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|
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<!ENTITY aptitude "<command>aptitude</command>">
<!ENTITY apt '<systemitem class="library">apt</systemitem>'>
<!ENTITY dselect '<command>dselect</command>'>
<!ENTITY apt-get '<command>apt-get</command>'>
<!ENTITY root '<systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>'>
<!ENTITY VERSION '0.4.11.3'>
<!-- Shortcuts for menu commands: -->
<!ENTITY actions-install "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>g</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Install/remove packages</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY actions-update "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>u</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Update package list</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY actions-cancel "<menuchoice><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Cancel pending actions</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY actions-forget "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>f</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Forget new packages</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY actions-clean "<menuchoice><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Clean package cache</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY actions-clean-obs "<menuchoice><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Clean obsolete files</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY actions-upgrade "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>U</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Mark Upgradable</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY actions-mine "<menuchoice><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Play Minesweeper</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY actions-su "<menuchoice><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Become root</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY actions-quit "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>Q</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>Quit</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY undo-undo "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycombo action='simul'><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>u</keycap></keycombo></shortcut><guimenu>Undo</guimenu><guimenuitem>Undo</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-install "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>+</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Install</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-remove "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>-</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Remove</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-purge "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>_</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Purge</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-keep "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>:</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Keep</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-hold "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>=</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Hold</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-markauto "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>M</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Mark Auto</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-markmanual "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>m</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Mark Manual</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-forbid "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>F</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Forbid Version</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-information "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>enter</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-cycle-information "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>i</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Cycle Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY package-changelog "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>C</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>package</guimenu><guimenuitem>Changelog</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY resolver-next "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>.</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Resolver</guimenu><guimenuitem>Next Solution</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY resolver-last "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>></keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Resolver</guimenu><guimenuitem>Last Solution</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY resolver-approve "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>a</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Resolver</guimenu><guimenuitem>Toggle Approved</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY resolver-reject-break-holds "<menuchoice><guimenu>Resolver</guimenu><guimenuitem>Reject Breaking Holds</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY search-find-back "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>\</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Search</guimenu><guimenuitem>Find Backwards</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY search-refind "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>n</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Search</guimenu><guimenuitem>Find Again</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY search-repeat-find-back "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>N</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Search</guimenu><guimenuitem>Find Again Backwards</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY search-limit "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>l</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Search</guimenu><guimenuitem>Limit Display</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY search-unlimit "<menuchoice><guimenu>Search</guimenu><guimenuitem>Un-Limit Display</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY search-find-broken "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>b</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Search</guimenu><guimenuitem>Find Broken</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY options-preferences "<menuchoice><guimenu>Options</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY options-revert "<menuchoice><guimenu>Options</guimenu><guimenuitem>Revert options</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY views-next "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>F6</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Views</guimenu><guimenuitem>Next</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY views-prev "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>F7</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Views</guimenu><guimenuitem>Prev</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY views-close "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>q</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Views</guimenu><guimenuitem>Close</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY views-new "<menuchoice><guimenu>Views</guimenu><guimenuitem>New Package View</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY views-audit "<menuchoice><guimenu>Views</guimenu><guimenuitem>Audit Recommendations</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY views-flat "<menuchoice><guimenu>Views</guimenu><guimenuitem>New Flat Package List</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY views-debtags "<menuchoice><guimenu>Views</guimenu><guimenuitem>New Debtags Browser</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY views-browse "<menuchoice><guimenu>Views</guimenu><guimenuitem>New Categorical Browser</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY help-about "<menuchoice><guimenu>Help</guimenu><guimenuitem>About</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY help-help "<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap>?</keycap></shortcut><guimenu>Help</guimenu><guimenuitem>Help</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY help-manual "<menuchoice><guimenu>Help</guimenu><guimenuitem>User's Manual</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY help-faq "<menuchoice><guimenu>Help</guimenu><guimenuitem>FAQ</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY help-changelog "<menuchoice><guimenu>Help</guimenu><guimenuitem>ChangeLog</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
<!ENTITY help-license "<menuchoice><guimenu>Help</guimenu><guimenuitem>License</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
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<!ENTITY Sequal "<literal><link linkend='searchEqual'>?=</link></literal>">
<!ENTITY Snot "<literal><link linkend='searchNot'>?not</link></literal>">
<!ENTITY Sand "<literal><link linkend='searchAnd'>?and</link></literal>">
<!ENTITY Sor "<literal><link linkend='searchOr'>?or</link></literal>">
<!ENTITY Saction "<literal><link linkend='searchAction'>?action</link></literal>">
<!ENTITY Sall-versions "<literal><link linkend='searchAllVersions'>?all-versions</link></literal>">
<!ENTITY Sany-version "<literal><link linkend='searchAnyVersion'>?any-version</link></literal>">
<!ENTITY Sarchive "<literal><link linkend='searchArchive'>?archive</link></literal>">
<!ENTITY Sautomatic "<literal><link linkend='searchAutomatic'>?automatic</link></literal>">
<!ENTITY Sbind "<literal><link linkend='searchBind'>?bind</link></literal>">
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]>
<book lang="en"> <bookinfo> <title>&aptitude; user's manual</title>
<subtitle>Version &VERSION;</subtitle>
<author><personname><firstname>Daniel</firstname><surname>Burrows</surname></personname><email>dburrows@debian.org</email></author>
<copyright>
<year>2004-2006</year>
<holder>Daniel Burrows</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>
This manual is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
License, or (at your option) any later version.
</para>
<para>
This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
</para>
<para>
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this manual; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307 USA
</para>
</legalnotice>
</bookinfo>
<toc/>
<preface>
<title>Introduction</title>
<blockquote>
<attribution>
<personname>
<firstname>John</firstname>
<surname>Fouhy</surname>
</personname>
</attribution>
<para>
<quote>Master, does Emacs possess the Buddha nature?</quote> the
novice asked.
</para>
<para>
<quote>I don't see why not,</quote> replied the master.
<quote>It's got bloody well everything else.</quote> Several
years later, the novice suddenly achieved enlightenment.
</para>
</blockquote>
<para>
Hello, and welcome to the &aptitude; user's manual! This
introductory section explains what &aptitude; is and how to get
your hands on it; for information on actually using it, please
proceed to <xref linkend='chapGettingStarted'/>.
</para>
<section>
<title>What is this aptitude thing, anyway?</title>
<para>
&aptitude; is a featureful package manager for Debian GNU/Linux
systems, based on the renowned &apt; package management
infrastructure. &aptitude; provides the functionality of
&dselect; and &apt-get;, as well as many additional features not
found in either program.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>What is a package manager?</title>
<para>
A <firstterm>package manager</firstterm> keeps track of what
software is installed on your computer, and allows you to easily
install new software, upgrade software to newer versions, or
remove software that you previously installed. As the name
suggests, package managers deal with
<firstterm>packages</firstterm>: collections of files that are
bundled together and can be installed and removed as a group.
</para>
<para>
Often, a package is just a particular program. For instance,
the instant messaging client <command>gaim</command> is
contained in the Debian package of the same name. On the other
hand, it is common for programs to consist of several
interrelated packages. For instance, the
<command>gimp</command> image editor consists not only of the
<systemitem>gimp</systemitem> package, but also of the
<systemitem>gimp-data</systemitem> package; in addition, several
optional add-on packages (containing esoteric data,
documentation, and so on) are also available. It is also
possible for several small, related programs to be contained in
a single package: for instance, the
<systemitem>fileutils</systemitem> package contains several
common Unix commands, such as <command>ls</command>,
<command>cp</command>, etc.
</para>
<para>
Some packages require other packages in order to function. In
Debian, packages can <firstterm>depend</firstterm> upon,
<firstterm>recommend</firstterm>,
<firstterm>suggest</firstterm>,
<firstterm>break</firstterm>, or
<firstterm>conflict</firstterm> with other packages.
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
If a package A depends upon another package B, then B is
required for A to operate properly. For instance, the
<systemitem>gimp</systemitem> package depends upon the
<systemitem>gimp-data</systemitem> package in order to
ensure that the <ulink
url='http://www.gimp.org'>GIMP</ulink> graphics editor can
access its critical data files.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
If a package A recommends another package B, then B provides
important additional functionality to A that will be desired
in most circumstances. For instance, the
<systemitem>mozilla-browser</systemitem> package recommends
the <systemitem>mozilla-psm</systemitem> package, which adds
support for secure data transfers to the <ulink
url='http://www.mozilla.org'>Mozilla</ulink> Web browser.
While <systemitem>mozilla-psm</systemitem> is not strictly
required for Mozilla to function, most users will want
Mozilla to support the secure transmission of confidential
data (such as credit card numbers).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
If a package A suggests another package B, then package B
provides functionality that may enhance A, but is not needed
in most cases. For instance, the
<systemitem>kmail</systemitem> package suggests the
<systemitem>gnupg</systemitem> package, which contains
encryption software that can be used by <ulink
url='http://kmail.kde.org/'>KMail</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
If a package A conflicts with another package B, then the
two packages cannot be installed at the same time. For
instance, <systemitem>fb-music-hi</systemitem> conflicts
with <systemitem>fb-music-low</systemitem> because they
provide alternate sets of music for the game <ulink
url='http://www.frozen-bubble.org'>Frozen Bubble</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
The job of a package manager is to present an interface which
assists the user in managing the collection of packages
installed on his or her system. &aptitude; provides such an
interface by building on the &apt; package management system.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>What is the &apt; system?</title>
<para>
Being able to install and remove packages is great, but the
basic software for doing this (known as
<systemitem>dpkg</systemitem>) does exactly that and nothing
more. This is fine if you download one or two packages by
hand, but quickly becomes cumbersome when you are trying to
manage a large number of packages. Furthermore, if your shiny
new package requires software you haven't yet installed, you
have to download the newly required software by hand. And if
you later decide to remove the no-longer-shiny package, these
extra packages will linger on your system, consuming hard
drive space, unless you manually remove them.
</para>
<para>
Obviously, all of this manual labor is a tedious chore, and so
most package management systems come with software which takes
care of some or all of it for you. &apt; is a common base on
which to build these programs: in addition to &aptitude;,
programs such as <command>synaptic</command> and
<command>apt-watch</command> make use of &apt;.
</para>
<para>
&apt; works by keeping a list of the packages that can be
downloaded from Debian on your computer. This list is used to
find packages that need to be upgraded and to install new
packages. &apt; can also solve many dependency problems
automatically: for instance, when you choose to install a
package, it will find any additional required packages and
install those as well.
</para>
<para>
When working with a package manager based on &apt;, such as
&aptitude;, you will typically perform three basic tasks: you
will <firstterm>update</firstterm> the list of packages that
are available by downloading new lists from the Debian
servers, you will <firstterm>select</firstterm> which packages
should be installed, upgraded, or removed, and finally, you
will <firstterm>commit</firstterm> your selections by actually
performing the installations, removals, etc.
</para>
<para>
&apt;-based package managers read the list of <quote>sources</quote> --
repositories of Debian packages -- from the file
<filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename>. The format and
contents of this file are beyond the scope of this document,
but are described in the manual page
<systemitem>sources.list(5)</systemitem>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>
How can I get &aptitude;?
</title>
<para>
In case you are reading this manual but &aptitude; is not yet
installed on your system, this section explains how to correct
this unfortunate situation. Most people should head straight
for the section on <link linkend='secBinaryPackages'>binary
packages</link>.
</para>
<section id='secBinaryPackages'>
<title>Pre-built &aptitude; packages, or, <quote>What 99% of Users Should Do</quote></title>
<para>
Pre-built, or <quote>binary</quote> packages are the easiest and most
common way to install &aptitude;. You should only attempt a
<link linkend='secSourceInstall'>source install</link> if
binary packages are not available for some reason, or if you
have unusual needs that are not met by binary packages.
</para>
<para>
If you are using a Debian system, execute the following
command as &root;: <userinput>apt-get install
aptitude</userinput>. If you are not using a Debian system,
your system provider might have created a pre-built package
of &aptitude;; if you are not sure, you can contact them for
further suggestions.
</para>
</section>
<section id='secSourceInstall'>
<title>Building &aptitude; from source code</title>
<para>
You also can build &aptitude; from source; however, this is
probably not a useful exercise unless &apt; is already
available on your system. If it is, you can install
&aptitude; from source with the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Install the following pieces of software:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
A C++ compiler, such as <ulink
url='http://gcc.gnu.org'>g++</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
The development files for &apt;, typically available
in a package with a name like
<systemitem>libapt-pkg-dev</systemitem>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
The <systemitem>libsigc++-2.0</systemitem> library,
available in the package
<systemitem>libsigc++-2.0-dev</systemitem> or from
<ulink
url='http://libsigc.sourceforge.net'></ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
The <systemitem>cwidget</systemitem> library,
available in the package
<systemitem>libcwidget-dev</systemitem> or from
<ulink
url='http://cwidget.alioth.debian.org'></ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
The <systemitem>gettext</systemitem> program, which
should be included with your Linux distribution.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
A <systemitem>make</systemitem> tool, such as <ulink
url='http://www.gnu.org/software/make'>GNU
make</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Last but not least, download the most recent
&aptitude; source code, available from <ulink
url='http://packages.debian.org/unstable/admin/aptitude'></ulink>.
