)-2.5 E(xternal netw)-.15 E(ork mailer)-.1 E(.)-.55 E +.794(The T)127 675 R .795(ype= \214eld sets the type information used in MIME error messages as de\214ned by RFC) +-.8 F 2.805(1894. It)102 687 R .305(is actually three v)2.805 F .305 +(alues separated by slashes: the MT)-.25 F .305 +(A-type \(that is, the description of ho)-.93 F(w)-.25 E .083(hosts are named\), the address type \(the description of e-mail addresses\), and the diagnostic type \(the) +102 699 R .143(description of error diagnostic codes\).)102 711 R .143 +(Each of these must be a re)5.143 F .142(gistered v)-.15 F .142 +(alue or be)-.25 F .142(gin with \231X\255\232.)-.15 F(The def)102 723 Q +(ault is \231dns/rfc822/smtp\232.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 41 37 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-41)195.86 E 2.5(5.5. H)87 96 R 2.5<8a44>2.5 G(e\214ne Header) +-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.135(The format of the header lines that) +127 112.2 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.636 E F1 1.136 +(inserts into the message are de\214ned by the)3.636 F F0(H)3.636 E F1 +2.5(line. The)102 124.2 R(syntax of this line is:)2.5 E F0(H)142 140.4 Q +F1([)A F0(?)A F2(m\215a)A(gs)-.1 E F0(?)A F1(])A F2(hname)A F0(:)A F2 +(htemplate)2.5 E F1 1.058(Continuation lines in this spec are re\215ected directly into the outgoing message.) +102 156.6 R(The)6.058 E F2(htemplate)3.557 E F1(is)3.557 E 1.097 +(macro e)102 168.6 R 1.097(xpanded before insertion into the message.) +-.15 F 1.098(If the)6.098 F F2(m\215a)3.598 E(gs)-.1 E F1 1.098 +(\(surrounded by question marks\))3.598 F .161(are speci\214ed, at least one of the speci\214ed \215ags must be stated in the mailer de\214nition for this header) +102 180.6 R .191(to be automatically output.)102 192.6 R .192(If one of these headers is in the input it is re\215ected to the output re) +5.191 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(rd-).05 E(less of these \215ags.)102 204.6 Q +(Some headers ha)127 220.8 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H +(pecial semantics that will be described later).15 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5 +(5.6. O)87 244.8 R 2.5<8a53>2.5 G(et Option)-2.5 E F1 .963(There are a number of global options that can be set from a con\214guration \214le.) +127 261 R .962(Options are)5.962 F .86(represented by full w)102 273 R +.86(ords; some are also representable as single characters for back compatibility) +-.1 F(.)-.65 E(The syntax of this line is:)102 285 Q F0(O)142 301.2 Q F2 +(option)7.5 E F0(=)A F2(value)A F1 .563(This sets option)102 317.4 R F2 +(option)3.062 E F1 .562(to be)3.062 F F2(value)3.062 E F1 5.562(.N)C +.562(ote that there)-5.562 F F2(must)3.062 E F1 .562 +(be a space between the letter `O' and the)3.062 F(name of the option.) +102 329.4 Q(An older v)5 E(ersion is:)-.15 E F0(O)142 345.6 Q F2 1.666 +(ov)C(alue)-1.666 E F1 .13(where the option)102 361.8 R F2(o)2.63 E F1 +.13(is a single character)2.63 F 5.13(.D)-.55 G .13 +(epending on the option,)-5.13 F F2(value)2.63 E F1 .13 +(may be a string, an inte)2.63 F(ger)-.15 E(,)-.4 E 2.5(ab)102 373.8 S +(oolean \(with le)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.5(lv).05 G +(alues \231t\232, \231T\232, \231f\232, or \231F\232; the def)-2.75 E +(ault is TR)-.1 E(UE\), or a time interv)-.4 E(al.)-.25 E +(The options supported \(with the old, one character names in brack)127 +390 Q(ets\) are:)-.1 E(AliasFile=)102 406.2 Q F2(spec, spec, ...)A F1 +.44([A] Specify possible alias \214le\(s\).)174 418.2 R(Each)5.439 E F2 +(spec)2.939 E F1 .439(should be in the format `)2.939 F(`)-.74 E F2 +(class)A F0(:)A F2(\214le)2.939 E F1 -.74('')C(where)174 430.2 Q F2 +(class)3.099 E F0(:)A F1 .599(is optional and def)3.099 F .599 +(aults to `)-.1 F(`implicit')-.74 E 3.099('. Depending)-.74 F .599 +(on ho)3.099 F(w)-.25 E F2(sendmail)3.1 E F1 .187(is compiled, v)174 +442.2 R .187(alid classes are \231implicit\232 \(search through a compiled-in list of alias) +-.25 F 2.055(\214le types, for back compatibility\), \231hash\232 \(if) +174 454.2 R/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(NEWDB)4.555 E F1 2.055 +(is speci\214ed\), \231dbm\232 \(if)4.555 F F3(NDBM)174 466.2 Q F1 1.588 +(is speci\214ed\), \231stab\232 \(internal symbol table \212 not normally used unless) +4.089 F .074(you ha)174 478.2 R .374 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.574(oo).15 G .074 +(ther database lookup\), or \231nis\232 \(if)-2.574 F F3(NIS)2.574 E F1 +.075(is speci\214ed\).)2.575 F .075(If a list of)5.075 F F2(spec)2.575 E +F1(s)A(are pro)174 490.2 Q(vided,)-.15 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1 +(searches them in order)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(AliasW)102 506.4 Q(ait=)-.8 E F2 +(timeout)A F1 .141([a] If set, w)174 518.4 R .141(ait up to)-.1 F F2 +(timeout)2.641 E F1 .141(\(units def)2.641 F .14 +(ault to minutes\) for an \231@:@\232 entry to e)-.1 F(xist)-.15 E .517 +(in the alias database before starting up.)174 530.4 R .517 +(If it does not appear in the)5.517 F F2(timeout)3.018 E F1(inter)3.018 +E(-)-.2 E -.25(va)174 542.4 S 3.21(lr).25 G(eb)-3.21 E .71 +(uild the database \(if the)-.2 F F0 -.5(Au)3.21 G(toReb).5 E +(uildAliases)-.2 E F1 .71(option is also set\) or issue a)3.21 F -.1(wa) +174 554.4 S(rning.).1 E(Allo)102 570.6 Q(wBogusHELO)-.25 E 1.104 +([no short name] If set, allo)174 582.6 R 3.604(wH)-.25 G 1.104 +(ELO SMTP commands that don')-3.604 F 3.604(ti)-.18 G 1.104 +(nclude a host)-3.604 F 2.882(name. Setting)174 594.6 R .382 +(this violates RFC 1123 section 5.2.5, b)2.882 F .381 +(ut is necessary to interoper)-.2 F(-)-.2 E .06(ate with se)174 606.6 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .06(ral SMTP clients.).15 F .061(If there is a v)5.06 F +.061(alue, it is still check)-.25 F .061(ed for le)-.1 F(gitimac)-.15 E +-.65(y.)-.15 G(AutoReb)102 622.8 Q(uildAliases)-.2 E .128 +([D] If set, reb)174 634.8 R .128 +(uild the alias database if necessary and possible.)-.2 F .128 +(If this option is not)5.128 F(set,)174 646.8 Q F2(sendmail)4.885 E F1 +2.385(will ne)4.885 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.885(rr).15 G(eb)-4.885 E 2.385 +(uild the alias database unless e)-.2 F 2.385(xplicitly requested)-.15 F +(using)174 658.8 Q F0(\255bi)2.5 E F1 5(.N)C +(ot recommended \212 can cause thrashing.)-5 E(BlankSub=)102 675 Q F2(c) +A F1 1.255([B] Set the blank substitution character to)22.47 F F2(c) +3.755 E F1 6.255(.U)C 1.255(nquoted spaces in addresses are)-6.255 F +(replaced by this character)174 687 Q 5(.D)-.55 G(ef)-5 E +(aults to space \(i.e., no change is made\).)-.1 E 14.51 +(CheckAliases [n])102 703.2 R -1.11(Va)2.5 G +(lidate the RHS of aliases when reb)1.11 E(uilding the alias database.) +-.2 E EP +%%Page: 42 38 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-42 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(CheckpointInterv)102 96 Q(al=)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(N)A F1 +1.296([C] Checkpoints the queue e)174 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 +(N)3.797 E F1(\(def)3.797 E 1.297(ault 10\) addresses sent.)-.1 F 1.297 +(If your system)6.297 F .747(crashes during deli)174 120 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G .746(ry to a lar).15 F .746(ge list, this pre)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.746(nts retransmission to an).15 F 3.246(yb)-.15 G .746(ut the)-3.446 F +(last recipients.)174 132 Q(ClassF)102 148.2 Q(actor=)-.15 E F2(fact)A +F1 1.624([z] The indicated)4.29 F F2(fact)4.124 E F1 1.624 +(or is multiplied by the message class \(determined by the)B .719 +(Precedence: \214eld in the user header and the)174 160.2 R F0(P)3.219 E +F1 .718(lines in the con\214guration \214le\) and)3.218 F 2.637 +(subtracted from the priority)174 172.2 R 7.637(.T)-.65 G 2.637 +(hus, messages with a higher Priority: will be)-7.637 F -.1(fa)174 184.2 +S -.2(vo)-.1 G 2.5(red. Def).2 F(aults to 1800.)-.1 E 3.95 +(ColonOkInAddr [no)102 200.4 R 4.679 +(short name] If set, colons are acceptable in e-mail addresses \(e.g.,) +7.18 F 3.54(\231host:user\232\). If)174 212.4 R 1.04 +(not set, colons indicate the be)3.54 F 1.04 +(ginning of a RFC 822 group con-)-.15 F 1.988 +(struct \(\231groupname: member1, member2, ... memberN;\232\).)174 224.4 +R 1.987(Doubled colons are)6.987 F(al)174 236.4 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G 2.215(ys acceptable \(\231nodename::user\232\) and proper route-addr nesting is under) +.1 F(-)-.2 E 1.037(stood \(\231<@relay:user@host>\232\).)174 248.4 R +1.037(Furthermore, this option def)6.037 F 1.036(aults on if the con-) +-.1 F .853(\214guration v)174 260.4 R .853(ersion le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.353(li).15 G 3.353(sl)-3.353 G .853 +(ess than 6 \(for back compatibility\).)-3.353 F(Ho)5.854 E(we)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.654 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.354(tm).4 G(ust)-3.354 E(be of)174 +272.4 Q 2.5(ff)-.25 G(or full compatibility with RFC 822.)-2.5 E +(ConnectionCacheSize=)102 288.6 Q F2(N)A F1 .242([k] The maximum number of open connections that will be cached at a time.) +174 300.6 R(The)5.242 E(def)174 312.6 Q .385(ault is one.)-.1 F .386 +(This delays closing the current connection until either this in)5.386 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E 1.192(tion of)174 324.6 R F2(sendmail)3.692 E F1 +1.191(needs to connect to another host or it terminates.)3.692 F 1.191 +(Setting it to)6.191 F 2.046(zero def)174 336.6 R 2.046 +(aults to the old beha)-.1 F(vior)-.2 E 4.546(,t)-.4 G 2.047 +(hat is, connections are closed immediately)-4.546 F(.)-.65 E .266(Since this consumes \214le descriptors, the connection cache should be k) +174 348.6 R .265(ept small: 4)-.1 F(is probably a practical maximum.)174 +360.6 Q(ConnectionCacheT)102 376.8 Q(imeout=)-.35 E F2(timeout)A F1 .708 +([K] The maximum amount of time a cached connection will be permitted to idle) +174 388.8 R 1.083(without acti)174 400.8 R(vity)-.25 E 6.083(.I)-.65 G +3.583(ft)-6.083 G 1.083(his time is e)-3.583 F 1.082 +(xceeded, the connection is immediately closed.)-.15 F .417(This v)174 +412.8 R .418(alue should be small \(on the order of ten minutes\).)-.25 +F(Before)5.418 E F2(sendmail)2.918 E F1 .418(uses a)2.918 F .508 +(cached connection, it al)174 424.8 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .507 +(ys sends a RSET command to check the connection; if).1 F .401(this f) +174 436.8 R .401(ails, it reopens the connection.)-.1 F .401(This k) +5.401 F .402(eeps your end from f)-.1 F .402(ailing if the other)-.1 F +1.545(end times out.)174 448.8 R 1.545 +(The point of this option is to be a good netw)6.545 F 1.544 +(ork neighbor and)-.1 F -.2(avo)174 460.8 S(id using up e).2 E(xcessi) +-.15 E .3 -.15(ve r)-.25 H(esources on the other end.).15 E(The def)5 E +(ault is \214v)-.1 E 2.5(em)-.15 G(inutes.)-2.5 E +(ConnectionRateThrottle=)102 477 Q F2(N)A F1 .21 +([no short name] If set to a positi)174 489 R .511 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .211 +(alue, allo)-.1 F 2.711(wn)-.25 G 2.711(om)-2.711 G .211(ore than)-2.711 +F F2(N)2.711 E F1 .211(incoming daemon)2.711 F 1.776 +(connections in a one second period.)174 501 R 1.776 +(This is intended to \215atten out peaks and)6.776 F(allo)174 513 Q 2.5 +(wt)-.25 G(he load a)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(rage checking to cut in.).15 E +(Def)5 E(aults to zero \(no limits\).)-.1 E(DaemonPortOptions=)102 529.2 +Q F2(options)A F1([O] Set serv)174 541.2 Q(er SMTP options.)-.15 E +(The options are)5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(y=value)-.2 E F1 2.5(pairs. Kno)2.5 +F(wn k)-.25 E -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sa).15 G(re:)-2.5 E 52.83 +(Port Name/number)214 557.4 R(of listening port \(def)2.5 E +(aults to "smtp"\))-.1 E 48.95(Addr Address)214 569.4 R(mask \(def)2.5 E +(aults IN)-.1 E(ADDR_ANY\))-.35 E -.15(Fa)214 581.4 S 41.31 +(mily Address).15 F -.1(fa)2.5 G(mily \(def).1 E(aults to INET\))-.1 E +44.5(Listen Size)214 593.4 R(of listen queue \(def)2.5 E(aults to 10\)) +-.1 E 21.72(SndBufSize Size)214 605.4 R(of TCP send b)2.5 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer)-.25 E 21.17(RcvBufSize Size)214 617.4 R(of TCP recei)2.5 E .3 -.15 +(ve b)-.25 H(uf)-.05 E(fer)-.25 E(The)174 633.6 Q F2(Addr)2.5 E F1 +(ess mask may be a numeric address in dot notation or a netw)A +(ork name.)-.1 E(Def)102 649.8 Q(aultCharSet=)-.1 E F2 -.15(ch)C(ar).15 +E(set)-.1 E F1 .16 +([no short name] When a message that has 8-bit characters b)174 661.8 R +.161(ut is not in MIME for)-.2 F(-)-.2 E .495(mat is con)174 673.8 R +-.15(ve)-.4 G .495 +(rted to MIME \(see the EightBitMode option\) a character set must be) +.15 F .487(included in the Content-T)174 685.8 R .487(ype: header)-.8 F +5.487(.T)-.55 G .488(his character set is normally set from the)-5.487 F +.133(Charset= \214eld of the mailer descriptor)174 697.8 R 5.133(.I)-.55 +G 2.633(ft)-5.133 G .133(hat is not set, the v)-2.633 F .133 +(alue of this option is)-.25 F 2.5(used. If)174 709.8 R +(this option is not set, the v)2.5 E(alue \231unkno)-.25 E +(wn-8bit\232 is used.)-.25 E EP +%%Page: 43 39 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-43)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Def)102 96 Q(aultUser=)-.1 E +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(user:gr)A(oup)-.45 E F1 .013([u] Set the def) +174 108 R .013(ault userid for mailers to)-.1 F F2(user:gr)2.513 E(oup) +-.45 E F1 5.013(.I)C(f)-5.013 E F2(gr)2.513 E(oup)-.45 E F1 .014 +(is omitted and)2.514 F F2(user)2.514 E F1(is)2.514 E 4.307(au)174 120 S +1.807(ser name \(as opposed to a numeric user id\) the def)-4.307 F +1.806(ault group listed in the)-.1 F 1.153 +(/etc/passwd \214le for that user is used as the def)174 132 R 1.153 +(ault group.)-.1 F(Both)6.153 E F2(user)3.653 E F1(and)3.653 E F2(gr) +3.653 E(oup)-.45 E F1 1.153(may be numeric.)174 144 R 1.152 +(Mailers without the)6.152 F F2(S)3.652 E F1 1.152 +(\215ag in the mailer de\214nition will run as)3.652 F .142(this user) +174 158 R 5.142(.D)-.55 G(ef)-5.142 E .142(aults to 1:1.)-.1 F .142 +(The v)5.142 F .142(alue can also be gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.642(na) +.15 G 2.642(sas)-2.642 G .142(ymbolic user name.)-2.642 F/F3 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(19)-4 I F1(Deli)102 174.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ryMode=).15 +E F2(x)A F1([d] Deli)4 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ri).15 G 2.5(nm)-2.5 G(ode) +-2.5 E F2(x)2.5 E F1 5(.L)C -2.25 -.15(eg a)-5 H 2.5(lm).15 G(odes are:) +-2.5 E 17.22(iD)214 190.4 S(eli)-17.22 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ri).15 G +(nteracti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly \(synchronously\)).15 E 15(bD)214 +202.4 S(eli)-15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ri).15 G 2.5(nb)-2.5 G +(ackground \(asynchronously\))-2.5 E 15(qJ)214 214.4 S +(ust queue the message \(deli)-15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rd).15 G +(uring queue run\))-2.5 E 15(dD)214 226.4 S(efer deli)-15 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G(ry and all map lookups \(deli).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rd).15 G +(uring queue run\))-2.5 E(Def)174 242.6 Q .712(aults to `)-.1 F(`b')-.74 +E 3.212('i)-.74 G 3.212(fn)-3.212 G 3.211(oo)-3.212 G .711 +(ption is speci\214ed, `)-3.211 F(`i')-.74 E 3.211('i)-.74 G 3.211(fi) +-3.211 G 3.211(ti)-3.211 G 3.211(ss)-3.211 G .711(peci\214ed b)-3.211 F +.711(ut gi)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.211(nn).15 G 3.211(oa)-3.211 G -.18 +(rg)-3.211 G(u-).18 E .094(ment \(i.e., `)174 254.6 R(`Od')-.74 E 2.594 +('i)-.74 G 2.594(se)-2.594 G(qui)-2.594 E -.25(va)-.25 G .094(lent to `) +.25 F(`Odi')-.74 E 2.594('\). The)-.74 F F0<ad76>2.594 E F1 .094 +(command line \215ag sets this to)2.594 F F0(i)2.594 E F1(.)A +(DialDelay=)102 270.8 Q F2(sleeptime)A F1 .799 +([no short name] Dial-on-demand netw)174 282.8 R .798 +(ork connections can see timeouts if a con-)-.1 F .665 +(nection is opened before the call is set up.)174 294.8 R .665 +(If this is set to an interv)5.665 F .665(al and a con-)-.25 F .743 +(nection times out on the \214rst connection being attempted)174 306.8 R +F2(sendmail)3.242 E F1 .742(will sleep for)3.242 F .31 +(this amount of time and try ag)174 318.8 R 2.81(ain. This)-.05 F .31 +(should gi)2.81 F .61 -.15(ve y)-.25 H .31(our system time to establish) +.15 F 1.543(the connection to your service pro)174 330.8 R(vider)-.15 E +6.543(.U)-.55 G 1.543(nits def)-6.543 F 1.542 +(ault to seconds, so \231DialDe-)-.1 F(lay=5\232 uses a \214v)174 342.8 +Q 2.5(es)-.15 G(econd delay)-2.5 E 5(.D)-.65 G(ef)-5 E +(aults to zero \(no retry\).)-.1 E(DontExpandCnames)102 359 Q .559([no short name] The standards say that all host addresses used in a mail message) +174 371 R 1.408(must be fully canonical.)174 383 R -.15(Fo)6.407 G 3.907 +(re).15 G 1.407(xample, if your host is named \231Cruft.F)-4.057 F +(oo.ORG\232)-.15 E 1.462(and also has an alias of \231FTP)174 395 R(.F) +-1.11 E 1.462(oo.ORG\232, the former name must be used at all)-.15 F +2.631(times. This)174 407 R .131 +(is enforced during host name canoni\214cation \($[ ... $] lookups\).) +2.631 F .13(If this)5.13 F .661(option is set, the protocols are ignored and the \231wrong\232 thing is done.) +174 419 R(Ho)5.662 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .455 +(the IETF is mo)174 431 R .455(ving to)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.25 G .455 +(rd changing this standard, so the beha).1 F .455(viour may become)-.2 F +3.009(acceptable. Please)174 443 R .509(note that hosts do)3.009 F .509 +(wnstream may still re)-.25 F .509(write the address to be)-.25 F +(the true canonical name ho)174 455 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.55(r.) +.15 G 6.17(DontInitGroups [no)102 471.2 R .25(short name] If set,)2.75 F +F2(sendmail)2.75 E F1 .25(will a)2.75 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .25 +(id using the initgroups\(3\) call.).2 F .25(If you are)5.25 F .583(running NIS, this causes a sequential scan of the groups.byname map, which can) +174 483.2 R .436(cause your NIS serv)174 495.2 R .436(er to be badly o) +-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .435(rloaded in a lar).15 F .435(ge domain.)-.18 F +.435(The cost of this)5.435 F .697(is that the only group found for users will be their primary group \(the one in the) +174 507.2 R(passw)174 519.2 Q 1.189(ord \214le\), which will mak)-.1 F +3.689<658c>-.1 G 1.189(le access permissions some)-3.689 F 1.189 +(what more restric-)-.25 F(ti)174 531.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.H).15 G +(as no ef)-5 E(fect on systems that don')-.25 E 2.5(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2 +(av e)-2.5 H(group lists.)2.7 E -1.61(DontPruneRoutes [R])102 547.4 R +(Normally)3.905 E(,)-.65 E F2(sendmail)3.905 E F1 1.405 +(tries to eliminate an)3.905 F 3.905(yu)-.15 G 1.405(nnecessary e)-3.905 +F 1.405(xplicit routes when)-.15 F .155 +(sending an error message \(as discussed in RFC 1123 \247 5.2.6\).)174 +559.4 R -.15(Fo)5.154 G 2.654(re).15 G .154(xample, when)-2.804 F +(sending an error message to)174 571.4 Q(<@kno)214 587.6 Q(wn1,@kno)-.25 +E(wn2,@kno)-.25 E(wn3:user@unkno)-.25 E(wn>)-.25 E F2(sendmail)174 603.8 +Q F1 1.155(will strip of)3.655 F 3.655(ft)-.25 G 1.155(he \231@kno) +-3.655 F(wn1,@kno)-.25 E 1.155(wn2\232 in order to mak)-.25 F 3.655(et) +-.1 G 1.155(he route as)-3.655 F .813(direct as possible.)174 615.8 R +(Ho)5.813 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.613 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.313(ft).4 G +(he)-3.313 E F0(R)3.313 E F1 .812 +(option is set, this will be disabled, and the)3.313 F .009 +(mail will be sent to the \214rst address in the route, e)174 627.8 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.51(ni).15 G 2.51(fl)-2.51 G .01(ater addresses are kno) +-2.51 F(wn.)-.25 E(This may be useful if you are caught behind a \214re) +174 639.8 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G(ll.).1 E(DoubleBounceAddress=)102 656 Q F2 +(err)A(or)-.45 E(-addr)-.2 E(ess)-.37 E F1 .504([no short name] If an error occurs when sending an error message, send the error) +174 668 R 1.999(report \(termed a \231double bounce\232 because it is an error \231bounce\232 that occurs) +174 680 R .32 LW 76 689.6 72 689.6 DL 80 689.6 76 689.6 DL 84 689.6 80 +689.6 DL 88 689.6 84 689.6 DL 92 689.6 88 689.6 DL 96 689.6 92 689.6 DL +100 689.6 96 689.6 DL 104 689.6 100 689.6 DL 108 689.6 104 689.6 DL 112 +689.6 108 689.6 DL 116 689.6 112 689.6 DL 120 689.6 116 689.6 DL 124 +689.6 120 689.6 DL 128 689.6 124 689.6 DL 132 689.6 128 689.6 DL 136 +689.6 132 689.6 DL 140 689.6 136 689.6 DL 144 689.6 140 689.6 DL 148 +689.6 144 689.6 DL 152 689.6 148 689.6 DL 156 689.6 152 689.6 DL 160 +689.6 156 689.6 DL 164 689.6 160 689.6 DL 168 689.6 164 689.6 DL 172 +689.6 168 689.6 DL 176 689.6 172 689.6 DL 180 689.6 176 689.6 DL 184 +689.6 180 689.6 DL 188 689.6 184 689.6 DL 192 689.6 188 689.6 DL 196 +689.6 192 689.6 DL 200 689.6 196 689.6 DL 204 689.6 200 689.6 DL 208 +689.6 204 689.6 DL 212 689.6 208 689.6 DL 216 689.6 212 689.6 DL/F4 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(19)93.6 700 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(The old)3.2 I/F6 8 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(g)2 E F5(option has been combined into the)2 E F6 +(DefaultUser)2 E F5(option.)2 E EP +%%Page: 44 40 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-44 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .818(when trying to send another error \231bounce\232\) to the indicated address.) +174 96 R .817(If not set,)5.817 F(def)174 108 Q +(aults to \231postmaster\232.)-.1 E(EightBitMode=)102 124.2 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)A F1 1.955 +([8] Set handling of eight-bit data.)174 136.2 R 1.955(There are tw) +6.955 F 4.456(ok)-.1 G 1.956(inds of eight-bit data: that)-4.456 F 3.335 +(declared as such using the)174 148.2 R F0(BOD)5.834 E(Y=8BITMIME)-.4 E +F1 3.334(ESMTP declaration or the)5.834 F F0(\255B8BITMIME)174 160.2 Q +F1 .948 +(command line \215ag, and undeclared 8-bit data, that is, input that) +3.448 F 1.18(just happens to be eight bits.)174 172.2 R 1.18 +(There are three basic operations that can happen:)6.18 F .995 +(undeclared 8-bit data can be automatically con)174 184.2 R -.15(ve)-.4 +G .996(rted to 8BITMIME, undeclared).15 F .887 +(8-bit data can be passed as-is without con)174 196.2 R -.15(ve)-.4 G +.887(rsion to MIME \(`).15 F .887(`just send 8')-.74 F .886('\), and) +-.74 F 1.794(declared 8-bit data can be con)174 208.2 R -.15(ve)-.4 G +1.794(rted to 7-bits for transmission to a non-8BIT).15 F(-)-.92 E +(MIME mailer)174 220.2 Q 5(.T)-.55 G(he possible)-5 E F2(action)2.5 E F1 +2.5(sa)C(re:)-2.5 E 11.11(sR)219 236.4 S +(eject undeclared 8-bit data \(`)-11.11 E(`strict')-.74 E('\))-.74 E +7.22(mC)219 248.4 S(on)-7.22 E -.15(ve)-.4 G +(rt undeclared 8-bit data to MIME \(`).15 E(`mime')-.74 E('\))-.74 E 10 +(pP)219 260.4 S(ass undeclared 8-bit data \(`)-10.15 E(`pass')-.74 E +('\))-.74 E 2.228 +(In all cases properly declared 8BITMIME data will be con)174 276.6 R +-.15(ve)-.4 G 2.227(rted to 7BIT as).15 F(needed.)174 288.6 Q +(ErrorHeader=)102 304.8 Q F2(\214le-or)A(-messa)-.2 E -.1(ge)-.1 G F1 +.486([E] Prepend error messages with the indicated message.)174 316.8 R +.486(If it be)5.486 F .487(gins with a slash,)-.15 F .246(it is assumed to be the pathname of a \214le containing a message \(this is the recom-) +174 328.8 R .86(mended setting\).)174 340.8 R .86 +(Otherwise, it is a literal message.)5.86 F .86 +(The error \214le might contain)5.86 F 1.116(the name, email address, and/or phone number of a local postmaster who could) +174 352.8 R(pro)174 364.8 Q .173(vide assistance in to end users.)-.15 F +.174(If the option is missing or null, or if it names a)5.173 F +(\214le which does not e)174 376.8 Q +(xist or which is not readable, no message is printed.)-.15 E +(ErrorMode=)102 393 Q F2(x)A F1([e] Dispose of errors using mode)17.49 E +F2(x)2.5 E F1 5(.T)C(he v)-5 E(alues for)-.25 E F2(x)2.5 E F1(are:)2.5 E +15(pP)214 409.2 S(rint error messages \(def)-15 E(ault\))-.1 E 15(qN)214 +421.2 S 2.5(om)-15 G(essages, just gi)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve ex)-.25 H +(it status).15 E 12.22(mM)214 433.2 S(ail back errors)-12.22 E 12.78(wW) +214 445.2 S(rite back errors \(mail if user not logged in\))-12.78 E +15.56(eM)214 457.2 S(ail back errors and gi)-15.56 E .3 -.15(ve z)-.25 H +(ero e).15 E(xit stat al)-.15 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys).1 E -.15(Fa)102 477.6 S +(llbackMXhost=).15 E F2(fallbac)A(khost)-.2 E F1 .797 +([V] If speci\214ed, the)174 489.6 R F2(fallbac)3.297 E(khost)-.2 E F1 +.797(acts lik)3.297 F 3.296(eav)-.1 G .796(ery lo)-3.446 F 3.296(wp)-.25 +G .796(riority MX on e)-3.296 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .796(ry host.).15 F +(This is intended to be used by sites with poor netw)174 501.6 Q +(ork connecti)-.1 E(vity)-.25 E(.)-.65 E -.15(Fo)102 517.8 S 16.88 +(rkEachJob [Y]).15 F .707(If set, deli)3.207 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.207(re) +.15 G .708(ach job that is run from the queue in a separate process.) +-3.207 F(Use)5.708 E .275(this option if you are short of memory)174 +529.8 R 2.774(,s)-.65 G .274(ince the def)-2.774 F .274 +(ault tends to consume consid-)-.1 F +(erable amounts of memory while the queue is being processed.)174 541.8 +Q -.15(Fo)102 558 S(rw).15 E(ardP)-.1 E(ath=)-.15 E F2(path)A F1 1.511 +([J] Set the path for searching for users' .forw)174 570 R 1.512 +(ard \214les.)-.1 F 1.512(The def)6.512 F 1.512(ault is \231$z/.for)-.1 +F(-)-.2 E -.1(wa)174 582 S 5.8(rd\232. Some).1 F 3.299 +(sites that use the automounter may prefer to change this to)5.8 F +(\231/v)174 594 Q(ar/forw)-.25 E 1.696(ard/$u\232 to search a \214le with the same name as the user in a system) +-.1 F(directory)174 606 Q 5.488(.I)-.65 G 2.988(tc)-5.488 G .488 +(an also be set to a sequence of paths separated by colons;)-2.988 F F2 +(sendmail)2.987 E F1 .831 +(stops at the \214rst \214le it can successfully and safely open.)174 +618 R -.15(Fo)5.831 G 3.331(re).15 G .831(xample, \231/v)-3.481 F +(ar/for)-.25 E(-)-.2 E -.1(wa)174 630 S(rd/$u:$z/.forw).1 E .277 +(ard\232 will search \214rst in /v)-.1 F(ar/forw)-.25 E(ard/)-.1 E F2 +(username)A F1 .276(and then in)2.777 F F2(~user)2.776 E(-)-.2 E(name) +174 642 Q F1(/.forw)A(ard \(b)-.1 E +(ut only if the \214rst \214le does not e)-.2 E(xist\).)-.15 E +(HelpFile=)102 658.2 Q F2(\214le)A F1 +([H] Specify the help \214le for SMTP)19.14 E(.)-1.11 E(HoldExpensi)102 +674.4 Q 8.54 -.15(ve [)-.25 H 1.393(c] If an outgoing mailer is mark).15 +F 1.393(ed as being e)-.1 F(xpensi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.894(,d).15 G +(on')-3.894 E 3.894(tc)-.18 G 1.394(onnect immedi-)-3.894 F(ately)174 +686.4 Q 5.268(.T)-.65 G .268(his requires that queueing be compiled in, since it will depend on a queue) +-5.268 F(run process to actually send the mail.)174 698.4 Q EP +%%Page: 45 41 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-45)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(HostsFile=)102 96 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(path)A F1 .026([no short name] The path to the hosts database, normally \231/etc/hosts\232.) +10.24 F .026(This option)5.026 F 1.417(is only consulted when sendmail is canonifying addresses, and then only when) +174 108 R .783 +(\231\214les\232 is in the \231hosts\232 service switch entry)174 120 R +5.784(.I)-.65 G 3.284(np)-5.784 G(articular)-3.284 E 3.284(,t)-.4 G .784 +(his \214le is)-3.284 F F2(ne)3.284 E(ver)-.15 E F1(used)3.284 E .202(when looking up host addresses; that is under the control of the system) +174 132 R F2 -.1(ge)2.702 G(thostby-).1 E(name)174 144 Q F1 +(\(3\) routine.)A(HostStatusDirectory=)102 160.2 Q F2(path)A F1 .43 +([no short name] The location of the long term host status information.) +174 172.2 R .43(When set,)5.43 F 1.39 +(information about the status of hosts \(e.g., host do)174 184.2 R 1.39 +(wn or not accepting connec-)-.25 F .162 +(tions\) will be shared between all)174 196.2 R F2(sendmail)2.663 E F1 +.163(processes; normally)2.663 F 2.663(,t)-.65 G .163 +(his information is)-2.663 F .123(only held within a single queue run.) +174 208.2 R .123(This option requires a connection cache of at)5.123 F +.688(least 1 to function.)174 220.2 R .688(If the option be)5.688 F .688 +(gins with a leading `/', it is an absolute path-)-.15 F .617 +(name; otherwise, it is relati)174 232.2 R .917 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.117 +(ot).15 G .617(he mail queue directory)-3.117 F 5.617(.A)-.65 G .617 +(suggested v)-2.5 F .616(alue for)-.25 F .558(sites desiring persistent host status is \231.hoststat\232 \(i.e., a subdirectory of the queue) +174 244.2 R(directory\).)174 256.2 Q 24.51(IgnoreDots [i])102 272.4 R +1.172(Ignore dots in incoming messages.)3.672 F 1.172(This is al)6.172 F +-.1(wa)-.1 G 1.171(ys disabled \(that is, dots are).1 F(al)174 284.4 Q +-.1(wa)-.1 G(ys accepted\) when reading SMTP mail.).1 E(LogLe)102 300.6 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l=).15 E F2(n)A F1([L] Set the def)22.88 E(ault log le) +-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lt).15 G(o)-2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F1 5(.D)C(ef)-5 E +(aults to 9.)-.1 E(M)102 316.8 Q F2 1.666(xv)C(alue)-1.666 E F1 .255 +([no long v)35.344 F .255(ersion] Set the macro)-.15 F F2(x)2.755 E F1 +(to)2.755 E F2(value)2.755 E F1 5.255(.T)C .255 +(his is intended only for use from the)-5.255 F(command line.)174 328.8 +Q(The)5 E F0<ad4d>2.5 E F1(\215ag is preferred.)2.5 E 11.17 +(MatchGECOS [G])102 345 R(Allo)3.334 E 3.334(wf)-.25 G .834 +(uzzy matching on the GECOS \214eld.)-3.334 F .833 +(If this \215ag is set, and the usual)5.833 F .867(user name lookups f) +174 357 R .867(ail \(that is, there is no alias with this name and a)-.1 +F F2 -.1(ge)3.368 G(tpwnam).1 E F1 -.1(fa)174 369 S 1.155 +(ils\), sequentially search the passw).1 F 1.155 +(ord \214le for a matching entry in the GECOS)-.1 F 3.696(\214eld. This) +174 381 R 1.196(also requires that MA)3.696 F 1.196 +(TCHGECOS be turned on during compilation.)-1.11 F +(This option is not recommended.)174 393 Q(MaxDaemonChildren=)102 409.2 +Q F2(N)A F1 .54([no short name] If set,)174 421.2 R F2(sendmail)3.039 E +F1 .539(will refuse connections when it has more than)3.039 F F2(N)3.039 +E F1 1.086(children processing incoming mail.)174 433.2 R 1.087 +(This does not limit the number of outgoing)6.086 F 3.37 +(connections. If)174 445.2 R .87 +(not set, there is no limit to the number of children -- that is, the) +3.37 F(system load a)174 457.2 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G(raging controls this.).15 +E(MaxHopCount=)102 473.4 Q F2(N)A F1 1.237([h] The maximum hop count.) +174 485.4 R 1.237(Messages that ha)6.237 F 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238 +(een processed more than).15 F F2(N)3.738 E F1 +(times are assumed to be in a loop and are rejected.)174 497.4 Q(Def)5 E +(aults to 25.)-.1 E(MaxHostStatAge=)102 513.6 Q F2 -.1(age)C F1 .439 +([no short name] Not yet implemented.)174 525.6 R .438 +(This option speci\214es ho)5.438 F 2.938(wl)-.25 G .438 +(ong host status)-2.938 F .36(information will be retained.)174 537.6 R +-.15(Fo)5.36 G 2.86(re).15 G .36(xample, if a host is found to be do) +-3.01 F .36(wn, connec-)-.25 F .246 +(tions to that host will not be retried for this interv)174 549.6 R +2.746(al. The)-.25 F .246(units def)2.746 F .246(ault to minutes.)-.1 F +(MaxMessageSize=)102 565.8 Q F2(N)A F1 2.562 +([no short name] Specify the maximum message size to be adv)174 577.8 R +2.563(ertised in the)-.15 F(ESMTP EHLO response.)174 589.8 Q +(Messages lar)5 E(ger than this will be rejected.)-.18 E +(MaxQueueRunSize=)102 606 Q F2(N)A F1 .677([no short name] The maximum number of jobs that will be processed in a single) +174 618 R .501(queue run.)174 630 R .501 +(If not set, there is no limit on the size.)5.501 F .501(If you ha)5.501 +F .802 -.15(ve ve)-.2 H .502(ry lar).15 F .502(ge queues)-.18 F .445 +(or a v)174 642 R .445(ery short queue run interv)-.15 F .445 +(al this could be unstable.)-.25 F(Ho)5.445 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.245 -.4(r, s).15 H .445(ince the \214rst).4 F F2(N)174 654 Q F1 1.115 +(jobs in queue directory order are run \(rather than the)3.615 F F2(N) +3.615 E F1 1.115(highest priority jobs\))3.615 F .136 +(this should be set as high as possible to a)174 666 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .136 +(id \231losing\232 jobs that happen to f).2 F .136(all late)-.1 F +(in the queue directory)174 678 Q(.)-.65 E(MeT)102 694.2 Q 40.86(oo [m]) +-.8 F(Send to me too, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fIa)-2.5 G +2.5(mi)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(lias e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E +(MinFreeBlocks=)102 710.4 Q F2(N)A F1 1.538([b] Insist on at least)174 +722.4 R F2(N)4.038 E F1 1.539 +(blocks free on the \214lesystem that holds the queue \214les)4.039 F EP +%%Page: 46 42 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-46 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .846 +(before accepting email via SMTP)174 96 R 5.846(.I)-1.11 G 3.346(ft) +-5.846 G .846(here is insuf)-3.346 F .846(\214cient space)-.25 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.346 E F1(gi)3.345 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.345 +(sa).15 G(452 response to the MAIL command.)174 108 Q(This in)5 E +(vites the sender to try ag)-.4 E(ain later)-.05 E(.)-.55 E +(MinQueueAge=age)102 124.2 Q .886([no short name] Don')174 136.2 R 3.386 +(tp)-.18 G .886(rocess an)-3.386 F 3.386(yq)-.15 G .886 +(ueued jobs that ha)-3.386 F 1.187 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .887 +(een in the queue less).15 F 1.9(than the indicated time interv)174 +148.2 R 4.399(al. This)-.25 F 1.899(is intended to allo)4.399 F 4.399 +(wy)-.25 G 1.899(ou to get respon-)-4.399 F(si)174 160.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G .665(ness by processing the queue f).15 F .665 +(airly frequently without thrashing your system)-.1 F +(by trying jobs too often.)174 172.2 Q(The def)5 E +(ault units are minutes.)