(scroll to the bottom of the page and download the
<quote>.orig.tar.gz</quote> file)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
Once all the required components are available, open a
terminal and execute the command <command>tar zxf
aptitude-&VERSION;.tar.gz</command> to unpack the source
code. Once the source code is unpacked, type <command>cd
aptitude-&VERSION; && ./configure &&
make</command> to compile &aptitude;. If this succeeds,
make sure you are the &root; user (by using
<command>su</command>, for instance), then type
<command>make install</command> to install &aptitude; on
your computer. Once &aptitude; is successfully installed,
typing <command>aptitude</command> at a command prompt
should start the program.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Tracking and participating in &aptitude; development</title>
<section>
<title>Getting the &aptitude; development source tree</title>
<para>
If you want to test the latest bleeding-edge source code
for &aptitude;, you can download unreleased &aptitude;
source code using Mercurial. Install Mercurial (available
from <ulink
url='http://www.selenic.com/mercurial/'></ulink>) and
execute the command <command>hg clone
http://hg.debian.org/hg/aptitude/head aptitude</command>
to retrieve the most recent source code.
</para>
<warning>
<para>
The &aptitude; Mercurial repository is an active
development tree; it will change as bugs are fixed and
features are added, and there is absolutely no guarantee
that it will even compile, let alone run properly! Bug
reports are welcome, but be aware that you use
development code entirely at your own
risk!<footnote><para>Of course, all free software is
used at your own risk, but the risk involved in using an
active development tree is much
higher.</para></footnote>
</para>
</warning>
</section>
<section>
<title>Mailing list</title>
<para>
The primary mailing list for &aptitude; development is
<email>aptitude-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org</email>.
Archives of the list are located at <ulink
url='http://lists.alioth.debian.org/pipermail/aptitude-devel/'/>.
To subscribe, visit the Web page <ulink
url='http://lists.alioth.debian.org/mailman/listinfo/aptitude-devel'/>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Submitting patches</title>
<para>
Ideally, patches should be submitted to the &aptitude;
mailing list,
<email>aptitude-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org</email>.
But if you prefer sending them by private email, you may
email them to <email>aptitude@packages.debian.org</email>
or <email>dburrows@debian.org</email>. A brief
description of the motivation behind your patch, and an
explanation of how it works, are greatly appreciated.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Tracking changes to the &aptitude; source tree</title>
<para>
The &aptitude; source tree is regularly updated with new
features, bugfixes, and new bugs. Once the source code is
available on your computer (see the previous section), you
can <command>cd</command> into it and type <command>hg
pull && hg update</command> to update it with any
changes made to the main repository.
</para>
<para>
To automatically receive notifications when changes are
made to the &aptitude; codebase, subscribe to the RSS feed
available at <ulink
url='http://hg.debian.org/hg/aptitude/head?cl=tip;style=rss'/>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Building &aptitude; from the development tree</title>
<para>
To build aptitude from the Mercurial repository, you must
have the programs <systemitem>autoconf</systemitem> and
<systemitem>automake</systemitem> installed. Type
<command>sh ./autogen.sh && ./configure</command>
to generate the files needed to compile &aptitude;, then
execute <command>make</command> and <command>make
install</command>.
</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</preface>
<chapter id='chapGettingStarted'>
<title>Getting Started</title>
<blockquote>
<attribution>
<personname>
<firstname>Lao</firstname>
<surname>Tsu</surname>
</personname>
</attribution>
<para>
A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step.
</para>
</blockquote>
<para>
&aptitude; is a sizeable program with many features, and it can
be a bit overwhelming for new users to get acquainted with it.
This chapter does not exhaustively describe the features of
&aptitude; (see <xref linkend='chapRefGuide'/> for that), but it
does provide a walk-through of the basic and most commonly used
features of the program.
</para>
<section id='secUsingVisual'>
<title>Using &aptitude;</title>
<para>
This section describes how to use the visual interface of
&aptitude;. For information on using &aptitude;'s
command-line interface, see <xref linkend='secUsingCmdline'/>.
</para>
<section>
<title>&aptitude; Basics</title>
<para>
To run &aptitude;, open your favorite text terminal, and at
the command line, type:
</para>
<screen><prompt>foobar$</prompt> <userinput>aptitude</userinput></screen>
<para>
Once the cache is loaded (this may take some time on slower
machines), the main aptitude screen should appear:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/start-snapshot.png' format='PNG' scalefit='1' width='100%'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
--- Installed Packages
--- Not Installed Packages
--- Obsolete and Locally Created Packages
--- Virtual Packages
--- Tasks
These packages are currently installed on your computer.
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
As you can see, the main screen of &aptitude; is divided
into several regions. The blue line at the top of the
terminal is the menu bar, and the blue lines below it are
informational messages describing some important commands.
The black space that follows is the list of all available
packages, in which some groups of packages are listed. The
currently selected group (<quote>Installed Packages</quote>) is
highlighted, and its description is shown in the lower black
space.
</para>
<para>
As the top line of the screen suggests, you can access
aptitude's menus by pressing <keycombo action='simul'><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>t</keycap></keycombo>; you can
also click the mouse on a menu title if your system supports
it. Pressing <keycombo action='simul'><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>t</keycap></keycombo> will open the Actions menu:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/menu-snapshot.png' format='PNG' scalefit='1' width='100%'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
+-------------------------+ u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
|Install/remove packages g|
|Update package list u|
|Forget new packages f|
|Clean package cache |eated Packages
|Clean obsolete files |
|Mark Upgradable U|
|Play Minesweeper |
|Become root |
+-------------------------+
|Quit Q|
+-------------------------+
These packages are currently installed on your computer.
Perform all pending installs and removals</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
Use the arrow keys and <keycap>Enter</keycap> to select menu
items (or, if your system supports it, click on them with a
mouse); to close the menu without selecting anything, press
<keycombo><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>t</keycap></keycombo> again. The currently highlighted menu
item is explained at the bottom of the screen. If a menu
item can be activated using a keyboard shortcut, the
shortcut is displayed in the menu: for instance, the command
<quote>Update package list</quote> can be activated by pressing
<keycap>u</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
At any time, you can press <keycap>?</keycap> to display an
on-line reference to the available keyboard shortcuts.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Navigating the &aptitude; package list</title>
<para>
The list of packages is the primary interface to &aptitude;.
When &aptitude; starts, the list is organized into a number
of groups, as can be seen in the following screen shot:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/start-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
--- Installed Packages
--- Not Installed Packages
--- Obsolete and Locally Created Packages
--- Virtual Packages
--- Tasks
These packages are currently installed on your computer.
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<note>
<para>
Empty groups of packages are automatically hidden by
&aptitude;, so you may see more or less groups than appear
in this screen shot.
</para>
</note>
<para>
In the screen shot above, the first group (<quote>Installed
Packages</quote>) is highlighted to indicate that it is
currently selected. You can move the selection up and down
with the arrow keys; note that the description below the
package list changes as you do so. To <quote>expand</quote>
a group, press <keycap>Enter</keycap> while the group is
selected:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/expand-once-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
--\ Installed Packages
--- admin - Administrative utilities (install software, manage users, etc)
--- base - The Debian base system
--- devel - Utilities and programs for software development
--- doc - Documentation and specialized programs for viewing documentation
--- editors - Text editors and word processors
--- electronics - Programs for working with circuits and electronics
--- games - Games, toys, and fun programs
--- gnome - The GNOME Desktop System
--- graphics - Utilities to create, view, and edit graphics files
These packages are currently installed on your computer.
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
As you can see, the <quote>Installed Packages</quote> group has been
expanded to reveal its contents: it contains a number of
subgroups, loosely defined by what types of software they
contain. Expanding the <quote>admin</quote> section by selecting it and
pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap>, we see:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/expand-twice-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
--\ Installed Packages
--\ admin - Administrative utilities (install software, manage users, etc)
--- main - The main Debian archive
--- base - The Debian base system
--- devel - Utilities and programs for software development
--- doc - Documentation and specialized programs for viewing documentation
--- editors - Text editors and word processors
--- electronics - Programs for working with circuits and electronics
--- games - Games, toys, and fun programs
--- gnome - The GNOME Desktop System
Packages in the 'admin' section allow you to perform administrative tasks such
as installing software, managing users, configuring and monitoring your system,
examining network traffic, and so on.
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
The <quote>admin</quote> group contains a single subgroup, the <quote>main</quote>
Debian archive. Expanding this group reveals some packages!
</para>
<tip>
<para>
To save time, you can use the <keycap>[</keycap> key to
expand all the subgroups of a group at once. Selecting
<quote>Installed Packages</quote> and pressing <keycap>[</keycap> would
have immediately revealed the packages in the screenshot
below.
</para>
</tip>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/expand-thrice-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
--\ Installed Packages
--\ admin - Administrative utilities (install software, manage users, etc)
--\ main - The main Debian archive
i acpid 1.0.3-19 1.0.3-19
i alien 8.44 8.44
i anacron 2.3-9 2.3-9
i apt-show-versions 0.07 0.07
i A apt-utils 0.5.25 0.5.25
i apt-watch 0.3.2-2 0.3.2-2
i aptitude 0.2.14.1-2 0.2.14.1-2
The Debian distribution consists of packages from the 'main' section. Every
package in 'main' is Free Software.
For more information about what Debian considers to be Free Software, see
http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
In addition to the arrow keys, you can move the selection
through the package list a page of information at a time
using the <keycap>Page Up</keycap> and <keycap>Page
Down</keycap> keys.
</para>
<!-- TODO: demonstrate how to look at a package with a long
description so this tip is relevant_-->
<tip>
<para>
When there is more information in the lower half of the
display than fits into the available space, the
<keycap>a</keycap> and <keycap>z</keycap> keys can be used
to scroll through it.
</para>
</tip>
</section>
<section>
<title>Finding packages by name</title>
<para>
To quickly find a package whose name you know, press
<keycap>/</keycap> to open a search dialog:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/search-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
i frozen-bubble 1.0.0-5 1.0.0-5
i A frozen-bubble-data 1.0.0-5 1.0.0-5
i geekcode 1.7.3-1 1.7.3-1
i gfpoken 0.25-3 0.25-3
i ggz-gnome-client 0.0.7-2 0.0.7-2
i ggz-gtk-client 0.0.7-1 0.0.7-1
i ggz-gtk-game-data 0.0.7-2 0.0.7-2
i +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
i |Search for: |
i |froz |
Po| [ Ok ] [ Cancel ]|
Fr+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
attempt to shoot bubbles into groups of the same color to cause them to pop. It
features 100 single-player levels, a two-player mode, music and striking
graphics.
This game is widely rumored to be responsible for delaying the Woody release.
URL: http://www.frozen-bubble.org/
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
As you can see in the above screen shot, a search for
<userinput>froz</userinput> finds the
<systemitem>frozen-bubble</systemitem> package. Using
&aptitude;'s powerful search language, described in <xref
linkend='secSearchPatterns'/>, it is possible to find
packages based on many complex criteria.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
You can search backwards in the package list by pressing
<keycap>\</keycap>, and you can repeat the last search by
pressing <keycap>n</keycap> after closing the search
window.
</para>
</tip>
<para>
Sometimes it is useful to hide all packages except those
which meet some particular criterion. To do this, press
<keycap>l</keycap>:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/limit-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
--- Installed Packages
--- Not Installed Packages
--- Obsolete and Locally Created Packages
--- Virtual Packages
--- Tasks
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Enter the new package tree limit: |
|apti |
| [ Ok ] [ Cancel ]|
Th+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ a
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
This dialog works exactly like the search dialog, except
that instead of highlighting the next package that matches
what you typed into the dialog box, it hides all packages
which don't match. For instance, typing
<userinput>apti</userinput> into this dialog box and
pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap> will hide all packages
except those whose names contain <quote>apti</quote>:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/limit-result-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
--\ Installed Packages
--\ admin - Administrative utilities (install software, manage users, etc)
--\ main - The main Debian archive
i aptitude 0.2.14.1-2 0.2.14.1-2
i A synaptic 0.51-1 0.51-1
--\ x11 - The X window system and related software
--\ main - The main Debian archive
i xfree86-driver-synaptics 0.13.3-1 0.13.3-1
--- Not Installed Packages
--- Virtual Packages
These packages are currently installed on your computer.
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</section>
<section id='secManagingPackages'>
<title>Managing packages</title>
<para>
Now that you can move about the list of packages, it's time
to start using &aptitude; to install and remove packages.
In this section you will learn how to flag packages for
installation, deletion, and upgrade.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
You can only change your system's setup as the &root;
user. If you want to experiment with &aptitude;, you can
safely run it as any user other than &root; without
damaging your system in any way. &aptitude; will tell you
when you try to do something that only &root; can do, and
if you want to continue, you must type &root;'s password.
</para>
</tip>
<para>
All changes to a package are performed by first highlighting
it in the package list, then pressing a key corresponding to
the action which should be performed. The basic action keys
<footnote>
<para>
You can also change packages using the
<guimenu>Package</guimenu> menu; see <xref
linkend='secPackageMenu'/> for details.
</para>
</footnote>
are <keycap>+</keycap> to install or upgrade a package,
<keycap>-</keycap> to remove a package, and
<keycap>=</keycap> to prevent a package from being
automatically upgraded (this is known as
<firstterm>holding</firstterm> the package). These actions
are not performed immediately; &aptitude; will simply
update the package list to show the change that has been
requested.
</para>
<para>
For instance, in the screen shot below, the
<systemitem>kaffeine</systemitem> package was selected and
<keycap>+</keycap> was pushed. The package is now
highlighted in green and the letter <quote>i</quote> has
appeared to the left of its name, to indicate that it will
be installed; in addition, an estimate of the amount of
space that the package will use is displayed.
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/install-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1 Will use 2925kB of disk space DL Size: 1375kB
--\ kde - The KDE Desktop System
--\ main - The main Debian archive
p bibletime-i18n <none> 1.4.1-1
p education-desktop-kde <none> 0.771
p junior-kde <none> 1.4
piA kaffeine +2843kB <none> 0.4.3-1
pi kaffeine-mozilla +81.9kB <none> 0.4.3-1
p karamba <none> 0.17-5
p kde-devel <none> 4:3.1.2
p kde-devel-extras <none> 4:3.1.2
The K Desktop Environment (development files)
A metapackage containing dependencies for the core development suite of KDE
including kdesdk, qt3-designer, and all core KDE -dev packages.
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<tip>
<para>
At any time, you can use &undo-undo; to
<quote>undo</quote> any change to one or more packages.
This is very useful if an action has unforeseen
consequences and you want to <quote>take it back</quote>.
</para>
</tip>
<para>
In addition to actions that affect individual packages,
another important action is available: typing
<keycap>U</keycap> will attempt to upgrade any packages that
can be upgraded. You should use this command on a regular
basis to keep your system up-to-date.
</para>
<section id='tutorialBroken'>
<title>Managing Broken Packages</title>
<para>
Sometimes, changing a package's state will cause
dependency relationships to become unfulfilled; packages
with unfulfilled dependencies are said to be
<firstterm>broken</firstterm>. &aptitude; will warn you
when this happens, and explain why it occured. For
instance, here is what happens if I attempt to remove
<systemitem>sound-juicer</systemitem>:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/broken-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.3.3 #Broken: 1 Will free 48.6MB of disk space
i A nautilus 2.10.1-4 2.10.1-4
i nautilus-cd-burner 2.10.2-1.1 2.10.2-1.1
i A nautilus-data 2.10.1-4 2.10.1-4
i netspeed 0.12.1-1 0.12.1-1
i A oaf 0.6.10-3 0.6.10-3
i pybliographer 1.2.6.2-1 1.2.6.2-1
i rhythmbox 0.8.8-13 0.8.8-13
i shermans-aquarium 3.0.1-1 3.0.1-1
idA sound-juicer -1733kB 2.10.1-3 2.10.1-3
GNOME 2 CD Ripper
sound-juicer will be removed.
The following packages depend on sound-juicer and will be broken by its
removal:
* gnome-desktop-environment depends on sound-juicer
[1(1)/...] Suggest 2 keeps
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
As you can see, &aptitude; displays three indicators that
something has gone wrong: first, the number of broken
packages is displayed in the upper blue area; second, the
lower half of the display changes to describe broken
packages that are related to the currently highlighted
package; third, a bar appears at the bottom of the screen
with a suggestion on how to solve the problem. To quickly
find broken packages in the package list, you can press
<keycap>b</keycap> or search for &Sbroken;.
</para>
<note>
<para>
The text <literal>[1(1)/...]</literal> indicates the
progress of &aptitude;'s dependency resolver. The first
number is the solution that you have currently selected,
and the second one is the number of solutions that
&aptitude; has already generated. The presence of the
text <quote><literal>...</literal></quote> indicates
that there may be additional solutions beyond the ones
generated; if &aptitude; knew for certain that it had
generated the only possible solution, this indicator
would read <literal>[1/1]</literal>.
</para>
</note>
<para>
To see more information about how &aptitude; thinks you
can solve this problem, press <keycap>e</keycap>. A
screen similar to the following will appear:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/solution-screen-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages Resolve Dependencies
--\ Keep the following packages at their current version:
gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia [0.8.10-1 (unstable, now)]
sound-juicer [2.10.1-2 (now)]
[1(1)/...] Suggest 2 keeps
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
From here, you can see more solutions by pressing
<keycap>.</keycap> or return to solutions that you
previously examined by pressing <keycap>,</keycap>. To
apply the current solution and return to the package list,
press <keycap>!</keycap>. For instance, pressing
<keycap>.</keycap> while the above screen is displayed
results in the following solution being presented:
</para>
<screenshot id='solutionScreenSnapshot2'>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/solution-screen-snapshot2.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages Resolve Dependencies
--\ Keep the following packages at their current version:
sound-juicer [2.10.1-3 (unstable, now)]
--\ Downgrade the following packages:
gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia [0.8.11-1 unstable, now -> 0.8.8-3 testing]
[2(2)/...] Suggest 1 keep,1 downgrade
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<!-- Move to the reference manual? -->
<para>
In addition to the basic solution navigation commands, you
can press <keycap>r</keycap> to <quote>reject</quote>
actions of which you disapprove. For instance, the first
solution will cancel the removal of
<systemitem>sound-juicer</systemitem> -- the very action
we were trying to perform! By pressing <keycap>r</keycap>
on the item corresponding to this action, we can tell
&aptitude; that it should not cancel the removal of
<systemitem>sound-juicer</systemitem> in this way.
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/solution-screen-snapshot3.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages Resolve Dependencies
--\ Keep the following packages at their current version:
gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia [0.8.11-1 (unstable, now)]
R sound-juicer [2.10.1-3 (unstable, now)]
GNOME 2 CD Ripper
gnome-desktop-environment depends upon sound-juicer
--\ The following actions will resolve this dependency:
-> Remove gnome-desktop-environment [1:2.10.2.3 (unstable, testing, now)]
R -> Cancel the removal of sound-juicer
-> Downgrade sound-juicer [2.10.1-3 (unstable, now) -> 0.6.1-2 (testing)]
[1(1)/...] Suggest 2 keeps
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
As you can see, the list item corresponding to keeping
<systemitem>sound-juicer</systemitem> at its current
version has turned red and been marked with an
<quote>R</quote>, indicating that it has been rejected.
Solutions that you generate in the future (that is, any
solution that you have not yet viewed) will not include
this action, although solutions that were already
generated and contain this action will be available.
</para>
<note>
<para>
In the above screen image, a description of
<systemitem>sound-juicer</systemitem> is displayed in
the middle of the screen; below it, you can see the
dependency that caused <systemitem>sound-juicer</systemitem> to
be kept at its current version, along with all the ways to
resolve this dependency that &aptitude; knows about.
</para>
</note>
<para>
For instance, if this rejection is imposed immediately
after attempting to remove <systemitem>sound-juicer</systemitem>,
pressing <keycap>.</keycap> retrieves the following
solution, skipping the <link
linkend='solutionScreenSnapshot2'>solution</link> that
cancels the installation of <systemitem>sound-juicer</systemitem>
and downgrades <systemitem>gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia</systemitem>.
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/solution-screen-snapshot4.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages Resolve Dependencies
--\ Remove the following packages:
gnome-desktop-environment [1:2.10.2.3 (unstable, testing, now)]
[2(2)/...] Suggest 1 removal
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
Rejections are only applied to newly generated solutions:
that is, solutions that are generated when you press
<keycap>.</keycap> while viewing the last generated
solution. Previously generated solutions can still
contain rejections. You can cancel a rejection at any
time by once again selecting the rejected action and
pressing <keycap>r</keycap>; this will permit solutions
containing the action to be generated again, including any
solutions that were previously <quote>skipped</quote>.
</para>
<para>
The opposite of rejecting an action is approving it. To
approve an action, just select it and press
<keycap>a</keycap>; this forces the problem resolver to
choose the action whenever possible<footnote>
<para>
Approving an action is slightly different from requiring
all solutions to contain the action; what it means is
that given a choice between an approved action and a
non-approved action, the resolver will always pick the
approved action. If there are several possible approved
actions, all of them will be candidates to be placed
into the solution.
</para>
</footnote>. Approved actions will turn green and will be
marked with <quote>A</quote>, as in the following
screenshot:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/solution-screen-snapshot5.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages Resolve Dependencies
--\ Remove the following packages:
A gnome-desktop-environment [1:2.10.2.3 (unstable, testing, now)]
[2(2)/...] Suggest 1 removal
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<important>
<para>
If you do not resolve any broken dependencies,
&aptitude; will automatically implement its current
suggestion when you commit your selections by pressing
<keycap>g</keycap>. However, it is hard to
automatically solve dependency problems, and you may not
be happy with the results, so it is generally better to
look at what &aptitude; plans to do
<emphasis>before</emphasis> committing your selections.
</para>
</important>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Updating the package list and installing packages</title>
<para>
At this point, you know enough about &aptitude; to actually
make modifications to your system.
</para>
<para>
You should periodically update your list of available
packages from the Debian servers, to keep track of new
packages and new versions of packages. To do this, press
<keycap>u</keycap>. At any time during the download, you
can press <keycap>q</keycap> to abort it.
</para>
<para>
Once you have fresh lists of packages, you can choose the
packages to upgrade, install, or remove as described in the
previous section. To review the actions you have requested,
press <keycap>g</keycap> once. When installing the
<systemitem>kaffeine-mozilla</systemitem> package (from the
previous example), the following screen appears:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/preview-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1 Will use 2925kB of disk space DL Size: 1375kB
--\ Packages being automatically installed to satisfy dependencies
piA kaffeine +2843kB <none> 0.4.3-1
--\ Packages to be installed
pi kaffeine-mozilla +81.9kB <none> 0.4.3-1
These packages are being installed because they are required by another package
you have chosen for installation.
If you select a package, an explanation of its current state will appear in this
space.
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
As you can see, &aptitude; automatically decided to install
<systemitem>kaffeine</systemitem> for me because
<systemitem>kaffeine-mozilla</systemitem> requires it. At
this point, I have the choice of either continuing with the
installation by pressing <keycap>g</keycap>, or aborting it
by pressing <keycap>q</keycap>.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id='secUsingCmdline'>
<title>Using &aptitude; from the command line</title>
<para>
In addition to its <quote>visual</quote> interface described in the
previous section, &aptitude; can be used to manage packages
directly from the command-line in the same way that you would
use &apt-get;. This section covers the most common &aptitude;
command-line actions; for more information, see <link
linkend='secReference'>the &aptitude; command-line reference</link>.
</para>
<para>
In general, a command-line invocation of &aptitude; will look
like this:
</para>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>aptitude</command> <arg
choice='plain'><replaceable>action</replaceable></arg>
<arg rep='repeat'><replaceable>arguments</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>
<replaceable>action</replaceable> tells &aptitude; what action
it is to take; the remaining arguments are used in an
option-specific fashion. Typically they will consist of
package names and command-line switches<footnote><para>A
<quote>switch</quote> is a letter preceded by a hyphen: for instance, <quote>-a</quote>,
<quote>-v</quote>, etc.</para></footnote>.
</para>
<para>
The most important actions are:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>aptitude</command>
<arg choice='plain'>update</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This command updates the package lists, as if you had
entered the visual interface and pressed
<keycap>u</keycap>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='safeUpgrade'>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>aptitude</command>
<arg choice='plain'>safe-upgrade</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This command will upgrade as many packages as it can
upgrade without removing existing packages.
</para>
<para>
It is sometimes necessary to remove one package in order
to upgrade another; this command is not able to upgrade
packages in such situations. Use the <link
linkend='fullUpgrade'><literal>full-upgrade</literal></link>
command to upgrade those packages as well.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='fullUpgrade'>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>aptitude</command>
<arg choice='plain'>full-upgrade</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Like <link
linkend='safeUpgrade'><literal>safe-upgrade</literal></link>,
this command will attempt to upgrade packages, but it is
more aggressive about solving dependency problems: it
will install and remove packages until all dependencies
are satisfied. Because of the nature of this command,
it is possible that it will do undesirable things, and
so you should be careful when using it.
</para>
<note>
<para>
For historical reasons, this command was originally
named <literal>dist-upgrade</literal>, and that name
is still recognized by &aptitude;.
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>aptitude</command>
<group>
<arg choice='plain'>install</arg>
<arg choice='plain'>remove</arg>
<arg choice='plain'>purge</arg>
</group>
<arg choice='plain'><replaceable>pkg1</replaceable></arg>
<arg rep='repeat'><replaceable>pkg2</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
These commands install, remove, or
purge<footnote><para>Purging a package removes the
package, as well as all its configuration
files.</para></footnote> the specified packages.
<quote>Installing</quote> a package which is already installed but
can be upgraded will cause it to be upgraded.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>aptitude</command>
<arg choice='plain'>search</arg>
<arg choice='plain'><replaceable>pattern1</replaceable></arg>
<arg rep='repeat'><replaceable>pattern2</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This command searches for packages whose name contains
any of the given <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>s,
printing the result to the terminal. In addition to
just being a string of text, each
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> can be a search
pattern as described in <xref
linkend='secSearchPatterns'/>.
<footnote>
<para>
In fact, the same is true of the commands that take
packages as arguments, such as
<literal>install</literal> or
<literal>show</literal>.
</para>
</footnote> For instance, <quote><literal>aptitude
search gnome kde</literal></quote> will list all
packages whose name contains either
<quote><literal>gnome</literal></quote> or
<quote><literal>kde</literal></quote>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>aptitude</command>
<arg choice='plain'>show</arg>
<arg choice='plain'><replaceable>pkg1</replaceable></arg>
<arg rep='repeat'><replaceable>pkg2</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Prints information about each
<replaceable>pkg</replaceable> to the terminal.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
The commands that install, upgrade, and remove packages all
accept the parameter <literal>-s</literal>, which stands for <quote>simulate</quote>. When
<literal>-s</literal> is passed on the command line, the program performs all
the actions it would normally perform, but does not actually
download or install/remove any files.
</para>
<para>
&aptitude; will sometimes present a prompt like this:
</para>
<screen>The following NEW packages will be automatically installed:
space-orbit-common
The following NEW packages will be installed:
space-orbit space-orbit-common
0 packages upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3200kB of archives. After unpacking 8413kB will be used.
<prompt>Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?]</prompt></screen>
<para>
In addition to the obvious options of <quote>Yes</quote> and <quote>No</quote>, a number
of commands are available which can be used to change the
information displayed at the prompt, or to specify further
actions. For instance, typing <userinput>s</userinput> will display or hide
information about how much space each package will use:
</para>
<screen><prompt>Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?]</prompt> <userinput>s</userinput>
Size changes will be shown.
The following NEW packages will be automatically installed:
space-orbit-common <+8020kB>
The following NEW packages will be installed:
space-orbit <+393kB> space-orbit-common <+8020kB>
0 packages upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3200kB of archives. After unpacking 8413kB will be used.