-.1 E(MustQuoteChars=)102 188.4 Q F2(s)A F1 +1.253([no short name] Sets the list of characters that must be quoted if used in a full) +174 200.4 R 1.217(name that is in the phrase part of a `)174 212.4 R +1.217(`phrase <address>')-.74 F 3.717('s)-.74 G 3.717(yntax. The)-3.717 +F(def)3.718 E 1.218(ault is)-.1 F -.74(``)174 224.4 S<b42e>.74 E -.74 +('')-.7 G 5(.T).74 G(he characters `)-5 E(`@,;:\\\(\)[]')-.74 E 2.5('a) +-.74 G(re al)-2.5 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys added to this list.).1 E +(NoRecipientAction)102 240.6 Q .555([no short name] The action to tak) +174 252.6 R 3.055(ew)-.1 G .555(hen you recei)-3.055 F .855 -.15(ve a m) +-.25 H .554(essage that has no v).15 F(alid)-.25 E .625 +(recipient headers \(T)174 264.6 R .625(o:, Cc:, Bcc:, or Apparently-T) +-.8 F .625(o: \212 the last included for back)-.8 F .109 +(compatibility with old)174 276.6 R F2(sendmail)2.609 E F1 2.609 +(s\). It)B .109(can be)2.609 F F0(None)2.608 E F1 .108 +(to pass the message on unmod-)2.608 F .296 +(i\214ed, which violates the protocol,)174 288.6 R F0(Add-T)2.796 E(o) +-.92 E F1 .296(to add a T)2.796 F .296(o: header with an)-.8 F 2.797(yr) +-.15 G(ecipients)-2.797 E 1.638(it can \214nd in the en)174 300.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.4 G 1.638(lope \(which might e).15 F 1.638 +(xpose Bcc: recipients\),)-.15 F F0(Add-A)4.138 E(ppar)-.25 E(-)-.37 E +(ently-T)174 312.6 Q(o)-.92 E F1 .337(to add an Apparently-T)2.837 F +.337(o: header \(this is only for back-compatibility and)-.8 F .842 +(is of)174 324.6 R .841(\214cially deprecated\),)-.25 F F0(Add-T)3.341 E +(o-Undisclosed)-.92 E F1 .841(to add a header \231T)3.341 F .841 +(o: undisclosed-)-.8 F .397(recipients:;\232 to mak)174 336.6 R 2.897 +(et)-.1 G .397(he header le)-2.897 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.897(lw).05 G .397 +(ithout disclosing an)-2.897 F .398(ything, or)-.15 F F0(Add-Bcc)2.898 E +F1(to)2.898 E(add an empty Bcc: header)174 348.6 Q(.)-.55 E 1.18 +(OldStyleHeaders [o])102 364.8 R 1.713(Assume that the headers may be in old format, i.e., spaces delimit names.) +4.214 F 1.068(This actually turns on an adapti)174 376.8 R 1.368 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H 1.068(lgorithm: if an).15 F 3.569(yr)-.15 G 1.069 +(ecipient address contains a)-3.569 F 1.681 +(comma, parenthesis, or angle brack)174 388.8 R 1.681 +(et, it will be assumed that commas already)-.1 F -.15(ex)174 400.8 S +2.825(ist. If).15 F .325 +(this \215ag is not on, only commas delimit names.)2.825 F .325 +(Headers are al)5.325 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .325(ys out-).1 F +(put with commas between the names.)174 412.8 Q(Def)5 E(aults to of)-.1 +E(f.)-.25 E(OperatorChars=)102 429 Q F2 -.15(ch)C(arlist).15 E F1 1.438 +([$o macro] The list of characters that are considered to be \231operators\232, that is,) +174 441 R .82(characters that delimit tok)174 453 R 3.32(ens. All)-.1 F +.82(operator characters are tok)3.32 F .82(ens by themselv)-.1 F(es;) +-.15 E .078(sequences of non-operator characters are also tok)174 465 R +2.578(ens. White)-.1 F .078(space characters sep-)2.578 F .269 +(arate tok)174 477 R .269(ens b)-.1 F .269(ut are not tok)-.2 F .269 +(ens themselv)-.1 F .269(es \212 for e)-.15 F .269(xample, \231)-.15 F +.27(AAA.BBB\232 has three)-.8 F(tok)174 489 Q .433(ens, b)-.1 F .433 +(ut \231)-.2 F .433(AAA BBB\232 has tw)-.8 F 2.933(o. If)-.1 F .433 +(not set, OperatorChars def)2.933 F .433(aults to \231.)-.1 F 1.666 +(:@[])1.666 G<9a3b>-1.666 E(additionally)174 501 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G +(he characters \231\()-2.5 E 1.666(\)<>,;)1.666 G 2.5<9a61>-1.666 G +(re al)-2.5 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys operators.).1 E(PostmasterCop)102 517.2 Q +(y=)-.1 E F2(postmaster)A F1 .003 +([P] If set, copies of error messages will be sent to the named)174 +529.2 R F2(postmaster)2.504 E F1 5.004(.O)C .004(nly the)-5.004 F .627 +(header of the f)174 541.2 R .627(ailed message is sent.)-.1 F .626 +(Since most errors are user problems, this is)5.626 F .453 +(probably not a good idea on lar)174 553.2 R .453(ge sites, and ar)-.18 +F .453(guably contains all sorts of pri)-.18 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy) +.25 G 1.979(violations, b)174 565.2 R 1.978 +(ut it seems to be popular with certain operating systems v)-.2 F +(endors.)-.15 E(Def)174 577.2 Q(aults to no postmaster copies.)-.1 E +(Pri)102 593.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G(Options=).15 E F2 +(opt,opt,...)1.666 E F1 1.191([p] Set the pri)174 605.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G +-.15(cy).25 G F2(opt)3.841 E F1 3.691(ions. `)B(`Pri)-.74 E -.25(va)-.25 +G -.15(cy).25 G 2.671 -.74('' i).15 H 3.692(sr).74 G 1.192 +(eally a misnomer; man)-3.692 F 3.692(yo)-.15 G 3.692(ft)-3.692 G 1.192 +(hese are)-3.692 F .929(just a w)174 617.4 R .928 +(ay of insisting on stricter adherence to the SMTP protocol.)-.1 F(The) +5.928 E F2(opt)3.428 E F1(ions)A(can be selected from:)174 629.4 Q EP +%%Page: 47 43 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-47)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 40.26(public Allo)214 96 R +2.5(wo)-.25 G(pen access)-2.5 E 11.38(needmailhelo Insist)214 108 R +(on HELO or EHLO command before MAIL)2.5 E(neede)214 120 Q 9.87 +(xpnhelo Insist)-.15 F(on HELO or EHLO command before EXPN)2.5 E(noe)214 +132 Q 35.97(xpn Disallo)-.15 F 2.5(wE)-.25 G(XPN entirely)-2.5 E 12.5 +(needvrfyhelo Insist)214 144 R(on HELO or EHLO command before VRFY)2.5 E +(no)214 156 Q 38.75(vrfy Disallo)-.15 F 2.5(wV)-.25 G(RFY entirely)-2.5 +E 14.71(restrictmailq Restrict)214 168 R(mailq command)2.5 E 19.16 +(restrictqrun Restrict)214 180 R(\255q command line \215ag)2.5 E 24.16 +(noreceipts Don')214 192 R 2.5(tr)-.18 G(eturn success DSNs)-2.5 E(goa) +214 204 Q -.1(wa)-.15 G 36.91(yD).1 G(isallo)-36.91 E 2.5(we)-.25 G +(ssentially all SMTP status queries)-2.5 E(authw)214 216 Q 11.48 +(arnings Put)-.1 F(X-Authentication-W)2.5 E(arning: headers in messages) +-.8 E .485(The \231goa)174 232.2 R -.1(wa)-.15 G .485 +(y\232 pseudo-\215ag sets all \215ags e).1 F .486 +(xcept \231restrictmailq\232 and \231restrictqrun\232.)-.15 F 1.175(If mailq is restricted, only people in the same group as the queue directory can) +174 244.2 R .207(print the queue.)174 256.2 R .207 +(If queue runs are restricted, only root and the o)5.207 F .208 +(wner of the queue)-.25 F .066(directory can run the queue.)174 268.2 R +.066(Authentication W)5.066 F .066(arnings add w)-.8 F .066 +(arnings about v)-.1 F(arious)-.25 E .77(conditions that may indicate attempts to spoof the mail system, such as using an) +174 280.2 R(non-standard queue directory)174 292.2 Q(.)-.65 E +(QueueDirectory=)102 308.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dir)A F1 +([Q] Use the named)174 320.4 Q F2(dir)2.5 E F1(as the queue directory) +2.5 E(.)-.65 E(QueueF)102 336.6 Q(actor=)-.15 E F2(factor)A F1 .614 +([q] Use)174 348.6 R F2(factor)3.114 E F1 .613 +(as the multiplier in the map function to decide when to just queue) +3.114 F .415(up jobs rather than run them.)174 360.6 R .415(This v)5.415 +F .415(alue is di)-.25 F .415(vided by the dif)-.25 F .415 +(ference between the)-.25 F 1.004(current load a)174 372.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 +G 1.004(rage and the load a).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.004(rage limit \().15 +F F0(QueueLA)A F1 1.003(option\) to determine)3.503 F +(the maximum message priority that will be sent.)174 384.6 Q(Def)5 E +(aults to 600000.)-.1 E(QueueLA=)102 400.8 Q F2(LA)A F1 .164 +([x] When the system load a)15.26 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .165(rage e).15 F +(xceeds)-.15 E F2(LA)2.665 E F1 2.665(,j)C .165 +(ust queue messages \(i.e., don')-2.665 F 2.665(tt)-.18 G(ry)-2.665 E +(to send them\).)174 412.8 Q(Def)5 E(aults to 8.)-.1 E(QueueSortOrder=) +102 429 Q F2(algorithm)A F1 .097([no short name] Sets the)174 441 R F2 +(algorithm)2.597 E F1 .096(used for sorting the queue.)2.597 F .096 +(Only the \214rst char)5.096 F(-)-.2 E 1.021(acter of the v)174 453 R +1.021(alue is used.)-.25 F(Le)6.021 E -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.521(lv).05 G +1.021(alues are \231host\232 \(to order by the name of the)-3.771 F .002 +(\214rst host name of the \214rst recipient\), \231time\232 \(to order by the submission time\), and) +174 465 R .986(\231priority\232 \(to order by message priority\).)174 +477 R .986(Host ordering mak)5.986 F .986(es better use of the)-.1 F +.453(connection cache, b)174 489 R .452(ut may tend to process lo)-.2 F +2.952(wp)-.25 G .452(riority messages that go to a sin-)-2.952 F .218 +(gle host o)174 501 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.718(rh).15 G .218 +(igh priority messages that go to se)-2.718 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .219 +(ral hosts; it probably shouldn').15 F(t)-.18 E .524(be used on slo)174 +513 R 3.024(wn)-.25 G(etw)-3.024 E .524(ork links.)-.1 F -.35(Ti)5.524 G +.524(me ordering is almost al).35 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .523 +(ys a bad idea, since).1 F 1.127(it allo)174 525 R 1.127(ws lar)-.25 F +1.127(ge, b)-.18 F 1.127(ulk mail to go out before smaller)-.2 F 3.627 +(,p)-.4 G 1.127(ersonal mail, b)-3.627 F 1.128(ut may ha)-.2 F -.15(ve) +-.2 G 1.363(applicability on some hosts with v)174 537 R 1.363(ery f) +-.15 F 1.363(ast connections.)-.1 F 1.362(Priority ordering is the)6.363 +F(def)174 549 Q(ault.)-.1 E(QueueT)102 565.2 Q(imeout=)-.35 E F2 +(timeout)A F1 .355([T] A synon)174 577.2 R .355(ym for \231T)-.15 F +2.855(imeout.queuereturn\232. Use)-.35 F .356 +(that form instead of the \231Queue-)2.855 F -.35(Ti)174 589.2 S +(meout\232 form.).35 E(Resolv)102 605.4 Q(erOptions=)-.15 E F2(options)A +F1 .128([I] Set resolv)174 617.4 R .127(er options.)-.15 F -1.11(Va) +5.127 G .127(lues can be set using)1.11 F F0(+)2.627 E F2<8d61>A(g)-.1 E +F1 .127(and cleared using)2.627 F F0<ad>2.627 E F2<8d61>A(g)-.1 E F1 +2.627(;t)C(he)-2.627 E F2<8d61>174 629.4 Q(g)-.1 E F1 5.013(sc)C 2.513 +(an be \231deb)-5.013 F 2.513(ug\232, \231aaonly\232, \231use)-.2 F +2.514(vc\232, \231primary\232, \231igntc\232, \231recurse\232, \231def-) +-.25 F .867(names\232, \231stayopen\232, or \231dnsrch\232.)174 641.4 R +.867(The string \231HasW)5.867 F .867(ildcardMX\232 \(without a)-.4 F F0 +(+)3.367 E F1(or)3.367 E F0<ad>174 653.4 Q F1 3.82(\)c)C 1.32 +(an be speci\214ed to turn of)-3.82 F 3.82(fm)-.25 G 1.32(atching ag) +-3.82 F 1.32(ainst MX records when doing name)-.05 F(canoni\214cations.) +174 665.4 Q F0(N.B.)5.918 E F1 .917 +(Prior to 8.7, this option indicated that the name serv)5.918 F .917 +(er be)-.15 F 1.025(responding in order to accept addresses.)174 677.4 R +1.025(This has been replaced by checking to)6.025 F .078(see if the \231dns\232 method is listed in the service switch entry for the \231hosts\232 service.) +174 689.4 R(RunAsUser=)102 705.6 Q F2(user)A F1 3.752 +([no short name] The)2.48 F F2(user)6.252 E F1 3.752 +(parameter may be a user name \(look)6.252 F 3.753(ed up in)-.1 F F2 +(/etc/passwd)174 717.6 Q F1 3.046(\)o)C 3.046(ran)-3.046 G .546 +(umeric user id; either form can ha)-3.046 F .846 -.15(ve \231)-.2 H +.545(:group\232 attached \(where).15 F EP +%%Page: 48 44 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-48 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .965 +(group can be numeric or symbolic\).)174 96 R .966 +(If set to a non-zero \(non-root\) v)5.965 F(alue,)-.25 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(send-)3.466 E(mail)174 110 Q F1 .484 +(will change to this user id shortly after startup)2.984 F/F3 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(20)-4 I F1 5.483(.T)4 K .483(his a)-5.483 F -.2(vo)-.2 +G .483(ids a certain class).2 F 1.844(of security problems.)174 122 R +(Ho)6.844 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.644 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.844 +(his means that all \231.forw).4 F 1.844(ard\232 and \231:include:\232) +-.1 F .194(\214les must be readable by the indicated)174 134 R F2(user) +2.694 E F1 2.694(,a)C .193(nd on systems that don')-2.694 F 2.693(ts) +-.18 G .193(upport the)-2.693 F(sa)174 146 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.894(du).15 +G .394(id bit properly)-2.894 F 2.894(,a)-.65 G .394 +(ll \214les to be written must be writable by)-2.894 F F2(user)2.895 E +F1 .395(and all pro-)2.895 F 1.218(grams will be e)174 158 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 1.218(cuted by).15 F F2(user)3.718 E F1 6.218(.I)C 3.717(ti) +-6.218 G 3.717(sa)-3.717 G 1.217(lso incompatible with the)-3.717 F F0 +(SafeFileEn)3.717 E(vi-)-.4 E -.18(ro)174 170 S(nment).18 E F1 3.177 +(option. In)3.177 F .677(other w)3.177 F .677 +(ords, it may not actually add much to security on an)-.1 F -2.25 -.2 +(av e)174 182 T .624(rage system, and may in f).2 F .623 +(act detract from security \(because other \214le permis-)-.1 F 1.948 +(sions must be loosened\).)174 194 R(Ho)6.948 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.748 -.4(r, i).15 H 4.448(ts).4 G 1.948(hould be useful on \214re) +-4.448 F -.1(wa)-.25 G 1.949(lls and other).1 F(places where users don') +174 206 Q 2.5(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.5 H +(accounts and the aliases \214le is well constrained.)2.7 E(RecipientF) +102 222.2 Q(actor=)-.15 E F2(fact)A F1 .638([y] The indicated)174 234.2 +R F2(fact)3.137 E F1 .637(or is added to the priority \(thus)B F2 +(lowering)3.137 E F1 .637(the priority of the)3.137 F .23 +(job\) for each recipient, i.e., this v)174 246.2 R .231 +(alue penalizes jobs with lar)-.25 F .231(ge numbers of recipi-)-.18 F +2.5(ents. Def)174 258.2 R(aults to 30000.)-.1 E(RefuseLA=)102 274.4 Q F2 +(LA)A F1 1.012([X] When the system load a)13.59 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.012 +(rage e).15 F(xceeds)-.15 E F2(LA)3.512 E F1 3.512(,r)C 1.011 +(efuse incoming SMTP connec-)-3.512 F 2.5(tions. Def)174 286.4 R +(aults to 12.)-.1 E(RetryF)102 302.6 Q(actor=)-.15 E F2(fact)A F1 .771 +([Z] The)3.74 F F2(fact)3.271 E F1 .771(or is added to the priority e)B +-.15(ve)-.25 G .772(ry time a job is processed.).15 F .772(Thus, each) +5.772 F .994(time a job is processed, its priority will be decreased by the indicated v) +174 314.6 R 3.493(alue. In)-.25 F 1.107(most en)174 326.6 R 1.107 +(vironments this should be positi)-.4 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.608(,s).15 G +1.108(ince hosts that are do)-3.608 F 1.108(wn are all too)-.25 F +(often do)174 338.6 Q(wn for a long time.)-.25 E(Def)5 E +(aults to 90000.)-.1 E(SafeFileEn)102 354.8 Q(vironment=)-.4 E F2(dir)A +F1 .022([no short name] If this option is set,)174 366.8 R F2(sendmail) +2.521 E F1 .021(will do a)2.521 F F2 -.15(ch)2.521 G -.45(ro).15 G(ot) +.45 E F1 .021(\(2\) call into the indi-)B(cated)174 378.8 Q F2(dir)2.832 +E F1 .333(ectory before doing an)B 2.833<798c>-.15 G .333(le writes.) +-2.833 F .333(If the \214le name speci\214ed by the user)5.333 F(be)174 +390.8 Q .588(gins with)-.15 F F2(dir)3.088 E F1 3.087(,t)C .587 +(hat partial path name will be stripped of)-3.087 F 3.087(fb)-.25 G .587 +(efore writing, so \(for)-3.087 F -.15(ex)174 402.8 S 2.224 +(ample\) if the SafeFileEn).15 F 2.224(vironment v)-.4 F 2.225 +(ariable is set to \231/safe\232 then aliases of)-.25 F 1.557(\231/safe/logs/\214le\232 and \231/logs/\214le\232 actually indicate the same \214le.) +174 414.8 R(Additionally)6.556 E 4.056(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.056 E +(this option is set,)174 426.8 Q F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(refuses to deli) +2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(os)-2.5 G(ymbolic links.)-2.5 E +(Sa)102 443 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 10.41(FromLine [f]).15 F(Sa)4.908 E 2.708 +-.15(ve U)-.2 H 2.408 +(nix-style \231From\232 lines at the front of headers.).15 F 2.409 +(Normally the)7.409 F 4.909(ya)-.15 G(re)-4.909 E +(assumed redundant and discarded.)174 455 Q(SendMIMEErrors)102 471.2 Q +.815([j] If set, send error messages in MIME format \(see RFC1521 and RFC1344 for) +174 483.2 R 2.914(details\). If)174 495.2 R(disabled,)2.914 E F2 +(sendmail)2.914 E F1 .415(will not return the DSN k)2.914 F -.15(ey)-.1 +G -.1(wo).15 G .415(rd in response to an).1 F 1.731 +(EHLO and will not do Deli)174 507.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.731 +(ry Status Noti\214cation processing as described in).15 F(RFC1891.)174 +519.2 Q(ServiceSwitchFile=)102 535.4 Q F2(\214lename)A F1 1.532([no short name] If your host operating system has a service switch abstraction) +174 547.4 R .003(\(e.g., /etc/nsswitch.conf on Solaris or /etc/svc.conf on Ultrix and DEC OSF/1\) that) +174 559.4 R .814(service will be consulted and this option is ignored.) +174 571.4 R .814(Otherwise, this is the name)5.814 F 1.083 +(of a \214le that pro)174 583.4 R 1.082 +(vides the list of methods used to implement particular services.)-.15 F +1.069(The syntax is a series of lines, each of which is a sequence of w) +174 595.4 R 3.57(ords. The)-.1 F(\214rst)3.57 E -.1(wo)174 607.4 S 1.364 +(rd is the service name, and follo).1 F 1.363(wing w)-.25 F 1.363 +(ords are service types.)-.1 F 1.363(The services)6.363 F(that)174 619.4 +Q F2(sendmail)4.11 E F1 1.61 +(consults directly are \231aliases\232 and \231hosts.)4.11 F 6.61<9a53> +-.7 G 1.61(ervice types can be)-6.61 F 1.755(\231dns\232, \231nis\232, \231nisplus\232, or \231\214les\232 \(with the ca) +174 631.4 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.754(at that the appropriate support).15 F +.791(must be compiled in before the service can be referenced\).)174 +643.4 R .791(If ServiceSwitchFile)5.791 F 1.303 +(is not speci\214ed, it def)174 655.4 R 1.303 +(aults to /etc/service.switch.)-.1 F 1.303(If that \214le does not e) +6.303 F 1.303(xist, the)-.15 F(def)174 667.4 Q(ault switch is:)-.1 E .32 +LW 76 678.8 72 678.8 DL 80 678.8 76 678.8 DL 84 678.8 80 678.8 DL 88 +678.8 84 678.8 DL 92 678.8 88 678.8 DL 96 678.8 92 678.8 DL 100 678.8 96 +678.8 DL 104 678.8 100 678.8 DL 108 678.8 104 678.8 DL 112 678.8 108 +678.8 DL 116 678.8 112 678.8 DL 120 678.8 116 678.8 DL 124 678.8 120 +678.8 DL 128 678.8 124 678.8 DL 132 678.8 128 678.8 DL 136 678.8 132 +678.8 DL 140 678.8 136 678.8 DL 144 678.8 140 678.8 DL 148 678.8 144 +678.8 DL 152 678.8 148 678.8 DL 156 678.8 152 678.8 DL 160 678.8 156 +678.8 DL 164 678.8 160 678.8 DL 168 678.8 164 678.8 DL 172 678.8 168 +678.8 DL 176 678.8 172 678.8 DL 180 678.8 176 678.8 DL 184 678.8 180 +678.8 DL 188 678.8 184 678.8 DL 192 678.8 188 678.8 DL 196 678.8 192 +678.8 DL 200 678.8 196 678.8 DL 204 678.8 200 678.8 DL 208 678.8 204 +678.8 DL 212 678.8 208 678.8 DL 216 678.8 212 678.8 DL/F4 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(20)93.6 689.2 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(When running as a daemon, it changes to this user after accepting a connection b) +3.2 I(ut before reading an)-.16 E(y)-.12 E F3(SMTP)2 E F5(commands.)2 E +EP +%%Page: 49 45 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-49)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 38.6(aliases \214les)214 96 R +44.7(hosts dns)214 108 R(nis \214les)2.5 E(The def)174 124.2 Q +(ault \214le is \231/etc/service.switch\232.)-.1 E(Se)102 140.4 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 12.12(nBitInput [7]).15 F .321(Strip input to se)2.821 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.821(nb).15 G .322(its for compatibility with old systems.) +-2.821 F .322(This shouldn')5.322 F 2.822(tb)-.18 G(e)-2.822 E +(necessary)174 152.4 Q(.)-.65 E(SingleLineFromHeader)102 168.6 Q .959 +([no short name] If set, From: lines that ha)174 180.6 R 1.258 -.15 +(ve e)-.2 H .958(mbedded ne).15 F .958(wlines are unwrapped)-.25 F .242 +(onto one line.)174 192.6 R .243 +(This is to get around a botch in Lotus Notes that apparently cannot) +5.242 F(understand le)174 204.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G +(lly wrapped RFC822 headers.).05 E(SingleThreadDeli)102 220.8 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ry).15 E .334([no short name] If set, a client machine will ne) +174 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.833(rt).15 G .333(ry to open tw)-2.833 F +2.833(oS)-.1 G .333(MTP connec-)-2.833 F 1.711(tions to a single serv) +174 244.8 R 1.712(er machine at the same time, e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +4.212(ni).15 G 4.212(nd)-4.212 G(if)-4.212 E 1.712(ferent processes.) +-.25 F .953(That is, if another)174 256.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(sendmail)3.452 E F1 .952(is already talking to some host a ne)3.452 F +(w)-.25 E F2(sendmail)3.452 E F1(will)3.452 E 2.387 +(not open another connection.)174 268.8 R 2.387(This property is of mix) +7.387 F 2.388(ed v)-.15 F 2.388(alue; although this)-.25 F .386(reduces the load on the other machine, it can cause mail to be delayed \(for e) +174 280.8 R(xam-)-.15 E .718(ple, if one)174 292.8 R F2(sendmail)3.218 E +F1 .718(is deli)3.218 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .718(ring a huge message, other) +.15 F F2(sendmail)3.219 E F1 3.219(sw)C(on')-3.319 E 3.219(tb)-.18 G +3.219(ea)-3.219 G(ble)-3.219 E 1.543(to send e)174 304.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G 4.043(ns).15 G 1.543(mall messages\).)-4.043 F 1.542 +(Also, it requires another \214le descriptor \(for the)6.543 F .996 +(lock \214le\) per connection, so you may ha)174 316.8 R 1.297 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H 3.497(or).15 G .997(educe the)-3.497 F F0 +(ConnectionCacheSize)3.497 E F1 .235(option to a)174 328.8 R -.2(vo)-.2 +G .235(id running out of per).2 F .234(-process \214le descriptors.)-.2 +F .234(Requires the)5.234 F F0(HostSta-)2.734 E(tusDir)174 340.8 Q +(ectory)-.18 E F1(option.)2.5 E(SmtpGreetingMessage=)102 357 Q F2(messa) +A -.1(ge)-.1 G F1 .344 +([$e macro] The message printed when the SMTP serv)174 369 R .345 +(er starts up.)-.15 F(Def)5.345 E .345(aults to \231$j)-.1 F +(Sendmail $v ready at $b\232.)174 381 Q(StatusFile=)102 397.2 Q F2 +(\214le)A F1 .3([S] Log summary statistics in the named)14.13 F F2 +(\214le)2.799 E F1 5.299(.I)C 2.799(fn)-5.299 G .299 +(ot set, no summary statistics are)-2.799 F(sa)174 409.2 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G +3.775(d. This).15 F 1.275(\214le does not gro)3.775 F 3.775(wi)-.25 G +3.775(ns)-3.775 G 3.775(ize. It)-3.775 F 1.275(can be printed using the) +3.775 F F2(mailstats)3.775 E F1(\(8\))A(program.)174 421.2 Q 28.4 +(SuperSafe [s])102 437.4 R .373(Be super)2.873 F .373 +(-safe when running things, i.e., al)-.2 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .372 +(ys instantiate the queue \214le, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E .697 +(if you are going to attempt immediate deli)174 449.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ry).15 E(.)-.65 E F2(Sendmail)5.697 E F1(al)3.198 E -.1(wa)-.1 G .698 +(ys instantiates the).1 F 2.688 +(queue \214le before returning control the client under an)174 461.4 R +5.188(yc)-.15 G 5.188(ircumstances. This)-5.188 F(should really)174 +473.4 Q F2(always)2.5 E F1(be set.)2.5 E -.7(Te)102 489.6 S(mpFileMode=) +.7 E F2(mode)A F1 .331([F] The \214le mode for queue \214les.)174 501.6 +R .331(It is interpreted in octal by def)5.331 F 2.832(ault. Def)-.1 F +.332(aults to)-.1 F(0600.)174 513.6 Q -.35(Ti)102 529.8 S(meout.).35 E +F2(type)A F1(=)A F2(timeout)1.666 E F1 .297 +([r; subsumes old T option as well] Set timeout v)174 541.8 R 2.796 +(alues. The)-.25 F .296(actual timeout is indi-)2.796 F 1.678 +(cated by the)174 553.8 R F2(type)4.178 E F1 6.678(.T)C 1.678 +(he recognized timeouts and their def)-6.678 F 1.679(ault v)-.1 F 1.679 +(alues, and their)-.25 F(minimum v)174 565.8 Q +(alues speci\214ed in RFC 1123 section 5.3.2 are:)-.25 E EP +%%Page: 50 46 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-50 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 23.6 +(initial w)214 96 R(ait for initial greeting message [5m, 5m])-.1 E +29.72(helo reply)214 108 R(to HELO or EHLO command [5m, none])2.5 E +29.16(mail reply)214 120 R(to MAIL command [10m, 5m])2.5 E 31.39 +(rcpt reply)214 132 R(to RCPT command [1h, 5m])2.5 E 16.94 +(datainit reply)214 144 R(to D)2.5 E -1.21 -1.11(AT A)-.4 H +(command [5m, 2m])3.61 E 8.06(datablock data)214 156 R +(block read [1h, 3m])2.5 E 12.5(data\214nal reply)214 168 R +(to \214nal `)2.5 E(`.)-.74 E 1.48 -.74('' i)-.7 H 2.5(nd).74 G +(ata [1h, 10m])-2.5 E 32.5(rset reply)214 180 R +(to RSET command [5m, none])2.5 E 31.38(quit reply)214 192 R(to Q)2.5 E +(UIT command [2m, none])-.1 E 28.05(misc reply)214 204 R +(to NOOP and VERB commands [2m, none])2.5 E 26.94(ident IDENT)214 216 R +(protocol timeout [30s, none])2.5 E 9.72(\214leopen\207 timeout)214 228 +R(on opening .forw)2.5 E(ard and :include: \214les [60s, none])-.1 E 2.5 +(command\207 command)214 240 R(read [1h, 5m])2.5 E(queuereturn\207ho)214 +252 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ong until a message is returned [5d, 5d])-2.5 E +(queue)214 264 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G -1.58(rn\207 ho).1 F 2.5(wl)-.25 G +(ong until a w)-2.5 E(arning is sent [none, none])-.1 E 2.49 +(hoststatus\207 ho)214 276 R 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ong until host status is `) +-2.5 E(`stale')-.74 E 2.5('[)-.74 G(30m, none])-2.5 E .893(All b)174 +292.2 R .893(ut those mark)-.2 F .893 +(ed with a dagger \(\207\) apply to client SMTP)-.1 F 5.892(.I)-1.11 G +3.392(ft)-5.892 G .892(he message is)-3.392 F .273(submitted using the) +174 304.2 R/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(NO)2.773 E .523(TIFY SMTP)-.36 F F1 +-.15(ex)2.773 G .273(tension, w).15 F .274 +(arning messages will only be sent)-.1 F(if)174 316.2 Q F2(NO)3.038 E +(TIFY=DELA)-.36 E(Y)-.945 E F1 .538(is speci\214ed.)3.038 F .537 +(The queuereturn and queue)5.537 F -.1(wa)-.25 G .537 +(rn timeouts can be).1 F 1.234(further quali\214ed with a tag based on the Precedence: \214eld in the message; the) +174 328.2 R(y)-.15 E 1.9(must be one of \231ur)174 340.2 R 1.9 +(gent\232 \(indicating a positi)-.18 F 2.2 -.15(ve n)-.25 H 1.9 +(on-zero precedence\) \231normal\232).15 F .251 +(\(indicating a zero precedence\), or \231non-ur)174 352.2 R .251 +(gent\232 \(indicating ne)-.18 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .552 -.15(ve p) +-.25 H(recedences\).).15 E -.15(Fo)174 364.2 S 4.423(re).15 G 1.923 +(xample, setting \231T)-4.573 F(imeout.queue)-.35 E -.1(wa)-.25 G(rn.ur) +.1 E 1.923(gent=1h\232 sets the w)-.18 F 1.922(arning timeout)-.1 F .222 +(for ur)174 376.2 R .223(gent messages only to one hour)-.18 F 5.223(.T) +-.55 G .223(he def)-5.223 F .223(ault if no precedence is indicated is) +-.1 F(to set the timeout for all precedences.)174 388.2 Q -.35(Ti)102 +404.4 S(meZoneSpec=).35 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(tzinfo)A F1 .218 +([t] Set the local time zone info to)174 416.4 R F3(tzinfo)2.718 E F1 +2.718<8a66>2.718 G .218(or e)-2.718 F .218(xample, \231PST8PDT\232.)-.15 +F(Actually)5.217 E 2.717(,i)-.65 G(f)-2.717 E 1.345 +(this is not set, the TZ en)174 428.4 R 1.346(vironment v)-.4 F 1.346 +(ariable is cleared \(so the system def)-.25 F 1.346(ault is)-.1 F .209 +(used\); if set b)174 440.4 R .208(ut null, the user')-.2 F 2.708(sT) +-.55 G 2.708(Zv)-2.708 G .208 +(ariable is used, and if set and non-null the TZ)-2.958 F -.25(va)174 +452.4 S(riable is set to this v).25 E(alue.)-.25 E -.35(Tr)102 468.6 S +5.96(yNullMXList [w]).35 F .114 +(If this system is the \231best\232 \(that is, lo)2.613 F .114 +(west preference\) MX for a gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.614(nh).15 G .114 +(ost, its)-2.614 F 1.168(con\214guration rules should normally detect this situation and treat that condition) +174 480.6 R .257(specially by forw)174 492.6 R .258 +(arding the mail to a UUCP feed, treating it as local, or whate)-.1 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G -.55(r.).15 G(Ho)174 504.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.686 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.386(ns).4 G .886 +(ome cases \(such as Internet \214re)-3.386 F -.1(wa)-.25 G .886 +(lls\) you may w).1 F .885(ant to try to con-)-.1 F .07 +(nect directly to that host as though it had no MX records at all.)174 +516.6 R .07(Setting this option)5.07 F(causes)174 528.6 Q F3(sendmail) +3.014 E F1 .514(to try this.)3.014 F .514(The do)5.514 F .514 +(wnside is that errors in your con\214guration are)-.25 F(lik)174 540.6 +Q 2.116(ely to be diagnosed as \231host unkno)-.1 F 2.116 +(wn\232 or \231message timed out\232 instead of)-.25 F +(something more meaningful.)174 552.6 Q(This option is disrecommended.)5 +E(UnixFromLine=)102 568.8 Q F3(fr)A(omline)-.45 E F1 .236 +([$l macro] De\214nes the format used when)174 580.8 R F3(sendmail)2.736 +E F1 .236(must add a UNIX-style From_)2.736 F 1.324 +(line \(that is, a line be)174 592.8 R 1.325 +(ginning \231From<space>user\232\).)-.15 F(Def)6.325 E 1.325 +(aults to \231From $g)-.1 F($d\232.)6.325 E(Don')174 604.8 Q 2.646(tc) +-.18 G .146(hange this unless your system uses a dif)-2.646 F .146 +(ferent UNIX mailbox format \(v)-.25 F(ery)-.15 E(unlik)174 616.8 Q +(ely\).)-.1 E(UnsafeGroupWrites)102 633 Q .211 +([no short name] If set, :include: and .forw)174 645 R .212 +(ard \214les that are group writable are con-)-.1 F .367 +(sidered \231unsafe\232, that is, the)174 657 R 2.867(yc)-.15 G .366 +(annot reference programs or write directly to \214les.)-2.867 F -.8(Wo) +174 669 S(rld writable :include: and .forw).8 E(ard \214les are al)-.1 E +-.1(wa)-.1 G(ys unsafe..).1 E(UseErrorsT)102 685.2 Q 21.15(o[)-.8 G .826 +(l] If there is an \231Errors-T)-21.15 F .826(o:\232 header)-.8 F 3.326 +(,s)-.4 G .826(end error messages to the addresses listed)-3.326 F 3.135 +(there. The)174 697.2 R 3.135(yn)-.15 G .635(ormally go to the en)-3.135 +F -.15(ve)-.4 G .635(lope sender).15 F 5.635(.U)-.55 G .634 +(se of this option causes)-5.635 F F3(send-)3.134 E(mail)174 709.2 Q F1 +(to violate RFC 1123.)2.5 E +(This option is disrecommended and deprecated.)5 E EP +%%Page: 51 47 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-51)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(UserDatabaseSpec=)102 96 Q/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(udbspec)A F1 +([U] The user database speci\214cation.)174 108 Q 3.94 +(UserSubmission [no)102 124.2 R 1.369(short name] This is an initial submission directly from a Mail User Agent.) +3.869 F .433(This can be set in the con\214guration \214le if you ha)174 +136.2 R .733 -.15(ve M)-.2 H -.4(UA).15 G 2.933(st).4 G .433(hat don') +-2.933 F 2.933(tp)-.18 G .433(ass the)-2.933 F F0<ad55>2.933 E F1 .37 +(\215ag or use the XUSR ESMTP e)174 148.2 R .371(xtension, b)-.15 F .371 +(ut some relayed mail may get inappro-)-.2 F(priately re)174 160.2 Q +(written if you do.)-.25 E -1.11(Ve)102 176.4 S 37.29(rbose [v])1.11 F +.561(Run in v)3.061 F .561(erbose mode.)-.15 F .561(If this is set,) +5.561 F F2(sendmail)3.061 E F1 .56(adjusts options)3.061 F F0 +(HoldExpensi)3.06 E -.1(ve)-.1 G F1(\(old)174 188.4 Q F0(c)2.635 E F1 +2.635(\)a)C(nd)-2.635 E F0(Deli)2.635 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(ryMode).1 E F1 +(\(old)2.635 E F0(d)2.635 E F1 2.635(\)s)C 2.635(ot)-2.635 G .135 +(hat all mail is deli)-2.635 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .136 +(red completely in a sin-).15 F 1.244 +(gle job so that you can see the entire deli)174 200.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.244(ry process.).15 F(Option)6.244 E F0 -1(Ve)3.743 G(rbose)1 E F1 +(should)3.743 E F2(ne)174 212.4 Q(ver)-.15 E F1(be set in the con\214guration \214le; it is intended for command line use only) +2.5 E(.)-.65 E .108(All options can be speci\214ed on the command line using the \255O or \255o \215ag, b) +102 228.6 R .109(ut most will cause)-.2 F F2(send-)2.609 E(mail)102 +240.6 Q F1 1.135(to relinquish its setuid permissions.)3.635 F 1.135 +(The options that will not cause this are MinFreeBlocks)6.135 F .513 +([b], Deli)102 252.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .513 +(ryMode [d], ErrorMode [e], IgnoreDots [i], LogLe).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.014(l[).15 G .514(L], MeT)-3.014 F .514(oo [m], OldStyleHeaders)-.8 F +.53([o], Pri)102 264.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G .53 +(Options [p], T).15 F .53(imeouts [r], SuperSafe [s], V)-.35 F .53 +(erbose [v], CheckpointInterv)-1.11 F .53(al [C], and Se)-.25 F(v-)-.25 +E(enBitInput [7].)102 276.6 Q(Also, M \(de\214ne macro\) when de\214ning the r or s macros is also considered \231safe\232.) +5 E F0 2.5(5.7. P)87 300.6 R 2.5<8a50>2.5 G -.18(re)-2.5 G +(cedence De\214nitions).18 E F1 -1.11(Va)127 316.8 S .164 +(lues for the \231Precedence:\232 \214eld may be de\214ned using the) +1.11 F F0(P)2.664 E F1 .164(control line.)2.664 F .164 +(The syntax of this)5.164 F(\214eld is:)102 328.8 Q F0(P)142 345 Q F2 +(name)A F0(=)A F2(num)A F1 .384(When the)102 361.2 R F2(name)2.884 E F1 +.384 +(is found in a \231Precedence:\232 \214eld, the message class is set to) +2.884 F F2(num)2.883 E F1 5.383(.H)C .383(igher numbers)-5.383 F .85 +(mean higher precedence.)102 373.2 R .85(Numbers less than zero ha)5.85 +F 1.15 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .85(he special property that if an error occurs) +.15 F 1.551(during processing the body of the message will not be returned; this is e) +102 385.2 R 1.551(xpected to be used for)-.15 F<9962>102 397.2 Q .461 +(ulk\232 mail such as through mailing lists.)-.2 F .461(The def)5.461 F +.461(ault precedence is zero.)-.1 F -.15(Fo)5.461 G 2.962(re).15 G .462 +(xample, our list of)-3.112 F(precedences is:)102 409.2 Q +(P\214rst-class=0)142 425.4 Q(Pspecial-deli)142 437.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ry=100).15 E(Plist=\25530)142 449.4 Q(Pb)142 461.4 Q(ulk=\25560)-.2 E +(Pjunk=\255100)142 473.4 Q 1.059(People writing mailing list e)102 489.6 +R 1.058(xploders are encouraged to use \231Precedence: list\232.)-.15 F +1.058(Older v)6.058 F 1.058(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sendmail)102 501.6 Q F1 +1.19(\(which discarded all error returns for ne)3.69 F -.05(ga)-.15 G +(ti).05 E 1.49 -.15(ve p)-.25 H 1.19(recedences\) didn').15 F 3.69(tr) +-.18 G 1.19(ecognize this name,)-3.69 F(gi)102 513.6 Q .599 +(ving it a def)-.25 F .598(ault precedence of zero.)