<prompt>Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?]</prompt></screen>
<para>
Similarly, typing <userinput>d</userinput> will display information about
automatically installed or removed packages:
</para>
<screen>The following NEW packages will be automatically installed:
space-orbit-common (D: space-orbit)
The following NEW packages will be installed:
space-orbit space-orbit-common
0 packages upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3200kB of archives. After unpacking 8413kB will be used.</screen>
<para>
This shows that <systemitem>space-orbit-common</systemitem> is
being installed because <systemitem>space-orbit</systemitem>
depends on it. You can see the entire list of possible
entries by entering <userinput>?</userinput> at the prompt.
</para>
<para>
If your request violates dependencies in a way that cannot be
trivially resolved, &aptitude; will ask you what to do:
</para>
<screen>The following packages are BROKEN:
libsdl1.2debian
The following packages will be REMOVED:
libsdl1.2debian-alsa
.
.
.
The following actions will resolve these dependencies:
Install the following packages:
libsdl1.2debian-all [1.2.12-1 (unstable)]
Score is 41
<prompt>Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?]</prompt></screen>
<para>
Typing <userinput>y</userinput> (or simply pressing
<keycap>enter</keycap>) will accept the proposed solution.
Typing <userinput>n</userinput> will display the <quote>next
best</quote> solution:
</para>
<screen><prompt>Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?]</prompt> <userinput>n</userinput>
The following actions will resolve these dependencies:
Install the following packages:
libsdl1.2debian-esd [1.2.12-1 (unstable)]
Score is 19
<prompt>Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?]</prompt></screen>
<para>
As with the main command-line prompt, you can perform a number
of additional actions, including manually altering the states
of packages, from the dependency resolution prompt. Type
<userinput>?</userinput> to see a complete list.
</para>
<para>
Typing <userinput>q</userinput> will abort the automatic
resolver and allow you to resolve the dependencies manually:
</para>
<screen><prompt>Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?]</prompt> <userinput>q</userinput>
aptitude failed to find a solution to these dependencies. You can solve them yourself by hand or type 'n' to quit.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libsdl1.2debian: Depends: libsdl1.2debian-alsa (= 1.2.12-1) but it is not installable or
libsdl1.2debian-all (= 1.2.12-1) but it is not installable or
libsdl1.2debian-esd (= 1.2.12-1) but it is not installable or
libsdl1.2debian-arts (= 1.2.12-1) but it is not installable or
libsdl1.2debian-oss (= 1.2.12-1) but it is not installable or
libsdl1.2debian-nas (= 1.2.12-1) but it is not installable or
libsdl1.2debian-pulseaudio (= 1.2.12-1) but it is not installable
Resolve these dependencies by hand? [N/+/-/_/:/?]</screen>
<para>
You can use any of the package manipulation commands to
resolve the broken dependencies (type <userinput>?</userinput>
for a full list of the available commands). Type
<userinput>n</userinput> or press <keycap>enter</keycap> to
quit &aptitude;:
</para>
<screen>Resolve these dependencies by hand? [N/+/-/_/:/?] n
Abort.</screen>
<para>
For complete documentation of the command-line features of
&aptitude;, see <xref linkend='secReference'/>.
</para>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter id='chapRefGuide'>
<title>&aptitude; Reference Guide</title>
<blockquote>
<attribution>
<personname>
<firstname>Lewis</firstname>
<surname>Carrol</surname>
</personname>,
<citetitle pubwork='book'>Alice in Wonderland</citetitle>
</attribution>
<para>
The White Rabbit put on his spectacles. 'Where shall I begin,
please your Majesty?' he asked.
</para>
<para>
'Begin at the beginning,' the King said gravely, 'and go on
till you come to the end: then stop.'
</para>
</blockquote>
<para>
&aptitude; is a large program with many features, and it is
sometimes difficult to remember how to do something, or even to
remember whether that something is even possible. Indeed, many
feature requests received by the author describe features which
are already present but are difficult to find.<footnote><para>I
am pleased to say that the number of requests of this sort fell
off precipitously following the initial publication of this
Guide. It would be a happy occurrence if there was a connection
between the two events.</para></footnote>
</para>
<para>
In an attempt to combat this obscurity, this reference guide
describes every feature and configuration parameter of
&aptitude;. For a more gentle guide to the important features
of &aptitude;, see <xref linkend='chapGettingStarted'/>.
</para>
<note>
<para>
&aptitude;'s behavior and appearance can be configured in a
number of ways. This manual describes how the program works
with the default settings; descriptions of how various
settings affect behavior are given in <xref
linkend='secConfig'/>.
</para>
</note>
<section>
<title>The &aptitude; UI</title>
<para>
This section describes the parts of the user interface of
&aptitude; that do not deal with <link
linkend='secManagingPackages'>managing packages</link>.
</para>
<section>
<title>Using the menus</title>
<para>
The menu bar at the top of the screen lists the most
important commands in &aptitude;. To activate the menu bar,
press <keycombo><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>t</keycap></keycombo>; you can then navigate it using
the arrow keys and select a menu item using
<keycap>Enter</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
Some menu items also have <quote>hotkeys</quote>: letters or numbers
that can be used to select the item while the menu is
active. These hotkeys are displayed in a brighter shade
of white than the rest of the menu.
</para>
<para>
In addition, some menu items have <quote>shortcuts</quote>:
keystrokes that perform the same action as the menu item
while the menu is <emphasis>not</emphasis> active.
These keystrokes are listed on the right-hand side of
the menu.
</para>
<para>
In the remainder of the manual, menu commands will be
written like this:
<menuchoice><shortcut><keycap><replaceable>key</replaceable></keycap></shortcut><guimenu><replaceable>Menu</replaceable></guimenu><guimenuitem><replaceable>Item</replaceable></guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
This indicates that you should choose
<replaceable>Item</replaceable> from the
<replaceable>Menu</replaceable> menu, and that
<replaceable>key</replaceable> is the shortcut for this
command.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Menu commands</title>
<section>
<title>The Actions Menu</title>
<figure>
<title>Commands available in the Actions menu</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>&actions-install;</entry>
<entry>
If an installation preview is not visible,
display one; otherwise, perform an install run
as described in <xref linkend='secInstallRun'/>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&actions-update;</entry>
<entry>
Bring the package list up-to-date.
</entry>
</row>
<row id='menuUpgrade'>
<entry>&actions-upgrade;</entry>
<entry>
Flag all upgradable packages, except those which
are held or forbidden from upgrading, for
upgrade.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&actions-forget;</entry>
<entry>
Discard all information about what packages are
<quote>new</quote> (empty the <quote>New Packages</quote> tree).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&actions-cancel;</entry>
<entry>
Cancel all pending installations, removals,
upgrades, and holds. This is equivalent to
executing the <link
linkend='pkgCmdKeep'>Keep</link> command on
every package in the package database.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&actions-clean;</entry>
<entry>
Delete all the compressed packages that were
downloaded by
&aptitude;
<footnote id='footnoteAptTools'>
<para>
Or any other &apt; utility.
</para>
</footnote>.
</entry>
</row>
<row id='menuCleanObs'>
<entry>&actions-clean-obs;</entry>
<entry>
Delete any compressed packages that were
downloaded by &aptitude; <footnoteref
linkend='footnoteAptTools'/> and are no longer
available. These are presumed to be packages
which are obsolete, and can be deleted to save
disk space without requiring an otherwise
unnecessary download.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&actions-mine;</entry>
<entry>
Play a game of Minesweeper, as described in
<xref linkend='secMinesweeper'/>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&actions-su;</entry>
<entry>
Continue working as the &root; user; see <xref
linkend='secBecomingRoot'/>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&actions-quit;</entry>
<entry>
Quit &aptitude;, saving any changes to package
states.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
</section>
<section>
<title>The Undo Menu</title>
<figure>
<title>Commands available in the Undo menu</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>&undo-undo;</entry>
<entry>
Cancel the effect of the last change to a
package's state, up to the last time &aptitude;
was started, the package list was updated, or an
install run was performed.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
</section>
<section id='secPackageMenu'>
<title>The Package Menu</title>
<figure>
<title>Commands available in the Package menu</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>&package-install;</entry>
<entry>
Flag the currently selected package for <link
linkend='pkgCmdInstall'>installation</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-remove;</entry>
<entry>
Flag the currently selected package for <link
linkend='pkgCmdRemove'>removal</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-purge;</entry>
<entry>
Flag the currently selected package to be <link
linkend='pkgCmdPurge'>purged</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-keep;</entry>
<entry>
<link linkend='pkgCmdKeep'>Cancel</link> any
pending installation, upgrade, or removal of the
currently selected package, and remove any hold
that was set on the package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-hold;</entry>
<entry>
<link linkend='pkgCmdHold'>Hold</link> the
currently selected package back.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-markauto;</entry>
<entry>
Mark the currently selected package as an
<quote>automatically installed</quote> package.
For more information on manually and
automatically installed packages, see <xref
linkend='secAutoInstall'/>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-markmanual;</entry>
<entry>
Mark the currently selected package as a
<quote>manually installed</quote> package. For
more information on manually and automatically
installed packages, see <xref
linkend='secAutoInstall'/>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-forbid;</entry>
<entry>
If a package that can be upgraded is selected,
<link linkend='pkgCmdForbid'>forbid</link> it
from being upgraded to the currently available
version. If a version of a package is selected,
forbid the package from being upgraded to that
version.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-information;</entry>
<entry>
Display a screen containing information about
the currently selected package, such as the
packages it depends upon, the packages which
depend upon it, and its available versions.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-cycle-information;</entry>
<entry>
When browsing the package list, cycles through
the information that can be displayed in the
information area (the lower half of the
display). The information area can display the
long description of the selected package (its
default behavior), a summary of the dependencies
related to the package, or an analysis of which
other packages require or suggest the selected
package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&package-changelog;</entry>
<entry>
Display the currently selected package's Debian
changelog. To see the changelog of a particular
version, select that version and execute this
command.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
</section>
<section>
<title>The Resolver Menu</title>
<figure>
<title>Commands available in the Resolver menu</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>&resolver-examine;</entry>
<entry>
Display a detailed description of the problem
resolver's current suggestion (see <xref
linkend='secResolver'/>).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&resolver-apply;</entry>
<entry>
Carry out the actions that the problem resolver
is currently suggesting.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&resolver-next;</entry>
<entry>
Select the problem resolver's next suggestion.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&resolver-previous;</entry>
<entry>
Select the problem resolver's previous suggestion.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&resolver-first;</entry>
<entry>
Select the problem resolver's first suggestion.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&resolver-last;</entry>
<entry>
Select the problem resolver's most recently
generated solution (see <xref
linkend='secResolver'/>).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&resolver-reject;</entry>
<entry>
When examining a solution, toggle whether the
currently selected action is rejected and move
to the next action (see <xref
linkend='secResolver'/>). If the action is
currently approved, its approval will be
cancelled.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&resolver-approve;</entry>
<entry>
When examining a solution, toggle whether the
currently selected action is approved and move
to the next action (see <xref
linkend='secResolver'/>). If the action is
currently rejected, its rejection will be
cancelled.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&resolver-view-target;</entry>
<entry>
When examining a solution, view detailed
information about the package which is affected
by the currently selected action (see <xref
linkend='secResolver'/>).
</entry>
</row>
<row id='menuResolverRejectBreakHolds'>
<entry>&resolver-reject-break-holds;</entry>
<entry>
Reject (as if with &resolver-reject;) all
actions that would break a hold on a package or
install a forbidden version. These actions are
rejected by default unless <link
linkend='configProblemResolver-Allow-Break-Holds'><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Allow-Break-Holds</literal></link>
is set to <literal>true</literal>, but this menu
item allows you to reject them manually at any
time.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
</section>
<section>
<title>The Search Menu</title>
<figure>
<title>Commands available in the Search menu</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>&search-find;</entry>
<entry>
Find the next package in the package list that
matches a search pattern (see <xref
linkend='secSearchPatterns'/>).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&search-find-back;</entry>
<entry>
Find the previous package in the package list
that matches a search pattern (see <xref
linkend='secSearchPatterns'/>).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&search-refind;</entry>
<entry>
Repeat the last Find command.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&search-repeat-find-back;</entry>
<entry>
Repeat the last Find command, but in the opposite
direction. If the last Find command was Find
Backwards, this will perform a forwards search,
and vice versa.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&search-limit;</entry>
<entry>
Filter the current package list by removing any
packages which do not match a search pattern
(see <xref linkend='secSearchPatterns'/>).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&search-unlimit;</entry>
<entry>
Un-filter the current package list (all packages
will be shown).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&search-find-broken;</entry>
<entry>
Find the next broken package. This is
equivalent to searching for &Sbroken;.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
</section>
<section id="secOptionsMenu">
<title>The Options Menu</title>
<figure>
<title>Commands available in the Options menu</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>&options-preferences;</entry>
<entry>
Open a new top-level view in which you can
modify &aptitude;'s settings. Configuration
options are displayed in a tree similar to the
tree of packages; to enable or disable an
option, select it and press
<keycap>Space</keycap> or
<keycap>Enter</keycap>. Configuration options
are saved to
<filename>~/.aptitude/config</filename>
immediately upon being selected.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&options-revert;</entry>
<entry>
Reset all options to their default values.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
</section>
<section>
<title>The Views Menu</title>
<note>
<para>
For an overview of how views work, see <xref
linkend='secViews'/>.