-.1 F .598 +(This allo)5.598 F .598 +(ws list maintainers to see error returns on both old)-.25 F(and ne)102 +525.6 Q 2.5(wv)-.25 G(ersions of)-2.65 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(.)A F0 2.5 +(5.8. V)87 549.6 R 2.5<8a43>2.5 G(on\214guration V)-2.5 E(ersion Le)-1 E +-.1(ve)-.15 G(l).1 E F1 3.181 -.8(To p)127 565.8 T(ro).8 E 1.581 +(vide compatibility with old con\214guration \214les, the)-.15 F F0(V) +4.081 E F1 1.582(line has been added to de\214ne)4.082 F 1.11(some v)102 +577.8 R 1.11(ery basic semantics of the con\214guration \214le.)-.15 F +1.11(These are not intended to be long term sup-)6.11 F .033 +(ports; rather)102 589.8 R 2.533(,t)-.4 G(he)-2.533 E 2.533(yd)-.15 G +.033(escribe compatibility features which will probably be remo)-2.533 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.533(di).15 G 2.533(nf)-2.533 G .034(uture releases.) +-2.533 F F0(N.B.:)127 606 Q F1 .197(these v)2.697 F(ersion)-.15 E F2(le) +2.697 E(vels)-.15 E F1(ha)2.697 E .496 -.15(ve n)-.2 H .196 +(othing to do with the v).15 F(ersion)-.15 E F2(number)2.696 E F1 .196 +(on the \214les.)2.696 F -.15(Fo)5.196 G 2.696(re).15 G(xam-)-2.846 E +(ple, as of this writing v)102 618 Q +(ersion 8 con\214g \214les \(speci\214cally)-.15 E 2.5(,8)-.65 G +(.7\) used v)-2.5 E(ersion le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l6c).15 G +(on\214gurations.)-2.5 E 1.102 +(\231Old\232 con\214guration \214les are de\214ned as v)127 634.2 R +1.102(ersion le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.602(lo).15 G 3.602(ne. V)-3.602 +F 1.102(ersion le)-1.11 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.602(lt).15 G 1.302 -.1 +(wo \214)-3.602 H 1.103(les mak).1 F 3.603(et)-.1 G(he)-3.603 E(follo) +102 646.2 Q(wing changes:)-.25 E 12.5(\(1\) Host)107 662.4 R .727(name canoni\214cation \($[ ... $]\) appends a dot if the name is recognized; this gi) +3.227 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.226(st).15 G(he)-3.226 E 1.974 +(con\214g \214le a w)133.66 674.4 R 1.974(ay of \214nding out if an)-.1 +F 1.974(ything matched.)-.15 F(\(Actually)6.974 E 4.475(,t)-.65 G 1.975 +(his just initializes the)-4.475 F .739 +(\231host\232 map with the \231\255a.)133.66 686.4 R 5.739<9a8d>-.7 G +.739(ag \212 you can reset it to an)-5.739 F .738 +(ything you prefer by declaring the)-.15 F(map e)133.66 698.4 Q +(xplicitly)-.15 E(.\))-.65 E EP +%%Page: 52 48 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-52 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 12.5 +(\(2\) Def)107 96 R .384(ault host name e)-.1 F .385 +(xtension is consistent throughout processing; v)-.15 F .385(ersion le) +-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.885(lo).15 G .385(ne con\214gu-)-2.885 F .83 +(rations turned of)133.66 108 R 3.33(fd)-.25 G .83(omain e)-3.33 F .83 +(xtension \(that is, adding the local domain name\) during certain)-.15 +F .4(points in processing.)133.66 120 R -1.11(Ve)5.4 G .4(rsion le)1.11 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.9(lt).15 G .6 -.1(wo c)-2.9 H .4 +(on\214gurations are e).1 F .4(xpected to include a trailing dot)-.15 F +(to indicate that the name is already canonical.)133.66 132 Q 12.5 +(\(3\) Local)107 148.2 R .072 +(names that are not aliases are passed through a ne)2.572 F 2.572(wd) +-.25 G .072(istinguished ruleset \214v)-2.572 F .072(e; this can)-.15 F +1.426(be used to append a local relay)133.66 160.2 R 6.426(.T)-.65 G +1.426(his beha)-6.426 F 1.426(viour can be pre)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.426(nted by resolving the local).15 F .209(name with an initial `@'.) +133.66 172.2 R .209(That is, something that resolv)5.209 F .209 +(es to a local mailer and a user name)-.15 F 1.072 +(of \231vikki\232 will be passed through ruleset \214v)133.66 184.2 R +1.072(e, b)-.15 F 1.073(ut a user name of \231@vikki\232 will ha)-.2 F +1.373 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .417 +(`@' stripped, will not be passed through ruleset \214v)133.66 196.2 R +.417(e, b)-.15 F .416(ut will otherwise be treated the same)-.2 F 1.702 +(as the prior e)133.66 208.2 R 4.202(xample. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)4.202 G +1.703(pectation is that this might be used to implement a polic).15 F(y) +-.15 E .136(where mail sent to \231vikki\232 w)133.66 220.2 R .135 +(as handled by a central hub, b)-.1 F .135 +(ut mail sent to \231vikki@localhost\232)-.2 F -.1(wa)133.66 232.2 S 2.5 +(sd).1 G(eli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(red directly).15 E(.)-.65 E -1.11(Ve) +127 248.4 S 1.382(rsion le)1.11 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.882(lt).15 G 1.382 +(hree \214les allo)-3.882 F 3.882(w#i)-.25 G 1.382 +(nitiated comments on all lines.)-3.882 F 1.383 +(Exceptions are backslash)6.383 F(escaped # marks and the $# syntax.)102 +260.4 Q -1.11(Ve)127 276.6 S 1.208(rsion le)1.11 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.708 +(lf).15 G 1.208(our con\214gurations are completely equi)-3.708 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.207(lent to le).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.707(lt).15 G 1.207 +(hree for historical rea-)-3.707 F(sons.)102 288.6 Q -1.11(Ve)127 304.8 +S 1.234(rsion le)1.11 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.734<6c8c>.15 G 1.534 -.15(ve c) +-3.734 H 1.234(on\214guration \214les change the def).15 F 1.234 +(ault de\214nition of)-.1 F F0($w)3.734 E F1 1.234 +(to be just the \214rst)3.734 F(component of the hostname.)102 316.8 Q +-1.11(Ve)127 333 S 1.589(rsion le)1.11 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.089(ls).15 G +1.589(ix con\214guration \214les change man)-4.089 F 4.088(yo)-.15 G +4.088(ft)-4.088 G 1.588(he local processing options \(such as)-4.088 F +.48(aliasing and matching the be)102 345 R .481(ginning of the address for `|' characters\) to be mailer \215ags; this allo) +-.15 F(ws)-.25 E 1.345(\214ne-grained control o)102 357 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.845(rt).15 G 1.345(he special local processing.)-3.845 F(Le)6.345 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.845(ls).15 G 1.344 +(ix con\214guration \214les may also use)-3.845 F 1.221 +(long option names.)102 369 R(The)6.221 E F0(ColonOkInAddr)3.721 E F1 +1.221(option \(to allo)3.721 F 3.722(wc)-.25 G 1.222 +(olons in the local-part of addresses\))-3.722 F(def)102 381 Q(aults)-.1 +E F0(on)3.44 E F1 .94(for lo)3.44 F .94(wer numbered con\214guration \214les; the con\214guration \214le requires some additional) +-.25 F(intelligence to properly handle the RFC 822 group construct.)102 +393 Q(The)127 409.2 Q F0(V)2.677 E F1 .177(line may ha)2.677 F .477 -.15 +(ve a)-.2 H 2.677(no).15 G(ptional)-2.677 E F0(/)2.677 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(vendor)A F1 .178 +(to indicate that this con\214guration \214le uses modi\214ca-)2.677 F +.865(tions speci\214c to a particular v)102 423.2 R(endor)-.15 E/F3 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(21)-4 I F1 5.866(.Y)4 K .866(ou may use \231/Berk) +-6.966 F(ele)-.1 E .866(y\232 to emphasize that this con\214gura-)-.15 F +(tion \214le uses the Berk)102 435.2 Q(ele)-.1 E 2.5(yd)-.15 G +(ialect of)-2.5 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(.)A F0 2.5(5.9. K)87 459.2 R 2.5 +<8a4b>2.5 G(ey File Declaration)-2.75 E F1 +(Special maps can be de\214ned using the line:)127 475.4 Q +(Kmapname mapclass ar)142 491.6 Q(guments)-.18 E(The)102 507.8 Q F2 +(mapname)2.751 E F1 .251 +(is the handle by which this map is referenced in the re)2.751 F .25 +(writing rules.)-.25 F(The)5.25 E F2(mapclass)2.75 E F1(is)2.75 E 1.889 +(the name of a type of map; these are compiled in to)102 519.8 R F2 +(sendmail)4.389 E F1 6.889(.T)C(he)-6.889 E F2(ar)4.389 E(guments)-.37 E +F1 1.889(are interpreted)4.389 F .791(depending on the class; typically) +102 531.8 R 3.291(,t)-.65 G .791(here w)-3.291 F .791 +(ould be a single ar)-.1 F .79(gument naming the \214le containing the) +-.18 F(map.)102 543.8 Q(Maps are referenced using the syntax:)127 560 Q +($\()142 576.2 Q F2(map k)2.5 E -.3(ey)-.1 G F1($@)2.8 E F2(ar)2.5 E +(guments)-.37 E F1($:)2.5 E F2(default)2.5 E F1($\))2.5 E .64 +(where either or both of the)102 592.4 R F2(ar)3.14 E(guments)-.37 E F1 +(or)3.141 E F2(default)3.141 E F1 .641(portion may be omitted.)3.141 F +(The)5.641 E F2 .641($@ ar)3.141 F(guments)-.37 E F1(may)3.141 E 1.277 +(appear more than once.)102 604.4 R 1.277(The indicated)6.277 F F2 -.1 +(ke)3.777 G(y)-.2 E F1(and)3.776 E F2(ar)3.776 E(guments)-.37 E F1 1.276 +(are passed to the appropriate mapping)3.776 F 3.253(function. If)102 +616.4 R .753(it returns a v)3.253 F .753(alue, it replaces the input.) +-.25 F .753(If it does not return a v)5.753 F .753(alue and the)-.25 F +F2(default)3.253 E F1(is)3.253 E(speci\214ed, the)102 628.4 Q F2 +(default)2.5 E F1(replaces the input.)2.5 E +(Otherwise, the input is unchanged.)5 E(The)127 644.6 Q F2(ar)4.064 E +(guments)-.37 E F1 1.564(are passed to the map for arbitrary use.)4.064 +F 1.563(Most map classes can interpolate)6.563 F .882(these ar)102 656.6 +R .882(guments into their v)-.18 F .882(alues using the syntax \231%) +-.25 F F2(n)A F1 3.382<9a28>C(where)-3.382 E F2(n)3.382 E F1 .883 +(is a digit\) to indicate the corre-)3.382 F(sponding)102 668.6 Q F2(ar) +2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F1 5(.A)C -.18(rg)-5 G +(ument \231%0\232 indicates the database k).18 E -.15(ey)-.1 G 5(.F)-.5 +G(or e)-5.15 E(xample, the rule)-.15 E .32 LW 76 678.2 72 678.2 DL 80 +678.2 76 678.2 DL 84 678.2 80 678.2 DL 88 678.2 84 678.2 DL 92 678.2 88 +678.2 DL 96 678.2 92 678.2 DL 100 678.2 96 678.2 DL 104 678.2 100 678.2 +DL 108 678.2 104 678.2 DL 112 678.2 108 678.2 DL 116 678.2 112 678.2 DL +120 678.2 116 678.2 DL 124 678.2 120 678.2 DL 128 678.2 124 678.2 DL 132 +678.2 128 678.2 DL 136 678.2 132 678.2 DL 140 678.2 136 678.2 DL 144 +678.2 140 678.2 DL 148 678.2 144 678.2 DL 152 678.2 148 678.2 DL 156 +678.2 152 678.2 DL 160 678.2 156 678.2 DL 164 678.2 160 678.2 DL 168 +678.2 164 678.2 DL 172 678.2 168 678.2 DL 176 678.2 172 678.2 DL 180 +678.2 176 678.2 DL 184 678.2 180 678.2 DL 188 678.2 184 678.2 DL 192 +678.2 188 678.2 DL 196 678.2 192 678.2 DL 200 678.2 196 678.2 DL 204 +678.2 200 678.2 DL 208 678.2 204 678.2 DL 212 678.2 208 678.2 DL 216 +678.2 212 678.2 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(21)93.6 688.6 Q/F5 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .214(And of course, v)3.2 J .214 +(endors are encouraged to add themselv)-.12 F .214 +(es to the list of recognized v)-.12 F .214 +(endors by editing the routine)-.12 F/F6 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(setvendor) +2.214 E F5(in)2.214 E F6(conf)72 701.4 Q(.c)-.12 E F5 4(.P)C +(lease send e-mail to sendmail@Sendmail.ORG to re)-4 E(gister your v) +-.12 E(endor dialect.)-.12 E EP +%%Page: 53 49 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-53)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(R$\255 ! $+)142 96 Q +($: $\(uucp $1 $@ $2 $: %1 @ %0 . UUCP $\))71.72 E 1.269(Looks up the UUCP name in a \(user de\214ned\) UUCP map; if not found it turns it into \231.UUCP\232) +102 112.2 R 2.5(form. The)102 124.2 R +(database might contain records lik)2.5 E(e:)-.1 E(decv)142 140.4 Q +77.43(ax %1@%0.DEC.COM)-.25 F 72.19(research %1@%0.A)142 152.4 R(TT) +-1.11 E(.COM)-.74 E(Note that)102 168.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(default)2.5 E F1(clauses ne)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rd).15 G 2.5(ot) +-2.5 G(his mapping.)-2.5 E .741(The b)127 184.8 R .741(uilt in map with both name and class \231host\232 is the host name canonicalization lookup.) +-.2 F(Thus, the syntax:)102 196.8 Q($\(host)142 213 Q F2(hostname)2.5 E +F1($\))A(is equi)102 229.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to:).25 E($[)142 245.4 +Q F2(hostname)A F1($])A(There are man)127 265.8 Q 2.5(yd)-.15 G +(e\214ned classes.)-2.5 E 51.72(dbm Database)102 282 R 1.623 +(lookups using the ndbm\(3\) library)4.123 F(.)-.65 E F2(Sendmail)6.623 +E F1 1.623(must be compiled with)4.123 F F0(NDBM)174 294 Q F1 +(de\214ned.)2.5 E 49.51(btree Database)102 310.2 R 1.284 +(lookups using the btree interf)3.784 F 1.285(ace to the Berk)-.1 F(ele) +-.1 E 3.785(yd)-.15 G 1.285(b\(3\) library)-3.785 F(.)-.65 E F2(Send-) +6.285 E(mail)174 322.2 Q F1(must be compiled with)2.5 E F0(NEWDB)2.5 E +F1(de\214ned.)2.5 E 51.17(hash Database)102 338.4 R .122 +(lookups using the hash interf)2.622 F .122(ace to the Berk)-.1 F(ele) +-.1 E 2.622(yd)-.15 G .121(b\(3\) library)-2.622 F(.)-.65 E F2(Sendmail) +5.121 E F1(must be compiled with)174 350.4 Q F0(NEWDB)2.5 E F1 +(de\214ned.)2.5 E 57.83(nis NIS)102 366.6 R(lookups.)2.5 E F2(Sendmail)5 +E F1(must be compiled with)2.5 E F0(NIS)2.5 E F1(de\214ned.)2.5 E 41.16 +(nisplus NIS+)102 382.8 R(lookups.)3.733 E F2(Sendmail)6.233 E F1 1.233 +(must be compiled with)3.733 F F0(NISPLUS)3.733 E F1 3.733 +(de\214ned. The)3.733 F(ar)3.733 E(gu-)-.18 E .495 +(ment is the name of the table to use for lookups, and the)174 394.8 R +F0<ad6b>2.995 E F1(and)2.995 E F0<ad76>2.995 E F1 .495(\215ags may be) +2.995 F(used to set the k)174 406.8 Q .3 -.15(ey a)-.1 H(nd v).15 E +(alue columns respecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E 43.39 +(hesiod Hesiod)102 423 R(lookups.)2.5 E F2(Sendmail)5 E F1 +(must be compiled with)2.5 E F0(HESIOD)2.5 E F1(de\214ned.)2.5 E 47.28 +(ldapx LD)102 439.2 R 1.783(AP X500 directory lookups.)-.4 F F2 +(Sendmail)6.783 E F1 1.784(must be compiled with)4.283 F F0(LD)4.284 E +(APMAP)-.35 E F1 2.966(de\214ned. The)174 451.2 R .466 +(map supports most of the standard ar)2.966 F .465 +(guments and most of the com-)-.18 F(mand line ar)174 463.2 Q +(guments of the)-.18 E F2(ldapsear)2.5 E -.15(ch)-.37 G F1(program.)2.65 +E 41.17(netinfo NeXT)102 479.4 R(NetInfo lookups.)2.5 E F2(Sendmail)5 E +F1(must be compiled with)2.5 E F0(NETINFO)2.5 E F1(de\214ned.)2.5 E(te) +102 495.6 Q 54.65(xt T)-.15 F -.15(ex)-.7 G 2.917<748c>.15 G .417 +(le lookups.)-2.917 F .417(The format of the te)5.417 F .418 +(xt \214le is de\214ned by the)-.15 F F0<ad6b>2.918 E F1(\(k)2.918 E +.718 -.15(ey \214)-.1 H .418(eld num-).15 F(ber\),)174 507.6 Q F0<ad76> +2.5 E F1(\(v)2.5 E(alue \214eld number\), and)-.25 E F0<ad7a>2.5 E F1 +(\(\214eld delimiter\) \215ags.)2.5 E 53.39(stab Internal)102 523.8 R +(symbol table lookups.)2.5 E(Used internally for aliasing.)5 E 38.38 +(implicit Really)102 540 R .546 +(should be called \231alias\232 \212 this is used to get the def)3.046 F +.546(ault lookups for alias)-.1 F(\214les, and is the def)174 552 Q +(ault if no class is speci\214ed for alias \214les.)-.1 E 52.84 +(user Looks)102 568.2 R .476(up users using)2.976 F F2 -.1(ge)2.976 G +(tpwnam).1 E F1 2.976(\(3\). The)B F0<ad76>2.976 E F1 .477 +(\215ag can be used to specify the name)2.976 F .142(of the \214eld to return \(although this is normally used only to check the e) +174 580.2 R .142(xistence of)-.15 F 2.5(au)174 592.2 S(ser\).)-2.5 E +52.83(host Canoni\214es)102 608.4 R .2(host domain names.)2.7 F(Gi)5.2 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.7(nah).15 G .2(ost name it calls the name serv)-2.7 F +.2(er to \214nd)-.15 F(the canonical name for that host.)174 620.4 Q +32.85(sequence The)102 636.6 R(ar)3.35 E .849(guments on the `K' line are a list of maps; the resulting map searches the) +-.18 F(ar)174 648.6 Q .438 +(gument maps in order until it \214nds a match for the indicated k)-.18 +F -.15(ey)-.1 G 5.439(.F)-.5 G .439(or e)-5.589 F(xample,)-.15 E +(if the k)174 660.6 Q .3 -.15(ey d)-.1 H(e\214nition is:).15 E +(Kmap1 ...)214 676.8 Q(Kmap2 ...)214 688.8 Q(Kseqmap sequence map1 map2) +214 700.8 Q .968(then a lookup ag)174 717 R .968 +(ainst \231seqmap\232 \214rst does a lookup in map1.)-.05 F .968 +(If that is found, it)5.968 F EP +%%Page: 54 50 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-54 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(returns immediately)174 96 Q 5(.O)-.65 G(therwise, the same k)-5 E .3 +-.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed for map2.)-2.5 E 43.39(switch Much)102 +112.2 R(lik)2.8 E 2.8(et)-.1 G .3(he \231sequence\232 map e)-2.8 F .301 +(xcept that the order of maps is determined by the)-.15 F .392 +(service switch.)174 124.2 R .392(The ar)5.392 F .391 +(gument is the name of the service to be look)-.18 F .391(ed up; the v) +-.1 F(al-)-.25 E 1.492 +(ues from the service switch are appended to the map name to create ne) +174 136.2 R 3.993(wm)-.25 G(ap)-3.993 E 2.5(names. F)174 148.2 R(or e) +-.15 E(xample, consider the k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey d)-.1 H(e\214nition:).15 +E(Kali switch aliases)214 164.4 Q +(together with the service switch entry:)174 180.6 Q 78.84(aliases nis) +214 196.8 R(\214les)2.5 E 1.633(This causes a query ag)174 213 R 1.633 +(ainst the map \231ali\232 to search maps named \231ali.nis\232 and)-.05 +F(\231ali.\214les\232 in that order)174 225 Q(.)-.55 E 37.84 +(dequote Strip)102 241.2 R .96(double quotes \("\) from a name.)3.46 F +.961(It does not strip backslashes, and will not)5.961 F .173 +(strip quotes if the resulting string w)174 253.2 R .172 +(ould contain unscannable syntax \(that is, basic)-.1 F .386(errors lik) +174 265.2 R 2.886(eu)-.1 G .386(nbalanced angle brack)-2.886 F .386 +(ets; more sophisticated errors such as unkno)-.1 F(wn)-.25 E .252 +(hosts are not check)174 277.2 R 2.752(ed\). The)-.1 F .251 +(intent is for use when trying to accept mail from sys-)2.752 F +(tems such as DECnet that routinely quote odd syntax such as)174 289.2 Q +("49ers::ubell")214 305.4 Q 2.5(At)174 321.6 S +(ypical usage is probably something lik)-2.5 E(e:)-.1 E +(Kdequote dequote)214 337.8 Q(...)214 361.8 Q 88.19(R$\255 $:)214 385.8 +R($\(dequote $1 $\))2.5 E(R$\255 $+)214 397.8 Q($: $>3 $1 $2)77.55 E +(Care must be tak)174 414 Q(en to pre)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt une).15 E +(xpected results; for e)-.15 E(xample,)-.15 E +("|someprogram < input > output")214 430.2 Q 1.31(will ha)174 446.4 R +1.61 -.15(ve q)-.2 H 1.31(uotes stripped, b).15 F 1.31 +(ut the result is probably not what you had in mind.)-.2 F -.15(Fo)174 +458.4 S(rtunately these cases are rare.).15 E .488 +(Most of these accept as ar)127 474.6 R .488 +(guments the same optional \215ags and a \214lename \(or a mapname for) +-.18 F .31(NIS; the \214lename is the root of the database path, so that \231.db\232 or some other e) +102 486.6 R .31(xtension appropriate)-.15 F +(for the database type will be added to get the actual database name\).) +102 498.6 Q(Kno)5 E(wn \215ags are:)-.25 E 58.86(\255o Indicates)102 +514.8 R 1.147(that this map is optional \212 that is, if it cannot be opened, no error is) +3.648 F(produced, and)174 526.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)2.5 E +F1(will beha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.5(si).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he map e)-2.5 E(xisted b)-.15 E(ut w)-.2 E(as empty)-.1 E(.)-.65 E +(\255N, \255O)102 543 Q .696(If neither)41.28 F F0<ad4e>3.197 E F1(or) +3.197 E F0<ad4f>3.197 E F1 .697(are speci\214ed,)3.197 F F2(sendmail) +3.197 E F1 .697(uses an adapti)3.197 F .997 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .697 +(lgorithm to decide).15 F .108 +(whether or not to look for null bytes on the end of k)174 555 R -.15 +(ey)-.1 G 2.608(s. It).15 F .107(starts by trying both; if)2.608 F .819 +(it \214nds an)174 567 R 3.319(yk)-.15 G 1.119 -.15(ey w)-3.419 H .819 +(ith a null byte it ne).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.319(rt).15 G .82(ries ag) +-3.319 F .82(ain without a null byte and vice)-.05 F -.15(ve)174 579 S +2.828(rsa. If).15 F F0<ad4e>2.828 E F1 .328(is speci\214ed it ne)2.828 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.828(rt).15 G .328(ries without a null byte and if) +-2.828 F F0<ad4f>2.827 E F1 .327(is speci\214ed it)2.827 F(ne)174 591 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.886(rt).15 G .386(ries with a null byte.)-2.886 F .386 +(Setting one of these can speed matches b)5.386 F .386(ut are ne)-.2 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E(necessary)174 603 Q 5.546(.I)-.65 G 3.046(fb) +-5.546 G(oth)-3.046 E F0<ad4e>3.046 E F1(and)3.046 E F0<ad4f>3.046 E F1 +.545(are speci\214ed,)3.045 F F2(sendmail)3.045 E F1 .545(will ne)3.045 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.045(rt).15 G .545(ry an)-3.045 F 3.045(ym)-.15 G +(atches)-3.045 E(at all \212 that is, e)174 615 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rything will appear to f).15 E(ail.)-.1 E<ad61>102 631.2 Q F2(x)A F1 +1.356(Append the string)57.48 F F2(x)3.856 E F1 1.357 +(on successful matches.)3.856 F -.15(Fo)6.357 G 3.857(re).15 G 1.357 +(xample, the def)-4.007 F(ault)-.1 E F2(host)3.857 E F1(map)3.857 E +(appends a dot on successful matches.)174 643.2 Q 60.53(\255f Do)102 +659.4 R(not fold upper to lo)2.5 E(wer case before looking up the k)-.25 +E -.15(ey)-.1 G(.)-.5 E 56.08(\255m Match)102 675.6 R .4 +(only \(without replacing the v)2.9 F 2.899(alue\). If)-.25 F .399 +(you only care about the e)2.899 F .399(xistence of)-.15 F 7.306(ak)174 +687.6 S 5.107 -.15(ey a)-7.406 H 4.807(nd not the v).15 F 4.807 +(alue \(as you might when searching the NIS map)-.25 F 1.947 +(\231hosts.byname\232 for e)174 699.6 R 1.947(xample\), this \215ag pre) +-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.947(nts the map from substituting the).15 F -.25 +(va)174 711.6 S 2.849(lue. Ho).25 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.149 -.4 +(r, T).15 H .349(he \255a ar).4 F .349 +(gument is still appended on a match, and the def)-.18 F .35(ault is)-.1 +F(still tak)174 723.6 Q(en if the match f)-.1 E(ails.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 55 51 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-55)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF<ad6b>102 96 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1(ke)C(ycol)-.2 E F1 .52(The k)36.22 F .82 -.15 +(ey c)-.1 H .519(olumn name \(for NIS+\) or number \(for te).15 F .519 +(xt lookups\).)-.15 F -.15(Fo)5.519 G 3.019(rL).15 G -.4(DA)-3.019 G +3.019(Pm).4 G(aps)-3.019 E .312(this is a \214lter string passed to printf with a %s where the string to be \231mapped\232 is) +174 108 R(inserted.)174 120 Q<ad76>102 136.2 Q F2(valcol)A F1 1.929 +(The v)36.92 F 1.928(alue column name \(for NIS+\) or number \(for te) +-.25 F 1.928(xt lookups\).)-.15 F -.15(Fo)6.928 G 4.428(rL).15 G -.4(DA) +-4.428 G(P).4 E(maps this is the name of the attrib)174 148.2 Q +(ute to be returned.)-.2 E<ad7a>102 164.4 Q F2(delim)A F1 .218 +(The column delimiter \(for te)39.7 F .218(xt lookups\).)-.15 F .219 +(It can be a single character or one of the)5.219 F 1.826 +(special strings \231)174 176.4 R 1.826(\\n\232 or \231)1.666 F 1.826 +(\\t\232 to indicate ne)1.666 F 1.825(wline or tab respecti)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.825(.I)-.65 G 4.325(fo)-6.825 G(mitted)-4.325 E +(entirely)174 188.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he column separator is an)-2.5 E 2.5 +(ys)-.15 G(equence of whitespace.)-2.5 E 61.08(\255t Normally)102 204.6 +R 2.726(,w)-.65 G .226(hen a map attempts to do a lookup and the serv) +-2.726 F .227(er f)-.15 F .227(ails \(e.g.,)-.1 F F2(sendmail)2.727 E F1 +(couldn')174 216.6 Q 2.776(tc)-.18 G .276(ontact an)-2.776 F 2.776(yn) +-.15 G .276(ame serv)-2.776 F .276(er; this is)-.15 F F2(not)2.776 E F1 +.276(the same as an entry not being found)2.776 F .251(in the map\), the message being processed is queued for future processing.) +174 228.6 R(The)5.251 E F0<ad74>2.751 E F1 1.623(\215ag turns of)174 +240.6 R 4.123(ft)-.25 G 1.623(his beha)-4.123 F(viour)-.2 E 4.123(,l)-.4 +G 1.622(etting the temporary f)-4.123 F 1.622(ailure \(serv)-.1 F 1.622 +(er do)-.15 F 1.622(wn\) act as)-.25 F .675 +(though it were a permanent f)174 252.6 R .675 +(ailure \(entry not found\).)-.1 F .676(It is particularly useful for) +5.676 F .772(DNS lookups, where someone else')174 264.6 R 3.272(sm)-.55 +G .772(iscon\214gured name serv)-3.272 F .772(er can cause prob-)-.15 F +1.645(lems on your machine.)174 276.6 R(Ho)6.645 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.445 -.4(r, c).15 H 1.645(are must be tak).4 F 1.646 +(en to ensure that you don')-.1 F(t)-.18 E .263(bounce mail that w)174 +288.6 R .263(ould be resolv)-.1 F .262(ed correctly if you tried ag)-.15 +F 2.762(ain. A)-.05 F .262(common strat-)2.762 F -.15(eg)174 300.6 S 2.5 +(yi).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G 2.5(of)-2.5 G(orw)-2.5 E +(ard such mail to another)-.1 E 2.5(,p)-.4 G +(ossibly better connected, mail serv)-2.5 E(er)-.15 E(.)-.55 E<ad73>102 +316.8 Q F2(spacesub)A F1 -.15(Fo)25.81 G 3.1(rt).15 G .6 +(he dequote map only)-3.1 F 3.101(,t)-.65 G .601 +(he character to use to replace space characters after a)-3.101 F +(successful dequote.)174 328.8 Q(The)127 345 Q F2(dbm)3.356 E F1 .856 +(map appends the strings \231.pag\232 and \231.dir\232 to the gi)3.356 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.356<6e8c>.15 G .856(lename; the tw)-3.356 F(o)-.1 E F2 +(db)3.356 E F1(-based)A(maps append \231.db\232.)102 357 Q -.15(Fo)5 G +2.5(re).15 G(xample, the map speci\214cation)-2.65 E -.15(Ku)142 373.2 S +(ucp dbm \255o \255N /usr/lib/uucpmap).15 E .21(speci\214es an optional map named \231uucp\232 of class \231dbm\232; it al) +102 389.4 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .21(ys has null bytes at the end of e).1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E +(string, and the data is located in /usr/lib/uucpmap.{dir)102 401.4 Q +(,pag}.)-.4 E 1.095(The program)127 417.6 R F2(mak)3.595 E(emap)-.1 E F1 +1.094(\(8\) can be used to b)B 1.094(uild an)-.2 F 3.594(yo)-.15 G 3.594 +(ft)-3.594 G 1.094(he three database-oriented maps.)-3.594 F(It)6.094 E +(tak)102 429.6 Q(es the follo)-.1 E(wing \215ags:)-.25 E 60.53(\255f Do) +102 445.8 R(not fold upper to lo)2.5 E(wer case in the map.)-.25 E 56.64 +(\255N Include)102 462 R(null bytes in k)2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(s.).15 E +58.86(\255o Append)102 478.2 R(to an e)2.5 E(xisting \(old\) \214le.) +-.15 E 60.53(\255r Allo)102 494.4 R 3.668(wr)-.25 G 1.168 +(eplacement of e)-3.668 F 1.168(xisting k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.168 +(s; normally).15 F 3.668(,r)-.65 G 1.168(e-inserting an e)-3.668 F 1.168 +(xisting k)-.15 F 1.469 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 3.669(sa).15 G(n)-3.669 E(error) +174 506.4 Q(.)-.55 E 58.86(\255v Print)102 522.6 R(what is happening.) +2.5 E(The)102 538.8 Q F2(sendmail)3.606 E F1 1.106(daemon does not ha) +3.606 F 1.406 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.606(ob).15 G 3.606(er)-3.606 G 1.106 +(estarted to read the ne)-3.606 F 3.605(wm)-.25 G 1.105 +(aps as long as you change)-3.605 F +(them in place; \214le locking is used so that the maps w)102 552.8 Q +(on')-.1 E 2.5(tb)-.18 G 2.5(er)-2.5 G(ead while the)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 +G(re being updated.)-2.5 E/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(22)-4 I F1(Ne)127 569 Q +2.5(wc)-.25 G(lasses can be added in the routine)-2.5 E F0(setupmaps)2.5 +E F1(in \214le)2.5 E F0(conf)2.5 E(.c)-.15 E F1(.)A F0 2.5(5.10. The)87 +593 R(User Database)2.5 E F1 .109(If you ha)127 609.2 R .409 -.15 +(ve a ve)-.2 H .109(rsion of).15 F F2(sendmail)2.609 E F1 .109 +(with the user database package compiled in, the handling of)2.609 F +(sender and recipient addresses is modi\214ed.)102 621.2 Q +(The location of this database is controlled with the)127 637.4 Q F0 +(UserDatabaseSpec)2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E .32 LW 76 669.2 72 669.2 DL 80 +669.2 76 669.2 DL 84 669.2 80 669.2 DL 88 669.2 84 669.2 DL 92 669.2 88 +669.2 DL 96 669.2 92 669.2 DL 100 669.2 96 669.2 DL 104 669.2 100 669.2 +DL 108 669.2 104 669.2 DL 112 669.2 108 669.2 DL 116 669.2 112 669.2 DL +120 669.2 116 669.2 DL 124 669.2 120 669.2 DL 128 669.2 124 669.2 DL 132 +669.2 128 669.2 DL 136 669.2 132 669.2 DL 140 669.2 136 669.2 DL 144 +669.2 140 669.2 DL 148 669.2 144 669.2 DL 152 669.2 148 669.2 DL 156 +669.2 152 669.2 DL 160 669.2 156 669.2 DL 164 669.2 160 669.2 DL 168 +669.2 164 669.2 DL 172 669.2 168 669.2 DL 176 669.2 172 669.2 DL 180 +669.2 176 669.2 DL 184 669.2 180 669.2 DL 188 669.2 184 669.2 DL 192 +669.2 188 669.2 DL 196 669.2 192 669.2 DL 200 669.2 196 669.2 DL 204 +669.2 200 669.2 DL 208 669.2 204 669.2 DL 212 669.2 208 669.2 DL 216 +669.2 212 669.2 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(22)93.6 679.6 Q/F5 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .465(That is, don')3.2 J 2.465(tc)-.144 G .465 +(reate ne)-2.465 F 2.465(wm)-.2 G .466(aps and then use)-2.465 F/F6 8 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(mv)2.466 E F5 .466(\(1\) to mo)B .706 -.12(ve t)-.12 +H .466(hem into place.).12 F .466 +(Since the maps are already open the ne)4.466 F 2.466(wm)-.2 G(aps) +-2.466 E(will ne)72 692.4 Q -.12(ve)-.2 G 2(rb).12 G 2(es)-2 G(een.)-2 E +EP +%%Page: 56 52 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-56 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E 2.5(5.10.1. Structur)102 96 R +2.5(eo)-.18 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he user database)-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 +SF(The database is a sorted \(BT)142 112.2 Q(ree-based\) structure.)-.35 +E(User records are stored with the k)5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(:).15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(user)157 128.4 Q(-name)-.2 E F0(:)A F2(\214eld-name)A +F1 .128(The sorted database format ensures that user records are clustered together) +117 144.6 R 5.129(.M)-.55 G .129(eta-information is)-5.129 F(al)117 +156.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys stored with a leading colon.).1 E +(Field names de\214ne both the syntax and semantics of the v)142 172.8 Q +2.5(alue. De\214ned)-.25 F(\214elds include:)2.5 E 33.39(maildrop The) +117 189 R(deli)4.873 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.373(ry address for this user).15 +F 7.373(.T)-.55 G 2.372(here may be multiple v)-7.373 F 2.372 +(alues of this)-.25 F 2.675(record. In)189 201 R(particular)2.675 E +2.675(,m)-.4 G .175(ailing lists will ha)-2.675 F .475 -.15(ve o)-.2 H +(ne).15 E F2(maildr)2.675 E(op)-.45 E F1 .175(record for each user)2.675 +F(on the list.)189 213 Q 30.06(mailname The)117 229.2 R 1.027 +(outgoing mailname for this user)3.527 F 6.026(.F)-.55 G 1.026 +(or each outgoing name, there should)-6.176 F .08(be an appropriate)189 +241.2 R F2(maildr)2.58 E(op)-.45 E F1 .08(record for that name to allo) +2.58 F 2.58(wr)-.25 G .08(eturn mail.)-2.58 F .08(See also)5.08 F F2 +(:default:mailname)189 253.2 Q F1(.)A 25.62(mailsender Changes)117 269.4 +R(an)3.448 E 3.448(ym)-.15 G .948(ail sent to this address to ha)-3.448 +F 1.247 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .947(he indicated en).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .947 +(lope sender).15 F(.)-.55 E .498(This is intended for mailing lists, and will normally be the name of an appro-) +189 281.4 R .755(priate -request address.)189 293.4 R .755(It is v)5.755 +F .755(ery similar to the o)-.15 F(wner)-.25 E(-)-.2 E F2(list)A F1 .754 +(syntax in the alias)3.254 F(\214le.)189 305.4 Q 33.95(fullname The)117 +321.6 R(full name of the user)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(of)117 337.8 Q 13.66 +(\214ce-address The)-.25 F(of)2.5 E(\214ce address for this user)-.25 E +(.)-.55 E(of)117 354 Q 19.21(\214ce-phone The)-.25 F(of)2.5 E +(\214ce phone number for this user)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(of)117 370.2 Q +(\214ce-f)-.25 E 30.98(ax The)-.1 F(of)2.5 E(\214ce F)-.25 E +(AX number for this user)-.74 E(.)-.55 E 13.96(home-address The)117 +386.4 R(home address for this user)2.5 E(.)-.55 E 19.51(home-phone The) +117 402.6 R(home phone number for this user)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(home-f)117 +418.8 Q 31.28(ax The)-.1 F(home F)2.5 E(AX number for this user)-.74 E +(.)-.55 E 41.73(project A)117 435 R .855 +(\(short\) description of the project this person is af)3.355 F .856 +(\214liated with.)-.25 F .856(In the Uni-)5.856 F -.15(ve)189 447 S +(rsity this is often just the name of their graduate advisor).15 E(.) +-.55 E 52.28(plan A)117 463.2 R +(pointer to a \214le from which plan information can be g)2.5 E +(athered.)-.05 E .925(As of this writing, only a fe)142 479.4 R 3.424 +(wo)-.25 G 3.424(ft)-3.424 G .924 +(hese \214elds are actually being used by)-3.424 F F2(sendmail)3.424 E +F1(:)A F2(mail-)3.424 E(dr)117 491.4 Q(op)-.45 E F1(and)2.5 E F2 +(mailname)2.5 E F1 5(.A)C F2(\214ng)-2.5 E(er)-.1 E F1 +(program that uses the other \214elds is planned.)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(5.10.2. User)102 515.4 R(database semantics)2.5 E F1 .995(When the re) +142 531.6 R .995(writing rules submit an address to the local mailer) +-.25 F 3.496(,t)-.4 G .996(he user name is passed)-3.496 F .781 +(through the alias \214le.)117 543.6 R .78(If no alias is found \(or if the alias points back to the same address\), the) +5.781 F 1.777 +(name \(with \231:maildrop\232 appended\) is then used as a k)117 555.6 +R 2.078 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 4.278(nt).15 G 1.778(he user database.)-4.278 F +1.778(If no match)6.778 F +(occurs \(or if the maildrop points at the same address\), forw)117 +567.6 Q(arding is tried.)-.1 E .551(If the \214rst tok)142 583.8 R .55(en of the user name returned by ruleset 0 is an \231@\232 sign, the user database) +-.1 F .625(lookup is skipped.)117 595.8 R .625 +(The intent is that the user database will act as a set of def)5.625 F +.626(aults for a cluster)-.1 F 1.533 +(\(in our case, the Computer Science Di)117 607.8 R 1.533 +(vision\); mail sent to a speci\214c machine should ignore)-.25 F +(these def)117 619.8 Q(aults.)-.1 E .351 +(When mail is sent, the name of the sending user is look)142 636 R .351 +(ed up in the database.)-.1 F .352(If that user)5.351 F .041 +(has a \231mailname\232 record, the v)117 648 R .041 +(alue of that record is used as their outgoing name.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.04 +G 2.54(re).15 G .04(xample, I)-2.69 F(might ha)117 660 Q .3 -.15(ve a r) +-.2 H(ecord:).15 E 48.29(eric:mailname Eric.Allman@CS.Berk)157 676.2 R +(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU).65 E(This w)117 692.4 Q +(ould cause my outgoing mail to be sent as Eric.Allman.)-.1 E .519 +(If a \231maildrop\232 is found for the user)142 708.6 R 3.019(,b)-.4 G +.52(ut no corresponding \231mailname\232 record e)-3.219 F .52 +(xists, the)-.15 F 1.128(record \231:def)117 720.6 R 1.128 +(ault:mailname\232 is consulted.)-.1 F 1.127 +(If present, this is the name of a host to o)6.128 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +1.127(rride the).15 F EP +%%Page: 57 53 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-57)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .625(local host.)117 96 R +-.15(Fo)5.625 G 3.125(re).15 G .625(xample, in our case we w)-3.275 F +.625(ould set it to \231CS.Berk)-.1 F(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 3.125 +(EDU\232. The).65 F(ef)3.125 E .625(fect is that)-.25 F(an)117 108 Q +.882(yone kno)-.15 F .882(wn in the database gets their outgoing mail stamped as \231user@CS.Berk) +-.25 F(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU\232,).65 E -.2(bu)117 120 S 2.5(tp) +.2 G(eople not listed in the database use the local hostname.)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(5.10.3. Cr)102 146 R(eating the database)-.18 E/F2 7/Times-Bold@0 SF +(23)-4 I F1 .375(The user database is b)142 162.2 R .375(uilt from a te) +-.2 F .375(xt \214le using the)-.15 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mak)2.875 +E(emap)-.1 E F1 .375(utility \(in the distrib)2.875 F .375(ution in)-.2 +F 1.038(the mak)117 174.2 R 1.038(emap subdirectory\).)-.1 F 1.038 +(The te)6.038 F 1.039 +(xt \214le is a series of lines corresponding to userdb records;)-.15 F +1.589(each line has a k)117 186.2 R 1.889 -.15(ey a)-.1 H 1.589(nd a v) +.15 F 1.589(alue separated by white space.)-.25 F 1.589(The k)6.589 F +1.889 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 4.089(sa).15 G -.1(lwa)-4.089 G 1.588 +(ys in the format).1 F(described abo)117 198.2 Q .3 -.15(ve \212 f)-.15 +H(or e).15 E(xample:)-.15 E(eric:maildrop)157 214.4 Q .447 +(This \214le is normally installed in a system directory; for e)117 +230.6 R .448(xample, it might be called)-.15 F F3(/etc/user)2.948 E(db) +-.37 E F1(.)A 1.6 -.8(To m)117 242.6 T(ak).8 E 2.5(et)-.1 G +(he database v)-2.5 E(ersion of the map, run the program:)-.15 E(mak)157 +258.8 Q(emap btree /etc/userdb)-.1 E(.db < /etc/userdb)-.4 E .077 +(Then create a con\214g \214le that uses this.)117 275 R -.15(Fo)5.077 G +2.577(re).15 G .077 +(xample, using the V8 M4 con\214guration, include the)-2.727 F(follo)117 +287 Q(wing line in your .mc \214le:)-.25 E +(de\214ne\(\222confUSERDB_SPEC\264, /etc/userdb)157 303.2 Q(.db\))-.4 E +F0 2.5(6. O)72 331.4 R(THER CONFIGURA)-.4 E(TION)-.95 E F1 .907 +(There are some con\214guration changes that can be made by recompiling) +112 347.6 R F3(sendmail)3.407 E F1 5.907(.T)C .907(his section)-5.907 F +1.139(describes what changes can be made and what has to be modi\214ed to mak) +87 359.6 R 3.639(et)-.1 G 3.639(hem. In)-3.639 F 1.138(most cases this) +3.639 F(should be unnecessary unless you are porting)87 371.6 Q F3 +(sendmail)2.5 E F1(to a ne)2.5 E 2.5(we)-.25 G -.4(nv)-2.5 G(ironment.) +.4 E F0 2.5(6.1. P)87 395.6 R(arameters in sr)-.1 E(c/Mak)-.18 E +(e\214le)-.1 E F1 .92 +(These parameters are intended to describe the compilation en)127 411.8 +R .92(vironment, not site polic)-.4 F 2.22 -.65(y, a)-.15 H(nd).65 E +(should normally be de\214ned in src/Mak)102 423.8 Q(e\214le.)-.1 E 39.5 +(NDBM If)102 440 R .665(set, the ne)3.165 F 3.165(wv)-.25 G .664 +(ersion of the DBM library that allo)-3.315 F .664 +(ws multiple databases will be)-.25 F 2.542(used. If)174 452 R .042 +(neither NDBM nor NEWDB are set, a much less ef)2.542 F .043 +(\214cient method of alias)-.25 F(lookup is used.)174 464 Q 32.84 +(NEWDB If)102 480.2 R .142(set, use the ne)2.642 F 2.642(wd)-.25 G .142 +(atabase package from Berk)-2.642 F(ele)-.1 E 2.641(y\()-.15 G .141 +(from 4.4BSD\).)-2.641 F .141(This package)5.141 F .266 +(is substantially f)174 492.2 R .267(aster than DBM or NDBM.)-.1 F .267 +(If NEWDB and NDBM are both set,)5.267 F F3(sendmail)174 504.2 Q F1 +(will read DBM \214les, b)2.5 E(ut will create and use NEWDB \214les.) +-.2 E 53.39(NIS Include)102 520.4 R .12(support for NIS.)2.62 F .119 +(If set together with)5.119 F F3(both)2.619 E F1 .119(NEWDB and NDBM,) +2.619 F F3(sendmail)2.619 E F1 .947(will create both DBM and NEWDB \214les if and only if an alias \214le includes the) +174 532.4 R 3.409(substring \231/yp/\232 in the name.)174 544.4 R 3.409 +(This is intended for compatibility with Sun)8.409 F(Microsystems')174 +556.4 Q F3(mkalias)2.5 E F1(program used on YP masters.)2.5 E 28.94 +(NISPLUS Compile)102 572.6 R(in support for NIS+.)2.5 E 26.73 +(NETINFO Compile)102 588.8 R(in support for NetInfo \(NeXT stations\).) +2.5 E(LD)102 605 Q 22.12(APMAP Compile)-.4 F 1.225(in support for LD) +3.725 F 1.225(AP X500 queries.)-.4 F 1.226 +(Requires libldap and liblber from)6.226 F(the Umich LD)174 617 Q +(AP 3.2 or 3.3 release.)-.4 E 32.84(HESIOD Compile)102 633.2 R +(in support for Hesiod.)2.5 E(_P)102 649.4 Q -1.11(AT)-.92 G +(H_SENDMAILCF)1.11 E(The pathname of the sendmail.cf \214le.)174 661.4 Q +.32 LW 76 671 72 671 DL 80 671 76 671 DL 84 671 80 671 DL 88 671 84 671 +DL 92 671 88 671 DL 96 671 92 671 DL 100 671 96 671 DL 104 671 100 671 +DL 108 671 104 671 DL 112 671 108 671 DL 116 671 112 671 DL 120 671 116 +671 DL 124 671 120 671 DL 128 671 124 671 DL 132 671 128 671 DL 136 671 +132 671 DL 140 671 136 671 DL 144 671 140 671 DL 148 671 144 671 DL 152 +671 148 671 DL 156 671 152 671 DL 160 671 156 671 DL 164 671 160 671 DL +168 671 164 671 DL 172 671 168 671 DL 176 671 172 671 DL 180 671 176 671 +DL 184 671 180 671 DL 188 671 184 671 DL 192 671 188 671 DL 196 671 192 +671 DL 200 671 196 671 DL 204 671 200 671 DL 208 671 204 671 DL 212 671 +208 671 DL 216 671 212 671 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(23)93.6 681.4 Q/F5 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .288(These instructions are kno)3.2 J .289 +(wn to be incomplete.)-.2 F 2.289(Af)4.289 G .289(uture v)-2.289 F .289 +(ersion of the user database is planned including things such as \214n-) +-.12 F(ger service \212 and good documentation.)72 694.2 Q EP +%%Page: 58 54 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-58 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(_P)102 96 +Q -1.11(AT)-.92 G(H_SENDMAILPID)1.11 E +(The pathname of the sendmail.pid \214le.)174 108 Q 1.44 +(There are also se)127 124.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.439 +(ral compilation \215ags to indicate the en).15 F 1.439 +(vironment such as \231_AIX3\232 and)-.4 F 2.5(\231_SCO_unix_\232. See) +102 136.2 R(the READ_ME \214le for the latest scoop on these \215ags.) +2.5 E F0 2.5(6.2. P)87 160.2 R(arameters in sr)-.1 E(c/conf)-.18 E(.h) +-.15 E F1 -.15(Pa)127 176.4 S .895 +(rameters and compilation options are de\214ned in conf.h.).15 F .896 +(Most of these need not normally)5.895 F .193(be tweak)102 188.4 R .192 +(ed; common parameters are all in sendmail.cf.)-.1 F(Ho)5.192 E(we)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .992 -.4(r, t).15 H .192(he sizes of certain primiti).4 +F .492 -.15(ve ve)-.25 H(c-).15 E +(tors, etc., are included in this \214le.)102 200.4 Q(The numbers follo) +5 E(wing the parameters are their def)-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue.)-.25 E +1.247(This document is not the best source of information for compilation \215ags in conf.h \212 see) +127 216.6 R(src/READ_ME or src/conf.h itself.)102 228.6 Q +(MAXLINE [2048])102 244.8 Q 2.069(The maximum line length of an)11.14 F +4.568(yi)-.15 G 2.068(nput line.)-4.568 F 2.068(If message lines e)7.068 +F 2.068(xceed this)-.15 F .575(length the)188.4 256.8 R 3.075(yw)-.15 G +.575(ill still be processed correctly; ho)-3.075 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.375 -.4(r, h).15 H .575(eader lines, con\214gura-).4 F +(tion \214le lines, alias lines, etc., must \214t within this limit.) +188.4 268.8 Q(MAXN)102 285 Q(AME [256])-.35 E(The maximum length of an) +9.82 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G(ame, such as a host or a user name.)-2.5 E +(MAXPV [40])102 301.2 Q .25(The maximum number of parameters to an)31.13 +F 2.75(ym)-.15 G(ailer)-2.75 E 5.25(.T)-.55 G .25 +(his limits the number of)-5.25 F .375 +(recipients that may be passed in one transaction.)188.4 313.2 R .376 +(It can be set to an)5.376 F 2.876(ya)-.15 G(rbitrary)-2.876 E .876 +(number abo)188.4 325.2 R 1.176 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .876(bout 10, since).15 +F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.376 E F1 .876(will break up a deli) +3.376 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .875(ry into smaller).15 F .886 +(batches as needed.)188.4 337.2 R 3.386(Ah)5.886 G .887 +(igher number may reduce load on your system, ho)-3.386 F(w-)-.25 E +-2.15 -.25(ev e)188.4 349.2 T -.55(r.).25 G(MAXA)102 365.4 Q -.18(TO) +-1.11 G 2.5(M[).18 G 8.26(100] The)-2.5 F .064 +(maximum number of atoms \(tok)2.564 F .063(ens\) in a single address.) +-.1 F -.15(Fo)5.063 G 2.563(re).15 G .063(xample, the)-2.713 F +(address \231eric@CS.Berk)188.4 377.4 Q(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G +(EDU\232 is se).65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(na).15 G(toms.)-2.5 E +(MAXMAILERS [25])102 393.6 Q .122(The maximum number of mailers that may be de\214ned in the con\214guration \214le.) +.02 F(MAXR)102 409.8 Q(WSETS [200])-.55 E .432(The maximum number of re) +.01 F .432(writing sets that may be de\214ned.)-.25 F .431 +(The \214rst half of)5.431 F .034(these are reserv)188.4 421.8 R .034 +(ed for numeric speci\214cation \(e.g., `)-.15 F(`S92')-.74 E .035 +('\), while the upper half)-.74 F .492(are reserv)188.4 433.8 R .492 +(ed for auto-numbering \(e.g., `)-.15 F(`Sfoo')-.74 E 2.992('\). Thus,) +-.74 F .492(with a v)2.992 F .491(alue of 200 an)-.25 F +(attempt to use `)188.4 445.8 Q(`S99')-.74 E 2.5('w)-.74 G +(ill succeed, b)-2.5 E(ut `)-.2 E(`S100')-.74 E 2.5('w)-.74 G(ill f)-2.5 +E(ail.)-.1 E(MAXPRIORITIES [25])102 462 Q 2.481(The maximum number of v) +188.4 474 R 2.482(alues for the \231Precedence:\232 \214eld that may be) +-.25 F(de\214ned \(using the)188.4 486 Q F0(P)2.5 E F1 +(line in sendmail.cf\).)2.5 E(MAXUSERENVIR)102 502.2 Q(ON [100])-.4 E +.399(The maximum number of items in the user en)188.4 514.2 R .399 +(vironment that will be passed to)-.4 F(subordinate mailers.)188.4 526.2 +Q(MAXMXHOSTS [100])102 542.4 Q +(The maximum number of MX records we will accept for an)188.4 554.4 Q +2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle host.)-2.5 E(MAXALIASDB [12])102 570.6 Q .767 +(The maximum number of alias databases that can be open at an).58 F +3.267(yt)-.15 G 3.267(ime. Note)-3.267 F +(that there may also be an open \214le limit.)188.4 582.6 Q(MAXMAPST)102 +598.8 Q -.4(AC)-.93 G 2.5(K[).4 G(12])-2.5 E 1.65 +(The maximum number of maps that may be "stack)188.4 610.8 R 1.65 +(ed" in a)-.1 F F0(sequence)4.15 E F1(class)4.15 E(map.)188.4 622.8 Q +(MAXMIMEARGS [20])102 639 Q .718(The maximum number of ar)188.4 651 R +.718(guments in a MIME Content-T)-.18 F .718(ype: header; addi-)-.8 F +(tional ar)188.4 663 Q(guments will be ignored.)-.18 E +(MAXMIMENESTING [20])102 679.2 Q .4(The maximum depth to which MIME messages may be nested \(that is, nested) +188.4 691.2 R 1.344(Message or Multipart documents; this does not limit the number of compo-) +188.4 703.2 R(nents in a single Multipart document\).)188.4 715.2 Q EP +%%Page: 59 55 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-59)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.851(An)102 96 S .351 +(umber of other compilation options e)-2.851 F 2.851(xist. These)-.15 F +.35(specify whether or not speci\214c code should be)2.851 F +(compiled in.)102 108 Q(Ones mark)5 E(ed with \207 are 0/1 v)-.1 E +(alued.)-.25 E 36.69(NETINET\207 If)102 124.2 R .829 +(set, support for Internet protocol netw)3.329 F .829 +(orking is compiled in.)-.1 F(Pre)5.829 E .83(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E +(-)-.2 E .178(sions of)188.4 136.2 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail) +2.678 E F1 .178(referred to this as)2.678 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -.36 +(DA)2.678 G(EMON).36 E F1 2.677(;t)C .177(his old usage is no)-2.677 F +2.677(wi)-.25 G(ncorrect.)-2.677 E(Def)188.4 148.2 Q 1.87 +(aults on; turn it of)-.1 F 4.37(fi)-.25 G 4.37(nt)-4.37 G 1.87(he Mak) +-4.37 F 1.87(e\214le if your system doesn')-.1 F 4.37(ts)-.18 G 1.87 +(upport the)-4.37 F(Internet protocols.)188.4 160.2 Q 43.35 +(NETISO\207 If)102 176.4 R .143(set, support for ISO protocol netw)2.643 +F .142(orking is compiled in \(it may be appropri-)-.1 F +(ate to #de\214ne this in the Mak)188.4 188.4 Q +(e\214le instead of conf.h\).)-.1 E 63.35(LOG If)102 204.6 R .5 +(set, the)3 F F2(syslo)3 E(g)-.1 E F1 .5 +(routine in use at some sites is used.)3 F .5(This mak)5.5 F .5 +(es an informa-)-.1 F .504 +(tional log record for each message processed, and mak)188.4 216.6 R +.504(es a higher priority log)-.1 F .052 +(record for internal system errors.)188.4 228.6 R F0(STR)5.052 E(ONGL) +-.3 E 2.552(YR)-.92 G(ECOMMENDED)-2.552 E F1 2.553<8a69>2.552 G 2.553 +(fy)-2.553 G(ou)-2.553 E -.1(wa)188.4 240.6 S(nt no logging, turn it of) +.1 E 2.5(fi)-.25 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he con\214guration \214le.)-2.5 E(MA) +102 256.8 Q 11.12(TCHGECOS\207 Compile)-1.11 F 3.555 +(in the code to do `)6.055 F 3.555(`fuzzy matching')-.74 F 6.055('o)-.74 +G 6.055(nt)-6.055 G 3.555(he GECOS \214eld in)-6.055 F 2.5 +(/etc/passwd. This)188.4 268.8 R(also requires that the)2.5 E F0 +(MatchGECOS)2.5 E F1(option be turned on.)2.5 E -.35(NA)102 285 S 13.15 +(MED_BIND\207 Compile).35 F .412(in code to use the Berk)2.912 F(ele)-.1 +E 2.913(yI)-.15 G .413(nternet Name Domain \(BIND\) serv)-2.913 F .413 +(er to)-.15 F(resolv)188.4 297 Q 2.5(eT)-.15 G(CP/IP host names.)-2.5 E +(NO)102 313.2 Q 38.76(TUNIX If)-.4 F .248(you are using a non-UNIX mail format, you can set this \215ag to turn of) +2.748 F 2.747(fs)-.25 G(pe-)-2.747 E +(cial processing of UNIX-style \231From \232 lines.)188.4 325.2 Q -.1 +(QU)102 341.4 S 45.12(EUE\207 This).1 F 1.559 +(\215ag should be set to compile in the queueing code.)4.059 F 1.56 +(If this is not set,)6.56 F(mailers must accept the mail immediately or it will be returned to the sender) +188.4 353.4 Q(.)-.55 E 52.78(SMTP\207 If)102 369.6 R .756 +(set, the code to handle user and serv)3.256 F .756 +(er SMTP will be compiled in.)-.15 F .756(This is)5.756 F 2.507 +(only necessary if your machine has some mailer that speaks SMTP \(this) +188.4 381.6 R(means most machines e)188.4 393.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rywhere\).).15 E 39.45(USERDB\207 Include)102 409.8 R(the)3.449 E F0 +(experimental)3.449 E F1(Berk)3.449 E(ele)-.1 E 3.449(yu)-.15 G .949 +(ser information database package.)-3.449 F(This)5.948 E .27(adds a ne) +188.4 421.8 R 2.77(wl)-.25 G -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.77 H 2.77(lo).25 G 2.77 +(fl)-2.77 G .27(ocal name e)-2.77 F .27 +(xpansion between aliasing and forw)-.15 F 2.77(arding. It)-.1 F +(also uses the NEWDB package.)188.4 433.8 Q +(This may change in future releases.)5 E(The follo)102 450 Q +(wing options are normally turned on in per)-.25 E +(-operating-system clauses in conf.h.)-.2 E(IDENTPR)102 466.2 Q -1.88 +-.4(OT O)-.4 H 19.61<8743>.4 G .376 +(ompile in the IDENT protocol as de\214ned in RFC 1413.)-19.61 F .375 +(This def)5.375 F .375(aults on for)-.1 F 1.053(all systems e)188.4 +478.2 R 1.053(xcept Ultrix, which apparently has the interesting \231feature\232 that) +-.15 F .83(when it recei)188.4 490.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.33(sa\231).15 G +.83(host unreachable\232 message it closes all open connections)-3.33 F +1.921(to that host.)188.4 502.2 R 1.921(Since some \214re)6.921 F -.1 +(wa)-.25 G 1.922(ll g).1 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 1.922 +(ys send this error code when you).1 F 2.055(access an unauthorized port \(such as 113, used by IDENT\), Ultrix cannot) +188.4 514.2 R(recei)188.4 526.2 Q .3 -.15(ve e)-.25 H +(mail from such hosts.).15 E 39.45(SYSTEM5 Set)102 542.4 R +(all of the compilation parameters appropriate for System V)2.5 E(.) +-1.29 E 26.12(HASFLOCK\207 Use)102 558.6 R(Berk)2.844 E(ele)-.1 E +(y-style)-.15 E F0(\215ock)2.844 E F1 .344(instead of System V)2.844 F +F0(lockf)2.845 E F1 .345(to do \214le locking.)2.845 F .345(Due to)5.345 +F .184(the highly unusual semantics of locks across forks in)188.4 570.6 +R F0(lockf)2.684 E F1 2.684(,t)C .184(his should al)-2.684 F -.1(wa)-.1 +G(ys).1 E(be used if at all possible.)188.4 582.6 Q(HASINITGR)102 598.8 +Q 4.86(OUPS Set)-.4 F 1.284(this if your system has the)3.783 F F2 +(initgr)3.784 E(oups\(\))-.45 E F1 1.284(call \(if you ha)3.784 F 1.584 +-.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.284(ultiple group).15 F 4.417(support\). This)188.4 +610.8 R 1.917(is the def)4.417 F 1.917(ault if SYSTEM5 is)-.1 F F2(not) +4.416 E F1 1.916(de\214ned or if you are on)4.416 F(HPUX.)188.4 622.8 Q +(HASUN)102 639 Q 27.59(AME Set)-.35 F 1.148(this if you ha)3.648 F 1.448 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E F2(uname)3.648 E F1 1.149 +(\(2\) system call \(or corresponding library rou-)B 2.5(tine\). Set) +188.4 651 R(by def)2.5 E(ault if SYSTEM5 is set.)-.1 E(HASGETDT)102 +667.2 Q(ABLESIZE)-.93 E(Set this if you ha)188.4 679.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t) +-.2 H(he).15 E F2 -.1(ge)2.5 G(tdtablesize).1 E F1(\(2\) system call.)A +(HASW)102 695.4 Q 22.89(AITPID Set)-1.2 F(this if you ha)2.5 E .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E F2(haswaitpid)2.5 E F1(\(2\) system call.)A 37.22 +(SFS_TYPE The)102 711.6 R .517 +(mechanism that can be used to get \214le system capacity information.) +3.017 F(The)5.516 E -.25(va)188.4 723.6 S .214 +(lues can be one of SFS_UST).25 F 2.435 -1.11(AT \()-.93 H .215 +(use the ustat\(2\) syscall\), SFS_4ARGS \(use)1.11 F EP +%%Page: 60 56 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-60 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .415 +(the four ar)188.4 96 R .415 +(gument statfs\(2\) syscall\), SFS_VFS \(use the tw)-.18 F 2.915(oa)-.1 +G -.18(rg)-2.915 G .415(ument statfs\(2\)).18 F .716 +(syscall including <sys/vfs.h>\), SFS_MOUNT \(use the tw)188.4 108 R +3.217(oa)-.1 G -.18(rg)-3.217 G .717(ument statfs\(2\)).18 F 4.32 +(syscall including <sys/mount.h>\), SFS_ST)188.4 120 R -1.11(AT)-.93 G +4.32(FS \(use the tw)1.11 F 6.82(oa)-.1 G -.18(rg)-6.82 G(ument).18 E +1.108(statfs\(2\) syscall including <sys/statfs.h>\), SFS_ST)188.4 132 R +-1.11(AT)-.93 G 1.109(VFS \(use the tw)1.11 F 3.609(oa)-.1 G -.18(rg) +-3.609 G(u-).18 E 1.511(ment statfs\(2\) syscall including <sys/statvfs.h>\), or SFS_NONE \(no w) +188.4 144 R 1.511(ay to)-.1 F(get this information\).)188.4 156 Q 40.57 +(LA_TYPE The)102 172.2 R(load a)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(rage type.).15 E +(Details are described belo)5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .342(The are se)102 188.4 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G .342(ral b).15 F .342(uilt-in w)-.2 F .342 +(ays of computing the load a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(rage.).15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(Sendmail)5.342 E F1 .343 +(tries to auto-con\214gure them)2.842 F .267 +(based on imperfect guesses; you can select one using the)102 200.4 R F2 +(cc)2.766 E F1(option)2.766 E F0(\255DLA_TYPE=)2.766 E F2(type)A F1 +2.766(,w)C(here)-2.766 E F2(type)2.766 E F1(is:)102 212.4 Q 48.91 +(LA_INT The)102 228.6 R -.1(ke)3.452 G .952(rnel stores the load a).1 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G .952(rage in the k).15 F .952 +(ernel as an array of long inte)-.1 F(gers.)-.15 E(The actual v)188.4 +240.6 Q(alues are scaled by a f)-.25 E(actor FSCALE \(def)-.1 E +(ault 256\).)-.1 E(LA_SHOR)102 256.8 Q 35.89(TT)-.6 G .794(he k)-35.89 F +.794(ernel stores the load a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .794(rage in the k).15 +F .793(ernel as an array of short inte)-.1 F(gers.)-.15 E(The actual v) +188.4 268.8 Q(alues are scaled by a f)-.25 E(actor FSCALE \(def)-.1 E +(ault 256\).)-.1 E(LA_FLO)102 285 Q 37.03 -1.11(AT T)-.35 H .088(he k) +1.11 F .088(ernel stores the load a)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .089 +(rage in the k).15 F .089(ernel as an array of double precision)-.1 F +(\215oats.)188.4 297 Q(LA_MA)102 313.2 Q 35.97(CH Use)-.4 F(MA)2.5 E +(CH-style load a)-.4 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(rages.).15 E 39.45(LA_SUBR Call)102 +329.4 R(the)2.5 E F2 -.1(ge)2.5 G(tloadavg).1 E F1 +(routine to get the load a)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G +(rage as an array of doubles.).15 E(LA_ZER)102 345.6 Q 42.36(OA)-.4 G +-.1(lwa)-42.36 G(ys return zero as the load a).1 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5 +(rage. This).15 F(is the f)2.5 E(allback case.)-.1 E .494(If type)102 +361.8 R/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(LA_INT)2.994 E F1(,)A F3(LA_SHOR)2.994 E +(T)-.54 E F1 2.994(,o)C(r)-2.994 E F3(LA_FLO)2.993 E -.999(AT)-.315 G F1 +.493(is speci\214ed, you may also need to specify)3.992 F F3(_P)2.993 E +-.999(AT)-.828 G(H_UNIX).999 E F1 .948 +(\(the path to your system binary\) and)102 373.8 R F3(LA_A)3.448 E +(VENR)-1.215 E(UN)-.36 E F1 .949(\(the name of the v)3.448 F .949 +(ariable containing the load)-.25 F -2.25 -.2(av e)102 385.8 T +(rage in the k).2 E(ernel; usually \231_a)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.2 G +(nrun\232 or \231a).15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(nrun\232\).).15 E F0 2.5 +(6.3. Con\214guration)87 409.8 R(in sr)2.5 E(c/conf)-.18 E(.c)-.15 E F1 +(The follo)127 426 Q(wing changes can be made in conf.c.)-.25 E F0 2.5 +(6.3.1. Built-in)102 450 R(Header Semantics)2.5 E F1 1.248 +(Not all header semantics are de\214ned in the con\214guration \214le.) +142 466.2 R 1.247(Header lines that should)6.247 F .305(only be included by certain mailers \(as well as other more obscure semantics\) must be speci\214ed) +117 478.2 R .047(in the)117 490.2 R F2(HdrInfo)2.547 E F1 .047(table in) +2.547 F F2(conf)2.547 E(.c)-.15 E F1 5.047(.T)C .046 +(his table contains the header name \(which should be in all lo)-5.047 F +(wer)-.25 E(case\) and a set of header control \215ags \(described belo) +117 502.2 Q(w\), The \215ags are:)-.25 E(H_A)117 518.4 Q 30.97 +(CHECK Normally)-.4 F .007 +(when the check is made to see if a header line is compatible with)2.507 +F 2.941(am)203.4 530.4 S(ailer)-2.941 E(,)-.4 E F2(sendmail)2.941 E F1 +.441(will not delete an e)2.941 F .441(xisting line.)-.15 F .44 +(If this \215ag is set,)5.441 F F2(send-)2.94 E(mail)203.4 542.4 Q F1 +.152(will delete e)2.652 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.652(ne).15 G .152 +(xisting header lines.)-2.802 F .152 +(That is, if this bit is set and the)5.152 F 1.425(mailer does not ha) +203.4 554.4 R 1.725 -.15(ve \215)-.2 H 1.425 +(ag bits set that intersect with the required mailer).15 F 2.204 +(\215ags in the header de\214nition in sendmail.cf, the header line is) +203.4 566.4 R F2(always)4.704 E F1(deleted.)203.4 578.4 Q 51.13 +(H_EOH If)117 594.6 R .206(this header \214eld is set, treat it lik) +2.706 F 2.706(eab)-.1 G .206(lank line, i.e., it will signal the end) +-2.706 F(of the header and the be)203.4 606.6 Q +(ginning of the message te)-.15 E(xt.)-.15 E 39.45(H_FORCE Add)117 622.8 +R 2.038(this header entry e)4.538 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.538(ni).15 G 4.538 +(fo)-4.538 G 2.038(ne e)-4.538 F 2.039(xisted in the message before.) +-.15 F 2.039(If a)7.039 F 2.189(header entry does not ha)203.4 634.8 R +2.488 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.188(his bit set,).15 F F2(sendmail)4.688 E F1 +2.188(will not add another)4.688 F .62 +(header line if a header line of this name already e)203.4 646.8 R 3.12 +(xisted. This)-.15 F -.1(wo)3.12 G .62(uld nor).1 F(-)-.2 E +(mally be used to stamp the message by e)203.4 658.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ryone who handled it.).15 E(H_TRA)117 675 Q 39.3(CE If)-.4 F 1.044 +(set, this is a timestamp \(trace\) \214eld.)3.544 F 1.043 +(If the number of trace \214elds in a)6.043 F .705(message e)203.4 687 R +.705(xceeds a preset amount the message is returned on the assump-)-.15 +F(tion that it has an aliasing loop.)203.4 699 Q EP +%%Page: 61 57 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-61)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 46.67(H_RCPT If)117 96 R .332 +(set, this \214eld contains recipient addresses.)2.833 F .332 +(This is used by the)5.332 F F0<ad74>2.832 E F1 .332(\215ag to)2.832 F +1.349(determine who to send to when it is collecting recipients from the mes-) +203.4 108 R(sage.)203.4 120 Q(H_FR)117 136.2 Q 43.74(OM This)-.4 F 1.673 +(\215ag indicates that this \214eld speci\214es a sender)4.174 F 6.673 +(.T)-.55 G 1.673(he order of these)-6.673 F .898(\214elds in the)203.4 +148.2 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(HdrInfo)3.398 E F1 .898 +(table speci\214es)3.398 F F2(sendmail)3.398 E F1 1.998 -.55('s p)D .898 +(reference for which \214eld).55 F(to return error messages to.)203.4 +160.2 Q(H_ERR)117 176.4 Q(ORST)-.4 E 22.53(OA)-.18 G +(ddresses in this header should recei)-22.53 E .3 -.15(ve e)-.25 H +(rror messages.).15 E 52.79(H_CTE This)117 192.6 R +(header is a Content-T)2.5 E(ransfer)-.35 E(-Encoding header)-.2 E(.) +-.55 E 40.01(H_CTYPE This)117 208.8 R(header is a Content-T)2.5 E +(ype header)-.8 E(.)-.55 E(H_STRIPV)117 225 Q 25.25(AL Strip)-1.35 F +(the v)2.5 E(alue from the header \(for Bcc:\).)-.25 E(Let')117 241.2 Q +2.5(sl)-.55 G(ook at a sample)-2.5 E F2(HdrInfo)2.5 E F1 +(speci\214cation:)2.5 E(struct hdrinfo)157 257.4 Q(HdrInfo[] =)84.6 E({) +157 269.4 Q(/* originator \214elds, most to least signi\214cant)189.5 +281.4 Q(*/)5 E 52.29("resent-sender", H_FR)177 293.4 R(OM,)-.4 E 58.95 +("resent-from", H_FR)177 305.4 R(OM,)-.4 E 79.5("sender", H_FR)177 317.4 +R(OM,)-.4 E 86.16("from", H_FR)177 329.4 R(OM,)-.4 E 66.72 +("full-name", H_A)177 341.4 R(CHECK,)-.4 E 71.17("errors-to", H_FR)177 +353.4 R -1.667(OM | H_ERR)-.4 F(ORST)-.4 E(O,)-.18 E +(/* destination \214elds */)189.5 365.4 Q 97.82("to", H_RCPT)177 377.4 R +(,)-.74 E 70.61("resent-to", H_RCPT)177 389.4 R(,)-.74 E 96.72 +("cc", H_RCPT)177 401.4 R(,)-.74 E 91.72("bcc", H_RCPT)177 413.4 R .833 +(|H).833 G(_STRIPV)-.833 E(AL,)-1.35 E +(/* message identi\214cation and control */)189.5 425.4 Q 71.72 +("message", H_EOH,)177 437.4 R("te)177 449.4 Q 90.75(xt", H_EOH,)-.15 F +(/* trace \214elds */)189.5 461.4 Q("recei)177 473.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +72.13(d", H_TRA).15 F -1.667(CE | H_FORCE,)-.4 F +(/* miscellaneous \214elds */)189.5 485.4 Q("content-transfer)177 497.4 +Q 2.5(-encoding", H_CTE,)-.2 F 55.61("content-type", H_CTYPE,)177 509.4 +R 87.1(NULL, 0,)177 533.4 R(};)157 545.4 Q 2.435 +(This structure indicates that the \231T)117 561.6 R 2.435 +(o:\232, \231Resent-T)-.8 F 2.435 +(o:\232, and \231Cc:\232 \214elds all specify recipient)-.8 F 3.161 +(addresses. An)117 573.6 R 3.161<7999>-.15 G .662(Full-Name:\232 \214eld will be deleted unless the required mailer \215ag \(indicated in) +-3.161 F .246(the con\214guration \214le\) is speci\214ed.)117 585.6 R +.245(The \231Message:\232 and \231T)5.246 F -.15(ex)-.7 G .245 +(t:\232 \214elds will terminate the header;).15 F 1.936 +(these are used by random dissenters around the netw)117 597.6 R 1.936 +(ork w)-.1 F 4.436(orld. The)-.1 F(\231Recei)4.436 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.937(d:\232 \214eld will).15 F(al)117 609.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G +(ys be added, and can be used to trace messages.).1 E .446 +(There are a number of important points here.)142 625.8 R .445 +(First, header \214elds are not added automati-)5.446 F .656 +(cally just because the)117 637.8 R 3.156(ya)-.15 G .656(re in the) +-3.156 F F2(HdrInfo)3.157 E F1 .657(structure; the)3.157 F 3.157(ym)-.15 +G .657(ust be speci\214ed in the con\214guration)-3.157 F .728 +(\214le in order to be added to the message.)117 649.8 R(An)5.727 E +3.227(yh)-.15 G .727 +(eader \214elds mentioned in the con\214guration \214le)-3.227 F -.2(bu) +117 661.8 S 3.24(tn).2 G .74(ot mentioned in the)-3.24 F F2(HdrInfo)3.24 +E F1 .74(structure ha)3.24 F 1.04 -.15(ve d)-.2 H(ef).15 E .74 +(ault processing performed; that is, the)-.1 F 3.24(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.24 E +1.375(added unless the)117 673.8 R 3.875(yw)-.15 G 1.375 +(ere in the message already)-3.875 F 6.375(.S)-.65 G 1.374(econd, the) +-6.375 F F2(HdrInfo)3.874 E F1 1.374(structure only speci\214es)3.874 F +.324(cliched processing; certain headers are processed specially by ad hoc code re) +117 685.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .325(rdless of the sta-).05 F .481 +(tus speci\214ed in)117 697.8 R F2(HdrInfo)2.981 E F1 5.481(.F)C .481 +(or e)-5.631 F .481 +(xample, the \231Sender:\232 and \231From:\232 \214elds are al)-.15 F +-.1(wa)-.1 G .48(ys scanned on).1 F EP +%%Page: 62 58 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-62 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(ARP)117 +98 Q .751(ANET mail to determine the sender)-.92 F/F2 7/Times-Roman@0 SF +(24)-4 I F1 3.251(;t)4 K .75 +(his is used to perform the \231return to sender\232 func-)-3.251 F +2.976(tion. The)117 110 R .476(\231From:\232 and \231Full-Name:\232 \214elds are used to determine the full name of the sender if) +2.976 F(possible; this is stored in the macro)117 122 Q F0($x)2.5 E F1 +(and used in a number of w)2.5 E(ays.)-.1 E F0 2.5(6.3.2. Restricting) +102 146 R(Use of Email)2.5 E F1 .15 +(If it is necessary to restrict mail through a relay)142 162.2 R 2.649 +(,t)-.65 G(he)-2.649 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ch)2.649 G(ec).15 E +(kcompat)-.2 E F1 .149(routine can be modi\214ed.)2.649 F .163 +(This routine is called for e)117 174.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .163 +(ry recipient address.).15 F .163(It returns an e)5.163 F .163 +(xit status indicating the status of)-.15 F .895(the message.)117 186.2 +R .895(The status)5.895 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(EX_OK)3.395 E F1 .895 +(accepts the address,)3.395 F F4(EX_TEMPF)3.395 E(AIL)-.666 E F1 .895 +(queues the message for a)3.395 F .263(later try)117 198.2 R 2.763(,a) +-.65 G .263(nd other v)-2.763 F .264(alues \(commonly)-.25 F F4(EX_UN) +2.764 E -1.215(AVA)-.315 G(ILABLE)1.215 E F1 2.764(\)r)C .264 +(eject the message.)-2.764 F .264(It is up to)5.264 F F3 -.15(ch)2.764 G +(ec).15 E(k-)-.2 E(compat)117 210.2 Q F1 .43 +(to print an error message \(using)2.93 F F3(usr)2.929 E(err)-.37 E F1 +2.929(\)i)C 2.929(ft)-2.929 G .429(he message is rejected.)-2.929 F -.15 +(Fo)5.429 G 2.929(re).15 G(xample,)-3.079 E F3 -.15(ch)2.929 G(ec).15 E +(k-)-.2 E(compat)117 222.2 Q F1(could read:)2.5 E F4(int)157 237.2 Q +(checkcompat\(to, e\))157 248 Q(re)175 258.8 Q(gister ADDRESS *to;)-.135 +E(re)175 269.6 Q(gister ENVELOPE *e;)-.135 E({)157 280.4 Q(re)175 291.2 +Q(gister ST)-.135 E(AB *s;)-.837 E 2.25(s=s)175 312.8 S(tab\("pri)-2.25 +E -.225(va)-.225 G(te", ST_MAILER, ST_FIND\);).225 E +(if \(s != NULL && e\255>e_from.q_mailer != LocalMailer &&)175 323.6 Q +(to->q_mailer == s->s_mailer\))184 334.4 Q({)175 345.2 Q +(usrerr\("No pri)193 356 Q -.225(va)-.225 G(te net mail allo).225 E +(wed through this machine"\);)-.225 E(return \(EX_UN)193 366.8 Q -1.215 +(AVA)-.315 G(ILABLE\);)1.215 E(})175 377.6 Q +(if \(MsgSize > 50000 && bitnset\(M_LOCALMAILER, to\255>q_mailer\)\))175 +388.4 Q({)175 399.2 Q(usrerr\("Message too lar)193 410 Q +(ge for non-local deli)-.162 E -.135(ve)-.225 G(ry"\);).135 E +(e\255>e_\215ags |= EF_NORETURN;)193 420.8 Q(return \(EX_UN)193 431.6 Q +-1.215(AVA)-.315 G(ILABLE\);)1.215 E(})175 442.4 Q(return \(EX_OK\);)175 +453.2 Q(})157 464 Q F1 .969(This w)117 480.2 R .969 +(ould reject messages greater than 50000 bytes unless the)-.1 F 3.469 +(yw)-.15 G .97(ere local.)-3.469 F(The)5.97 E F3(EF_NORE-)3.47 E(TURN) +117 492.2 Q F1 .652(\215ag can be set in)3.152 F F3(e)3.152 E/F5 10 +/Symbol SF<ae>A F3(e_\215a)A(gs)-.1 E F1 .651 +(to suppress the return of the actual body of the message in)3.152 F +.655(the error return.)117 504.2 R .655(The actual use of this routine is highly dependent on the implementation, and) +5.655 F(use should be limited.)117 516.2 Q F0 2.5(6.3.3. Load)102 540.2 +R -.6 -1(Av e)2.5 H(rage Computation)1 E F1 .18(The routine)142 556.4 R +F3 -.1(ge)2.68 G(tla).1 E F1 .18 +(should return an approximation of the current system load a)2.68 F -.15 +(ve)-.2 G .18(rage as an).15 F(inte)117 568.4 Q(ger)-.15 E 5(.T)-.55 G +(here are se)-5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral v).15 E +(ersions included on compilation \215ags as described abo)-.15 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F0 2.5(6.3.4. New)102 592.4 R(Database Map Classes) +2.5 E F1(Ne)142 608.6 Q 2.875(wk)-.25 G .675 -.15(ey m)-2.975 H .375(aps can be added by creating a class initialization function and a lookup func-) +.15 F 2.5(tion. These)117 620.6 R(are then added to the routine)2.5 E F3 +(setupmaps.)2.5 E F1(The initialization function is called as)142 636.8 +Q F3(xxx)157 653 Q F1(_map_init\(MAP *map, char *ar)A(gs\))-.18 E(The) +117 669.2 Q F3(map)3.28 E F1 .78(is an internal data structure.)3.28 F +(The)5.78 E F3(ar)3.279 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .779 +(is a pointer to the portion of the con\214guration)3.279 F .32 LW 76 +678.8 72 678.8 DL 80 678.8 76 678.8 DL 84 678.8 80 678.8 DL 88 678.8 84 +678.8 DL 92 678.8 88 678.8 DL 96 678.8 92 678.8 DL 100 678.8 96 678.8 DL +104 678.8 100 678.8 DL 108 678.8 104 678.8 DL 112 678.8 108 678.8 DL 116 +678.8 112 678.8 DL 120 678.8 116 678.8 DL 124 678.8 120 678.8 DL 128 +678.8 124 678.8 DL 132 678.8 128 678.8 DL 136 678.8 132 678.8 DL 140 +678.8 136 678.8 DL 144 678.8 140 678.8 DL 148 678.8 144 678.8 DL 152 +678.8 148 678.8 DL 156 678.8 152 678.8 DL 160 678.8 156 678.8 DL 164 +678.8 160 678.8 DL 168 678.8 164 678.8 DL 172 678.8 168 678.8 DL 176 +678.8 172 678.8 DL 180 678.8 176 678.8 DL 184 678.8 180 678.8 DL 188 +678.8 184 678.8 DL 192 678.8 188 678.8 DL 196 678.8 192 678.8 DL 200 +678.8 196 678.8 DL 204 678.8 200 678.8 DL 208 678.8 204 678.8 DL 212 +678.8 208 678.8 DL 216 678.8 212 678.8 DL/F6 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(24)93.6 +689.2 Q/F7 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(Actually)3.2 I 2.631(,t)-.52 G .631 +(his is no longer true in SMTP; this information is contained in the en) +-2.631 F -.12(ve)-.32 G 2.632(lope. The).12 F .632(older ARP)2.632 F +.632(ANET protocols did)-.736 F(not completely distinguish en)72 702 Q +-.12(ve)-.32 G(lope from header).12 E(.)