</para>
</note>
<figure>
<title>Commands available in the Views menu</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>&views-next;</entry>
<entry>
Change to the next active view.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&views-prev;</entry>
<entry>
Change to the previous active view.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&views-close;</entry>
<entry>
Close the current view.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&views-new;</entry>
<entry>
Create a new view of the package list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&views-audit;</entry>
<entry>
Create a view that displays packages which are
not installed, and which a package installed on
your system Recommends.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&views-flat;</entry>
<entry>
Create a new view of the package list in which
packages are not categorized.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&views-debtags;</entry>
<entry>
Create a new view of the package list in which
packages are categorized according to their
debtags entries.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&views-browse;</entry>
<entry>
View the package list, arranged by category.
<!-- TODO: (see <xref linkend='secHier'/>). -->
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Additional items</entry>
<entry>
A number of additional menu items appear; these
correspond to the currently active views. To
switch directly to a view, select it from the
menu.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
</section>
<section>
<title>The Help Menu</title>
<figure>
<title>Commands available in the Help menu</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>&help-about;</entry>
<entry>
Display some copyright information.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&help-help;</entry>
<entry>
Display the on-line help page.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&help-manual;</entry>
<entry>
Display the User's Manual (this document).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&help-faq;</entry>
<entry>
Display the <link linkend='chapFAQ'>&aptitude;
FAQ</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&help-changelog;</entry>
<entry>
Display a history of the major changes made to
&aptitude;.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>&help-license;</entry>
<entry>
Display the terms under which you may copy,
modify, and distribute &aptitude;.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
</section>
</section>
<section id='secViews'>
<title>Working with multiple views</title>
<para>
&aptitude; allows you to work with several <quote>views</quote> at once.
A <quote>view</quote> (sometimes called a <quote>screen</quote>) is simply something
that can appear in the area of the screen below the menu
bar. The most common view is the package list, but download
views are also common.
</para>
<para>
When several views are open at once, a bar listing all the
active views will appear at the top of the screen. For
instance, if I examine <systemitem>apt</systemitem> by
pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap>, then examine
<systemitem>libc6</systemitem>, the screen will look
something like this:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/views-tab-bar.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages apt info libc6 info
aptitude 0.3.1
i A --\ libc6 2.3.2.ds1- 2.3.2.ds1-
Description: GNU C Library: Shared libraries and Timezone data
Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on the
system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and
the standard math library, as well as many others. Timezone data is also
included.
Priority: required
Section: base
Maintainer: GNU Libc Maintainers <debian-glibc@lists.debian.org>
Compressed size: 4901k
Uncompressed size: 15.9M
Source Package: glibc
--\ Depends
--- libdb1-compat
--\ Suggests
--- locales
--- glibc-doc
--\ Conflicts
GNU C Library: Shared libraries and Timezone data</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
You can close the current view using &views-close;. To
switch to the next or previous view, use &views-next; and
&views-prev;, or click on the view's name at the top of the
screen; you can also find a list of all active views in the
Views menu.
</para>
<para>
As shown above, some commands (for instance, viewing
information about a package) will create new views
automatically; you can also explicitly create a new view
using &views-new; or &views-browse;.
</para>
</section>
<section id='secBecomingRoot'>
<title>Becoming &root;</title>
<para>
Some actions, such as updating the package lists, can only
be performed as &root;. If you are not &root; and you try
to update the package lists, &aptitude; will ask if you want
to become &root;:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/become-root-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
--- Installed Packages
--- Not Installed Packages
--- Obsolete and Locally Created Packages
--- Virtual Packages
--- Tasks
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Updating the package lists requires administrative privileges, which |
|you currently do not have. Would you like to change to the root account?|
| |
| [ Become root ] [ Don't become root ] |
Th+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
If you select <quote>Become root</quote>, &aptitude; will prompt you for
&root;'s password; when you have correctly entered it,
&aptitude; will perform the action that required &root;
privileges. You will still be &root; after the action
completes.
</para>
<para>
You can switch to the &root; account at any time using the
command &actions-su;. Any changes you have made to package
states will be preserved (but will not be saved until you
quit &aptitude;).
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Managing packages</title>
<para>
This section describes how to manipulate the list of packages,
how to install new packages on your system, and how to remove
old packages.
</para>
<section>
<title>Managing the package list</title>
<para>
To keep the list of packages up-to-date, it is recommended
that you periodically update it. You can do this using the
&actions-update; command.
</para>
</section>
<section id='secAccessingPackageInformation'>
<title>Accessing package information</title>
<para>
Information about packages is presented in several
locations in &aptitude;: the package list gives a quick
overview of the state of each package, and additional
views providing detailed information about a package are
also available.
</para>
<section>
<title>The Package List</title>
<para>
The package list displays an <quote>at-a-glance</quote> synopsis of a
package's state. For instance, the package
<systemitem>webmin</systemitem> might have the
following synopsis:
</para>
<screen>piAU webmin +5837kB <none> 1.160-2</screen>
<para>
The four characters on the left-hand side of the
synopsis show that the package is not installed
(<quote>p</quote>), that it is going to be installed
(<quote>i</quote>), that it was automatically chosen to
be installed (<quote>A</quote>), and that it is
untrusted (<quote>U</quote>). On the right-hand side of
the synopsis, the current version and the most recent
available version are displayed, along with an
indication of how much space will be used by the
upgrade.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
You can customize how package synopses are displayed;
see <xref linkend='secDisplayFormat'/> for details.
</para>
</tip>
<para>
The four status flags on the left-hand side of the
screen give the basic information about a package's
state. The first character is the package's
<emphasis>current state</emphasis>. The second
character is the <emphasis>action</emphasis> which will
be taken on the package. The third character indicates
whether the package was <emphasis>automatically
installed</emphasis> (see <xref
linkend='secAutoInstall'/>), and the fourth character
indicates whether the package is trusted (see <xref
linkend='secTrust'/>).
</para>
<para>
The possible values of the <quote>current state</quote> flag are
given in <xref linkend='figureCurrentFlag'/> and the
possible values of the <quote>action</quote> flag are given in <xref
linkend='figureActionFlag'/>.
</para>
<figure id='figureCurrentFlag'>
<title>Values of the <quote>current state</quote> flag</title>
<informaltable colsep='0' frame='none'>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>i</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package is installed and all its
dependencies are satisfied.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>c</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package was removed, but its configuration
files are still present.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>p</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package and all its configuration files
were removed, or the package was never
installed.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>v</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package is virtual.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>B</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>the package has broken dependencies.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>u</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package has been unpacked but not
configured.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>C</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
half-configured: the package's configuration
was interrupted.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>H</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
half-installed: the package's installation was
interrupted.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
<figure id='figureActionFlag'>
<title>Values of the <quote>action</quote> flag</title>
<informaltable colsep='0' frame='none'>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>i</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>the package will be installed.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>u</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>the package will be upgraded.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>d</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package will be deleted: it will be
removed, but its configuration files will
remain on the system.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>p</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package will be purged: it and its
configuration files will be removed.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>h</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package will be held back: it will be kept
at its current version, even if a newer
version becomes available, until the hold is
cancelled.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>F</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
An upgrade of the package has been forbidden.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>r</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package will be reinstalled.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><computeroutput>B</computeroutput></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>
the package is <quote>broken</quote>: some of its
dependencies will not be satisfied.
&aptitude; will not allow you to install,
remove, or upgrade anything while you have
broken packages.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
<para>
In addition, &aptitude; will use colors to indicate
package state if your terminal supports it. State
distinctions are mainly displayed using the background
color:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Black</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The package cannot be upgraded (or is not going to
be installed), and it has no dependency problems.
If the package is installed, its name will be
highlighted.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Green</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The package is going to be installed.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Blue</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The package is currently installed, and it will be
upgraded.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Magenta</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The package is currently installed, but it will be
removed.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>White</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The package is currently installed, and it is
<quote>held</quote> at its current version: automatic upgrades
will ignore it.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Red</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This package is broken: some of its dependencies
will not be satisfied.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
Finally, the lower half of the screen displays the long
description. &aptitude; will attempt to detect whether
the package is involved in a dependency problem; if so,
information regarding the dependency problem will be
displayed here. To cycle between dependency information
and the package description, press <keycap>i</keycap>.
</para>
</section>
<section id='secPackageInfo'>
<title>Detailed package information</title>
<para>
Pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap> while a package is
highlighted will display the package information screen:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/info-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
i A --\ apt 0.5.25 0.5.25
Description: Advanced front-end for dpkg
This is Debian's next generation front-end for the dpkg package manager. It
provides the apt-get utility and APT dselect method that provides a simpler,
safer way to install and upgrade packages.
APT features complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and
several other unique features, see the Users Guide in apt-doc.
Essential: yes
Priority: important
Section: base
Maintainer: APT Development Team <deity@lists.debian.org>
Compressed size: 970k
Uncompressed size: 2961k
Source Package: apt
--\ Depends
--- libc6 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-4)
--- libgcc1 (>= 1:3.3.3-1)
--- libstdc++5 (>= 1:3.3.3-1)
--\ Suggests
--- aptitude | synaptic | gnome-apt | wajig
--- dpkg-dev
--\ apt-doc (UNSATISFIED)
p 0.6.25
p 0.5.25
--\ Replaces
--- libapt-pkg-doc (< 0.3.7)
--- libapt-pkg-dev (< 0.3.7)
--- Package names provided by apt
--- Packages which depend on apt
--\ Versions
p A 0.6.25
i A 0.5.25
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
This display can be navigated in a manner similar to the
package list: for instance, in the screenshot above, I
expanded the dependency on
<systemitem>apt-doc</systemitem>, revealing the available
versions of <systemitem>apt-doc</systemitem> which will
fulfill the dependency. These versions can be manipulated
in the same way that packages can: for instance, to
install version <systemitem>0.5.25</systemitem> of
<systemitem>apt-doc</systemitem>, you would highlight it
and press <keycap>+</keycap>.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
To quickly satisfy a dependency, select the dependency
and press <keycap>+</keycap>; &aptitude; will
attempt to automatically satisfy it.
</para>
</tip>
<para>
In addition to the dependencies of a package, you can view
the package names that it Provides, the packages which
depend upon it, and the available versions of the package
(including any other packages that Provide it).
</para>
<para>
As usual, you can dismiss this screen and return to the
main view by pressing <keycap>q</keycap>. For
convenience, a few other information screens (which only
display some commonly-used information, hiding the rest)
are available: press <keycap>v</keycap> to view the
versions of a package, <keycap>d</keycap> to view the
dependencies of a package, and <keycap>r</keycap> to view
the <quote>reverse dependencies</quote> of a package (packages which
depend upon it).
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Modifying package states</title>
<para>
The following commands are available to modify the states of
packages. Commands take effect the next time you perform an
<link linkend='secInstallRun'>install run</link>; until you
do, all of these commands can be reversed using &undo-undo;.
</para>
<para>
To apply a command to a package, simply select the package
in a package list and issue the command. These commands can
also be applied to groups of packages by selecting the group
header (for instance, <quote>Upgradable Packages</quote>) and issuing the
command.
</para>
<informaltable colsep='0' frame='all'>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row id='pkgCmdInstall'>
<entry>Install: &package-install;</entry>
<entry>
<para>Flag the current package for installation.</para>
<para>
If the package is not installed, it will be
installed. If it is already installed, it will be
upgraded if possible and any sticky upgrade
prevention that is in effect (eg, Hold) will be
cancelled.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row id='pkgCmdRemove'>
<entry>Remove: &package-remove;</entry>
<entry>
<para>Flag the currently selected package for
removal.</para>
<para>
If the package is installed, it will be removed.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row id='pkgCmdPurge'>
<entry>Purge: &package-purge;</entry>
<entry>
<para>Flag the current package to be purged.</para>
<para>
If the package is installed, it will be removed.
Futhermore, even if it is removed, any remaining
files (such as configuration files) related to the
package will be removed from the system.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row id='pkgCmdKeep'>
<entry>Keep: &package-keep;</entry>
<entry>
<para>
Flag the current package to be kept at its current
version.
</para>
<para>
Any action that was to be performed on the package
-- installation, removal, or upgrade -- is
cancelled, and any persistent hold that was set on
the package is removed.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row id='pkgCmdHold'>
<entry>Hold: &package-hold;</entry>
<entry>
<para>
Set a persistent hold on the package.
</para>
<para>
As with Keep, any action that was to be performed
on the package is cancelled. In addition, the
package will not be automatically upgraded
<footnote id='footAutoUpgrade'>
<para>
That is, it will be unaffected by
&actions-upgrade; or the <link
linkend='fullUpgrade'><literal>full-upgrade</literal></link>
or <link
linkend='safeUpgrade'><literal>safe-upgrade</literal></link>
command-line actions.
</para>
</footnote>
until the hold is removed. You may cancel a hold
by issuing the Install command.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row id='pkgCmdForbid'>
<entry>&package-forbid;</entry>
<entry>
<para>
The package will not be automatically
upgraded<footnoteref linkend='footAutoUpgrade'/>
to the version it would currently be upgraded to.
If it was going to be upgraded, the upgrade will
be cancelled.
</para>
<para>
If you issue this command on a particular version
of a package, the package will not be upgraded to
the selected version. Note that only one version
can be forbidden at once.
</para>
<para>
This functionality is largely provided as a
convenience for users of the <quote>unstable</quote>
distribution, so they can avoid known-bad versions
of packages.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row id='pkgCmdReinstall'>
<entry>
<para>
Reinstall: press <keycap>L</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
Reinstalls the package.
</para>
<para>
Note that the reinstallation will not be saved
when you quit &aptitude; or perform an install run
for technical reasons. (essentially, the
underlying software layers
(<command>dpkg</command> and &apt;) do not provide
any way to find out whether a reinstallation was
successful or not).
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row id='pkgCmdAuto'>
<entry>&package-markauto;, &package-markmanual;</entry>
<entry>
Sets whether the package is treated as having been
automatically installed; automatically installed
packages will be removed when no other package
requires them. For more information, see <xref
linkend='secAutoInstall'/>.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>
In addition to these commands that affect the selected
package, there are two commands that affect large numbers of
packages at once regardless of what is selected.