-.44 E EP +%%Page: 63 59 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-63)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .396(\214le line follo)117 96 +R .396(wing the map class name; \215ags and \214lenames can be e)-.25 F +.397(xtracted from this line.)-.15 F(The)5.397 E +(initialization function must return)117 108 Q/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(TR) +2.5 E(UE)-.36 E F1(if it successfully opened the map,)2.5 E F2 -.666(FA) +2.5 G(LSE).666 E F1(otherwise.)2.5 E(The lookup function is called as) +142 124.2 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(xxx)157 140.4 Q F1 +(_map_lookup\(MAP *map, char b)A(uf[], char **a)-.2 E 1.3 -.65(v, i)-.2 +H(nt *statp\)).65 E(The)117 156.6 Q F3(map)2.773 E F1 .273 +(de\214nes the map internally)2.773 F 5.273(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.273 E F3 -.2 +(bu)2.773 G(f).2 E F1 .273(has the input k)2.773 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 5.273 +(.T)-.5 G .272(his may be \(and often is\) used)-5.273 F(destructi)117 +168.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.151(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.151 E F3(av)2.651 +E F1 .151(is a list of ar)2.651 F .151(guments passed in from the re) +-.18 F .152(write line.)-.25 F .152(The lookup function)5.152 F .205 +(should return a pointer to the ne)117 180.6 R 2.705(wv)-.25 G 2.705 +(alue. IF)-2.955 F .205(the map lookup f)2.705 F(ails,)-.1 E F3(*statp) +2.705 E F1 .204(should be set to an e)2.705 F(xit)-.15 E .301 +(status code; in particular)117 192.6 R 2.801(,i)-.4 G 2.801(ts)-2.801 G +.302(hould be set to)-2.801 F F2(EX_TEMPF)2.802 E(AIL)-.666 E F1 .302 +(if reco)2.802 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .302(ry is to be attempted by the).15 F +(higher le)117 204.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lc).15 G(ode.)-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(6.3.5. Queueing)102 228.6 R(Function)2.5 E F1 .783(The routine)142 +244.8 R F3(shouldqueue)3.283 E F1 .783 +(is called to decide if a message should be queued or processed)3.283 F +(immediately)117 256.8 Q 6.618(.T)-.65 G 1.618 +(ypically this compares the message priority to the current load a) +-7.418 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 4.119(rage. The).15 F(def)117 268.8 Q +(ault de\214nition is:)-.1 E(bool)157 285 Q(shouldqueue\(pri, ctime\)) +157 297 Q(long pri;)175 309 Q(time_t ctime;)175 321 Q({)157 333 Q +(if \(CurrentLA < QueueLA\))175 345 Q(return \(F)193 357 Q(ALSE\);)-.74 +E(return \(pri > \(QueueF)175 369 Q +(actor / \(CurrentLA \255 QueueLA + 1\)\)\);)-.15 E(})157 381 Q 2.063 +(If the current load a)117 397.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.062(rage \(global v) +.15 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(Curr)4.562 E(entLA)-.37 E F1 4.562(,w)C 2.062 +(hich is set before this function is)-4.562 F 1.057 +(called\) is less than the lo)117 409.2 R 3.558(wt)-.25 G 1.058 +(hreshold load a)-3.558 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.058(rage \(option).15 F F0(x) +3.558 E F1 3.558(,v)C(ariable)-3.808 E F3(QueueLA)3.558 E F1(\),)A F3 +(shouldqueue)3.558 E F1(returns)117 421.2 Q F2 -.666(FA)2.587 G(LSE).666 +E F1 .086(immediately \(that is, it should)2.587 F F3(not)2.586 E F1 +2.586(queue\). If)2.586 F .086(the current load a)2.586 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +.086(rage e).15 F .086(xceeds the)-.15 F .587(high threshold load a)117 +433.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .587(rage \(option).15 F F0(X)3.087 E F1 3.087(,v) +C(ariable)-3.337 E F3(RefuseLA)3.087 E F1(\),)A F3(shouldqueue)3.088 E +F1(returns)3.088 E F2(TR)3.088 E(UE)-.36 E F1(immedi-)3.088 E(ately)117 +445.2 Q 7.126(.O)-.65 G 2.125 +(therwise, it computes the function based on the message priority)-7.126 +F 4.625(,t)-.65 G 2.125(he queue f)-4.625 F(actor)-.1 E(\(option)117 +457.2 Q F0(q)2.5 E F1 2.5(,g)C(lobal v)-2.5 E(ariable)-.25 E F3(QueueF) +2.5 E(actor)-.75 E F1(\), and the current and threshold load a)A -.15 +(ve)-.2 G(rages.).15 E 1.066(An implementation wishing to tak)142 473.4 +R 3.566(et)-.1 G 1.067 +(he actual age of the message into account can also)-3.566 F 1.41 +(use the)117 485.4 R F3(ctime)3.91 E F1(parameter)3.91 E 3.91(,w)-.4 G +1.41(hich is the time that the message w)-3.91 F 1.41 +(as \214rst submitted to)-.1 F F3(sendmail)3.91 E F1(.)A .928 +(Note that the)117 497.4 R F3(pri)3.428 E F1 .928(parameter is already weighted by the number of times the message has been) +3.428 F .395(tried \(although this tends to lo)117 509.4 R .395 +(wer the priority of the message with time\); the e)-.25 F .395 +(xpectation is that)-.15 F(the)117 521.4 Q F3(ctime)2.674 E F1 -.1(wo) +2.674 G .174 +(uld be used as an \231escape clause\232 to ensure that messages are e) +.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .174(ntually processed.).15 F F0 2.5 +(6.3.6. Refusing)102 545.4 R(Incoming SMTP Connections)2.5 E F1 1.149 +(The function)142 561.6 R F3 -.37(re)3.648 G(fuseconnections).37 E F1 +(returns)3.648 E F2(TR)3.648 E(UE)-.36 E F1 1.148 +(if incoming SMTP connections should be)3.648 F 3.563(refused. The)117 +573.6 R 1.063(current implementation is based e)3.563 F(xclusi)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.063(ly on the current load a).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.063 +(rage and the).15 F(refuse load a)117 585.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G +(rage option \(option).15 E F0(X)2.5 E F1 2.5(,g)C(lobal v)-2.5 E +(ariable)-.25 E F3(RefuseLA)2.5 E F1(\):)A(bool)157 601.8 Q +(refuseconnections\(\))157 613.8 Q({)157 625.8 Q +(return \(CurrentLA >= RefuseLA\);)175 637.8 Q(})157 649.8 Q 2.5(Am)117 +666 S(ore cle)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ri).15 G +(mplementation could look at more system resources.)-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(6.3.7. Load)102 690 R -.6 -1(Av e)2.5 H(rage Computation)1 E F1 .244 +(The routine)142 706.2 R F3 -.1(ge)2.743 G(tla).1 E F1 .243 +(returns the current load a)2.743 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .243 +(rage \(as a rounded inte).15 F 2.743(ger\). The)-.15 F(distrib)2.743 E +(ution)-.2 E 1.156(includes se)117 718.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.157 +(ral possible implementations.).15 F 1.157(If you are porting to a ne) +6.157 F 3.657(we)-.25 G -.4(nv)-3.657 G 1.157(ironment you may).4 F EP +%%Page: 64 60 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-64 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(need to add some ne)117 98 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(weaks.)-2.5 E/F2 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(25)-4 I F0 2.5(6.4. Con\214guration)87 122 R(in sr)2.5 +E(c/daemon.c)-.18 E F1 .4(The \214le)127 138.2 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(sr)2.9 E(c/daemon.c)-.37 E F1 .4 +(contains a number of routines that are dependent on the local netw)2.9 +F(ork-)-.1 E(ing en)102 150.2 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F -.15(ve)2.5 G +(rsion supplied assumes you ha).15 E .3 -.15(ve B)-.2 H(SD style sock) +.15 E(ets.)-.1 E 2.16(In pre)127 166.4 R 2.16 +(vious releases, we recommended that you modify the routine)-.25 F F3 +(maphostname)4.66 E F1 2.16(if you)4.66 F -.1(wa)102 178.4 S 1.919 +(nted to generalize).1 F F0($[)4.418 E F1(...)4.418 E F0($])4.418 E F1 +4.418(lookups. W)4.418 F 4.418(en)-.8 G 2.418 -.25(ow r)-4.418 H 1.918 +(ecommend that you create a ne).25 F 4.418(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-4.518 G +1.918(ed map).15 F(instead.)102 190.4 Q F0 2.5(7. CHANGES)72 214.4 R +(IN VERSION 8)2.5 E F1 .195(The follo)112 230.6 R .196 +(wing summarizes changes since the last commonly a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G +.196(ilable v).25 F .196(ersion of)-.15 F F3(sendmail)2.696 E F1 +(\(5.67\).)2.696 E -.15(Fo)87 242.6 S 2.703(rad).15 G .203 +(etailed list, consult the \214le RELEASE_NO)-2.703 F .203 +(TES in the root directory of the)-.4 F F3(sendmail)2.702 E F1(distrib) +2.702 E(ution.)-.2 E F0 2.5(7.1. Connection)87 266.6 R(Caching)2.5 E F1 +.397(Instead of closing SMTP connections immediately)127 282.8 R 2.897 +(,t)-.65 G .398(hose connections are cached for possible)-2.897 F .598 +(future use.)102 294.8 R .598(The adv)5.598 F .597 +(ent of MX records made this ef)-.15 F(fecti)-.25 E .897 -.15(ve f)-.25 +H .597(or mailing lists; in addition, substantial).15 F +(performance impro)102 306.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ments can be e).15 E +(xpected for queue processing.)-.15 E F0 2.5(7.2. MX)87 330.8 R +(Piggybacking)2.5 E F1 1.257(If tw)127 347 R 3.757(oh)-.1 G 1.257 +(osts with dif)-3.757 F 1.257 +(ferent names in a single message happen to ha)-.25 F 1.557 -.15(ve t) +-.2 H 1.257(he same set of MX).15 F .94(hosts, the)102 359 R 3.44(yc) +-.15 G .94(an be sent in the same transaction.)-3.44 F -1.11(Ve)5.94 G +.94(rsion 8 notices this and tries to batch the mes-)1.11 F(sages.)102 +371 Q F0 2.5(7.3. RFC)87 395 R(1123 Compliance)2.5 E F1 3.462(An)127 +411.2 S .962(umber of changes ha)-3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .962 +(een made to mak).15 F(e)-.1 E F3(sendmail)3.462 E F1 .963 +(\231conditionally compliant\232 \(that is,)3.463 F F3(sendmail)102 +423.2 Q F1 .05(satis\214es all of the \231MUST\232 clauses and most b) +2.55 F .049(ut not all of the \231SHOULD\232 clauses in RFC)-.2 F +(1123\).)102 435.2 Q(The major areas of change are \(numbers are RFC 1123 section numbers\):) +127 451.4 Q 15(5.2.7 Response)102 467.6 R(to RCPT command is f)2.5 E +(ast.)-.1 E 15(5.2.8 Numeric)102 483.8 R +(IP addresses are logged in Recei)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(d: lines.).15 E +10(5.2.17 Self)102 500 R(domain literal is properly handled.)2.5 E 15 +(5.3.2 Better)102 516.2 R(control o)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(ri).15 G +(ndi)-2.5 E(vidual timeouts.)-.25 E 15(5.3.3 Error)102 532.4 R +(messages are sent as \231From:<>\232.)2.5 E 15(5.3.3 Error)102 548.6 R +(messages are ne)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rs).15 G(ent to \231<>\232.) +-2.5 E 15(5.3.3 Route-addrs)102 564.8 R(are pruned.)2.5 E +(The areas in which)102 581 Q F3(sendmail)2.5 E F1 +(is not \231unconditionally compliant\232 are:)2.5 E(5.2.6)102 597.2 Q +F3(Sendmail)17.5 E F1(does do header munging.)2.5 E(5.2.10)102 613.4 Q +F3(Sendmail)12.5 E F1(doesn')2.5 E 2.5(ta)-.18 G -.1(lwa)-2.5 G +(ys use the e).1 E(xact SMTP message te)-.15 E(xt as listed in RFC 821.) +-.15 E(5.3.1.1)102 629.6 Q F3(Sendmail)10 E F1(doesn')2.5 E 2.5(tg)-.18 +G(uarantee only one connect for each host in queue runs.)-2.5 E(5.3.1.1) +102 645.8 Q F3(Sendmail)10 E F1(doesn')2.5 E 2.5(ta)-.18 G -.1(lwa)-2.5 +G(ys pro).1 E(vide adequate concurrenc)-.15 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G(imits.)-2.5 +E .32 LW 76 678.8 72 678.8 DL 80 678.8 76 678.8 DL 84 678.8 80 678.8 DL +88 678.8 84 678.8 DL 92 678.8 88 678.8 DL 96 678.8 92 678.8 DL 100 678.8 +96 678.8 DL 104 678.8 100 678.8 DL 108 678.8 104 678.8 DL 112 678.8 108 +678.8 DL 116 678.8 112 678.8 DL 120 678.8 116 678.8 DL 124 678.8 120 +678.8 DL 128 678.8 124 678.8 DL 132 678.8 128 678.8 DL 136 678.8 132 +678.8 DL 140 678.8 136 678.8 DL 144 678.8 140 678.8 DL 148 678.8 144 +678.8 DL 152 678.8 148 678.8 DL 156 678.8 152 678.8 DL 160 678.8 156 +678.8 DL 164 678.8 160 678.8 DL 168 678.8 164 678.8 DL 172 678.8 168 +678.8 DL 176 678.8 172 678.8 DL 180 678.8 176 678.8 DL 184 678.8 180 +678.8 DL 188 678.8 184 678.8 DL 192 678.8 188 678.8 DL 196 678.8 192 +678.8 DL 200 678.8 196 678.8 DL 204 678.8 200 678.8 DL 208 678.8 204 +678.8 DL 212 678.8 208 678.8 DL 216 678.8 212 678.8 DL/F4 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(25)93.6 689.2 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF +(If you do, please send updates to sendmail@Sendmail.ORG.)3.2 I EP +%%Page: 65 61 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-65)195.86 E 2.5(7.4. Extended)87 96 R(SMTP Support)2.5 E/F1 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF -1.11(Ve)127 112.2 S .154 +(rsion 8 includes both sending and recei)1.11 F .155 +(ving support for Extended SMTP support as de\214ned)-.25 F(by RFC 1651 \(basic\) and RFC 1653 \(SIZE\); and limited support for RFC 1652 \(BOD) +102 124.2 Q(Y\).)-.55 E F0 2.5(7.5. Eight-Bit)87 148.2 R(Clean)2.5 E F1 +(Pre)127 164.4 Q 1.264(vious v)-.25 F 1.264(ersions of)-.15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.764 E F1 1.264 +(used the 0200 bit for quoting.)3.764 F 1.263(This v)6.263 F 1.263 +(ersion a)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 1.263(ids that use.).2 F(Ho)102 176.4 Q +(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, f).15 H +(or compatibility with RFC 822, you can set option `7' to get se).4 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nb).15 G(it stripping.)-2.5 E(Indi)127 192.6 Q +(vidual mailers can still produce se)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nb).15 G +(it output using the `7' mailer \215ag.)-2.5 E F0 2.5(7.6. User)87 216.6 +R(Database)2.5 E F1 1.072(The user database is an as-yet e)127 232.8 R +1.072(xperimental attempt to pro)-.15 F 1.073(vide uni\214ed lar)-.15 F +1.073(ge-site name sup-)-.18 F 2.5(port. W)102 244.8 R 2.5(ea)-.8 G +(re installing it at Berk)-2.5 E(ele)-.1 E(y; future v)-.15 E +(ersions may sho)-.15 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G(igni\214cant modi\214cations.)-2.5 +E F0 2.5(7.7. Impr)87 268.8 R -.1(ove)-.18 G 2.5(dB).1 G(IND Support) +-2.5 E F1 .489 +(The BIND support, particularly for MX records, had a number of anno)127 +285 R .489(ying \231features\232 which)-.1 F(ha)102 297 Q 1.212 -.15 +(ve b)-.2 H .912(een remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.412(di).15 G 3.412(nt) +-3.412 G .912(his release.)-3.412 F .912(In particular)5.912 F 3.412(,t) +-.4 G .912(hese more tightly bind \(pun intended\) the name)-3.412 F +(serv)102 309 Q(er to)-.15 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1 2.5(,s)C 2.5(ot)-2.5 G +(hat the name serv)-2.5 E +(er resolution rules are incorporated directly into)-.15 E F0(sendmail) +2.5 E F1(.)A F0 2.5(7.8. K)87 333 R(ey)-.25 E(ed Files)-.1 E F1 .366 +(Generalized k)127 349.2 R -.15(ey)-.1 G .366(ed \214les is an idea tak) +.15 F .366(en directly from)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(ID)2.865 E(A) +-.36 E F2(sendmail)2.865 E F1 .365(\(albeit with a completely)2.865 F +(dif)102 361.2 Q(ferent implementation\).)-.25 E(The)5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(an be useful on lar)-2.5 E(ge sites.)-.18 E -1.11(Ve)127 377.4 S +(rsion 8 also understands YP)1.11 E(.)-1.11 E F0 2.5(7.9. Multi-W)87 +401.4 R(ord Classes)-.75 E F1(Classes can no)127 417.6 Q 2.5(wb)-.25 G +2.5(em)-2.5 G(ultiple w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. F)-.1 F(or e)-.15 E(xample,) +-.15 E(CShofmann.CS.Berk)142 433.8 Q(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU).65 E +(allo)102 450 Q 2.663 +(ws you to match the entire string \231hofmann.CS.Berk)-.25 F(ele)-.1 E +-.65(y.)-.15 G 2.664(EDU\232 using the single construct).65 F +(\231$=S\232.)102 462 Q F0 2.5(7.10. Deferr)87 486 R(ed Macr)-.18 E 2.5 +(oE)-.18 G(xpansion)-2.5 E F1(The)127 502.2 Q F0($&)2.5 E F2(x)A F1 +(construct has been adopted from)2.5 E F3(ID)2.5 E(A)-.36 E F1(.)A F0 +2.5(7.11. IDENT)87 526.2 R(Pr)2.5 E(otocol Support)-.18 E F1 +(The IDENT protocol as de\214ned in RFC 1413 is supported.)127 542.4 Q +F0 2.5(7.12. P)87 566.4 R(arsing Bug Fixes)-.1 E F1 4.03(An)127 582.6 S +1.53(umber of small b)-4.03 F 1.53(ugs ha)-.2 F 1.53 +(ving to do with things lik)-.2 F 4.03(eb)-.1 G 1.53 +(ackslash-escaped quotes inside of)-4.03 F(comments ha)102 594.6 Q .3 +-.15(ve b)-.2 H(een \214x).15 E(ed.)-.15 E F0 2.5(7.13. Separate)87 +618.6 R(En)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.4 G(lope/Header Pr).1 E(ocessing)-.18 E F1 +.854(Since the From: line is passed in separately from the en)127 634.8 +R -.15(ve)-.4 G .854(lope sender).15 F 3.354(,t)-.4 G .854(hese ha) +-3.354 F 1.154 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .854(oth been).15 F .428 +(made visible; the)102 646.8 R F0($g)2.928 E F1 .428 +(macro is set to the en)2.928 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .427 +(lope sender during processing of mailer ar).15 F .427(gument v)-.18 F +(ec-)-.15 E(tors and the header sender during processing of headers.)102 +658.8 Q .084(It is also possible to specify separate per)127 675 R .085 +(-mailer en)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .085(lope and header processing.).15 F +(The)5.085 E F0(S)2.585 E F1(ender)A(-)-.2 E -.55(RW)102 687 S .513 +(Set and).55 F F0(R)3.013 E F1(ecipientR)A .513(Wset ar)-.55 F .512 +(guments for mailers can be speci\214ed as)-.18 F F2(en)3.012 E +(velope/header)-.4 E F1 .512(to gi)3.012 F .812 -.15(ve d)-.25 H(if-).15 +E(ferent re)102 699 Q(writings for en)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(lope v).15 E +(ersus header addresses.)-.15 E EP +%%Page: 66 62 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-66 Sendmail)72 60 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E 2.5(7.14. Owner)87 96 R +(-List Pr)-.37 E(opagates to En)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.4 G(lope).1 E/F1 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF 1(When an alias has an associated o)127 112.2 R 1.001 +(wner\255list name, that alias is used to change the en)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.4 G(lope).15 E(sender address.)102 124.2 Q(This will cause do)5 E +(wnstream errors to be returned to that o)-.25 E(wner)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F0 +2.5(7.15. Dynamic)87 148.2 R(Header Allocation)2.5 E F1(The \214x)127 +164.4 Q(ed size limit on header lines has been eliminated.)-.15 E F0 2.5 +(7.16. 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New)87 438 R(Options) +2.5 E F1(Se)127 454.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .9(ral ne).15 F 3.4(wo)-.25 G .9 +(ptions ha)-3.4 F 1.2 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .9(een added, man).15 F 3.4(yt) +-.15 G 3.4(os)-3.4 G .9(upport ne)-3.4 F 3.4(wf)-.25 G .9 +(eatures, others to allo)-3.4 F 3.4(wt)-.25 G(uning)-3.4 E 1.722(that w) +102 466.2 R 1.722(as pre)-.1 F 1.722(viously a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G +1.722(ilable only by recompiling.).25 F(The)6.722 E 4.222(ya)-.15 G +1.722(re described in detail in Section 5.6.)-4.222 F(Brie\215y)102 +478.2 Q(,)-.65 E 31(bI)102 494.4 S +(nsist on a minimum number of disk blocks.)-31 E 29.33(CS)102 510.6 S +(et checkpoint interv)-29.33 E(al.)-.25 E 29.89(ED)102 526.8 S(ef)-29.89 +E(ault error message.)-.1 E 28.78(GE)102 543 S(nable GECOS matching.) +-28.78 E 31(hM)102 559.2 S(aximum hop count.)-31 E 33.22(jS)102 575.4 S +(end errors in MIME-encapsulated format.)-33.22 E 32.11(JF)102 591.6 S +(orw)-32.26 E(ard \214le path.)-.1 E 31(kC)102 607.8 S +(onnection cache size)-31 E 28.78(KC)102 624 S +(onnection cache lifetime.)-28.78 E 33.22(lE)102 640.2 S .334 +(nable Errors-T)-33.22 F .334(o: header)-.8 F 5.334(.T)-.55 G .334 +(hese headers violate RFC 1123; this option is included to pro-)-5.334 F +(vide back compatibility with old v)138 652.2 Q(ersions of)-.15 E F2 +(sendmail)2.5 E F1(.)A 28.78(OS)102 668.4 S +(et incoming SMTP daemon options, such as an alternate SMTP port.)-28.78 +E 31(pP)102 684.6 S(ri)-31 E -.25(va)-.25 G .3 -.15(cy o).25 H(ptions.) +.15 E 29.33(RD)102 700.8 S(on')-29.33 E 2.5(tp)-.18 G(rune route-addrs.) +-2.5 E EP +%%Page: 67 63 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-67)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 28.78(UU)102 96 S +(ser database spec.)-28.78 E 28.78(VF)102 112.2 S +(allback \231MX\232 host.)-28.93 E 28.78<7799>102 128.4 S +(Best MX\232 handling technique.)-28.78 E 31(7D)102 144.6 S 2.5(on)-31 G +(ot run eight bit clean.)-2.5 E 31(8E)102 160.8 S +(ight bit data handling mode.)-31 E F0 2.5(7.20. Extended)87 184.8 R +(Options)2.5 E F1(The)127 201 Q F0(r)3.764 E F1 1.264(\(read timeout\),) +3.764 F F0(I)3.764 E F1 1.264(\(use BIND\), and)3.764 F F0(T)3.764 E F1 +1.264(\(queue timeout\) options ha)3.764 F 1.564 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.264 +(een e).15 F 1.264(xtended to)-.15 F(pass in more information.)102 213 Q +F0 2.5(7.21. New)87 237 R(Mailer Flags)2.5 E F1(Se)127 253.2 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ral ne).15 E 2.5(wm)-.25 G(ailer \215ags ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) +-.2 H(een added.).15 E 31.56(aT)102 269.4 S .636 +(ry to use ESMTP when creating a connection.)-31.91 F .636 +(If this is not set,)5.636 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.136 E F1 +.635(will still try if)3.136 F .22(the other end hints that it kno)138 +281.4 R .221 +(ws about ESMTP in its greeting message; this \215ag says to try)-.25 F +-2.15 -.25(ev e)138 293.4 T 2.596(ni).25 G 2.596(fi)-2.596 G 2.596(td) +-2.596 G(oesn')-2.596 E 2.596(th)-.18 G 2.596(int. If)-2.596 F .095 +(the EHLO \(e)2.595 F .095(xtended hello\) command f)-.15 F(ails,)-.1 E +F2(sendmail)2.595 E F1 -.1(fa)2.595 G .095(lls back to).1 F(old SMTP)138 +305.4 Q(.)-1.11 E 28.78(AT)102 321.6 S +(ry the user part of addresses for this mailer as aliases.)-29.13 E 31 +(bE)102 337.8 S +(nsure that there is a blank line at the end of all messages.)-31 E +31.56(cS)102 354 S .68(trip all comments from addresses; this should only be used as a last resort when dealing) +-31.56 F(with crank)138 366 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G(ailers.)-2.5 E 31(gN)102 +382.2 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-31 H 2.641(ru).25 G .141 +(se the null sender as the en)-2.641 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .141(lope sender) +.15 F 2.641(,e)-.4 G -.15(ve)-2.891 G 2.641(nw).15 G .14 +(hen running SMTP)-2.641 F 5.14(.A)-1.11 G .14(lthough this)-5.14 F +1.521(violates RFC 1123, it may be necessary when you must deal with some obnoxious old) +138 394.2 R(hosts.)138 406.2 Q 31(kT)102 422.4 S(urn of)-31.45 E 2.5(ft) +-.25 G(he loopback check in the HELO protocol; doing this may cause mailer loops.) +-2.5 E 31(oA)102 438.6 S -.1(lwa)-31 G +(ys run the mailer as the recipient of the message.).1 E 28.78(wT)102 +454.8 S(his user should ha)-28.78 E .3 -.15(ve a p)-.2 H +(asswd \214le entry).15 E(.)-.65 E 31(5T)102 471 S +(ry ruleset 5 if no local aliases.)-31.35 E 31(7S)102 487.2 S +(trip all output to 7 bits.)-31 E 33.22(:C)102 503.4 S +(heck for :include: \214les.)-33.22 E 34(|C)102 519.6 S +(heck for |program addresses.)-34 E 33.22(/C)102 535.8 S +(heck for /\214le addresses.)-33.22 E 26.79(@C)102 552 S +(heck this user ag)-26.79 E(ainst the user database.)-.05 E F0 2.5 +(7.22. 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Differ)87 244.8 R +(ent Default T)-.18 E(uning P)-.92 E(arameters)-.1 E F1 -1.11(Ve)127 261 +S .8(rsion 8 has changed the def)1.11 F .8 +(ault parameters for tuning queue costs to mak)-.1 F 3.3(et)-.1 G .8 +(he number of)-3.3 F .712(recipients more important than the size of the message \(for small messages\).) +102 273 R .712(This is reasonable if)5.712 F +(you are connected with reasonably f)102 285 Q(ast links.)-.1 E F0 2.5 +(7.27. A)87 309 R(uto-Quoting in Addr)-.5 E(esses)-.18 E F1(Pre)127 +325.2 Q(viously)-.25 E 2.611(,t)-.65 G .111 +(he \231Full Name <email address>\232 syntax w)-2.611 F .111 +(ould generate incorrect protocol output)-.1 F +(if \231Full Name\232 had special characters such as dot.)102 337.2 Q +(This v)5 E(ersion puts quotes around such names.)-.15 E F0 2.5 +(7.28. 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A)72 192.6 R(CKNO)-.55 E(WLEDGEMENTS)-.5 E F1(I')112 208.8 Q 2.036 +-.15(ve w)-.5 H(ork).05 E 1.737(ed on)-.1 F F2(sendmail)4.237 E F1 1.737 +(for man)4.237 F 4.237(yy)-.15 G 1.737(ears, and man)-4.237 F 4.237(ye) +-.15 G(mplo)-4.237 E 1.737(yers ha)-.1 F 2.037 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.737 +(een remarkably patient).15 F .404(about letting me w)87 220.8 R .404 +(ork on a lar)-.1 F .404(ge project that w)-.18 F .403 +(as not part of my of)-.1 F .403(\214cial job)-.25 F 5.403(.T)-.4 G .403 +(his includes time on the)-5.403 F .281(INGRES Project at the Uni)87 +232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .282(rsity of California at Berk).15 F(ele)-.1 E +1.582 -.65(y, a)-.15 H 2.782(tB).65 G .282(ritton Lee, and ag)-2.782 F +.282(ain on the Mammoth)-.05 F(and T)87 244.8 Q(itan Projects at Berk) +-.35 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G .454(Much of the second w)112 261 R +-2.25 -.2(av e)-.1 H .453(of impro)3.153 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .453 +(ments should be credited to Bryan Costales of ICSI.).15 F .453(As he) +5.453 F .781(passed me drafts of his book on)87 273 R F2(sendmail)3.281 +E F1 3.281(Iw)3.281 G .781(as inspired to start w)-3.381 F .781 +(orking on things ag)-.1 F 3.282(ain. Bryan)-.05 F -.1(wa)3.282 G(s).1 E +(also a)87 285 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable to bounce ideas of).25 E 2.5(fo) +-.25 G(f.)-2.5 E(Man)112 301.2 Q 2.857 -.65(y, m)-.15 H(an).65 E 4.057 +(yp)-.15 G 1.557(eople contrib)-4.057 F 1.556 +(uted chunks of code and ideas to)-.2 F F2(sendmail)4.056 E F1 6.556(.I) +C 4.056(th)-6.556 G 1.556(as pro)-4.056 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.056(nt).15 G +4.056(ob)-4.056 G 4.056(ea)-4.056 G .463(group netw)87 313.2 R .463 +(ork ef)-.1 F 2.963(fort. V)-.25 F .463(ersion 8 in particular w)-1.11 F +.463(as a group project.)-.1 F .464(The follo)5.464 F .464 +(wing people made notable)-.25 F(contrib)87 325.2 Q(utions:)-.2 E +(John Beck, He)127 341.4 Q(wlett-P)-.25 E(ackard)-.15 E -.25(Ke)127 +353.4 S(ith Bostic, CSRG, Uni).25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rsity of California, Berk).15 E(ele)-.1 E(y)-.15 E(Andre)127 365.4 Q +2.5(wC)-.25 G(heng, Sun Microsystems)-2.5 E(Michael J. Corrig)127 377.4 +Q(an, Uni)-.05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity of California, San Die).15 E(go) +-.15 E(Bryan Costales, International Computer Science Institute)127 +389.4 Q -.15(Pa)127 401.4 S -.5(..)-4.402 -6 O 2.5(r\().552 6 O +(Pell\) Emanuelsson)-2.5 E(Craig Ev)127 413.4 Q(erhart, T)-.15 E +(ransarc Corporation)-.35 E -.8(To)127 425.4 S 2.5(mI).8 G -.25(va)-2.5 +G 2.5(rH).25 G(elbekkmo, Norwe)-2.5 E(gian School of Economics)-.15 E +(Allan E. Johannesen, WPI)127 437.4 Q(Jonathan Kamens, OpenV)127 449.4 Q +(ision T)-.6 E(echnologies, Inc.)-.7 E -.8(Ta)127 461.4 S +(kahiro Kanbe, Fuji Xerox Information Systems Co., Ltd.).8 E +(Brian Kantor)127 473.4 Q 2.5(,U)-.4 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rsity of California, San Die).15 E(go)-.15 E(Murray S. K)127 485.4 Q +(uchera)-.15 E(wy)-.15 E 2.5(,H)-.65 G(ookUp Communication Corp.)-2.5 E +(Bruce Lilly)127 497.4 Q 2.5(,S)-.65 G(on)-2.5 E 2.5(yU)-.15 G(.S.)-2.5 +E(Karl London)127 509.4 Q(Motonori Nakamura, Ritsumeikan Uni)127 521.4 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity & K).15 E(yoto Uni)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 +E(John Gardiner Myers, Carne)127 533.4 Q(gie Mellon Uni)-.15 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(rsity).15 E(Neil Rick)127 545.4 Q(ert, Northern Illinois Uni)-.1 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E(Eric Schnoebelen, Con)127 557.4 Q .3 -.15 +(vex C)-.4 H(omputer Corp.).15 E(Eric W)127 569.4 Q(assenaar)-.8 E 2.5 +(,N)-.4 G(ational Institute for Nuclear and High Ener)-2.5 E(gy Ph)-.18 +E(ysics, Amsterdam)-.05 E(Christophe W)127 581.4 Q(olfhugel, P)-.8 E +(asteur Institute & Herv)-.15 E 2.5(eS)-.15 G(chauer Consultants \(P) +-2.5 E(aris\))-.15 E 3.22(Ia)87 597.6 S .72(pologize for an)-3.22 F .72 +(yone I ha)-.15 F 1.019 -.15(ve o)-.2 H .719 +(mitted, misspelled, misattrib).15 F .719(uted, or otherwise missed.)-.2 +F .719(At this point, I)5.719 F 1.092 +(suspect that at least a hundred people ha)87 609.6 R 1.393 -.15(ve c) +-.2 H(ontrib).15 E 1.093(uted code, and man)-.2 F 3.593(ym)-.15 G 1.093 +(ore ha)-3.593 F 1.393 -.15(ve c)-.2 H(ontrib).15 E 1.093(uted ideas,) +-.2 F 1.534(comments, and encouragement.)87 621.6 R(I')6.534 E 1.834 +-.15(ve t)-.5 H 1.534(ried to list them in the RELEASE_NO).15 F 1.533 +(TES in the distrib)-.4 F(ution)-.2 E(directory)87 633.6 Q 5(.I)-.65 G +(appreciate their contrib)-2.5 E(ution as well.)-.2 E .742 +(Special thanks are reserv)112 649.8 R .742(ed for Michael Corrig)-.15 F +.743(an and Christophe W)-.05 F .743(olfhugel, who besides being)-.8 F +-.1(wo)87 661.8 S 2.1(nderful guinea pigs and contrib).1 F 2.1(utors ha) +-.2 F 2.4 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.1(lso consented to be added to the `).15 F +(`sendmail@Send-)-.74 E(mail.ORG')87 673.8 Q 3.61('l)-.74 G 1.11 +(ist and, by answering the b)-3.61 F 1.111 +(ulk of the questions sent to that list, ha)-.2 F 1.411 -.15(ve f)-.2 H +1.111(reed me up to do).15 F(other w)87 685.8 Q(ork.)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 70 66 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(APPENDIX A)257.172 98.4 R(COMMAND LINE FLA) +224.832 141.6 Q(GS)-.66 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Ar)97 201 Q +(guments must be presented with \215ags before addresses.)-.18 E +(The \215ags are:)5 E<ad62>72 217.2 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1 +(Set operation mode to)56.92 E F2(x)2.5 E F1 5(.O)C(peration modes are:) +-5 E 12.22(mD)184 233.4 S(eli)-12.22 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rm).15 G +(ail \(def)-2.5 E(ault\))-.1 E 16.11(sS)184 245.4 S +(peak SMTP on input side)-16.11 E 8.06(a\207 `)184 257.4 R -.8(`A)-.74 G +(rpanet').8 E 2.5('m)-.74 G(ode \(get en)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G +(lope sender information from header\)).15 E 15(dR)184 269.4 S +(un as a daemon in background)-15 E 12.78(DR)184 281.4 S +(un as a daemon in fore)-12.78 E(ground)-.15 E 17.22(tR)184 293.4 S +(un in test mode)-17.22 E 15(vJ)184 305.4 S(ust v)-15 E +(erify addresses, don')-.15 E 2.5(tc)-.18 G(ollect or deli)-2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E 17.22(iI)184 317.4 S(nitialize the alias database) +-17.22 E 15(pP)184 329.4 S(rint the mail queue)-15 E<ad42>72 349.8 Q F2 +(type)A F1(Indicate body type.)43.03 E<ad43>72 366 Q F2(\214le)A F1 .947 +(Use a dif)47.47 F .946(ferent con\214guration \214le.)-.25 F F2 +(Sendmail)5.946 E F1 .946(runs as the in)3.446 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .946 +(king user \(rather than root\)).2 F(when this \215ag is speci\214ed.) +144 378 Q<ad64>72 394.2 Q F2(le)A(vel)-.15 E F1(Set deb)42.63 E +(ugging le)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E<ad66>72 410.4 Q F2(addr)2.5 E +F1(The sender')41.64 E 2.5(sm)-.55 G(achine address is)-2.5 E F2(addr) +2.5 E F1(.)A<ad46>72 426.6 Q F2(name)A F1 +(Sets the full name of this user to)39.14 E F2(name)2.5 E F1(.)A<ad68>72 +442.8 Q F2(cnt)2.5 E F1 .725(Sets the \231hop count\232 to)46.64 F F2 +(cnt)3.225 E F1 5.725(.T)C .726 +(his represents the number of times this message has been)-5.725 F .02 +(processed by)144 454.8 R F2(sendmail)2.52 E F1 .02(\(to the e)2.52 F +.02(xtent that it is supported by the underlying netw)-.15 F(orks\).)-.1 +E F2(Cnt)5.02 E F1 1.521(is incremented during processing, and if it reaches MAXHOP \(currently 30\)) +144 466.8 R F2(sendmail)4.021 E F1(thro)144 478.8 Q(ws a)-.25 E -.1(wa) +-.15 G 2.5(yt).1 G(he message with an error)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E 58.86 +(\255n Don')72 495 R 2.5(td)-.18 G 2.5(oa)-2.5 G(liasing or forw)-2.5 E +(arding.)-.1 E<ad4e>72 511.2 Q F2(noti\214cations)2.5 E F1 -.8(Ta)7.19 G +3.128(ga).8 G .628(ll addresses being sent as w)-3.128 F .628 +(anting the indicated)-.1 F F2(noti\214cations)3.128 E F1 3.127(,w)C +.627(hich consists of the)-3.127 F -.1(wo)144 523.2 S .474 +(rd \231NEVER\232 or a comma-separated list of \231SUCCESS\232, \231F).1 +F .474(AILURE\232, and \231DELA)-.74 F<599a>-1.05 E .86 +(for successful deli)144 535.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E 3.36(,f)-.65 G +.86(ailure, and a message that is stuck in a queue some)-3.46 F 3.36 +(where. The)-.25 F(def)144 547.2 Q(ault is \231F)-.1 E(AILURE,DELA)-.74 +E(Y\232.)-1.05 E<ad72>72 563.4 Q F2(addr)2.5 E F1(An obsolete form of) +41.64 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad66>2.5 E F1(.)A<ad6f>72 579.6 Q F2 1.666 +(xv)C(alue)-1.666 E F1(Set option)33.594 E F2(x)2.5 E F1 +(to the speci\214ed)2.5 E F2(value)2.5 E F1 5(.T)C +(hese options are described in Section 5.6.)-5 E<ad4f>72 595.8 Q F2 +(option)A F3(=)A F2(value)A F1(Set)6.22 E F2(option)5.173 E F1 2.674 +(to the speci\214ed)5.173 F F2(value)5.174 E F1 2.674 +(\(for long form option names\).)5.174 F 2.674(These options are)7.674 F +(described in Section 5.6.)144 607.8 Q<ad4d>72 624 Q F2 1.666(xv)C +27.204(alue Set)-1.666 F(macr)2.5 E 2.5(oxt)-.45 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G +(he speci\214ed value)-2.5 E(.)-.15 E F1<ad70>72 640.2 Q F2(pr)A(otocol) +-.45 E F1 .401(Set the sending protocol.)27.92 F .401 +(Programs are encouraged to set this.)5.401 F .4 +(The protocol \214eld can be)5.401 F .114(in the form)144 652.2 R F2(pr) +2.614 E(otocol)-.45 E F3(:)A F2(host)A F1 .114 +(to set both the sending protocol and sending host.)2.614 F -.15(Fo) +5.115 G 2.615(re).15 G(xample,)-2.765 E 2.147(\231\255pUUCP:uunet\232 sets the sending protocol to UUCP and the sending host to uunet.) +144 664.2 R .973(\(Some e)144 676.2 R .974 +(xisting programs use \255oM to set the r and s macros; this is equi) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .974(lent to using).25 F .32 LW 76 685.8 72 685.8 +DL 80 685.8 76 685.8 DL 84 685.8 80 685.8 DL 88 685.8 84 685.8 DL 92 +685.8 88 685.8 DL 96 685.8 92 685.8 DL 100 685.8 96 685.8 DL 104 685.8 +100 685.8 DL 108 685.8 104 685.8 DL 112 685.8 108 685.8 DL 116 685.8 112 +685.8 DL 120 685.8 116 685.8 DL 124 685.8 120 685.8 DL 128 685.8 124 +685.8 DL 132 685.8 128 685.8 DL 136 685.8 132 685.8 DL 140 685.8 136 +685.8 DL 144 685.8 140 685.8 DL 148 685.8 144 685.8 DL 152 685.8 148 +685.8 DL 156 685.8 152 685.8 DL 160 685.8 156 685.8 DL 164 685.8 160 +685.8 DL 168 685.8 164 685.8 DL 172 685.8 168 685.8 DL 176 685.8 172 +685.8 DL 180 685.8 176 685.8 DL 184 685.8 180 685.8 DL 188 685.8 184 +685.8 DL 192 685.8 188 685.8 DL 196 685.8 192 685.8 DL 200 685.8 196 +685.8 DL 204 685.8 200 685.8 DL 208 685.8 204 685.8 DL 212 685.8 208 +685.8 DL 216 685.8 212 685.8 DL/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(\207Deprecated.) +93.6 697.8 Q F3 193.36(SMM:08-70 Sendmail)72 756 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E EP +%%Page: 71 67 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-71)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(\255p.\))144 96 Q<ad71>72 +112.2 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(time)A F1 -.35(Tr)44.14 G 3.168(yt).35 G +3.167(op)-3.168 G .667(rocess the queued up mail.)-3.167 F .667 +(If the time is gi)5.667 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .667(n, a).15 F F2(sendmail) +3.167 E F1 .667(will run through the)3.167 F +(queue at the speci\214ed interv)144 124.2 Q(al to deli)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(rq).15 G(ueued mail; otherwise, it only runs once.)-2.5 E +<ad71>72 140.4 Q F2(Xstring)A F1 .312 +(Run the queue once, limiting the jobs to those matching)31.91 F F2 +(Xstring)2.813 E F1 5.313(.T)C .313(he k)-5.313 F .613 -.15(ey l)-.1 H +(etter).15 E F2(X)2.813 E F1 .313(can be)2.813 F F0(I)144 152.4 Q F1 +.671(to limit based on queue identi\214er)3.171 F(,)-.4 E F0(R)3.171 E +F1 .67(to limit based on recipient, or)3.171 F F0(S)3.17 E F1 .67 +(to limit based on)3.17 F(sender)144 164.4 Q 6.053(.A)-.55 G 1.054(particular queued job is accepted if one of the corresponding addresses con-) +-2.5 F(tains the indicated)144 176.4 Q F2(string)2.5 E F1(.)A(\255R ret) +72 192.6 Q 1.687(What information you w)46.64 F 1.687 +(ant returned if the message bounces;)-.1 F F2 -.37(re)4.187 G(t).37 E +F1 1.687(can be \231HDRS\232 for)4.187 F .877 +(headers only or \231FULL\232 for headers plus body)144 204.6 R 5.877 +(.T)-.65 G .878(his is a request only; the other end is)-5.877 F +(not required to honor the parameter)144 216.6 Q(.)-.55 E 61.08 +(\255t Read)72 232.8 R .752(the header for \231T)3.252 F .752 +(o:\232, \231Cc:\232, and \231Bcc:\232 lines, and send to e)-.8 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .752(ryone listed in those).15 F 2.539(lists. The)144 244.8 R +.039(\231Bcc:\232 line will be deleted before sending.)2.539 F(An)5.039 +E 2.539(ya)-.15 G .04(ddresses in the ar)-2.539 F .04(gument v)-.18 F +(ec-)-.15 E(tor will be deleted from the send list.)144 256.8 Q 56.64 +(\255U Indicate)72 273 R 1.029 +(that this is an initial User Agent submission.)3.529 F 1.028 +(In future releases, sendmail may)6.028 F 1.12 +(complain about syntactically in)144 285 R -.25(va)-.4 G 1.121 +(lid messages rather than \214xing them when this \215ag is).25 F +(not set.)144 297 Q(\255V en)72 313.2 Q 32.32(vid The)-.4 F(indicated) +3.18 E F2(en)3.18 E(vid)-.4 E F1 .68(is passed with the en)3.18 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .679(lope of the message and returned if the mes-).15 F +(sage bounces.)144 325.2 Q<ad58>72 341.4 Q F2(lo)2.5 E(g\214le)-.1 E F1 +.724(Log all traf)31.74 F .724(\214c in and out of)-.25 F F2(sendmail) +3.225 E F1 .725(in the indicated)3.225 F F2(lo)3.225 E(g\214le)-.1 E F1 +.725(for deb)3.225 F .725(ugging mailer prob-)-.2 F 2.5(lems. This)144 +353.4 R(produces a lot of data v)2.5 E +(ery quickly and should be used sparingly)-.15 E(.)-.65 E .638 +(There are a number of options that may be speci\214ed as primiti)97 +369.6 R .937 -.15(ve \215)-.25 H 3.137(ags. These).15 F .637 +(are the e, i, m, and v)3.137 F 2.5(options. Also,)72 381.6 R +(the f option may be speci\214ed as the)2.5 E F0<ad73>2.5 E F1(\215ag.) +2.5 E EP +%%Page: 72 68 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(APPENDIX B)250.002 98.4 R -.12(QU)220.29 141.6 +S(EUE FILE FORMA).12 E(TS)-1.14 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .291 +(This appendix describes the format of the queue \214les.)97 201 R .292 +(These \214les li)5.292 F .592 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.792(nt).15 G .292 +(he directory de\214ned by the)-2.792 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Q)72 213 Q +F1(option in the)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail.cf)2.5 E F1 +(\214le, usually)2.5 E F3(/var/spool/mqueue)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F3 +(/usr/spool/mqueue)2.5 E F1(.)A .23(All queue \214les ha)97 229.2 R .53 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H .23(he name).15 F F3(x)2.73 E F2(f)1.666 E F3(AAA99999)A +F1(where)2.73 E F3(AAA99999)2.73 E F1 .23(is the)2.73 F F3(id)2.73 E F1 +.229(for this message and the)2.73 F F3(x)2.729 E F1 .229(is a)2.729 F +3.601(type. The)72 241.2 R 1.101(\214rst letter of the id encodes the hour of the day that the message w) +3.601 F 1.101(as recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.601(db).15 G 3.601(yt) +-3.601 G 1.101(he system)-3.601 F .552 +(\(with A being the hour between midnight and 1:00AM\).)72 253.2 R .552 +(All \214les with the same id collecti)5.552 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .551 +(ly de\214ne one).15 F(message.)72 265.2 Q(The types are:)97 281.4 Q 31 +(dT)72 297.6 S(he data \214le.)-31 E(The message body \(e)5 E +(xcluding the header\) is k)-.15 E(ept in this \214le.)-.1 E 31(qT)72 +313.8 S(he queue control \214le.)-31 E +(This \214le contains the information necessary to process the job)5 E +(.)-.4 E 33.22(tA)72 330 S .344(temporary \214le.)-30.376 F .344 +(These are an image of the)5.344 F F2(qf)2.844 E F1 .344 +(\214le when it is being reb)2.844 F 2.845(uilt. It)-.2 F .345 +(should be renamed)2.845 F(to a)108 342 Q F2(qf)2.5 E F1(\214le v)2.5 E +(ery quickly)-.15 E(.)-.65 E 31(xA)72 358.2 S .567(transcript \214le, e) +-27.933 F .567(xisting during the life of a session sho)-.15 F .566 +(wing e)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .566(rything that happens during that).15 +F(session.)108 370.2 Q(The)97 386.4 Q F2(qf)3.333 E F1 .833 +(\214le is structured as a series of lines each be)3.333 F .834 +(ginning with a code letter)-.15 F 5.834(.T)-.55 G .834 +(he lines are as fol-)-5.834 F(lo)72 398.4 Q(ws:)-.25 E 28.78(VT)72 +414.6 S .82(he v)-28.78 F .82 +(ersion number of the queue \214le format, used to allo)-.15 F 3.319(wn) +-.25 G -.25(ew)-3.319 G F3(sendmail)3.569 E F1 .819 +(binaries to read queue)3.319 F .003(\214les created by older v)108 +426.6 R 2.504(ersions. Def)-.15 F .004(aults to v)-.1 F .004 +(ersion zero.)-.15 F .004 +(Must be the \214rst line of the \214le if present.)5.004 F 28.78(HA)72 +442.8 S .33(header de\214nition.)-25.95 F .33(There may be an)5.33 F +2.829(yn)-.15 G .329(umber of these lines.)-2.829 F .329 +(The order is important: the)5.329 F 2.829(yr)-.15 G(epre-)-2.829 E .046 +(sent the order in the \214nal message.)108 454.8 R .046 +(These use the same syntax as header de\214nitions in the con\214gu-) +5.046 F(ration \214le.)108 466.8 Q 29.33(CT)72 483 S .575 +(he controlling address.)-29.33 F .575 +(The syntax is \231localuser:aliasname\232.)5.575 F .575 +(Recipient addresses follo)5.575 F .575(wing this)-.25 F 2.814 +(line will be \215agged so that deli)108 495 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.814 +(ries will be run as the).15 F F3(localuser)5.314 E F1 2.814 +(\(a user name from the)5.314 F .562(/etc/passwd \214le\);)108 507 R F3 +(aliasname)3.062 E F1 .561(is the name of the alias that e)3.062 F .561 +(xpanded to this address \(used for print-)-.15 F(ing messages\).)108 +519 Q 28.78(QT)72 535.2 S .797(he `)-28.78 F .797(`original recipient') +-.74 F .798 +(', speci\214ed by the ORCPT= \214eld in an ESMTP transaction.)-.74 F +.798(Used e)5.798 F(xclu-)-.15 E(si)108 547.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ly for Deli).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry Status Noti\214cations.).15 E +(It applies only to the immediately follo)5 E(wing `R' line.)-.25 E +29.33(RA)72 563.4 S .705(recipient address.)-26.125 F .705 +(This will normally be completely aliased, b)5.705 F .705 +(ut is actually realiased when the)-.2 F .492(job is processed.)108 +575.4 R .492(There will be one line for each recipient.)5.492 F -1.11 +(Ve)5.492 G .493(rsion 1 qf \214les also include a lead-)1.11 F .689(ing colon-terminated list of \215ags, which can be `S' to return a message on successful \214nal deli) +108 587.4 R(v-)-.25 E(ery)108 599.4 Q 3.327(,`)-.65 G .828 +(F' to return a message on f)-3.327 F .828 +(ailure, `D' to return a message if the message is delayed, `B' to)-.1 F +.941(indicate that the body should be returned, `N' to suppress returning the body) +108 611.4 R 3.44(,a)-.65 G .94(nd `P' to declare)-3.44 F(this as a `)108 +623.4 Q(`primary')-.74 E 2.5('\()-.74 G +(command line or SMTP-session\) address.)-2.5 E 30.44(ST)72 639.6 S +(he sender address.)-30.44 E(There may only be one of these lines.)5 E +29.89(TT)72 655.8 S(he job creation time.)-29.89 E +(This is used to compute when to time out the job)5 E(.)-.4 E 30.44(PT) +72 672 S .113(he current message priority)-30.44 F 5.113(.T)-.65 G .113 +(his is used to order the queue.)-5.113 F .114(Higher numbers mean lo) +5.114 F .114(wer priori-)-.25 F 3.677(ties. The)108 684 R 1.176 +(priority changes as the message sits in the queue.)3.677 F 1.176 +(The initial priority depends on the)6.176 F +(message class and the size of the message.)108 696 Q 27.11(MA)72 712.2 +S 2.703(message. This)-24.407 F .203(line is printed by the)2.703 F F3 +(mailq)2.703 E F1 .204 +(command, and is generally used to store status infor)2.704 F(-)-.2 E +2.5(mation. It)108 724.2 R(can contain an)2.5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G -.15(ex) +-2.5 G(t.).15 E F2 193.36(SMM:08-72 Sendmail)72 756 R +(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E EP +%%Page: 73 69 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q +(SMM:08-73)195.86 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 30.44(FF)72 96 S .044 +(lag bits, represented as one letter per \215ag.)-30.44 F .043 +(De\214ned \215ag bits are)5.043 F F0(r)2.543 E F1 .043 +(indicating that this is a response)2.543 F .142(message and)108 108 R +F0(w)2.642 E F1 .142(indicating that a w)2.642 F .143 +(arning message has been sent announcing that the mail has been)-.1 F +(delayed.)108 120 Q 28.78(NT)72 136.2 S(he total number of deli)-28.78 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry attempts.).15 E 28.78(KT)72 152.4 S +(he time \(as seconds since January 1, 1970\) of the last deli)-28.78 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry attempt.).15 E 32.67(IT)72 168.6 S .725 +(he i-number of the data \214le; this can be used to reco)-32.67 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.224(ry).15 G .724(our mail queue after a disastrous disk) +-3.224 F(crash.)108 180.6 Q 31($A)72 196.8 S .829(macro de\214nition.) +-27.671 F .829(The v)5.829 F .829 +(alues of certain macros \(as of this writing, only)-.25 F F0($r)3.33 E +F1(and)3.33 E F0($s)3.33 E F1 3.33(\)a)C .83(re passed)-3.33 F +(through to the queue run phase.)108 208.8 Q 29.33(BT)72 225 S .925 +(he body type.)-29.33 F .925(The remainder of the line is a te)5.925 F +.925(xt string de\214ning the body type.)-.15 F .924(If this \214eld is) +5.924 F .009(missing, the body type is assumed to be \231unde\214ned\232 and no special processing is attempted.) +108 237 R(Le)5.009 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l).05 E -.25(va)108 249 S +(lues are \2317BIT\232 and \2318BITMIME\232.).25 E 28.78(OT)72 265.2 S +(he original MTS v)-28.78 E(alue \(from the ESMTP transaction\).)-.25 E +-.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(rD).15 G(eli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rS).15 G +(tatus Noti\214cations only)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E 29.89(ZT)72 281.4 S +(he original en)-29.89 E -.15(ve)-.4 G +(lope id \(from the ESMTP transaction\).).15 E -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(rD).15 G +(eli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rS).15 G(tatus Noti\214cations only)-2.5 +E(.)-.65 E 4.073(As an e)97 297.6 R 4.073(xample, the follo)-.15 F 4.072 +(wing is a queue \214le sent to \231eric@mammoth.Berk)-.25 F(ele)-.1 E +-.65(y.)-.15 G 4.072(EDU\232 and).65 F(\231bostic@ok)72 311.6 Q(eef)-.1 +E(fe.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU\232).65 E/F2 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)-4 I F1(:)4 I(P835771)112 327.8 Q(T404261372)112 +339.8 Q(Seric)112 351.8 Q(Ceric:sendmail@v)112 363.8 Q(angogh.CS.Berk) +-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU).65 E(Reric@mammoth.Berk)112 375.8 Q +(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU).65 E(Rbostic@ok)112 387.8 Q(eef)-.1 E +(fe.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU).65 E +(H?P?return-path: <o)112 399.8 Q(wner)-.25 E(-sendmail@v)-.2 E +(angogh.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU>).65 E(Hrecei)112 +411.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(d: by v).15 E(angogh.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E +-.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU \(5.108/2.7\) id AAA06703;).65 E +(Fri, 17 Jul 92 00:28:55 -0700)132 423.8 Q(Hrecei)112 435.8 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(d: from mail.CS.Berk).15 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU by v).65 +E(angogh.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU \(5.108/2.7\)).65 E +(id AAA06698; Fri, 17 Jul 92 00:28:54 -0700)132 447.8 Q(Hrecei)112 459.8 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(d: from [128.32.31.21] by mail.CS.Berk).15 E(ele)-.1 E +-.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU \(5.96/2.5\)).65 E +(id AA22777; Fri, 17 Jul 92 03:29:14 -0400)132 471.8 Q(Hrecei)112 483.8 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(d: by foo.bar).15 E(.baz.de \(5.57/Ultrix3.0-C\))-.55 E +(id AA22757; Fri, 17 Jul 92 09:31:25 GMT)132 495.8 Q +(H?F?from: eric@foo.bar)112 507.8 Q(.baz.de \(Eric Allman\))-.55 E +(H?x?full-name: Eric Allman)112 519.8 Q +(Hmessage-id: <9207170931.AA22757@foo.bar)112 531.8 Q(.baz.de>)-.55 E +(HT)112 543.8 Q(o: sendmail@v)-.8 E(angogh.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65 +(y.)-.15 G(EDU).65 E(Hsubject: this is an e)112 555.8 Q(xample message) +-.15 E .658(This sho)72 572 R .658(ws the person who sent the message, the submission time \(in seconds since January 1, 1970\), the) +-.25 F(message priority)72 584 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G +(he message class, the recipients, and the headers for the message.)-2.5 +E .32 LW 76 669.2 72 669.2 DL 80 669.2 76 669.2 DL 84 669.2 80 669.2 DL +88 669.2 84 669.2 DL 92 669.2 88 669.2 DL 96 669.2 92 669.2 DL 100 669.2 +96 669.2 DL 104 669.2 100 669.2 DL 108 669.2 104 669.2 DL 112 669.2 108 +669.2 DL 116 669.2 112 669.2 DL 120 669.2 116 669.2 DL 124 669.2 120 +669.2 DL 128 669.2 124 669.2 DL 132 669.2 128 669.2 DL 136 669.2 132 +669.2 DL 140 669.2 136 669.2 DL 144 669.2 140 669.2 DL 148 669.2 144 +669.2 DL 152 669.2 148 669.2 DL 156 669.2 152 669.2 DL 160 669.2 156 +669.2 DL 164 669.2 160 669.2 DL 168 669.2 164 669.2 DL 172 669.2 168 +669.2 DL 176 669.2 172 669.2 DL 180 669.2 176 669.2 DL 184 669.2 180 +669.2 DL 188 669.2 184 669.2 DL 192 669.2 188 669.2 DL 196 669.2 192 +669.2 DL 200 669.2 196 669.2 DL 204 669.2 200 669.2 DL 208 669.2 204 +669.2 DL 212 669.2 208 669.2 DL 216 669.2 212 669.2 DL/F3 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)93.6 679.6 Q/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .718(This e)3.2 J +.718(xample is contri)-.12 F -.12(ve)-.2 G 2.718(da).12 G .718 +(nd probably inaccurate for your en)-2.718 F 2.719(vironment. 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B)72 124.8 R +(ASIC INST)-.35 E(ALLA)-.93 E 1.18(TION ...............................................................................................................) +-1.11 F(7)31 E 2.5(1.1. Compiling)87 139.2 R .43(Sendmail ..............................................................................................................) +2.5 F(7)31 E 2.5(1.1.1. T)102 153.6 R(weaking the Mak)-.8 E 1.64(e\214le .................................................................................................) +-.1 F(7)31 E 2.5(1.1.2. Compilation)102 168 R(and installation)2.5 E +28.5(........................................................................................ 8) +4.6 F 2.5(1.2. Con\214guration)87 182.4 R .99(Files ................................................................................................................) +2.5 F(8)31 E 2.5(1.3. 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A)72 211.2 R(CKNO)-.4 E .1(WLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................) +-.35 F(69)26 E(Appendix A.)72 225.6 Q(COMMAND LINE FLA)5 E 1.97(GS .........................................................................................) +-.4 F(70)26 E(Appendix B.)72 240 Q -.1(QU)5 G(EUE FILE FORMA).1 E 1.38(TS ............................................................................................) +-1.11 F(72)26 E(Appendix C.)72 254.4 Q(SUMMAR)5 E 2.5(YO)-.65 G 2.5(FS) +-2.5 G(UPPOR)-2.5 E 2.5(TF)-.6 G 1.12(ILES ..............................................................................) +-2.5 F(74)26 E EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/usenix/Makefile b/doc/usenix/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea0665c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/usenix/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# @(#)Makefile 8.2 (Berkeley) 2/28/94 + +SRCS= usenix.me +MACROS= -me + +all: usenix.ps + +usenix.ps: ${SRCS} + rm -f ${.TARGET} + ${PIC} ${SRCS} | ${ROFF} > ${.TARGET} + +.include <bsd.doc.mk> diff --git a/doc/usenix/usenix.me b/doc/usenix/usenix.me new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fbb672 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/usenix/usenix.me @@ -0,0 +1,1076 @@ +.nr si 3n +.he 'Mail Systems and Addressing in 4.2bsd''%' +.fo 'Version 8.2'USENIX \- Jan 83'Last Mod 11/27/93' +.if n .ls 2 +.+c +.(l C +.sz 14 +Mail Systems and Addressing +in 4.2bsd +.sz +.sp +Eric Allman* +.sp 0.5 +.i +Britton-Lee, Inc. +1919 Addison Street, Suite 105. +Berkeley, California 94704. +.sp 0.5 +.r +eric@Berkeley.ARPA +ucbvax!eric +.)l +.sp +.(l F +.ce +ABSTRACT +.sp \n(psu +Routing mail through a heterogeneous internet presents many new +problems. +Among the worst of these is that of address mapping. +Historically, this has been handled on an ad hoc basis. +However, +this approach has become unmanageable as internets grow. +.sp \n(psu +Sendmail acts a unified +.q "post office" +to which all mail can be +submitted. +Address interpretation is controlled by a production +system, +which can parse both old and new format addresses. +The +new format is +.q "domain-based," +a flexible technique that can +handle many common situations. +Sendmail is not intended to perform +user interface functions. +.sp \n(psu +Sendmail will replace delivermail in the Berkeley 4.2 distribution. +Several major hosts are now or will soon be running sendmail. +This change will affect any users that route mail through a sendmail +gateway. +The changes that will be user visible are emphasized. +.)l +.sp 2 +.(f +*A considerable part of this work +was done while under the employ +of the INGRES Project +at the University of California at Berkeley. +.)f +.pp +The mail system to appear in 4.2bsd +will contain a number of changes. +Most of these changes are based on the replacement of +.i delivermail +with a new module called +.i sendmail. +.i Sendmail +implements a general internetwork mail routing facility, +featuring aliasing and forwarding, +automatic routing to network gateways, +and flexible configuration. +Of key interest to the mail system user +will be the changes in the network addressing structure. +.pp +In a simple network, +each node has an address, +and resources can be identified +with a host-resource pair; +in particular, +the mail system can refer to users +using a host-username pair. +Host names and numbers have to be administered by a central authority, +but usernames can be assigned locally to each host. +.pp +In an internet, +multiple networks with different characteristics +and managements +must communicate. +In particular, +the syntax and semantics of resource identification change. +Certain special cases can be handled trivially +by +.i "ad hoc" +techniques, +such as +providing network names that appear local to hosts +on other networks, +as with the Ethernet at Xerox PARC. +However, the general case is extremely complex. +For example, +some networks require that the route the message takes +be explicitly specified by the sender, +simplifying the database update problem +since only adjacent hosts must be entered +into the system tables, +while others use logical addressing, +where the sender specifies the location of the recipient +but not how to get there. +Some networks use a left-associative syntax +and others use a right-associative syntax, +causing ambiguity in mixed addresses. +.pp +Internet standards seek to eliminate these problems. +Initially, these proposed expanding the address pairs +to address triples, +consisting of +{network, host, username} +triples. +Network numbers must be universally agreed upon, +and hosts can be assigned locally +on each network. +The user-level presentation was changed +to address domains, +comprised of a local resource identification +and a hierarchical domain specification +with a common static root. +The domain technique +separates the issue of physical versus logical addressing. +For example, +an address of the form +.q "eric@a.cc.berkeley.arpa" +describes the logical +organization of the address space +(user +.q eric +on host +.q a +in the Computer Center +at Berkeley) +but not the physical networks used +(for example, this could go over different networks +depending on whether +.q a +were on an ethernet +or a store-and-forward network). +.pp +.i Sendmail +is intended to help bridge the gap +between the totally +.i "ad hoc" +world +of networks that know nothing of each other +and the clean, tightly-coupled world +of unique network numbers. +It can accept old arbitrary address syntaxes, +resolving ambiguities using heuristics +specified by the system administrator, +as well as domain-based addressing. +It helps guide the conversion of message formats +between disparate networks. +In short, +.i sendmail +is designed to assist a graceful transition +to consistent internetwork addressing schemes. +.sp +.pp +Section 1 defines some of the terms +frequently left fuzzy +when working in mail systems. +Section 2 discusses the design goals for +.i sendmail . +In section 3, +the new address formats +and basic features of +.i sendmail +are described. +Section 4 discusses some of the special problems +of the UUCP network. +The differences between +.i sendmail +and +.i delivermail +are presented in section 5. +.sp +.(l F +.b DISCLAIMER: +A number of examples +in this paper +use names of actual people +and organizations. +This is not intended +to imply a commitment +or even an intellectual agreement +on the part of these people or organizations. +In particular, +Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL), +Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), +Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories (LBL), +Britton-Lee Incorporated (BLI), +and the University of California at Berkeley +are not committed to any of these proposals at this time. +Much of this paper +represents no more than +the personal opinions of the author. +.)l +.sh 1 "DEFINITIONS" +.pp +There are four basic concepts +that must be clearly distinguished +when dealing with mail systems: +the user (or the user's agent), +the user's identification, +the user's address, +and the route. +These are distinguished primarily by their position independence. +.sh 2 "User and Identification" +.pp +The user is the being +(a person or program) +that is creating or receiving a message. +An +.i agent +is an entity operating on behalf of the user \*- +such as a secretary who handles my mail. +or a program that automatically returns a +message such as +.q "I am at the UNICOM conference." +.pp +The identification is the tag +that goes along with the particular user. +This tag is completely independent of location. +For example, +my identification is the string +.q "Eric Allman," +and this identification does not change +whether I am located at U.C. Berkeley, +at Britton-Lee, +or at a scientific institute in Austria. +.pp +Since the identification is frequently ambiguous +(e.g., there are two +.q "Robert Henry" s +at Berkeley) +it is common to add other disambiguating information +that is not strictly part of the identification +(e.g., +Robert +.q "Code Generator" +Henry +versus +Robert +.q "System Administrator" +Henry). +.sh 2 "Address" +.pp +The address specifies a location. +As I move around, +my address changes. +For example, +my address might change from +.q eric@Berkeley.ARPA +to +.q eric@bli.UUCP +or +.q allman@IIASA.Austria +depending on my current affiliation. +.pp +However, +an address is independent of the location of anyone else. +That is, +my address remains the same to everyone who might be sending me mail. +For example, +a person at MIT and a person at USC +could both send to +.q eric@Berkeley.ARPA +and have it arrive to the same mailbox. +.pp +Ideally a +.q "white pages" +service would be provided to map user identifications +into addresses +(for example, see +[Solomon81]). +Currently this is handled by passing around +scraps of paper +or by calling people on the telephone +to find out their address. +.sh 2 "Route" +.pp +While an address specifies +.i where +to find a mailbox, +a route specifies +.i how +to find the mailbox. +Specifically, +it specifies a path +from sender to receiver. +As such, the route is potentially different +for every pair of people in the electronic universe. +.pp +Normally the route is hidden from the user +by the software. +However, +some networks put the burden of determining the route +onto the sender. +Although this simplifies the software, +it also greatly impairs the usability +for most users. +The UUCP network is an example of such a network. +.sh 1 "DESIGN GOALS" +.pp +Design goals for +.i sendmail \** +.(f +\**This section makes no distinction between +.i delivermail +and +.i sendmail. +.)f +include: +.np +Compatibility with the existing mail programs, +including Bell version 6 mail, +Bell version 7 mail, +Berkeley +.i Mail +[Shoens79], +BerkNet mail +[Schmidt79], +and hopefully UUCP mail +[Nowitz78]. +ARPANET mail +[Crocker82] +was also required. +.np +Reliability, in the sense of guaranteeing +that every message is correctly delivered +or at least brought to the attention of a human +for correct disposal; +no message should ever be completely lost. +This goal was considered essential +because of the emphasis on mail in our environment. +It has turned out to be one of the hardest goals to satisfy, +especially in the face of the many anomalous message formats +produced by various ARPANET sites. +For example, +certain sites generate improperly formated addresses, +occasionally +causing error-message loops. +Some hosts use blanks in names, +causing problems with +mail programs that assume that an address +is one word. +The semantics of some fields +are interpreted slightly differently +by different sites. +In summary, +the obscure features of the ARPANET mail protocol +really +.i are +used and +are difficult to support, +but must be supported. +.np +Existing software to do actual delivery +should be used whenever possible. +This goal derives as much from political and practical considerations +as technical. +.np +Easy expansion to +fairly complex environments, +including multiple +connections to a single network type +(such as with multiple UUCP or Ethernets). +This goal requires consideration of the contents of an address +as well as its syntax +in order to determine which gateway to use. +.np +Configuration information should not be compiled into the code. +A single compiled program should be able to run as is at any site +(barring such basic changes as the CPU type or the operating system). +We have found this seemingly unimportant goal +to be critical in real life. +Besides the simple problems that occur when any program gets recompiled +in a different environment, +many sites like to +.q fiddle +with anything that they will be recompiling anyway. +.np +.i Sendmail +must be able to let various groups maintain their own mailing lists, +and let individuals specify their own forwarding, +without modifying the system alias file. +.np +Each user should be able to specify which mailer to execute +to process mail being delivered for him. +This feature allows users who are using specialized mailers +that use a different format to build their environment +without changing the system, +and facilitates specialized functions +(such as returning an +.q "I am on vacation" +message). +.np +Network traffic should be minimized +by batching addresses to a single host where possible, +without assistance from the user. +.pp +These goals motivated the architecture illustrated in figure 1. +.(z +.hl +.ie t \ +. sp 18 +.el \{\ +.(c ++---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +| sender1 | | sender2 | | sender3 | ++---------+ +---------+ +---------+ + | | | + +----------+ + +----------+ + | | | + v v v + +-------------+ + | sendmail | + +-------------+ + | | | + +----------+ + +----------+ + | | | + v v v ++---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +| mailer1 | | mailer2 | | mailer3 | ++---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +.)c +.\} + +.ce +Figure 1 \*- Sendmail System Structure. +.hl +.)z +The user interacts with a mail generating and sending program. +When the mail is created, +the generator calls +.i sendmail , +which routes the message to the correct mailer(s). +Since some of the senders may be network servers +and some of the mailers may be network clients, +.i sendmail +may be used as an internet mail gateway. +.sh 1 "USAGE" +.sh 2 "Address Formats" +.pp +Arguments may be flags or addresses. +Flags set various processing options. +Following flag arguments, +address arguments may be given. +Addresses follow the syntax in RFC822 +[Crocker82] +for ARPANET +address formats. +In brief, the format is: +.np +Anything in parentheses is thrown away +(as a comment). +.np +Anything in angle brackets (\c +.q "<\|>" ) +is preferred +over anything else. +This rule implements the ARPANET standard that addresses of the form +.(b +user name <machine-address> +.)b +will send to the electronic +.q machine-address +rather than the human +.q "user name." +.np +Double quotes +(\ "\ ) +quote phrases; +backslashes quote characters. +Backslashes are more powerful +in that they will cause otherwise equivalent phrases +to compare differently \*- for example, +.i user +and +.i +"user" +.r +are equivalent, +but +.i \euser +is different from either of them. +This might be used +to avoid normal aliasing +or duplicate suppression algorithms. +.pp +Parentheses, angle brackets, and double quotes +must be properly balanced and nested. +The rewriting rules control remaining parsing\**. +.(f +\**Disclaimer: Some special processing is done +after rewriting local names; see below. +.)f +.pp +Although old style addresses are still accepted +in most cases, +the preferred address format +is based on ARPANET-style domain-based addresses +[Su82a]. +These addresses are based on a hierarchical, logical decomposition +of the address space. +The addresses are hierarchical in a sense +similar to the U.S. postal addresses: +the messages may first be routed to the correct state, +with no initial consideration of the city +or other addressing details. +The addresses are logical +in that each step in the hierarchy +corresponds to a set of +.q "naming authorities" +rather than a physical network. +.pp +For example, +the address: +.(l +eric@HostA.BigSite.ARPA +.)l +would first look up the domain +BigSite +in the namespace administrated by +ARPA. +A query could then be sent to +BigSite +for interpretation of +HostA. +Eventually the mail would arrive at +HostA, +which would then do final delivery +to user +.q eric. +.sh 2 "Mail to Files and Programs" +.pp +Files and programs are legitimate message recipients. +Files provide archival storage of messages, +useful for project administration and history. +Programs are useful as recipients in a variety of situations, +for example, +to maintain a public repository of systems messages +(such as the Berkeley +.i msgs +program). +.pp +Any address passing through the initial parsing algorithm +as a local address +(i.e, not appearing to be a valid address for another mailer) +is scanned for two special cases. +If prefixed by a vertical bar (\c +.q \^|\^ ) +the rest of the address is processed as a shell command. +If the user name begins with a slash mark (\c +.q /\^ ) +the name is used as a file name, +instead of a login name. +.sh 2 "Aliasing, Forwarding, Inclusion" +.pp +.i Sendmail +reroutes mail three ways. +Aliasing applies system wide. +Forwarding allows each user to reroute incoming mail +destined for that account. +Inclusion directs +.i sendmail +to read a file for a list of addresses, +and is normally used +in conjunction with aliasing. +.sh 3 "Aliasing" +.pp +Aliasing maps local addresses to address lists using a system-wide file. +This file is hashed to speed access. +Only addresses that parse as local +are allowed as aliases; +this guarantees a unique key +(since there are no nicknames for the local host). +.sh 3 "Forwarding" +.pp +After aliasing, +if an recipient address specifies a local user +.i sendmail +searches for a +.q .forward +file in the recipient's home directory. +If it exists, +the message is +.i not +sent to that user, +but rather to the list of addresses in that file. +Often +this list will contain only one address, +and the feature will be used for network mail forwarding. +.pp +Forwarding also permits a user to specify a private incoming mailer. +For example, +forwarding to: +.