&actions-forget; clears the <quote>new</quote> status of all packages in
the package list, and &actions-upgrade; flags every package
which can be upgraded for upgrade, except for packages that
are held back or would be upgraded to a forbidden version.
</para>
<note>
<para>
All changes to package states are saved when you quit
&aptitude;, update the package list, or perform an install
run. If you do not wish to save your changes, you can
always abort &aptitude; by pressing
<keycap>Ctrl-C</keycap>.
</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id='secResolver'>
<title>Solving Dependency Problems</title>
<para>
If a dependency problem arises, &aptitude; can assist you in
resolving it. As soon as a problem occurs, a red bar will
appear at the bottom of the screen with a summary of
&aptitude;'s suggestion about how to fix it. For instance,
in the following screenshot, &aptitude; is indicating that
it can resolve the situation by keeping two packages at
their current versions.
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/broken-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.3.3 #Broken: 1 Will free 48.6MB of disk space
i A nautilus 2.10.1-4 2.10.1-4
i nautilus-cd-burner 2.10.2-1.1 2.10.2-1.1
i A nautilus-data 2.10.1-4 2.10.1-4
i netspeed 0.12.1-1 0.12.1-1
i A oaf 0.6.10-3 0.6.10-3
i pybliographer 1.2.6.2-1 1.2.6.2-1
i rhythmbox 0.8.8-13 0.8.8-13
i shermans-aquarium 3.0.1-1 3.0.1-1
idA sound-juicer -1733kB 2.10.1-3 2.10.1-3
GNOME 2 CD Ripper
sound-juicer will be removed.
The following packages depend on sound-juicer and will be broken by its
removal:
* gnome-desktop-environment depends on sound-juicer
[1(1)/...] Suggest 2 keeps
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
As indicated at the bottom of the screen, you can view
additional solutions by pressing <keycap>.</keycap> and
<keycap>,</keycap>, apply the current solution by pressing
<keycap>!</keycap>, and examine the solution in more detail
by pressing <keycap>e</keycap>. When you examine the
current solution, a screen similar to the following will
appear:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/solution-screen-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages Resolve Dependencies
--\ Keep the following packages at their current version:
gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia [0.8.10-1 (unstable, now)]
sound-juicer [2.10.1-2 (now)]
[1(1)/...] Suggest 2 keeps
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
You can access information about the package affected by an
action by simply pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap> while the
package is highlighted. For a more detailed explanation of
why &aptitude; made a particular decision, you can highlight
the element in the list. When you do so, the lower half of
the screen will display the dependency which was resolved by
&aptitude;'s choice, along with every way in which this
dependency could have been resolved.
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/solution-explanation-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages Resolve Dependencies
--\ Keep the following packages at their current version:
gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia [0.8.11-1 (unstable, now)]
sound-juicer [2.10.1-3 (unstable, now)]
cdparanoia plugin for GStreamer
sound-juicer depends upon gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia
--\ The following actions will resolve this dependency:
-> Downgrade sound-juicer [2.10.1-3 (unstable, now) -> 0.6.1-2 (testing)]
-> Remove sound-juicer [2.10.1-3 (unstable, now)]
-> Cancel the removal of gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia
-> Downgrade gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia [0.8.11-1 (unstable, now) -> 0.8.8-3 (tes
[1(1)/...] Suggest 2 keeps
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
You can guide the dependency resolver to a solution of which
you approve by <firstterm>approving</firstterm> or
<firstterm>rejecting</firstterm> the individual actions of a
solution. If you <firstterm>approve</firstterm> an action,
the resolver will choose it whenever possible, ignoring
alternatives (when there are several approved alternatives,
all of them will be chosen). On the other hand, if you
<firstterm>reject</firstterm> an action, the resolver will
never choose that action.
</para>
<para>
To reject an action, highlight it and press
<keycap>r</keycap>; the rejection can be cancelled by
pressing <keycap>r</keycap> again. Similarly, select an
action and press <keycap>a</keycap> to approve it. You can
undo either action by using &undo-undo; while the resolver
screen is active. If you cancel a rejection or an approval,
any solutions that were ignored will be available the next
time that you generate a new solution.
</para>
<note>
<para>
By default, the resolver rejects actions that change the
state of held packages, or that install forbidden versions
of packages. You can override these rejections, thus
allowing the hold or forbidding to be automatically
overridden, in the same way that you would override any
other rejection. Setting the configuration option <link
linkend='configProblemResolver-Allow-Break-Holds'><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Allow-Break-Holds</literal></link>
to <literal>true</literal> will disable this behavior,
meaning that the resolver will always break holds (albeit
at a penalty, see <link
linkend='configProblemResolver-BreakHoldScore'><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::BreakHoldScore</literal></link>).
</para>
</note>
<para>
Rejected actions are colored red and marked with an
<quote>R</quote>, while approved actions are colored green
and marked with an <quote>A</quote>. You can see this in
the following screenshot, where the action <quote>keep
<systemitem>gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia</systemitem> at its
current version</quote> has been rejected, and the action
<quote>keep <systemitem>sound-juicer</systemitem> at its
current version</quote> has been approved.
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/solution-reject-and-approve-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages Resolve Dependencies
--\ Keep the following packages at their current version:
R gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia [0.8.11-1 (unstable, now)]
A sound-juicer [2.10.1-3 (unstable, now)]
[1(1)/...] Suggest 2 keeps
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
Rejections and approvals only affect <emphasis>newly
generated</emphasis> solutions. You can tell when a new
solution will be generated by examining the indicator in the
lower left hand corner of the screen: if there is a number
in parentheses, it is the number of solutions that have been
generated. Thus, when the number outside the parentheses
and the number inside are identical (as above), pressing
<keycap>.</keycap> will generated a new solution. If there
is no number in parentheses (for instance, the indicator
reads <literal>[1/5]</literal>), then there are no more
solutions to generated. At any time, you can select the
last generated solution by pressing <keycap>></keycap>,
and the first generated solution by pressing
<keycap><</keycap>.
</para>
<important>
<para>
The state of the problem resolver is discarded when you
modify the state of any package. If you mark a package
for installation, for upgrade, for removal, etc, the
resolver will forget all of your rejections and approvals,
as well as all the solutions that have been generated so
far.
</para>
</important>
<para>
In addition to selecting actions in the list at the top of
the screen, you can also select them using the list in the
bottom half. To access this list, either click in it using
the mouse or press <keycap>Tab</keycap>. Finally, to see
the decisions that the problem resolver took arranged in
order, press <keycap>o</keycap>. This will give a list of
the dependencies that were resolved and the action taken to
resolve them, as in the following screenshot.
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/solution-story-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Resolver Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Packages Resolve Dependencies
--\ gnome-desktop-environment depends upon sound-juicer
-> Cancel the removal of sound-juicer
--\ sound-juicer depends upon gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia
-> Cancel the removal of gstreamer0.8-cdparanoia
GNOME 2 CD Ripper
gnome-desktop-environment depends upon sound-juicer
--\ The following actions will resolve this dependency:
-> Remove gnome-desktop-environment [1:2.10.2.3 (unstable, testing, now)]
-> Cancel the removal of sound-juicer
-> Downgrade sound-juicer [2.10.1-3 (unstable, now) -> 0.6.1-2 (testing)]
[1(1)/...] Suggest 2 keeps
e: Examine !: Apply .: Next ,: Previous</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
You can leave this display mode by pressing
<keycap>o</keycap> again.
</para>
</section>
<section id='secInstallRun'>
<title>Downloading, installing, and removing packages</title>
<para>
Changing package states as described in the previous section
does not actually affect what is installed on your system.
Thus, you can adjust the state of packages without affecting
your system until you are happy with what you see; once you
are, you can <quote>commit</quote> the changes by actually installing and
removing packages.<footnote><para>This is sometimes referred
to as an <quote>install run</quote>, even though you might be upgrading
or removing packages in addition to installing
them.</para></footnote>
</para>
<para>
To commit your changes, use the &actions-install; command.
Selecting this command will display a preview screen
describing the changes that will be performed. This screen
is just a package list, and you can manipulate the packages
(for instance, cancelling unwanted removals) in the same way
that you could in the main list.
</para>
<para>
When you are done, use &views-close; to cancel the
installation, or use &actions-install; to proceed.
&aptitude; will download any files that need to be
downloaded, then prompt you to continue with the
installation. When you select <quote>Continue</quote>, the installations
and removals will commence.
</para>
<para>
Packages that are downloaded by &aptitude; are placed in a
cache directory (typically
<filename>/var/cache/apt/archives</filename>). Normally,
they are just left in this directory ad infinitum. To
delete all the files in this directory, use &actions-clean;;
to delete only files which cannot be downloaded again (ie,
obsolete packages), use &actions-clean-obs;.
</para>
</section>
<section id='secTrust'>
<title>Understanding and managing package trust</title>
<para>
&apt;'s ability to access multiple package sources leads to
a potential security vulnerability. Suppose you add an
archive of packages published by Joe Random Hacker to your
<filename>sources.list</filename> file in order to install
Joe's <systemitem>gargleblast</systemitem> package. It is
possible, however, that -- unbeknownst to you -- Joe's
archive also contains his own <quote>customized</quote>
versions of packages such as <systemitem>libc6</systemitem>
and <systemitem>ssh</systemitem>...versions that steal your
private information or open backdoors on your system! If
these packages have higher version numbers than the
legitimate Debian packages, &apt; will blithely install them
on your system during your next upgrade, allowing Joe to do
his dirty work undetected. Joe could also break into your
mirror of the Debian archives and replace the legitimate
software with his doctored version.
</para>
<para>
Luckily, newer versions of &apt; and &aptitude;, such as the
version documented in this manual, have built-in safeguards
to help defeat this type of attack. &apt; uses strong
security mechanisms based on the popular <ulink
url='http://www.gnupg.org'>GPG</ulink> encryption software
to verify that the packages being distributed from the
official Debian mirrors are the same packages that were
uploaded by the Debian developers. &aptitude; will then
warn you if you attempt to install a package from a
non-Debian source, or if you attempt to upgrade a package
that was installed from a Debian source to a version that
came from a non-Debian source.
</para>
<warning>
<para>
The security mechanisms in &apt; provide a near-perfect
guarantee that the contents of your archive mirror are
identical to the contents of the master Debian archive.
However, they are not a panacea: for instance, there are
many ways that a tampered package could theoretically find
its way into the master Debian archive.
</para>
<para>
Ensuring that you only install software from a trusted
source will give you an important degree of protection
against malicious packages, but it cannot eliminate all
the risks inherent in installing software.
</para>
</warning>
<section>
<title>Understanding trust</title>
<para>
&apt; allows the administrator of an archive to provide a
<firstterm>signature</firstterm> of the archive's index.
This signature, which (for all practical purposes) cannot
be forged, indicates that the package files listed in the
index are the same files that the administrator intended
to place in the archive: ie, that the contents of the
archive have not been tampered with since it was
created.<footnote><para>As noted above, it does
<emphasis>not</emphasis> indicate that the packages in the
archive are secure, or even non-malicious; it merely shows
that they are genuine.</para></footnote> The signature can
be validated by checking that it corresponds to the
administrator's <firstterm>public key</firstterm>. The
public key of the Debian archive is distributed with
&apt;, typically on your Debian CD.
</para>
<para>
When &aptitude; downloads an archive index, it will check
whether the index is properly signed. If it is unsigned,
&aptitude; will not trust package files from that
archive. (see below for information on what this means) If
it has a signature but the signature is incorrect or
cannot be verified, a warning will be printed and
&aptitude; will refuse to trust packages from that
archive.
</para>
<para>
Later, when you perform an <link
linkend='secInstallRun'>install run</link>, &aptitude;
will check whether the packages are from trusted sources.
If an untrusted package is being installed, or a package
is being upgraded from a trusted to an untrusted version,
a warning will be displayed and you will have the
opportunity to abort the download:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/trust-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.3.0 Will use 831kB of disk space DL Size: 30.4MB
--\ Packages to be upgraded
iu U wesnoth -98.3kB 0.8.7-1 0.8.8-1.0w
iuAU wesnoth-data +930kB 0.8.7-1 0.8.8-1.0w
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|WARNING: untrusted versions of the following packages will be installed! #|
| #|
|Untrusted packages could compromise your system's security. You should only #|
|proceed with the installation if you are certain that this is what you want #|
|to do. #|
| #|
| * wesnoth [version 0.8.8-1.0wesnoth.org] #|
| * wesnoth-data [version 0.8.8-1.0wesnoth.org] #|
| * wesnoth-music [version 0.8.8-1.0wesnoth.org] #|
| [ Really Continue ] [ Abort Installation ] |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
#
#
#
#
#
#</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</section>
<section>
<title>Trusting additional keys</title>
<para>
You might find it useful to allow &apt; to trust
additional archives, besides the main Debian archive. For
each archive that you want to trust, you will have to
acquire the public key that is used to sign the archive's
package index. This is typically a text file whose name
ends in <filename>.asc</filename>; it might be provided by
the site administrator or downloadable from a public
keyserver. For more information on what public keys are
and how to get them, see the <ulink
url='http://www.gnupg.org'>GPG web page</ulink>.
</para>
<para>
The list of keys that apt will trust is stored in the
<firstterm>keyring file</firstterm>
<filename>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</filename>. Once you have
the GPG key, you can add it to this file by executing the
command <command>gpg --no-default-keyring --keyring
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg --import
<replaceable>newkey.asc</replaceable></command>.
&aptitude; will then trust any archive that is signed with
the key contained in <filename>newkey.asc</filename>.