(b +"\^|\|/usr/local/newmail myname" +.)b +will use a different incoming mailer. +.sh 3 "Inclusion" +.pp +Inclusion is specified in RFC 733 [Crocker77] syntax: +.(b +:Include: pathname +.)b +An address of this form reads the file specified by +.i pathname +and sends to all users listed in that file. +.pp +The intent is +.i not +to support direct use of this feature, +but rather to use this as a subset of aliasing. +For example, +an alias of the form: +.(b +project: :include:/usr/project/userlist +.)b +is a method of letting a project maintain a mailing list +without interaction with the system administration, +even if the alias file is protected. +.pp +It is not necessary to rebuild the index on the alias database +when a :include: list is changed. +.sh 2 "Message Collection" +.pp +Once all recipient addresses are parsed and verified, +the message is collected. +The message comes in two parts: +a message header and a message body, +separated by a blank line. +The body is an uninterpreted +sequence of text lines. +.pp +The header is formated as a series of lines +of the form +.(b + field-name: field-value +.)b +Field-value can be split across lines by starting the following +lines with a space or a tab. +Some header fields have special internal meaning, +and have appropriate special processing. +Other headers are simply passed through. +Some header fields may be added automatically, +such as time stamps. +.sh 1 "THE UUCP PROBLEM" +.pp +Of particular interest +is the UUCP network. +The explicit routing +used in the UUCP environment +causes a number of serious problems. +First, +giving out an address +is impossible +without knowing the address of your potential correspondent. +This is typically handled +by specifying the address +relative to some +.q "well-known" +host +(e.g., +ucbvax or decvax). +Second, +it is often difficult to compute +the set of addresses +to reply to +without some knowledge +of the topology of the network. +Although it may be easy for a human being +to do this +under many circumstances, +a program does not have equally sophisticated heuristics +built in. +Third, +certain addresses will become painfully and unnecessarily long, +as when a message is routed through many hosts in the USENET. +And finally, +certain +.q "mixed domain" +addresses +are impossible to parse unambiguously \*- +e.g., +.(l +decvax!ucbvax!lbl-h!user@LBL-CSAM +.)l +might have many possible resolutions, +depending on whether the message was first routed +to decvax +or to LBL-CSAM. +.pp +To solve this problem, +the UUCP syntax +would have to be changed to use addresses +rather than routes. +For example, +the address +.q decvax!ucbvax!eric +might be expressed as +.q eric@ucbvax.UUCP +(with the hop through decvax implied). +This address would itself be a domain-based address; +for example, +an address might be of the form: +.(l +mark@d.cbosg.btl.UUCP +.)l +Hosts outside of Bell Telephone Laboratories +would then only need to know +how to get to a designated BTL relay, +and the BTL topology +would only be maintained inside Bell. +.pp +There are three major problems +associated with turning UUCP addresses +into something reasonable: +defining the namespace, +creating and propagating the necessary software, +and building and maintaining the database. +.sh 2 "Defining the Namespace" +.pp +Putting all UUCP hosts into a flat namespace +(e.g., +.q \&...@host.UUCP ) +is not practical for a number of reasons. +First, +with over 1600 sites already, +and (with the increasing availability of inexpensive microcomputers +and autodialers) +several thousand more coming within a few years, +the database update problem +is simply intractable +if the namespace is flat. +Second, +there are almost certainly name conflicts today. +Third, +as the number of sites grow +the names become ever less mnemonic. +.pp +It seems inevitable +that there be some sort of naming authority +for the set of top level names +in the UUCP domain, +as unpleasant a possibility +as that may seem. +It will simply not be possible +to have one host resolving all names. +It may however be possible +to handle this +in a fashion similar to that of assigning names of newsgroups +in USENET. +However, +it will be essential to encourage everyone +to become subdomains of an existing domain +whenever possible \*- +even though this will certainly bruise some egos. +For example, +if a new host named +.q blid +were to be added to the UUCP network, +it would probably actually be addressed as +.q d.bli.UUCP +(i.e., +as host +.q d +in the pseudo-domain +.q bli +rather than as host +.q blid +in the UUCP domain). +.sh 2 "Creating and Propagating the Software" +.pp +The software required to implement a consistent namespace +is relatively trivial. +Two modules are needed, +one to handle incoming mail +and one to handle outgoing mail. +.pp +The incoming module +must be prepared to handle either old or new style addresses. +New-style addresses +can be passed through unchanged. +Old style addresses +must be turned into new style addresses +where possible. +.pp +The outgoing module +is slightly trickier. +It must do a database lookup on the recipient addresses +(passed on the command line) +to determine what hosts to send the message to. +If those hosts do not accept new-style addresses, +it must transform all addresses in the header of the message +into old style using the database lookup. +.pp +Both of these modules +are straightforward +except for the issue of modifying the header. +It seems prudent to choose one format +for the message headers. +For a number of reasons, +Berkeley has elected to use the ARPANET protocols +for message formats. +However, +this protocol is somewhat difficult to parse. +.pp +Propagation is somewhat more difficult. +There are a large number of hosts +connected to UUCP +that will want to run completely standard systems +(for very good reasons). +The strategy is not to convert the entire network \*- +only enough of it it alleviate the problem. +.sh 2 "Building and Maintaining the Database" +.pp +This is by far the most difficult problem. +A prototype for this database +already exists, +but it is maintained by hand +and does not pretend to be complete. +.pp +This problem will be reduced considerably +if people choose to group their hosts +into subdomains. +This would require a global update +only when a new top level domain +joined the network. +A message to a host in a subdomain +could simply be routed to a known domain gateway +for further processing. +For example, +the address +.q eric@a.bli.UUCP +might be routed to the +.q bli +gateway +for redistribution; +new hosts could be added +within BLI +without notifying the rest of the world. +Of course, +other hosts +.i could +be notified as an efficiency measure. +.pp +There may be more than one domain gateway. +A domain such as BTL, +for instance, +might have a dozen gateways to the outside world; +a non-BTL site +could choose the closest gateway. +The only restriction +would be that all gateways +maintain a consistent view of the domain +they represent. +.sh 2 "Logical Structure" +.pp +Logically, +domains are organized into a tree. +There need not be a host actually associated +with each level in the tree \*- +for example, +there will be no host associated with the name +.q UUCP. +Similarly, +an organization might group names together for administrative reasons; +for example, +the name +.(l +CAD.research.BigCorp.UUCP +.)l +might not actually have a host representing +.q research. +.pp +However, +it may frequently be convenient to have a host +or hosts +that +.q represent +a domain. +For example, +if a single host exists that +represents +Berkeley, +then mail from outside Berkeley +can forward mail to that host +for further resolution +without knowing Berkeley's +(rather volatile) +topology. +This is not unlike the operation +of the telephone network. +.pp +This may also be useful +inside certain large domains. +For example, +at Berkeley it may be presumed +that most hosts know about other hosts +inside the Berkeley domain. +But if they process an address +that is unknown, +they can pass it +.q upstairs +for further examination. +Thus as new hosts are added +only one host +(the domain master) +.i must +be updated immediately; +other hosts can be updated as convenient. +.pp +Ideally this name resolution process +would be performed by a name server +(e.g., [Su82b]) +to avoid unnecessary copying +of the message. +However, +in a batch network +such as UUCP +this could result in unnecessary delays. +.sh 1 "COMPARISON WITH DELIVERMAIL" +.pp +.i Sendmail +is an outgrowth of +.i delivermail . +The primary differences are: +.np +Configuration information is not compiled in. +This change simplifies many of the problems +of moving to other machines. +It also allows easy debugging of new mailers. +.np +Address parsing is more flexible. +For example, +.i delivermail +only supported one gateway to any network, +whereas +.i sendmail +can be sensitive to host names +and reroute to different gateways. +.np +Forwarding and +:include: +features eliminate the requirement that the system alias file +be writable by any user +(or that an update program be written, +or that the system administration make all changes). +.np +.i Sendmail +supports message batching across networks +when a message is being sent to multiple recipients. +.np +A mail queue is provided in +.i sendmail. +Mail that cannot be delivered immediately +but can potentially be delivered later +is stored in this queue for a later retry. +The queue also provides a buffer against system crashes; +after the message has been collected +it may be reliably redelivered +even if the system crashes during the initial delivery. +.np +.i Sendmail +uses the networking support provided by 4.2BSD +to provide a direct interface networks such as the ARPANET +and/or Ethernet +using SMTP (the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) +over a TCP/IP connection. +.+c +.ce +REFERENCES +.nr ii 1.5i +.ip [Crocker77] +Crocker, D. H., +Vittal, J. J., +Pogran, K. T., +and +Henderson, D. A. Jr., +.ul +Standard for the Format of ARPA Network Text Messages. +RFC 733, +NIC 41952. +In [Feinler78]. +November 1977. +.ip [Crocker82] +Crocker, D. H., +.ul +Standard for the Format of Arpa Internet Text Messages. +RFC 822. +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +August 1982. +.ip [Feinler78] +Feinler, E., +and +Postel, J. +(eds.), +.ul +ARPANET Protocol Handbook. +NIC 7104, +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +1978. +.ip [Nowitz78] +Nowitz, D. A., +and +Lesk, M. E., +.ul +A Dial-Up Network of UNIX Systems. +Bell Laboratories. +In +UNIX Programmer's Manual, Seventh Edition, +Volume 2. +August, 1978. +.ip [Schmidt79] +Schmidt, E., +.ul +An Introduction to the Berkeley Network. +University of California, Berkeley California. +1979. +.ip [Shoens79] +Shoens, K., +.ul +Mail Reference Manual. +University of California, Berkeley. +In UNIX Programmer's Manual, +Seventh Edition, +Volume 2C. +December 1979. +.ip [Solomon81] +Solomon, M., +Landweber, L., +and +Neuhengen, D., +.ul +The Design of the CSNET Name Server. +CS-DN-2. +University of Wisconsin, +Madison. +October 1981. +.ip [Su82a] +Su, Zaw-Sing, +and +Postel, Jon, +.ul +The Domain Naming Convention for Internet User Applications. +RFC819. +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +August 1982. +.ip [Su82b] +Su, Zaw-Sing, +.ul +A Distributed System for Internet Name Service. +RFC830. +Network Information Center, +SRI International, +Menlo Park, California. +October 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Among).25 F .297 +(the w)112 314.4 R .297(orst of these is that of address mapping.)-.1 F +(Historically)5.297 E 2.797(,t)-.65 G .298(his has been handled on an)355.03 +314.4 R(ad hoc basis.)112 326.4 Q(Ho)5 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, t) +.15 H(his approach has become unmanageable as internets gro).4 E -.65(w.)-.25 G +.099(Sendmail acts a uni\214ed \231post of)112 342.6 R .098 +(\214ce\232 to which all mail can be submitted.)-.25 F .098(Address inter)5.098 +F(-)-.2 E .754(pretation is controlled by a production system, which can parse\ + both old and ne)112 354.6 R 3.255(wf)-.25 G(or)452.54 354.6 Q(-)-.2 E .242 +(mat addresses.)112 366.6 R .242(The ne)5.242 F 2.742(wf)-.25 G .242 +(ormat is \231domain-based,)216.578 366.6 R 2.742<9a618d>-.7 G -.15(ex)334.326 +366.6 S .241(ible technique that can handle).15 F(man)112 378.6 Q 2.606(yc)-.15 +G .106(ommon situations.)141.116 378.6 R .106 +(Sendmail is not intended to perform user interf)5.106 F .107(ace functions.) +-.1 F .399(Sendmail will replace deli)112 394.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .399 +(rmail in the Berk).15 F(ele)-.1 E 2.899(y4)-.15 G .399(.2 distrib)320.504 +394.8 R 2.899(ution. Se)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .399(ral major hosts).15 F .421 +(are no)112 406.8 R 2.921(wo)-.25 G 2.921(rw)152.022 406.8 S .421 +(ill soon be running sendmail.)165.493 406.8 R .421(This change will af)5.421 F +.422(fect an)-.25 F 2.922(yu)-.15 G .422(sers that route)407.056 406.8 R 1.5 +(mail through a sendmail g)112 418.8 R(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 5.3 -.65(y. T) +.1 H 1.5(he changes that will be user visible are empha-).65 F(sized.)112 430.8 +Q .906(The mail system to appear in 4.2bsd will contain a number of changes.)97 +475.2 R .906(Most of these changes are)5.906 F .469 +(based on the replacement of)72 487.2 R F2(delivermail)2.969 E F1 .469 +(with a ne)2.969 F 2.969(wm)-.25 G .469(odule called)292.871 487.2 R F2 2.97 +(sendmail. Sendmail)2.97 F F1 .47(implements a gen-)2.97 F 1.834 +(eral internetw)72 499.2 R 1.834(ork mail routing f)-.1 F(acility)-.1 E 4.333 +(,f)-.65 G 1.833(eaturing aliasing and forw)239.739 499.2 R 1.833 +(arding, automatic routing to netw)-.1 F(ork)-.1 E -.05(ga)72 511.2 S(te).05 E +-.1(wa)-.25 G .205(ys, and \215e).1 F .205(xible con\214guration.)-.15 F .205 +(Of k)5.205 F .505 -.15(ey i)-.1 H .205 +(nterest to the mail system user will be the changes in the net-).15 F -.1(wo) +72 523.2 S(rk addressing structure.).1 E .624(In a simple netw)97 539.4 R .624 +(ork, each node has an address, and resources can be identi\214ed with a host-\ +resource)-.1 F .374(pair; in particular)72 551.4 R 2.874(,t)-.4 G .374 +(he mail system can refer to users using a host-username pair)149.932 551.4 R +5.374(.H)-.55 G .375(ost names and numbers)409.276 551.4 R(ha)72 563.4 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(ob).15 G 2.5(ea)108.31 563.4 S +(dministered by a central authority)119.69 563.4 Q 2.5(,b)-.65 G +(ut usernames can be assigned locally to each host.)263.82 563.4 Q .397 +(In an internet, multiple netw)97 579.6 R .396(orks with dif)-.1 F .396 +(ferent characteristics and managements must communicate.)-.25 F .389 +(In particular)72 591.6 R 2.889(,t)-.4 G .389 +(he syntax and semantics of resource identi\214cation change.)129.308 591.6 R +.39(Certain special cases can be han-)5.389 F 1.033(dled tri)72 603.6 R 1.033 +(vially by)-.25 F F2 1.033(ad hoc)3.533 F F1 1.032(techniques, such as pro) +3.533 F 1.032(viding netw)-.15 F 1.032 +(ork names that appear local to hosts on other)-.1 F(netw)72 615.6 Q 1.621 +(orks, as with the Ethernet at Xerox P)-.1 F 4.121(ARC. Ho)-.92 F(we)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.421 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.622(he general case is e).4 F 1.622 +(xtremely comple)-.15 F 4.122(x. F)-.15 F(or)-.15 E -.15(ex)72 627.6 S .29 +(ample, some netw).15 F .29(orks require that the route the message tak)-.1 F +.29(es be e)-.1 F .29(xplicitly speci\214ed by the sender)-.15 F 2.79(,s)-.4 G +(im-)490.11 627.6 Q 1.618(plifying the database update problem since only adja\ +cent hosts must be entered into the system tables,)72 639.6 R .573(while other\ +s use logical addressing, where the sender speci\214es the location of the rec\ +ipient b)72 651.6 R .573(ut not ho)-.2 F 3.072(wt)-.25 G(o)499 651.6 Q 1.065 +(get there.)72 663.6 R 1.065(Some netw)6.065 F 1.066(orks use a left-associati) +-.1 F 1.366 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.066(yntax and others use a right-associati).15 F +1.366 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.066(yntax, causing).15 F .32 LW 76 673.2 72 673.2 DL +80 673.2 76 673.2 DL 84 673.2 80 673.2 DL 88 673.2 84 673.2 DL 92 673.2 88 +673.2 DL 96 673.2 92 673.2 DL 100 673.2 96 673.2 DL 104 673.2 100 673.2 DL 108 +673.2 104 673.2 DL 112 673.2 108 673.2 DL 116 673.2 112 673.2 DL 120 673.2 116 +673.2 DL 124 673.2 120 673.2 DL 128 673.2 124 673.2 DL 132 673.2 128 673.2 DL +136 673.2 132 673.2 DL 140 673.2 136 673.2 DL 144 673.2 140 673.2 DL 148 673.2 +144 673.2 DL 152 673.2 148 673.2 DL 156 673.2 152 673.2 DL 160 673.2 156 673.2 +DL 164 673.2 160 673.2 DL 168 673.2 164 673.2 DL 172 673.2 168 673.2 DL 176 +673.2 172 673.2 DL 180 673.2 176 673.2 DL 184 673.2 180 673.2 DL 188 673.2 184 +673.2 DL 192 673.2 188 673.2 DL 196 673.2 192 673.2 DL 200 673.2 196 673.2 DL +204 673.2 200 673.2 DL 208 673.2 204 673.2 DL 212 673.2 208 673.2 DL 216 673.2 +212 673.2 DL/F3 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .556(*A considerable part of this w)93.6 +685.2 R .556(ork w)-.08 F .556(as done while under the emplo)-.08 F 2.557(yo) +-.08 G 2.557(ft)323.107 685.2 S .557(he INGRES Project at the Uni)330.552 685.2 +R -.12(ve)-.2 G .557(rsity of California at).12 F(Berk)72 694.8 Q(ele)-.08 E +-.52(y.)-.12 G/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mail Systems and Addr)72 756 Q +(essing in 4.2bsd)-.18 E(1)499 756 Q EP +%%Page: 2 2 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mail Systems and Addr)72 60 Q(essing in 4.2bsd)-.18 E(2) +499 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(ambiguity in mix)72 96 Q(ed addresses.)-.15 E +.679(Internet standards seek to eliminate these problems.)97 112.2 R(Initially) +5.678 E 3.178(,t)-.65 G .678(hese proposed e)353.138 112.2 R .678 +(xpanding the address)-.15 F .331 +(pairs to address triples, consisting of {netw)72 124.2 R .331 +(ork, host, username} triples.)-.1 F(Netw)5.332 E .332(ork numbers must be uni) +-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.2(r-).15 G 1.452 +(sally agreed upon, and hosts can be assigned locally on each netw)72 136.2 R +3.952(ork. The)-.1 F(user)3.952 E(-le)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.952(lp).15 G 1.452 +(resentation w)440.718 136.2 R(as)-.1 E .249(changed to address domains, compr\ +ised of a local resource identi\214cation and a hierarchical domain speci\214-) +72 148.2 R 1.54(cation with a common static root.)72 160.2 R 1.539 +(The domain technique separates the issue of ph)6.539 F 1.539(ysical v)-.05 F +1.539(ersus logical)-.15 F 3.001(addressing. F)72 172.2 R .501(or e)-.15 F .502 +(xample, an address of the form \231eric@a.cc.berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.) +-.15 G .502(arpa\232 describes the logical or).65 F -.05(ga)-.18 G(niza-).05 E +.443(tion of the address space \(user \231eric\232 on host \231a\232 in the Co\ +mputer Center at Berk)72 184.2 R(ele)-.1 E .443(y\) b)-.15 F .443 +(ut not the ph)-.2 F(ysical)-.05 E(netw)72 196.2 Q .934(orks used \(for e)-.1 F +.934(xample, this could go o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.434(rd).15 G(if)274.722 +196.2 Q .934(ferent netw)-.25 F .935 +(orks depending on whether \231a\232 were on an)-.1 F +(ethernet or a store-and-forw)72 208.2 Q(ard netw)-.1 E(ork\).)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(Sendmail)97 224.4 Q F1 .493 +(is intended to help bridge the g)2.993 F .493(ap between the totally)-.05 F F2 +.493(ad hoc)2.993 F F1 -.1(wo)2.993 G .493(rld of netw).1 F .493(orks that kno) +-.1 F(w)-.25 E .854(nothing of each other and the clean, tightly-coupled w)72 +236.4 R .854(orld of unique netw)-.1 F .855(ork numbers.)-.1 F .855 +(It can accept old)5.855 F .633(arbitrary address syntax)72 248.4 R .632(es, r\ +esolving ambiguities using heuristics speci\214ed by the system administrator) +-.15 F 3.132(,a)-.4 G(s)500.11 248.4 Q .347(well as domain-based addressing.)72 +260.4 R .347(It helps guide the con)5.347 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .347 +(rsion of message formats between disparate net-).15 F -.1(wo)72 272.4 S 3.395 +(rks. In).1 F(short,)3.395 E F2(sendmail)3.395 E F1 .894 +(is designed to assist a graceful transition to consistent internetw)3.395 F +.894(ork addressing)-.1 F(schemes.)72 284.4 Q .689 +(Section 1 de\214nes some of the terms frequently left fuzzy when w)97 312.6 R +.69(orking in mail systems.)-.1 F .69(Section 2)5.69 F .595 +(discusses the design goals for)72 324.6 R F2(sendmail)3.095 E F1 5.595(.I)C +3.095(ns)243.33 324.6 S .595(ection 3, the ne)255.315 324.6 R 3.095(wa)-.25 G +.594(ddress formats and basic features of)332.705 324.6 R F2(send-)3.094 E +(mail)72 336.6 Q F1 .893(are described.)3.393 F .893 +(Section 4 discusses some of the special problems of the UUCP netw)5.893 F +3.394(ork. The)-.1 F(dif)3.394 E(fer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E(ences between)72 348.6 Q F2 +(sendmail)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F2(delivermail)2.5 E F1 +(are presented in section 5.)2.5 E F0(DISCLAIMER:)112 376.8 Q F1 3.333(An)3.333 +G .833(umber of e)199.216 376.8 R .832 +(xamples in this paper use names of actual people and)-.15 F(or)112 388.8 Q +-.05(ga)-.18 G 4.572(nizations. This).05 F 2.072 +(is not intended to imply a commitment or e)4.572 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.573(na).15 +G 4.573(ni)409.987 388.8 S(ntellectual)422.34 388.8 Q 1.094 +(agreement on the part of these people or or)112 400.8 R -.05(ga)-.18 G 3.594 +(nizations. In).05 F(particular)3.594 E 3.594(,B)-.4 G 1.094(ell T)408.896 +400.8 R(elephone)-.7 E .656 +(Laboratories \(BTL\), Digital Equipment Corporation \(DEC\), La)112 412.8 R +.657(wrence Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E 3.157(yL)-.15 G(abo-)446.23 412.8 Q 2.136 +(ratories \(LBL\), Britton-Lee Incorporated \(BLI\), and the Uni)112 424.8 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.136(rsity of California at).15 F(Berk)112 436.8 Q(ele)-.1 E +3.088(ya)-.15 G .588(re not committed to an)155.378 436.8 R 3.089(yo)-.15 G +3.089(ft)261.219 436.8 S .589(hese proposals at this time.)270.418 436.8 R .589 +(Much of this paper)5.589 F +(represents no more than the personal opinions of the author)112 448.8 Q(.)-.55 +E F0 2.5(1. DEFINITIONS)72 477 R F1 .266(There are four basic concepts that mu\ +st be clearly distinguished when dealing with mail systems:)112 493.2 R .514 +(the user \(or the user')87 505.2 R 3.014(sa)-.55 G .515(gent\), the user') +182.6 505.2 R 3.015(si)-.55 G .515(denti\214cation, the user')253.025 505.2 R +3.015(sa)-.55 G .515(ddress, and the route.)354.56 505.2 R .515(These are dis-) +5.515 F(tinguished primarily by their position independence.)87 517.2 Q F0 2.5 +(1.1. User)87 541.2 R(and Identi\214cation)2.5 E F1 .264 +(The user is the being \(a person or program\) that is creating or recei)127 +557.4 R .263(ving a message.)-.25 F(An)5.263 E F2 -.1(age)2.763 G(nt).1 E F1 +.659(is an entity operating on behalf of the user \212 such as a secretary who\ + handles my mail.)102 569.4 R .66(or a pro-)5.66 F(gram that automatically ret\ +urns a message such as \231I am at the UNICOM conference.)102 581.4 Q<9a>-.7 E +.931(The identi\214cation is the tag that goes along with the particular user) +127 597.6 R 5.931(.T)-.55 G .931(his tag is completely)418.707 597.6 R .216 +(independent of location.)102 609.6 R -.15(Fo)5.216 G 2.716(re).15 G .216 +(xample, my identi\214cation is the string \231Eric Allman,)225.324 609.6 R +2.717<9a61>-.7 G .217(nd this identi-)448.006 609.6 R 1.228 +(\214cation does not change whether I am located at U.C. Berk)102 621.6 R(ele) +-.1 E 2.527 -.65(y, a)-.15 H 3.727(tB).65 G 1.227 +(ritton-Lee, or at a scienti\214c)390.502 621.6 R(institute in Austria.)102 +633.6 Q 2.379 +(Since the identi\214cation is frequently ambiguous \(e.g., there are tw)127 +649.8 R 4.879<6f99>-.1 G 2.38(Robert Henry\232s at)426.48 649.8 R(Berk)102 +661.8 Q(ele)-.1 E .316(y\) it is common to add other disambiguating informatio\ +n that is not strictly part of the iden-)-.15 F +(ti\214cation \(e.g., Robert \231Code Generator\232 Henry v)102 673.8 Q +(ersus Robert \231System Administrator\232 Henry\).)-.15 E F0 -1(Ve)72 756 S +(rsion 8.2)1 E(USENIX \255 J)249.805 756 Q(an 83)-.15 E(Last Mod 11/27/93) +424.55 756 Q EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mail Systems and Addr)72 60 Q(essing in 4.2bsd)-.18 E(3) +499 60 Q 2.5(1.2. Addr)87 96 R(ess)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .785 +(The address speci\214es a location.)127 112.2 R .786(As I mo)5.786 F 1.086 +-.15(ve a)-.15 H .786(round, my address changes.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.786 G 3.286 +(re).15 G .786(xample, my)455.994 112.2 R 9.712 +(address might change from \231eric@Berk)102 124.2 R(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G +(ARP).65 E 9.711(A\232 to \231eric@bli.UUCP\232 or \231all-)-.92 F +(man@IIASA.Austria\232 depending on my current af)102 136.2 Q(\214liation.)-.25 +E(Ho)127 152.4 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.819 -.4(r, a).15 H 4.519(na).4 G +2.019(ddress is independent of the location of an)188.018 152.4 R 2.019 +(yone else.)-.15 F 2.02(That is, my address)7.02 F .385(remains the same to e) +102 164.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .385(ryone who might be sending me mail.).15 F -.15 +(Fo)5.385 G 2.885(re).15 G .385(xample, a person at MIT and a)379.22 164.4 R +(person at USC could both send to \231eric@Berk)102 176.4 Q(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.) +-.15 G(ARP).65 E(A\232 and ha)-.92 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.5(ta).15 G(rri)388.44 +176.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he same mailbox.)422.48 176.4 Q .627 +(Ideally a \231white pages\232 service w)127 192.6 R .627(ould be pro)-.1 F +.627(vided to map user identi\214cations into addresses)-.15 F .444(\(for e)102 +204.6 R .444(xample, see [Solomon81]\).)-.15 F .444 +(Currently this is handled by passing around scraps of paper or by)5.444 F +(calling people on the telephone to \214nd out their address.)102 216.6 Q F0 +2.5(1.3. Route)87 240.6 R F1 .288(While an address speci\214es)127 256.8 R/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wher)2.788 E(e)-.37 E F1 .289 +(to \214nd a mailbox, a route speci\214es)2.789 F F2(how)2.789 E F1 .289 +(to \214nd the mailbox.)2.789 F(Speci\214cally)102 268.8 Q 2.607(,i)-.65 G +2.607(ts)156.457 268.8 S .106(peci\214es a path from sender to recei)165.734 +268.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.706 -.55(r. A).15 H 2.606(ss).55 G .106 +(uch, the route is potentially dif)343.364 268.8 R .106(ferent for)-.25 F -2.15 +-.25(ev e)102 280.8 T(ry pair of people in the electronic uni).25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(rse.).15 E .258(Normally the route is hidden from the user by the softw) +127 297 R 2.758(are. Ho)-.1 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.058 -.4(r, s).15 H +.258(ome netw).4 F .258(orks put the)-.1 F -.2(bu)102 309 S 1.972 +(rden of determining the route onto the sender).2 F 6.971(.A)-.55 G 1.971 +(lthough this simpli\214es the softw)322.544 309 R 1.971(are, it also)-.1 F +(greatly impairs the usability for most users.)102 321 Q(The UUCP netw)5 E +(ork is an e)-.1 E(xample of such a netw)-.15 E(ork.)-.1 E F0 2.5(2. DESIGN)72 +345 R(GO)2.5 E(ALS)-.4 E F1(Design goals for)112 363.2 Q F2(sendmail)2.5 E/F3 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)216.71 359.2 Q F1(include:)222.71 363.2 Q 12.5 +(\(1\) Compatibility)92 379.4 R 1.363(with the e)3.863 F 1.363 +(xisting mail programs, including Bell v)-.15 F 1.363(ersion 6 mail, Bell v) +-.15 F 1.364(ersion 7)-.15 F 3.589(mail, Berk)118.66 391.4 R(ele)-.1 E(y)-.15 E +F2(Mail)6.089 E F1 3.589 +([Shoens79], BerkNet mail [Schmidt79], and hopefully UUCP mail)6.089 F([No) +118.66 403.4 Q 2.5(witz78]. ARP)-.25 F(ANET mail [Crock)-.92 E(er82] w)-.1 E +(as also required.)-.1 E 12.5(\(2\) Reliability)92 419.6 R 4.002(,i)-.65 G +4.002(nt)169.522 419.6 S 1.502(he sense of guaranteeing that e)181.304 419.6 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.502(ry message is correctly deli).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.503 +(red or at least).15 F .368 +(brought to the attention of a human for correct disposal; no message should e) +118.66 431.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.868(rb).15 G 2.868(ec)452.252 431.6 S +(ompletely)464 431.6 Q 2.54(lost. This)118.66 443.6 R .04(goal w)2.54 F .041 +(as considered essential because of the emphasis on mail in our en)-.1 F 2.541 +(vironment. It)-.4 F 1.755 +(has turned out to be one of the hardest goals to satisfy)118.66 455.6 R 4.254 +(,e)-.65 G 1.754(specially in the f)363.756 455.6 R 1.754(ace of the man)-.1 F +(y)-.15 E .977(anomalous message formats produced by v)118.66 467.6 R .977 +(arious ARP)-.25 F .977(ANET sites.)-.92 F -.15(Fo)5.977 G 3.478(re).15 G .978 +(xample, certain sites)420.114 467.6 R .069 +(generate improperly formated addresses, occasionally causing error)118.66 +479.6 R .069(-message loops.)-.2 F .068(Some hosts)5.069 F .766(use blanks in \ +names, causing problems with mail programs that assume that an address is one) +118.66 491.6 R -.1(wo)118.66 503.6 S 3.924(rd. The).1 F 1.423 +(semantics of some \214elds are interpreted slightly dif)3.923 F 1.423 +(ferently by dif)-.25 F 1.423(ferent sites.)-.25 F(In)6.423 E(summary)118.66 +515.6 Q 3.022(,t)-.65 G .523(he obscure features of the ARP)163.532 515.6 R +.523(ANET mail protocol really)-.92 F F2(ar)3.023 E(e)-.37 E F1 .523 +(used and are dif)3.023 F(\214cult)-.25 E(to support, b)118.66 527.6 Q +(ut must be supported.)-.2 E 12.5(\(3\) Existing)92 543.8 R(softw)2.939 E .439 +(are to do actual deli)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ry should be used whene).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.938(rp).15 G 2.938(ossible. This)387.658 543.8 R .438 +(goal deri)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.938(sa).15 G(s)500.11 543.8 Q +(much from political and practical considerations as technical.)118.66 555.8 Q +12.5(\(4\) Easy)92 572 R -.15(ex)2.898 G .398(pansion to f).15 F .398 +(airly comple)-.1 F 2.898(xe)-.15 G -.4(nv)261.06 572 S .399 +(ironments, including multiple connections to a single net-).4 F -.1(wo)118.66 +584 S .63(rk type \(such as with multiple UUCP or Ethernets\).).1 F .63 +(This goal requires consideration of the)5.63 F +(contents of an address as well as its syntax in order to determine which g) +118.66 596 Q(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 2.5(yt).1 G 2.5(ou)443.48 596 S(se.) +455.98 596 Q 12.5(\(5\) Con\214guration)92 612.2 R 1.048 +(information should not be compiled into the code.)3.548 F 3.549(As)6.049 G +1.049(ingle compiled program)405.802 612.2 R .084 +(should be able to run as is at an)118.66 624.2 R 2.584(ys)-.15 G .083 +(ite \(barring such basic changes as the CPU type or the operat-)256.196 624.2 +R .342(ing system\).)118.66 636.2 R 1.942 -.8(We h)5.342 H -2.25 -.2(av e).8 H +.343(found this seemingly unimportant goal to be critical in real life.)3.042 F +(Besides)5.343 E .734(the simple problems that occur when an)118.66 648.2 R +3.234(yp)-.15 G .734(rogram gets recompiled in a dif)295.568 648.2 R .733 +(ferent en)-.25 F(vironment,)-.4 E(man)118.66 660.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ites lik) +147.12 660.2 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G 2.5<6f99>183.69 660.2 S(\214ddle\232 with an)195.63 +660.2 Q(ything that the)-.15 E 2.5(yw)-.15 G(ill be recompiling an)327.27 660.2 +Q(yw)-.15 E(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .32 LW 76 678.8 72 678.8 DL 80 678.8 76 678.8 DL +84 678.8 80 678.8 DL 88 678.8 84 678.8 DL 92 678.8 88 678.8 DL 96 678.8 92 +678.8 DL 100 678.8 96 678.8 DL 104 678.8 100 678.8 DL 108 678.8 104 678.8 DL +112 678.8 108 678.8 DL 116 678.8 112 678.8 DL 120 678.8 116 678.8 DL 124 678.8 +120 678.8 DL 128 678.8 124 678.8 DL 132 678.8 128 678.8 DL 136 678.8 132 678.8 +DL 140 678.8 136 678.8 DL 144 678.8 140 678.8 DL 148 678.8 144 678.8 DL 152 +678.8 148 678.8 DL 156 678.8 152 678.8 DL 160 678.8 156 678.8 DL 164 678.8 160 +678.8 DL 168 678.8 164 678.8 DL 172 678.8 168 678.8 DL 176 678.8 172 678.8 DL +180 678.8 176 678.8 DL 184 678.8 180 678.8 DL 188 678.8 184 678.8 DL 192 678.8 +188 678.8 DL 196 678.8 192 678.8 DL 200 678.8 196 678.8 DL 204 678.8 200 678.8 +DL 208 678.8 204 678.8 DL 212 678.8 208 678.8 DL 216 678.8 212 678.8 DL/F4 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)93.6 689.2 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(This section mak)3.2 I +(es no distinction between)-.08 E/F6 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(delivermail)2 E F5 +(and)2 E F6(sendmail.)2 E F0 -1(Ve)72 756 S(rsion 8.2)1 E(USENIX \255 J)249.805 +756 Q(an 83)-.15 E(Last Mod 11/27/93)424.55 756 Q EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mail Systems and Addr)72 60 Q(essing in 4.2bsd)-.18 E(4) +499 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(\(6\))92 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Sendmail) +118.66 96 Q F1 .184(must be able to let v)2.684 F .184 +(arious groups maintain their o)-.25 F .184(wn mailing lists, and let indi)-.25 +F(viduals)-.25 E(specify their o)118.66 108 Q(wn forw)-.25 E +(arding, without modifying the system alias \214le.)-.1 E 12.5(\(7\) Each)92 +124.2 R .313(user should be able to specify which mailer to e)2.814 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .313(cute to process mail being deli).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313(red for) +.15 F 3.098(him. This)118.66 136.2 R .598(feature allo)3.098 F .598 +(ws users who are using specialized mailers that use a dif)-.25 F .598 +(ferent format to)-.25 F -.2(bu)118.66 148.2 S .25(ild their en).2 F .25 +(vironment without changing the system, and f)-.4 F .25 +(acilitates specialized functions \(such)-.1 F(as returning an \231I am on v) +118.66 160.2 Q(acation\232 message\).)-.25 E 12.5(\(8\) Netw)92 176.4 R 1.552 +(ork traf)-.1 F 1.552(\214c should be minimized by batching addresses to a sin\ +gle host where possible,)-.25 F(without assistance from the user)118.66 188.4 Q +(.)-.55 E .375(These goals moti)112 204.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .375 +(ted the architecture illustrated in \214gure 1.).25 F .374 +(The user interacts with a mail gen-)5.375 F .49(erating and sending program.) +87 216.6 R .491(When the mail is created, the generator calls)5.49 F F2 +(sendmail)2.991 E F1 2.991(,w)C .491(hich routes the)444.138 216.6 R .841 +(message to the correct mailer\(s\).)87 228.6 R .841 +(Since some of the senders may be netw)5.841 F .84(ork serv)-.1 F .84 +(ers and some of the)-.15 F(mailers may be netw)87 240.6 Q(ork clients,)-.1 E +F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(may be used as an internet mail g)2.5 E(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa) +-.25 G -.65(y.).1 G F0 2.5(3. USA)72 264.6 R(GE)-.55 E 2.5(3.1. Addr)87 288.6 R +(ess F)-.18 E(ormats)-.25 E F1(Ar)127 304.8 Q .886 +(guments may be \215ags or addresses.)-.18 F .886(Flags set v)5.886 F .886 +(arious processing options.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.886 G(llo).15 E .886(wing \215ag) +-.25 F(ar)102 316.8 Q .611(guments, address ar)-.18 F .611(guments may be gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.111(n. Addresses).15 F(follo)3.111 E 3.111(wt)-.25 G +.611(he syntax in RFC822 [Crock)365.558 316.8 R(er82])-.1 E(for ARP)102 328.8 Q +(ANET address formats.)-.92 E(In brief, the format is:)5 E 12.5(\(1\) An)107 +345 R(ything in parentheses is thro)-.15 E(wn a)-.25 E -.1(wa)-.15 G 2.5(y\().1 +G(as a comment\).)299.65 345 Q 12.5(\(2\) An)107 361.2 R .051 +(ything in angle brack)-.15 F .051(ets \(\231<)-.1 F .051 +(>\232\) is preferred o)1.666 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.551(ra).15 G -.15(ny)348.064 +361.2 S .051(thing else.).15 F .051(This rule implements the)5.051 F(ARP)133.66 +373.2 Q(ANET standard that addresses of the form)-.92 E .4 LW 77 408 72 408 DL +79 408 74 408 DL 84 408 79 408 DL 89 408 84 408 DL 94 408 89 408 DL 99 408 94 +408 DL 104 408 99 408 DL 109 408 104 408 DL 114 408 109 408 DL 119 408 114 408 +DL 124 408 119 408 DL 129 408 124 408 DL 134 408 129 408 DL 139 408 134 408 DL +144 408 139 408 DL 149 408 144 408 DL 154 408 149 408 DL 159 408 154 408 DL 164 +408 159 408 DL 169 408 164 408 DL 174 408 169 408 DL 179 408 174 408 DL 184 408 +179 408 DL 189 408 184 408 DL 194 408 189 408 DL 199 408 194 408 DL 204 408 199 +408 DL 209 408 204 408 DL 214 408 209 408 DL 219 408 214 408 DL 224 408 219 408 +DL 229 408 224 408 DL 234 408 229 408 DL 239 408 234 408 DL 244 408 239 408 DL +249 408 244 408 DL 254 408 249 408 DL 259 408 254 408 DL 264 408 259 408 DL 269 +408 264 408 DL 274 408 269 408 DL 279 408 274 408 DL 284 408 279 408 DL 289 408 +284 408 DL 294 408 289 408 DL 299 408 294 408 DL 304 408 299 408 DL 309 408 304 +408 DL 314 408 309 408 DL 319 408 314 408 DL 324 408 319 408 DL 329 408 324 408 +DL 334 408 329 408 DL 339 408 334 408 DL 344 408 339 408 DL 349 408 344 408 DL +354 408 349 408 DL 359 408 354 408 DL 364 408 359 408 DL 369 408 364 408 DL 374 +408 369 408 DL 379 408 374 408 DL 384 408 379 408 DL 389 408 384 408 DL 394 408 +389 408 DL 399 408 394 408 DL 404 408 399 408 DL 409 408 404 408 DL 414 408 409 +408 DL 419 408 414 408 DL 424 408 419 408 DL 429 408 424 408 DL 434 408 429 408 +DL 439 408 434 408 DL 444 408 439 408 DL 449 408 444 408 DL 454 408 449 408 DL +459 408 454 408 DL 464 408 459 408 DL 469 408 464 408 DL 474 408 469 408 DL 479 +408 474 408 DL 484 408 479 408 DL 489 408 484 408 DL 494 408 489 408 DL 499 408 +494 408 DL 504 408 499 408 DL(Figure 1 \212 Sendmail System Structure.)208 660 +Q 77 672 72 672 DL 79 672 74 672 DL 84 672 79 672 DL 89 672 84 672 DL 94 672 89 +672 DL 99 672 94 672 DL 104 672 99 672 DL 109 672 104 672 DL 114 672 109 672 DL +119 672 114 672 DL 124 672 119 672 DL 129 672 124 672 DL 134 672 129 672 DL 139 +672 134 672 DL 144 672 139 672 DL 149 672 144 672 DL 154 672 149 672 DL 159 672 +154 672 DL 164 672 159 672 DL 169 672 164 672 DL 174 672 169 672 DL 179 672 174 +672 DL 184 672 179 672 DL 189 672 184 672 DL 194 672 189 672 DL 199 672 194 672 +DL 204 672 199 672 DL 209 672 204 672 DL 214 672 209 672 DL 219 672 214 672 DL +224 672 219 672 DL 229 672 224 672 DL 234 672 229 672 DL 239 672 234 672 DL 244 +672 239 672 DL 249 672 244 672 DL 254 672 249 672 DL 259 672 254 672 DL 264 672 +259 672 DL 269 672 264 672 DL 274 672 269 672 DL 279 672 274 672 DL 284 672 279 +672 DL 289 672 284 672 DL 294 672 289 672 DL 299 672 294 672 DL 304 672 299 672 +DL 309 672 304 672 DL 314 672 309 672 DL 319 672 314 672 DL 324 672 319 672 DL +329 672 324 672 DL 334 672 329 672 DL 339 672 334 672 DL 344 672 339 672 DL 349 +672 344 672 DL 354 672 349 672 DL 359 672 354 672 DL 364 672 359 672 DL 369 672 +364 672 DL 374 672 369 672 DL 379 672 374 672 DL 384 672 379 672 DL 389 672 384 +672 DL 394 672 389 672 DL 399 672 394 672 DL 404 672 399 672 DL 409 672 404 672 +DL 414 672 409 672 DL 419 672 414 672 DL 424 672 419 672 DL 429 672 424 672 DL +434 672 429 672 DL 439 672 434 672 DL 444 672 439 672 DL 449 672 444 672 DL 454 +672 449 672 DL 459 672 454 672 DL 464 672 459 672 DL 469 672 464 672 DL 474 672 +469 672 DL 479 672 474 672 DL 484 672 479 672 DL 489 672 484 672 DL 494 672 489 +672 DL 499 672 494 672 DL 504 672 499 672 DL F0 -1(Ve)72 756 S(rsion 8.2)1 E +(USENIX \255 J)249.805 756 Q(an 83)-.15 E(Last Mod 11/27/93)424.55 756 Q EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mail Systems and Addr)72 60 Q(essing in 4.2bsd)-.18 E(5) +499 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(user name <machine-address>)173.66 96 Q(will s\ +end to the electronic \231machine-address\232 rather than the human \231user n\ +ame.)133.66 112.2 Q<9a>-.7 E 12.5(\(3\) Double)107 128.4 R 2.246(quotes \() +4.746 F -2.754 2.5("\) q)2.5 H 2.246 +(uote phrases; backslashes quote characters.)224.188 128.4 R 2.246 +(Backslashes are more)7.246 F(po)133.66 140.4 Q .654(werful in that the)-.25 F +3.154(yw)-.15 G .655(ill cause otherwise equi)229.196 140.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G +.655(lent phrases to compare dif).25 F .655(ferently \212 for)-.25 F -.15(ex) +133.66 152.4 S(ample,).15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(user)3.873 E F1(and)3.873 E +F2("user")3.872 E F1 1.372(are equi)3.872 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.372(lent, b).25 F +(ut)-.2 E F2(\\user)3.872 E F1 1.372(is dif)3.872 F 1.372 +(ferent from either of them.)-.25 F(This)6.372 E(might be used to a)133.66 +164.4 Q -.2(vo)-.2 G(id normal aliasing or duplicate suppression algorithms.).2 +E -.15(Pa)127 180.6 S 1.12(rentheses, angle brack).15 F 1.12 +(ets, and double quotes must be properly balanced and nested.)-.1 F(The)6.12 E +(re)102 194.6 Q(writing rules control remaining parsing)-.25 E/F3 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)266.17 190.6 Q F1(.)269.67 194.6 Q .644(Although old style\ + addresses are still accepted in most cases, the preferred address format is) +127 210.8 R .299(based on ARP)102 222.8 R(ANET)-.92 E .299 +(-style domain-based addresses [Su82a].)-.92 F .299 +(These addresses are based on a hierar)5.299 F(-)-.2 E .13 +(chical, logical decomposition of the address space.)102 234.8 R .13 +(The addresses are hierarchical in a sense similar)5.13 F 1.133(to the U.S. po\ +stal addresses: the messages may \214rst be routed to the correct state, with \ +no initial)102 246.8 R .72 +(consideration of the city or other addressing details.)102 258.8 R .72 +(The addresses are logical in that each step in)5.72 F(the hierarch)102 270.8 Q +2.5(yc)-.05 G +(orresponds to a set of \231naming authorities\232 rather than a ph)161.37 +270.8 Q(ysical netw)-.05 E(ork.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)127 287 S 2.5(re).15 G +(xample, the address:)147.53 287 Q(eric@HostA.BigSite.ARP)142 303.2 Q(A)-.92 E +-.1(wo)102 319.4 S .851 +(uld \214rst look up the domain BigSite in the namespace administrated by ARP) +.1 F 3.351(A. A)-.92 F .851(query could)3.351 F 1.476 +(then be sent to BigSite for interpretation of HostA.)102 331.4 R(Ev)6.475 E +1.475(entually the mail w)-.15 F 1.475(ould arri)-.1 F 1.775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +3.975(tH).15 G(ostA,)482.61 331.4 Q(which w)102 343.4 Q +(ould then do \214nal deli)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry to user \231eric.).15 E<9a> +-.7 E F0 2.5(3.2. Mail)87 367.4 R(to Files and Pr)2.5 E(ograms)-.18 E F1 .609 +(Files and programs are le)127 383.6 R .609(gitimate message recipients.)-.15 F +.609(Files pro)5.609 F .609(vide archi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.109(ls).25 G .61 +(torage of mes-)445.02 383.6 R .124 +(sages, useful for project administration and history)102 395.6 R 5.124(.P)-.65 +G .124(rograms are useful as recipients in a v)318.308 395.6 R .124(ariety of) +-.25 F .69(situations, for e)102 407.6 R .691(xample, to maintain a public rep\ +ository of systems messages \(such as the Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2 +(msgs)102 419.6 Q F1(program\).)2.5 E(An)127 435.8 Q 3.188(ya)-.15 G .688(ddre\ +ss passing through the initial parsing algorithm as a local address \(i.e, not\ + appear)151.698 435.8 R(-)-.2 E .276(ing to be a v)102 447.8 R .276 +(alid address for another mailer\) is scanned for tw)-.25 F 2.776(os)-.1 G .277 +(pecial cases.)362.128 447.8 R .277(If pre\214x)5.277 F .277(ed by a v)-.15 F +(erti-)-.15 E .18(cal bar \(\231)102 459.8 R .833<7c9a>.833 G 2.68(\)t)-.833 G +.179(he rest of the address is processed as a shell command.)156.456 459.8 R +.179(If the user name be)5.179 F .179(gins with a)-.15 F(slash mark \(\231/)102 +471.8 Q(\232\) the name is used as a \214le name, instead of a login name.).833 +E F0 2.5(3.3. Aliasing,)87 495.8 R -.25(Fo)2.5 G(rwarding, Inclusion).25 E F2 +(Sendmail)127 512 Q F1 1.074(reroutes mail three w)3.574 F 3.574(ays. Aliasing) +-.1 F 1.075(applies system wide.)3.575 F -.15(Fo)6.075 G(rw).15 E 1.075 +(arding allo)-.1 F 1.075(ws each)-.25 F .233 +(user to reroute incoming mail destined for that account.)102 524 R .233 +(Inclusion directs)5.233 F F2(sendmail)2.733 E F1 .233(to read a \214le for) +2.733 F 2.5(al)102 536 S +(ist of addresses, and is normally used in conjunction with aliasing.)111.72 +536 Q F0 2.5(3.3.1. Aliasing)102 560 R F1 .065 +(Aliasing maps local addresses to address lists using a system-wide \214le.)142 +576.2 R .065(This \214le is hashed)5.065 F 1.546(to speed access.)117 588.2 R +1.545(Only addresses that parse as local are allo)6.546 F 1.545 +(wed as aliases; this guarantees a)-.25 F(unique k)117 600.2 Q .3 -.15(ey \() +-.1 H(since there are no nicknames for the local host\).).15 E F0 2.5(3.3.2. F) +102 624.2 R(orwarding)-.25 E F1 .641 +(After aliasing, if an recipient address speci\214es a local user)142 640.4 R +F2(sendmail)3.141 E F1 .641(searches for a \231.for)3.141 F(-)-.2 E -.1(wa)117 +652.4 S .413(rd\232 \214le in the recipient').1 F 2.913(sh)-.55 G .413 +(ome directory)235.335 652.4 R 5.413(.I)-.65 G 2.913(fi)302.161 652.4 S 2.913 +(te)311.184 652.4 S .413(xists, the message is)321.167 652.4 R F2(not)2.913 E +F1 .412(sent to that user)2.913 F 2.912(,b)-.4 G(ut)496.22 652.4 Q .745 +(rather to the list of addresses in that \214le.)117 664.4 R .746 +(Often this list will contain only one address, and the)5.746 F +(feature will be used for netw)117 676.4 Q(ork mail forw)-.1 E(arding.)-.1 E +.32 LW 76 686 72 686 DL 80 686 76 686 DL 84 686 80 686 DL 88 686 84 686 DL 92 +686 88 686 DL 96 686 92 686 DL 100 686 96 686 DL 104 686 100 686 DL 108 686 104 +686 DL 112 686 108 686 DL 116 686 112 686 DL 120 686 116 686 DL 124 686 120 686 +DL 128 686 124 686 DL 132 686 128 686 DL 136 686 132 686 DL 140 686 136 686 DL +144 686 140 686 DL 148 686 144 686 DL 152 686 148 686 DL 156 686 152 686 DL 160 +686 156 686 DL 164 686 160 686 DL 168 686 164 686 DL 172 686 168 686 DL 176 686 +172 686 DL 180 686 176 686 DL 184 686 180 686 DL 188 686 184 686 DL 192 686 188 +686 DL 196 686 192 686 DL 200 686 196 686 DL 204 686 200 686 DL 208 686 204 686 +DL 212 686 208 686 DL 216 686 212 686 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)93.6 696.4 Q +/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(Disclaimer: Some special processing is done after re)3.2 +I(writing local names; see belo)-.2 E -.52(w.)-.2 G F0 -1(Ve)72 756 S +(rsion 8.2)1 E(USENIX \255 J)249.805 756 Q(an 83)-.15 E(Last Mod 11/27/93) +424.55 756 Q EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mail Systems and Addr)72 60 Q(essing in 4.2bsd)-.18 E(6) +499 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.15(Fo)142 96 S(rw).15 E 1.152 +(arding also permits a user to specify a pri)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.151 +(te incoming mailer).25 F 6.151(.F)-.55 G 1.151(or e)437.348 96 R 1.151 +(xample, for)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -.1(wa)117 108 S(rding to:).1 E -2.5 .833("| /)157 +124.2 T(usr/local/ne)-.833 E(wmail myname")-.25 E(will use a dif)117 140.4 Q +(ferent incoming mailer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5(3.3.3. Inclusion)102 164.4 R F1 +(Inclusion is speci\214ed in RFC 733 [Crock)142 180.6 Q(er77] syntax:)-.1 E +(:Include: pathname)157 196.8 Q .391 +(An address of this form reads the \214le speci\214ed by)117 213 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(pathname)2.891 E F1 .391 +(and sends to all users listed in that)2.891 F(\214le.)117 225 Q .645 +(The intent is)142 241.2 R F2(not)3.145 E F1 .644 +(to support direct use of this feature, b)3.145 F .644 +(ut rather to use this as a subset of)-.2 F 2.5(aliasing. F)117 253.2 R(or e) +-.15 E(xample, an alias of the form:)-.15 E +(project: :include:/usr/project/userlist)157 269.4 Q 1.93(is a method of letti\ +ng a project maintain a mailing list without interaction with the system)117 +285.6 R(administration, e)117 297.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)203.54 +297.6 S(he alias \214le is protected.)212.15 297.6 Q 2.025 +(It is not necessary to reb)142 313.8 R 2.025(uild the inde)-.2 F 4.524(xo)-.15 +G 4.524(nt)317.828 313.8 S 2.024(he alias database when a :include: list is) +330.132 313.8 R(changed.)117 325.8 Q F0 2.5(3.4. Message)87 349.8 R(Collection) +2.5 E F1 .857(Once all recipient addresses are parsed and v)127 366 R .857 +(eri\214ed, the message is collected.)-.15 F .857(The message)5.857 F .574 +(comes in tw)102 378 R 3.074(op)-.1 G .574 +(arts: a message header and a message body)164.452 378 R 3.074(,s)-.65 G .574 +(eparated by a blank line.)349.734 378 R .573(The body is)5.574 F +(an uninterpreted sequence of te)102 390 Q(xt lines.)-.15 E +(The header is formated as a series of lines of the form)127 406.2 Q +(\214eld-name: \214eld-v)178 422.4 Q(alue)-.25 E(Field-v)102 438.6 Q 1.366 +(alue can be split across lines by starting the follo)-.25 F 1.366 +(wing lines with a space or a tab)-.25 F 6.366(.S)-.4 G(ome)486.78 438.6 Q .211 +(header \214elds ha)102 450.6 R .511 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .211 +(pecial internal meaning, and ha).15 F .511 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .211 +(ppropriate special processing.).15 F .21(Other headers)5.21 F +(are simply passed through.)102 462.6 Q +(Some header \214elds may be added automatically)5 E 2.5(,s)-.65 G +(uch as time stamps.)413.53 462.6 Q F0 2.5(4. THE)72 486.6 R(UUCP PR)2.5 E +(OBLEM)-.3 E F1 .43(Of particular interest is the UUCP netw)112 502.8 R 2.93 +(ork. The)-.1 F -.15(ex)2.93 G .43(plicit routing used in the UUCP en).15 F +(vironment)-.4 E .909(causes a number of serious problems.)87 514.8 R .909 +(First, gi)5.909 F .908(ving out an address is impossible without kno)-.25 F +.908(wing the)-.25 F .453(address of your potential correspondent.)87 526.8 R +.454(This is typically handled by specifying the address relati)5.453 F .754 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H(o).15 E 1.208(some \231well-kno)87 538.8 R 1.208 +(wn\232 host \(e.g., ucb)-.25 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.708(xo).25 G 3.708(rd)253.47 +538.8 S(ecv)265.508 538.8 Q 3.708(ax\). Second,)-.25 F 1.207(it is often dif) +3.708 F 1.207(\214cult to compute the set of)-.25 F .157 +(addresses to reply to without some kno)87 550.8 R .157 +(wledge of the topology of the netw)-.25 F 2.657(ork. Although)-.1 F .157 +(it may be easy)2.657 F .352(for a human being to do this under man)87 562.8 R +2.851(yc)-.15 G .351(ircumstances, a program does not ha)259.713 562.8 R .651 +-.15(ve e)-.2 H .351(qually sophisticated).15 F 1.153(heuristics b)87 574.8 R +1.153(uilt in.)-.2 F 1.154(Third, certain addresses will become painfully and \ +unnecessarily long, as when a)6.153 F .406(message is routed through man)87 +586.8 R 2.906(yh)-.15 G .406(osts in the USENET)225.81 586.8 R 5.406(.A)-.74 G +.406(nd \214nally)322.804 586.8 R 2.905(,c)-.65 G .405(ertain \231mix)370.465 +586.8 R .405(ed domain\232 addresses)-.15 F +(are impossible to parse unambiguously \212 e.g.,)87 598.8 Q(decv)127 615 Q +(ax!ucb)-.25 E -.25(va)-.15 G(x!lbl-h!user@LBL-CSAM).25 E .378(might ha)87 +631.2 R .678 -.15(ve m)-.2 H(an).15 E 2.878(yp)-.15 G .379 +(ossible resolutions, depending on whether the message w)164.574 631.2 R .379 +(as \214rst routed to decv)-.1 F .379(ax or)-.25 F(to LBL-CSAM.)87 643.2 Q 2.32 +-.8(To s)112 659.4 T(olv).8 E 3.22(et)-.15 G .72 +(his problem, the UUCP syntax w)152.49 659.4 R .719(ould ha)-.1 F 1.019 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H 3.219(ob).15 G 3.219(ec)346.956 659.4 S .719 +(hanged to use addresses rather than)359.055 659.4 R 3.718(routes. F)87 671.4 R +1.218(or e)-.15 F 1.218(xample, the address \231decv)-.15 F(ax!ucb)-.25 E -.25 +(va)-.15 G 1.218(x!eric\232 might be e).25 F 1.218(xpressed as \231eric@ucb) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G(x.UUCP\232).25 E .079(\(with the hop through decv)87 +683.4 R .079(ax implied\).)-.25 F .079(This address w)5.079 F .078 +(ould itself be a domain-based address; for e)-.1 F(xam-)-.15 E +(ple, an address might be of the form:)87 695.4 Q(mark@d.cbosg.btl.UUCP)127 +711.6 Q F0 -1(Ve)72 756 S(rsion 8.2)1 E(USENIX \255 J)249.805 756 Q(an 83)-.15 +E(Last Mod 11/27/93)424.55 756 Q EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mail Systems and Addr)72 60 Q(essing in 4.2bsd)-.18 E(7) +499 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .311(Hosts outside of Bell T)87 96 R .311 +(elephone Laboratories w)-.7 F .311(ould then only need to kno)-.1 F 2.811(wh) +-.25 G .811 -.25(ow t)402.982 96 T 2.811(og).25 G .312(et to a designated) +433.354 96 R(BTL relay)87 108 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd the BTL topology w)137.17 108 +Q(ould only be maintained inside Bell.)-.1 E .543(There are three major proble\ +ms associated with turning UUCP addresses into something reason-)112 124.2 R +.465(able: de\214ning the namespace, creating and propag)87 136.2 R .465 +(ating the necessary softw)-.05 F .466(are, and b)-.1 F .466(uilding and main-) +-.2 F(taining the database.)87 148.2 Q F0 2.5(4.1. De\214ning)87 172.2 R +(the Namespace)2.5 E F1 1.015(Putting all UUCP hosts into a \215at namespace \ +\(e.g., \231...@host.UUCP\232\) is not practical for a)127 188.4 R .222 +(number of reasons.)102 200.4 R .222(First, with o)5.222 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.722 +(r1).15 G .222(600 sites already)253.292 200.4 R 2.722(,a)-.65 G .222 +(nd \(with the increasing a)329.958 200.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G .222 +(ilability of ine).25 F(x-)-.15 E(pensi)102 212.4 Q 1.973 -.15(ve m)-.25 H +1.673(icrocomputers and autodialers\) se).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.672 +(ral thousand more coming within a fe).15 F 4.172(wy)-.25 G 1.672(ears, the) +469.008 212.4 R .078 +(database update problem is simply intractable if the namespace is \215at.)102 +224.4 R .078(Second, there are almost cer)5.078 F(-)-.2 E 2.446 +(tainly name con\215icts today)102 236.4 R 7.446(.T)-.65 G 2.446 +(hird, as the number of sites gro)232.794 236.4 R 4.946(wt)-.25 G 2.446 +(he names become e)386.316 236.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.946(rl).15 G(ess)491.78 +236.4 Q(mnemonic.)102 248.4 Q .534(It seems ine)127 264.6 R .535 +(vitable that there be some sort of naming authority for the set of top le)-.25 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.035(ln).15 G(ames)483.45 264.6 Q .157 +(in the UUCP domain, as unpleasant a possibility as that may seem.)102 276.6 R +.157(It will simply not be possible to)5.157 F(ha)102 288.6 Q .536 -.15(ve o) +-.2 H .236(ne host resolving all names.).15 F .236(It may ho)5.236 F(we)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.736(rb).15 G 2.736(ep)316.144 288.6 S .236 +(ossible to handle this in a f)328.32 288.6 R .237(ashion similar to)-.1 F +1.582(that of assigning names of ne)102 300.6 R 1.582(wsgroups in USENET)-.25 F +6.582(.H)-.74 G -.25(ow)334.758 300.6 S -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H 2.382 -.4(r, i) +.25 H 4.082(tw).4 G 1.582(ill be essential to encourage)386.582 300.6 R -2.15 +-.25(ev e)102 312.6 T .52(ryone to become subdomains of an e).25 F .52 +(xisting domain whene)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.02(rp).15 G .52(ossible \212 e) +374.85 312.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.02(nt).15 G .52(hough this will)442.95 312.6 R +.077(certainly bruise some e)102 324.6 R 2.577(gos. F)-.15 F .077(or e)-.15 F +.077(xample, if a ne)-.15 F 2.577(wh)-.25 G .076 +(ost named \231blid\232 were to be added to the UUCP)310.843 324.6 R(netw)102 +336.6 Q .65(ork, it w)-.1 F .651(ould probably actually be addressed as \231d.\ +bli.UUCP\232 \(i.e., as host \231d\232 in the pseudo-)-.1 F +(domain \231bli\232 rather than as host \231blid\232 in the UUCP domain\).)102 +348.6 Q F0 2.5(4.2. Cr)87 372.6 R(eating and Pr)-.18 E(opagating the Softwar) +-.18 E(e)-.18 E F1 .078(The softw)127 388.8 R .078 +(are required to implement a consistent namespace is relati)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G .077(ly tri).15 F 2.577(vial. T)-.25 F .277 -.1(wo m)-.8 H(odules).1 E +(are needed, one to handle incoming mail and one to handle outgoing mail.)102 +400.8 Q 1.136(The incoming module must be prepared to handle either old or ne) +127 417 R 3.636(ws)-.25 G 1.136(tyle addresses.)416.448 417 R(Ne)6.136 E(w-) +-.25 E .025(style addresses can be passed through unchanged.)102 429 R .024 +(Old style addresses must be turned into ne)5.025 F 2.524(ws)-.25 G(tyle)489 +429 Q(addresses where possible.)102 441 Q 2.247 +(The outgoing module is slightly trickier)127 457.2 R 7.247(.I)-.55 G 4.747(tm) +309.932 457.2 S 2.247(ust do a database lookup on the recipient)325.239 457.2 R +.823(addresses \(passed on the command line\) to determine what hosts to send \ +the message to.)102 469.2 R .823(If those)5.823 F .023(hosts do not accept ne) +102 481.2 R .024(w-style addresses, it must transform all addresses in the hea\ +der of the message)-.25 F(into old style using the database lookup.)102 493.2 Q +1.197(Both of these modules are straightforw)127 509.4 R 1.197(ard e)-.1 F +1.197(xcept for the issue of modifying the header)-.15 F 6.197(.I)-.55 G(t) +501.22 509.4 Q .944 +(seems prudent to choose one format for the message headers.)102 521.4 R -.15 +(Fo)5.944 G 3.444(ran).15 G .944(umber of reasons, Berk)391.448 521.4 R(ele)-.1 +E(y)-.15 E .824(has elected to use the ARP)102 533.4 R .824 +(ANET protocols for message formats.)-.92 F(Ho)5.823 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.623 -.4(r, t).15 H .823(his protocol is some-).4 F(what dif)102 545.4 Q +(\214cult to parse.)-.25 E(Propag)127 561.6 Q 1.903(ation is some)-.05 F 1.903 +(what more dif)-.25 F 4.403(\214cult. There)-.25 F 1.903(are a lar)4.403 F +1.903(ge number of hosts connected to)-.18 F .812(UUCP that will w)102 573.6 R +.811(ant to run completely standard systems \(for v)-.1 F .811 +(ery good reasons\).)-.15 F .811(The strate)5.811 F .811(gy is)-.15 F +(not to con)102 585.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rt the entire netw).15 E +(ork \212 only enough of it it alle)-.1 E(viate the problem.)-.25 E F0 2.5 +(4.3. Building)87 609.6 R(and Maintaining the Database)2.5 E F1 .127 +(This is by f)127 625.8 R .127(ar the most dif)-.1 F .128(\214cult problem.) +-.25 F 2.628(Ap)5.128 G .128(rototype for this database already e)309.736 625.8 +R .128(xists, b)-.15 F .128(ut it is)-.2 F +(maintained by hand and does not pretend to be complete.)102 637.8 Q .701(This\ + problem will be reduced considerably if people choose to group their hosts in\ +to subdo-)127 654 R 3.219(mains. This)102 666 R -.1(wo)3.219 G .719 +(uld require a global update only when a ne).1 F 3.22(wt)-.25 G .72(op le) +356.47 666 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.22(ld).15 G .72(omain joined the netw)396.95 666 +R(ork.)-.1 E 2.805(Am)102 678 S .305 +(essage to a host in a subdomain could simply be routed to a kno)119.805 678 R +.304(wn domain g)-.25 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 2.804(yf).1 G .304(or further) +465.656 678 R 3.073(processing. F)102 690 R .573(or e)-.15 F .573(xample, the \ +address \231eric@a.bli.UUCP\232 might be routed to the \231bli\232 g)-.15 F +(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 3.074(yf).1 G(or)495.67 690 Q(redistrib)102 702 Q +1.376(ution; ne)-.2 F 3.876(wh)-.25 G 1.375 +(osts could be added within BLI without notifying the rest of the w)187.632 702 +R 3.875(orld. Of)-.1 F(course, other hosts)102 714 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(could)2.5 E F1(be noti\214ed as an ef)2.5 E(\214cienc)-.25 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(easure.)321.01 714 Q F0 -1(Ve)72 756 S(rsion 8.2)1 E(USENIX \255 J)249.805 756 +Q(an 83)-.15 E(Last Mod 11/27/93)424.55 756 Q EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mail Systems and Addr)72 60 Q(essing in 4.2bsd)-.18 E(8) +499 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .966(There may be more than one domain g)127 96 +R(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 4.767 -.65(y. A).1 H .967 +(domain such as BTL, for instance, might)4.117 F(ha)102 108 Q .653 -.15(ve a d) +-.2 H .353(ozen g).15 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G .353(ys to the outside w).1 F +.352(orld; a non-BTL site could choose the closest g)-.1 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa) +-.25 G 4.152 -.65(y. T).1 H(he).65 E .308(only restriction w)102 120 R .308 +(ould be that all g)-.1 F(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G .308 +(ys maintain a consistent vie).1 F 2.808(wo)-.25 G 2.808(ft)390.998 120 S .308 +(he domain the)399.916 120 R 2.808(yr)-.15 G(epresent.)468.18 120 Q F0 2.5 +(4.4. Logical)87 144 R(Structur)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F1(Logically)127 160.2 Q 3.803 +(,d)-.65 G 1.303(omains are or)175.983 160.2 R -.05(ga)-.18 G 1.303 +(nized into a tree.).05 F 1.303(There need not be a host actually associated) +6.303 F .462(with each le)102 172.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.962(li).15 G 2.962(nt) +168.806 172.2 S .462(he tree \212 for e)179.548 172.2 R .462 +(xample, there will be no host associated with the name \231UUCP)-.15 F -.7 +<2e9a>-1.11 G(Similarly)102 184.2 Q 3.115(,a)-.65 G 3.115(no)148.635 184.2 S +-2.19 -.18(rg a)161.75 184.2 T .614 +(nization might group names together for administrati).18 F .914 -.15(ve r)-.25 +H .614(easons; for e).15 F .614(xample, the)-.15 F(name)102 196.2 Q +(CAD.research.BigCorp.UUCP)142 212.4 Q(might not actually ha)102 228.6 Q .3 +-.15(ve a h)-.2 H(ost representing \231research.).15 E<9a>-.7 E(Ho)127 244.8 Q +(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.531 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.231(tm).4 G .731 +(ay frequently be con)184.902 244.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .731(nient to ha).15 F +1.031 -.15(ve a h)-.2 H .732(ost or hosts that \231represent\232 a domain.).15 +F -.15(Fo)102 256.8 S 3.466(re).15 G .966(xample, if a single host e)123.496 +256.8 R .966(xists that represents Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E 2.266 -.65(y, t)-.15 H +.966(hen mail from outside Berk).65 F(ele)-.1 E 3.466(yc)-.15 G(an)494.56 256.8 +Q(forw)102 268.8 Q .796 +(ard mail to that host for further resolution without kno)-.1 F .796(wing Berk) +-.25 F(ele)-.1 E(y')-.15 E 3.296(s\()-.55 G .797(rather v)417.066 268.8 R .797 +(olatile\) topol-)-.2 F(ogy)102 280.8 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his is not unlik)129.96 +280.8 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G(he operation of the telephone netw)198.76 280.8 Q(ork.)-.1 +E .053(This may also be useful inside certain lar)127 297 R .053(ge domains.) +-.18 F -.15(Fo)5.053 G 2.553(re).15 G .053(xample, at Berk)365.352 297 R(ele) +-.1 E 2.553(yi)-.15 G 2.553(tm)450.801 297 S .053(ay be pre-)463.914 297 R .722 +(sumed that most hosts kno)102 309 R 3.222(wa)-.25 G .722 +(bout other hosts inside the Berk)225.64 309 R(ele)-.1 E 3.223(yd)-.15 G 3.223 +(omain. But)380.825 309 R .723(if the)3.223 F 3.223(yp)-.15 G .723(rocess an) +466.347 309 R .405(address that is unkno)102 321 R .405(wn, the)-.25 F 2.905 +(yc)-.15 G .405(an pass it \231upstairs\232 for further e)229.165 321 R 2.905 +(xamination. Thus)-.15 F .405(as ne)2.905 F 2.905(wh)-.25 G .405(osts are) +473.325 321 R .488(added only one host \(the domain master\))102 333 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(must)2.989 E F1 .489 +(be updated immediately; other hosts can be updated)2.989 F(as con)102 345 Q +-.15(ve)-.4 G(nient.).15 E .583(Ideally this name resolution process w)127 +361.2 R .583(ould be performed by a name serv)-.1 F .582 +(er \(e.g., [Su82b]\) to)-.15 F -.2(avo)102 373.2 S .507(id unnecessary cop).2 +F .507(ying of the message.)-.1 F(Ho)5.507 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.307 -.4 +(r, i).15 H 3.007(nab).4 G .507(atch netw)346.623 373.2 R .508 +(ork such as UUCP this could)-.1 F(result in unnecessary delays.)102 385.2 Q F0 +2.5(5. COMP)72 409.2 R(ARISON WITH DELIVERMAIL)-.74 E F2(Sendmail)112 425.4 Q +F1(is an outgro)2.5 E(wth of)-.25 E F2(delivermail)2.5 E F1 5(.T)C +(he primary dif)286.18 425.4 Q(ferences are:)-.25 E 12.5(\(1\) Con\214guration) +92 441.6 R .573(information is not compiled in.)3.073 F .572 +(This change simpli\214es man)5.572 F 3.072(yo)-.15 G 3.072(ft)433.684 441.6 S +.572(he problems of)442.866 441.6 R(mo)118.66 453.6 Q(ving to other machines.) +-.15 E(It also allo)5 E(ws easy deb)-.25 E(ugging of ne)-.2 E 2.5(wm)-.25 G +(ailers.)388.06 453.6 Q 12.5(\(2\) Address)92 469.8 R .491 +(parsing is more \215e)2.991 F 2.991(xible. F)-.15 F .491(or e)-.15 F(xample,) +-.15 E F2(delivermail)2.992 E F1 .492(only supported one g)2.992 F(ate)-.05 E +-.1(wa)-.25 G 2.992(yt).1 G 2.992(oa)481.718 469.8 S -.15(ny)494.15 469.8 S +(netw)118.66 481.8 Q(ork, whereas)-.1 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1(can be sensiti)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(oh).15 G(ost names and reroute to dif)310.9 481.8 Q +(ferent g)-.25 E(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G(ys.).1 E 12.5(\(3\) F)92 498 R(orw) +-.15 E 2.878(arding and :include: features eliminate the requirement that the \ +system alias \214le be)-.1 F 1.073(writable by an)118.66 510 R 3.573(yu)-.15 G +1.073 +(ser \(or that an update program be written, or that the system administration) +191.439 510 R(mak)118.66 522 Q 2.5(ea)-.1 G(ll changes\).)147.16 522 Q(\(4\))92 +538.2 Q F2(Sendmail)118.66 538.2 Q F1 .443 +(supports message batching across netw)2.944 F .443 +(orks when a message is being sent to multiple)-.1 F(recipients.)118.66 550.2 Q +12.5(\(5\) A)92 566.4 R 1.945(mail queue is pro)4.445 F 1.946(vided in)-.15 F +F2(sendmail.)4.446 E F1 1.946(Mail that cannot be deli)6.946 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.946(red immediately b).15 F 1.946(ut can)-.2 F .439(potentially be deli) +118.66 578.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(red later is stored in this queue for a later retry).15 F 5.438(.T)-.65 G .438 +(he queue also pro)404.088 578.4 R .438(vides a)-.15 F -.2(bu)118.66 590.4 S +-.25(ff).2 G .838(er ag).25 F .839(ainst system crashes; after the message has\ + been collected it may be reliably redeli)-.05 F(v-)-.25 E(ered e)118.66 602.4 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)162.13 602.4 S +(he system crashes during the initial deli)170.74 602.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 +E(.)-.65 E(\(6\))92 618.6 Q F2(Sendmail)118.66 618.6 Q F1 1.351(uses the netw) +3.851 F 1.351(orking support pro)-.1 F 1.351(vided by 4.2BSD to pro)-.15 F 1.35 +(vide a direct interf)-.15 F 1.35(ace net-)-.1 F -.1(wo)118.66 630.6 S .283 +(rks such as the ARP).1 F .284 +(ANET and/or Ethernet using SMTP \(the Simple Mail T)-.92 F .284 +(ransfer Protocol\))-.35 F -.15(ove)118.66 642.6 S 2.5(raT).15 G +(CP/IP connection.)151.68 642.6 Q F0 -1(Ve)72 756 S(rsion 8.2)1 E +(USENIX \255 J)249.805 756 Q(an 83)-.15 E(Last Mod 11/27/93)424.55 756 Q EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(REFERENCES)264.105 132 Q([Crock)87 148.2 Q 56.73 +(er77] Crock)-.1 F(er)-.1 E 3.535(,D)-.4 G 3.535(.H)239.965 148.2 S 1.035(., V) +253.22 148.2 R 1.035(ittal, J. J., Pogran, K. T)-.6 F 1.035 +(., and Henderson, D. A. Jr)-.74 F(.,)-.55 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Stan-) +3.535 E(dar)195 160.2 Q 2.627(df)-.37 G .127(or the F)218.927 160.2 R .127 +(ormat of ARP)-1.05 F 2.627(AN)-.9 G .128(etwork T)320.112 160.2 R -.2(ex)-.92 +G 2.628(tM).2 G(essa)377.018 160.2 Q -.1(ge)-.1 G(s.).1 E F0 .128 +(RFC 733, NIC 41952.)5.128 F(In [Feinler78].)195 172.2 Q(No)5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(mber 1977.).15 E([Crock)87 188.4 Q 56.73(er82] Crock)-.1 F(er)-.1 E 4.272(,D) +-.4 G 4.272(.H)240.702 188.4 S(.,)254.694 188.4 Q F1(Standar)4.272 E 4.272(df) +-.37 G 1.772(or the F)307.318 188.4 R 1.772(ormat of Arpa Internet T)-1.05 F +-.2(ex)-.92 G 4.271(tM).2 G(essa)471.15 188.4 Q -.1(ge)-.1 G(s.).1 E F0 .025 +(RFC 822.)195 200.4 R(Netw)5.025 E .025(ork Information Center)-.1 F 2.526(,S) +-.4 G .026(RI International, Menlo P)363.506 200.4 R .026(ark, Cali-)-.15 F 2.5 +(fornia. 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