</para>
<warning>
<para>
Once an archive's key has been added to the APT keyring,
it will be trusted just as much as the main Debian
mirrors themselves! You should only do this if you are
very confident that the key you are adding is correct
<emphasis>and</emphasis> that the person who holds the
key is trustworthy and competent.
</para>
</warning>
</section>
</section>
<section id='secAutoInstall'>
<title>Managing automatically installed packages</title>
<para>
To install one package, it is often necessary to install
several others (to fulfill its dependencies). For instance,
if you wish to install the
<systemitem>clanbomber</systemitem> package, you must also
install the package <systemitem>libclanlib2</systemitem>.
If you remove <systemitem>clanbomber</systemitem> again, you
probably no longer need the
<systemitem>libclanlib2</systemitem> package; &aptitude;
will attempt to detect this and automatically remove the
<systemitem>libclanlib2</systemitem> package.
</para>
<para>
It works like this: when you install a package, &aptitude;
will automatically install any other packages on which it
depends. These packages are marked as having been
<quote>automatically installed</quote>; &aptitude; will monitor them and
remove them when they are no longer depended upon by any
manually installed package
<footnote>
<para>
More precisely: they will be removed when there is no
path via Depends, PreDepends, or Recommends to them from
a manually installed package. If <link
linkend='configKeep-Suggests'>Aptitude::Keep-Suggests</link>
is true, a Suggests relationship is also enough to keep
a package installed.
</para>
</footnote>
. They will appear in the preview as
<quote>packages being removed because they are no longer used.</quote>
</para>
<para>
As with any automatic process, there is a potential for
things to go haywire. For instance, even if a package was
automatically installed to start with, it might turn out to
be useful in its own right. You can cancel the <quote>automatic</quote>
flag at any time by pressing <keycap>m</keycap>; if the
package is already being removed, you can use
&package-install; to cancel the removal and clear the
<quote>automatic</quote> flag.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id='secSearchPatterns'>
<title>Search Patterns</title>
<para>
When you search for a package or set a display limit in
&aptitude;, the string you enter is known as a <quote>search
pattern</quote>. While the most basic usage of search
patterns is to match packages by name, &aptitude; allows you
to create much more complex searches. In addition to the
visual interface, some command-line operations can use search
terms; see <xref linkend='secReference'/> for details.
</para>
<para>
A search pattern consists of one or more conditions (sometimes
known as <quote>terms</quote>); packages match the pattern if
they match all of its terms. Terms generally start with a
question mark (<quote>?</quote>), followed by the name of the
match term, which describes the search that the term performs:
for instance, the term &Sname; matches package names, while
the term &Sversion; matches package versions. Finally, any
additional parameters to the search term are placed in
parentheses (see the documentation of individual terms for
more information on this).
</para>
<note>
<para>
Text with no leading <quote>?</quote> can also form a search
pattern: &aptitude; will attempt to match it against package
names. However, because <quote>?</quote> is a regular
expression metacharacter, &aptitude; will
<emphasis>not</emphasis> recognize question marks as a
terminator for these <quote>bare</quote> strings. For
instance, the search pattern
<quote><literal>apt?name(python)</literal></quote> will not
search for packages whose name contains both
<quote><literal>apt</literal></quote> and
<quote><literal>python</literal></quote>; instead, it will
search for packages whose name matches the regular
expression
<quote><literal>apt?name(python)</literal></quote>.
</para>
</note>
<warning>
<para>
The behavior of aptitude when given a search pattern without
a leading <quote>?</quote> (or <quote>~</quote>) is provided
as a convenience for interactive use and may change in
future releases; scripts that invoke
<literal>aptitude</literal> should explicitly name the
search strategy they want to use. That is, scripts should
search for <quote><literal>&Sname;(coq)</literal></quote> or
<quote><literal><link
linkend='searchTermName'>~ncoq</link></literal></quote>
rather than <quote><literal>coq</literal></quote>).
</para>
</warning>
<section>
<title>Searching for strings</title>
<para>
Many search terms take a string as a parameter and match it
against one or more fields of a package. Strings can be
entered either with or without double quotes
(<quote><literal>"</literal></quote>), so
<quote><literal>&Sname;(scorch)</literal></quote> and
<quote><literal>&Sname;("scorch")</literal></quote> will
perform the same search.
</para>
<para>
If you enter a <quote>bare</quote> string, one not
surrounded by double quotes, then &aptitude; will consider
the string to have <quote>ended</quote> when it encounters
the closing parenthesis or the comma before a second
argument to the search term.
<footnote>
<para>
&aptitude; will only treat the comma as special if there
is a second argument, so (for instance)
<quote><literal>&Sname;(apt,itude)</literal></quote>
searches for the string
<quote><literal>apt,itude</literal></quote> in the
<literal>Name</literal> field of packages.
</para>
<para>
While this behavior is well-defined, it may be
surprising; I recommend using quoted strings for any
pattern that contains characters that could have a
special meaning.
</para>
</footnote>
To remove the special meaning of these characters, place a
tilde (<quote><literal>~</literal></quote>) directly before
them. For instance, <literal>&Sdescription;(etc))</literal>
is a syntax error, because the first <literal>)</literal>
ends the &Sdescription; term, and the
second <literal>)</literal> does not match anything. In
contrast, <literal>&Sdescription;(etc~))</literal> matches any
package whose description contains the text
<quote><literal>etc)</literal></quote>. There are
additional considerations if you are using the shorthand
notation for a term; see <xref
linkend='secSearchShorthand'/> for details.
</para>
<para>
Most textual searches (for package names, descriptions, etc)
are performed using case-insensitive <ulink
url='http://sitescooper.org/tao_regexps.html'>regular
expressions</ulink>. This means that you must
backslash-escape regular expression metacharacters
<footnote>
<para>
Regular expression metacharacters include:
<quote>+</quote>, <quote>-</quote>, <quote>.</quote>,
<quote>(</quote>, <quote>)</quote>, <quote>|</quote>,
<quote>[</quote>, <quote>]</quote>, <quote>^</quote>,
<quote>$</quote>, and <quote>?</quote>. Note that some
of these are also &aptitude; metacharacters, so if you
want to type (for instance) a literal <quote>|</quote>,
it must be double-escaped:
<quote><literal>\~|</literal></quote>.
</para>
</footnote>
in searches (for instance, to find <quote>g++</quote>, you
should use the pattern <quote>g\+\+</quote>).
</para>
</section>
<section id='secSearchShorthand'>
<title>Shorthand for search terms</title>
<para>
Some search terms can be written using <quote>short</quote>
forms, which consist of a tilde
(<quote><literal>~</literal></quote>) followed by a single
character that identifies the term, and finally the
arguments (if any) to the term. For instance, the short
form of <literal>&Sname;(aptitude)</literal> is <literal>~n
aptitude</literal>.
</para>
<para>
When writing a term using its short form, tilde characters
and <quote>whitespace</quote> -- that is, space characters,
tabs, and so on -- will break the term off and start a new
term. For instance, <quote><literal>~mDaniel
Burrows</literal></quote> will match any package whose
maintainer field contains
<quote><literal>Daniel</literal></quote> and whose name
contains <quote><literal>Burrows</literal></quote>, while
<quote><literal>~i~napt</literal></quote> matches installed
packages whose name contains <literal>apt</literal>. To
include whitespace characters in the search expression, you
can either place a tilde in front of it (as in
<literal>Daniel~ Burrows</literal>) or place quotation marks
around it (as in <literal>"Debian Project"</literal> or even
<literal>Debian" "Project</literal>). Inside a quoted
string, the backslash character (<quote>\</quote>) can be
used to cancel the special meaning of the quotation mark:
for instance, <literal>~d"\"email"</literal> will match any
package whose description contains a quotation mark followed
immediately by <literal>email</literal>.
<footnote>
<para>
The backslash escapes <literal>\\</literal>,
<literal>\n</literal>, and <literal>\t</literal> are also
available.
</para>
</footnote>
</para>
<note>
<para>
Question marks (<quote><literal>?</literal></quote>) will
<emphasis>not</emphasis> end the short form of a term,
even if they are followed by the name of a search term.
For instance,
<quote><literal>~napt?priority(required)</literal></quote>
will match all packages whose name matches the regular
expression
<quote><literal>apt?priority(required)</literal></quote>.
To combine a short query term with a search term specified
by name, add one or more spaces between the two terms, as
in
<quote><literal>~napt ?priority(required)</literal></quote>,
or place quotation marks around the text (if any)
following the short form of a term, as in
<quote><literal>~n"apt"?priority(required)</literal></quote>.
</para>
</note>
<para>
<xref linkend='tableSearchTermQuickGuide'/> lists the short
form of each search term.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Searches and Versions</title>
<para>
By default, a pattern matches a package if any version of
the package matches the pattern. However, some patterns
will restrict their subterms to only match against some
versions of a package. For instance, the search term
<literal>&Sdepends;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>
will select any package that depends on a package matching
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>. However,
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> will only be checked
against the versions of the package that actually satisfy a
dependency. This means that if <literal>foo</literal>
depends on <literal>bar (>= 3.0)</literal> and versions
<literal>2.0</literal>, <literal>3.0</literal>, and
<literal>4.0</literal> of <literal>bar</literal> are
available, then in the search pattern
<literal>&Sdepends;(&Sversion;(2\.0))</literal>, only
versions <literal>3.0</literal> and <literal>4.0</literal>
will be tested against <literal>&Sversion;(2\.0)</literal>,
and hence <literal>foo</literal> will not be found by this
search.
</para>
<para>
It matters which versions are checked because, as in the
example above, some patterns will match one version but not
another. For instance, the pattern &Sinstalled; will only
match the version of the package (if any) that is currently
installed. Similarly, the pattern
<literal>&Smaintainer;(<replaceable>maintainer</replaceable>)</literal>
will only match versions that have the given
<replaceable>maintainer</replaceable>. Normally all
versions of a package have the same maintainer, but this is
not always the case; in fact, any search pattern that
examines the fields of a package (other than its name, of
course) will behave this way, because all the fields of a
package can change between versions.
</para>
<note>
<para>
There is a subtle, but important, distinction between
matching a pattern against a package, and matching it
against all the versions of that package. When a pattern
is matched against a package, each of its terms is matched
against the package, and so each term will match if
<emphasis>any</emphasis> version of the package matches.
In contrast, when a pattern is matched against each
version of a package, it will successfully match if it
matches when all its subterms are matched against the
<emphasis>same</emphasis> version of the package.
</para>
<para>
For example: suppose that version <literal>3.0-1</literal>
of the package <literal>aardvark</literal> is installed,
but that version <literal>4.0-1</literal> is available.
Then the search expression
<literal>&Sversion;(4\.0-1)&Sinstalled;</literal> matches
<literal>aardvark</literal>, because
<literal>&Sversion;(4\.0-1)</literal> matches against
version <literal>4.0-1</literal> of
<literal>aardvark</literal>, while &Sinstalled; matches
against version <literal>3.0-1</literal>. On the other
hand, this expression <emphasis>does not</emphasis> match
against all the versions of <literal>aardvark</literal>,
because no single version is installed and also has a
version number of <literal>4.0-1</literal>.
</para>
</note>
<!-- TODO: I'd like to have a table of how matchers restrict
their sub-matchers, but I can't figure out how to
succinctly describe some matchers. -->
</section>
<section id='secExplicitMatchers'>
<title>Explicit search targets</title>
<para>
Some particularly complex searches can be expressed in
&aptitude; using <firstterm>explicit targets</firstterm>.
In normal search expressions, there is no way to refer to
the package or version that is currently being tested. For
instance, suppose that you want to search for all packages
<replaceable>P</replaceable> that depend on a second package
<replaceable>Q</replaceable> such that
<replaceable>Q</replaceable> recommends
<replaceable>P</replaceable>. Clearly you need to start out
with a <literal>&Sdepends;(...)</literal> term. But the
term filling in the <literal>...</literal> needs to somehow
select packages that are identical to the one being matched
against <literal>&Sdepends;</literal>. When describing the
goal above, I dealt with this by giving the packages names,
calling them <replaceable>P</replaceable> and
<replaceable>Q</replaceable>; terms with explicit targets
do exactly the same thing.
<footnote>
<para>
Astute readers will note that this is essentially a way
to explicitly name the variable in the λ-terms
corresponding to the term. A typical term would
have the form <quote>λ
<replaceable>x</replaceable>
. name-equals(<replaceable>x</replaceable>,
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</quote>; giving this
an explicit target makes <replaceable>x</replaceable>
visible in the search language.
</para>
</footnote>
</para>
<para>
An explicit target is introduced by the &Sfor; term:
</para>
<figure>
<title>Syntax of the &Sfor; term</title>
<synopsis><literal>?for <replaceable>variable</replaceable>: <replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></synopsis>
</figure>
<para>
This behaves exactly like <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>,
but <replaceable>variable</replaceable> can be used within
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> to refer to the package or
version that <replaceable>pattern</replaceable> is being
matched against. You can use
<replaceable>variable</replaceable> in two ways:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
The term &Sequal; will match exactly the package or
version indicated by the given variable. Specifically:
if the corresponding &Sfor; term is limited to a
particular version, then &Sequal; will match either that
version (if &Sequal; is limited) or the whole package;
otherwise it will match any version of the package.
</para>
<para>
See <xref linkend='exampleSearchEqual'/> for an example
of how to use &Sequal;.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
The term
<literal>&Sbind;(<replaceable>variable</replaceable>,
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal> will match
any package or version if the value of
<replaceable>variable</replaceable> matches against
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</para>
<para>
For <literal>?</literal>-style terms, a shorthand
form is available. The expression
<literal>&Sbind;(<replaceable>variable</replaceable>,
?<replaceable>term</replaceable><optional>(<replaceable>args</replaceable>)</optional>)</literal>
can be replaced by
<literal>?<replaceable>variable</replaceable>:<replaceable>term</replaceable>(<replaceable>args</replaceable>)</literal>.
</para>
<para>
See <xref linkend='exampleSearchBind'/> for an example
of how to use <literal>?bind</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id='secSearchTermReference'>
<title>Search Term Reference</title>
<para>
<xref linkend='tableSearchTermQuickGuide'/> provides a brief
summary of all the search terms provided by aptitude. A
full description of each term can be found <link
linkend='searchTermReferenceList'>below</link>.
</para>
<table id='tableSearchTermQuickGuide'>
<title>Quick guide to search terms</title>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Long form</entry>
<entry>Short form</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<literal>&Sequal;<replaceable>variable</replaceable></literal>
</entry>
<entry/>
<entry>
Select the package bound to
<replaceable>variable</replaceable>; see <xref
linkend='secExplicitMatchers'/>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Snot;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>!<replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select any package that does not match
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<literal>&Saction;(<replaceable>action</replaceable>)</literal>
</entry>
<entry>~a<replaceable>action</replaceable></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that have been marked for the given
<replaceable>action</replaceable> (e.g.,
<quote><literal>install</literal></quote> or
<quote><literal>upgrade</literal></quote>).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<literal>&Sall-versions;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>
</entry>
<entry/>
<entry>
Select packages whose versions all match
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<literal>&Sand;(<replaceable>term1</replaceable>, <replaceable>term2</replaceable>)</literal>
</entry>
<entry><replaceable>term1</replaceable> <replaceable>term2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>
Select any package that matches both
<replaceable>term1</replaceable> and
<replaceable>term2</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sany-version;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>
Select packages for which at least one version
matches <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<literal>&Sarchive;(<replaceable>archive</replaceable>)</literal>
</entry>
<entry>
<literal>~A<replaceable>archive</replaceable></literal>
</entry>
<entry>
Select packages from the given archive (such as
<quote><literal>unstable</literal></quote>).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sautomatic;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~M</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that were automatically installed.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sbind;(<replaceable>variable</replaceable>, <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry>
<literal>?<replaceable>variable</replaceable>:<replaceable>term-name</replaceable><optional>(<replaceable>args</replaceable>)</optional></literal>
</entry>
<entry>
Selects anything if
<replaceable>variable</replaceable> matches
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>; see <xref
linkend='secExplicitMatchers'/>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sbroken;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~b</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that have a broken dependency.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sbroken-type;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~B<replaceable>depType</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select package that have a broken dependency of the
given <replaceable>depType</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sbroken-type-term;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~DB<optional><replaceable>depType</replaceable>:</optional><replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that have a broken dependency of the
given <replaceable>depType</replaceable> matching
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sbroken-reverse-dep;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~RB<option><replaceable>depType</replaceable>:</option><replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that a package matching
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> declares a broken
dependency of type <replaceable>depType</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<literal>&Sconflicts;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>
</entry>
<entry><literal>~C<replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that conflict with a package
matching <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sconfig-files;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~c</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that were removed but not purged.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sdep;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~D<optional><replaceable>depType</replaceable>:</optional><replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Match packages that declare a dependency of type
<replaceable>depType</replaceable> on a package
matching <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sdescription;(<replaceable>description</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~d<replaceable>description</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages whose description matches
<replaceable>description</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sessential;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~E</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select essential packages, those with
<literal>Essential: yes</literal> in their control
files.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sfalse;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~F</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select no packages.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sfor; <replaceable>variable</replaceable>: <replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>
Select packages that match
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> with
<replaceable>variable</replaceable> bound to the
package being matched; see <xref
linkend='secExplicitMatchers'/>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sgarbage;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~g</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that are not required by any manually
installed package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sinstalled;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~i</literal></entry>
<entry>Select installed packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Smaintainer;(<replaceable>maintainer</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~m<replaceable>maintainer</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages maintained by
<replaceable>maintainer</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Snarrow;(<replaceable>filter</replaceable>, <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~S <replaceable>filter</replaceable> <replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages for which a single version matches
both <replaceable>filter</replaceable> and
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sname;(<replaceable>name</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~n<replaceable>name</replaceable></literal>, <literal><replaceable>name</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages with the given <replaceable>name</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Snew;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~N</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select new packages.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sobsolete;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~o</literal></entry>
<entry>
Match installed packages that cannot be downloaded.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sor;(<replaceable>term1</replaceable>, <replaceable>term2</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal><replaceable>term1</replaceable> | <replaceable>term2</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that match
<replaceable>term1</replaceable>,
<replaceable>term2</replaceable>, or both.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sorigin;(<replaceable>origin</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~O<replaceable>origin</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages with the given
<replaceable>origin</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sprovides;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~P<replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that provide a package matching
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Spriority;(<replaceable>priority</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~p<replaceable>priority</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages with the given <replaceable>priority</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sreverse-dep;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~R<optional><replaceable>depType</replaceable>:</optional><replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that are the targets of a dependency
of type <replaceable>depType</replaceable> declared
by a package matching
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sreverse-broken-dep;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~RB<option><replaceable>depType</replaceable>:</option><replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that are the targets of a broken
dependency of type
<replaceable>depType</replaceable> declared by a
package matching <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Ssection;(<replaceable>section</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~s<replaceable>section</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages in the given <replaceable>section</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Ssource-package;(<replaceable>name</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>
Select packages whose source package name matches
the regular expression
<replaceable>name</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Ssource-version;(<replaceable>version</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>
Select packages whose source version matches the
regular expression <replaceable>version</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Stag;(<replaceable>tag</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~G<replaceable>tag</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that have the given debtags
<replaceable>tag</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Strue;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~T</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select all packages.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Stask;(<replaceable>task</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~t<replaceable>task</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that are in the given
<replaceable>task</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Supgradable;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~U</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages that are installed and can be
upgraded.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Suser-tag;</literal></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>
Select packages that are marked with a user-tag
matching the regular expression
<replaceable>user-tag</replaceable>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Sversion;(<replaceable>version</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~V<replaceable>version</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select packages whose version matches
<replaceable>version</replaceable> (special values:
<literal>CURRENT</literal>,
<literal>CANDIDATE</literal>, and
<literal>TARGET</literal>).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Svirtual;</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~v</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select virtual packages.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>&Swiden;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>~W<replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></entry>
<entry>
Select versions for which
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> matches any version
of the corresponding package, discarding local
version restrictions.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<variablelist id='searchTermReferenceList'>
<varlistentry>
<term><replaceable>name</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages whose names match the regular
expression <replaceable>name</replaceable>. This is the
<quote>default</quote> search mode and is used for patterns that
don't start with <literal>~</literal>.
</para>
<note>
<para>
To match packages whose names contain several
different substrings, use the &Sname; term
(described below); for instance,
<quote><literal>&Sname;(apti)&Sname;(tude)</literal></quote>.
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchEqual'>
<term><literal>?=<replaceable>variable</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages that correspond to the value of
<replaceable>variable</replaceable>, which must be bound
by an enclosing &Sfor;. For instance, <literal>&Sfor; x:
&Sdepends;( &Srecommends;( ?=x ) )</literal> will match any
package <replaceable>x</replaceable> that depends on a
package which recommends <replaceable>x</replaceable>.
</para>
<para>
For instance, the following search expression matches
packages that conflict with themselves:
</para>
<example id='exampleSearchEqual'>
<title>
Use of the <literal>?=</literal> term.
</title>
<para>
<literal>
&Sfor; x: &Sconflicts;(?=x)
</literal>
</para>
</example>
<para>
See <xref linkend='secExplicitMatchers'/> for more
information.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchNot'>
<term><literal>?not(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>!<replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages which do <emphasis>not</emphasis> match
the term <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>. For
instance,
<quote><literal>?not(&Sbroken;)</literal></quote>
selects packages that are not <quote>broken</quote>.
</para>
<note>
<para>
To include a <quote>!</quote> in a regular expression, it must be
<quote>escaped</quote> to prevent &aptitude; from considering it
part of a NOT term: <quote><literal>~!</literal></quote>.
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchAnd'>
<term><literal>?and(<replaceable>term1</replaceable>, <replaceable>term2</replaceable>)</literal>, <replaceable>term1</replaceable> <replaceable>term2</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages that match both
<replaceable>term1</replaceable> and
<replaceable>term2</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchOr'>
<term><literal>?or(<replaceable>term1</replaceable>, <replaceable>term2</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal><replaceable>term1</replaceable> | <replaceable>term2</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages that match either
<replaceable>term1</replaceable> or
<replaceable>term2</replaceable>.
</para>
<note>
<para>
To use the character <quote>|</quote> in a regular expression, it
must be <quote>escaped</quote> to prevent &aptitude; from creating
an OR term from it: <quote><literal>~|</literal></quote>.
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>. For instance,
<quote><literal>opengl (perl|python)</literal></quote>
matches any package whose name contains
<literal>opengl</literal>, and also contains either
<literal>perl</literal> or <literal>python</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchAction'>
<term><literal>?action(<replaceable>action</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~a<replaceable>action</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages upon which the given
<replaceable>action</replaceable> is going to be
performed. <replaceable>action</replaceable> can be
<quote><literal>install</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>upgrade</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>downgrade</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>remove</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>purge</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>hold</literal></quote> (tests whether a
package has been placed on hold), or
<quote><literal>keep</literal></quote> (tests whether a
package will be unchanged).
<!-- Should I document more extensively what each option
does? -->
</para>
<para>
Note that this only tests whether an action is actually
queued up to be performed on a package, not whether it
<emphasis>could</emphasis> be performed. Thus, for
instance, <literal>&Saction;(upgrade)</literal> matches
exactly those packages that you have already decided to
upgrade, not packages which <emphasis>could</emphasis>
be upgraded in the future (for that, use
<literal>&Supgradable;</literal>).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchAllVersions'>
<term><literal>?all-versions(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches any package whose versions all match the given
expression. Each version of a package will be
separately tested against
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>, and the package will
match if all of its versions match. Packages without
versions, such as virtual packages, will always be
matched by this search term.
</para>
<para>
This term may not be used in a context in which the
versions to match against have already been narrowed,
such as within &Sdepends; or &Snarrow;. However, it may
always be used within &Swiden;.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchAnyVersion'>
<term><literal>?any-version(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches a package if any one of its versions matches the
enclosed term. This is the dual to &Sall-versions;.
</para>
<para>
This term may not be used in a context in which the
versions to match against have already been narrowed,
such as within &Sdepends; or &Snarrow;. However, it may
always be used within &Swiden;.
</para>
<note>
<para>
This term is closely related to &Snarrow;.
In fact,
<literal>?any-version(<replaceable>term1</replaceable>
<replaceable>term2</replaceable>)</literal> is exactly
the same as
<literal>&Snarrow;(<replaceable>term1</replaceable>,
<replaceable>term2</replaceable>)</literal>.
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchArchive'>
<term><literal>?archive(<replaceable>archive</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~A<replaceable>archive</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches package versions which are available from an
archive that matches the regular expression
<replaceable>archive</replaceable>. For instance,
<quote><literal>?archive(testing)</literal></quote>
matches any package available from the
<literal>testing</literal> archive.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchAutomatic'>
<term><literal>?automatic</literal>, <literal>~M</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages which were automatically installed.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchBind'>
<term>
<literal>?bind(<replaceable>variable</replaceable>,
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>,
<literal>?<replaceable>variable</replaceable>:<replaceable>term-name</replaceable><optional>(<replaceable>args</replaceable>)</optional></literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches any package or version if the given
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> matches the package or
version bound to <replaceable>variable</replaceable>,
which must be defined in an enclosing &Sfor;.
</para>
<para>
For instance, the following search expression will match
any package <literal>x</literal> such that
<literal>x</literal> depends on a package
<literal>y</literal> which in turn depends on a package
<literal>z</literal> such that <literal>x</literal> also
depends directly on <literal>z</literal>.
</para>
<example id='exampleSearchBind'>
<title>Use of the <literal>?bind</literal> term</title>
<para>
<literal>
&Sfor; x: &Sdepends;(&Sdepends;(&Sfor; z: ?x:<link linkend='searchDep'>depends</link>(&Sequal;z)))
</literal>
</para>
</example>
<para>
See <xref linkend='secExplicitMatchers'/> for more
information.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchBroken'>
<term><literal>?broken</literal>, <literal>~b</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages that are <quote>broken</quote>: they have an
unfulfilled dependency, predependency, breaks, or conflict.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchBrokenType'>
<term><literal>?broken-<replaceable>depType</replaceable></literal>, <literal>~B<replaceable>depType</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages which have an unfulfilled (<quote>broken</quote>)
dependency of the given <replaceable>depType</replaceable>.
<replaceable>depType</replaceable> can be
<quote><literal>depends</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>predepends</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>recommends</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>suggests</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>breaks</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>conflicts</literal></quote>, or
<quote><literal>replaces</literal></quote>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchBrokenTypeTerm'>
<term><literal>?broken-<replaceable>depType</replaceable>(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~DB<optional><replaceable>depType</replaceable>:</optional><replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages with an unsatisfied dependency of type
<replaceable>depType</replaceable> on a package matching
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
<replaceable>depType</replaceable> may be any one of the
dependency types listed in <link
linkend='searchBrokenType'>the documentation of
<literal>?broken-<replaceable>depType</replaceable></literal></link>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchConflicts'>
<term><literal>?conflicts(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~C<replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages which conflict with a package matching
the given <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>. For
instance,
<quote><literal>?conflicts(&Smaintainer;(dburrows@debian.org))</literal></quote>
matches any package which conflicts with a package I
maintain.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchConfigFiles'>
<term><literal>?config-files</literal>, <literal>~c</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages which have been removed, but whose
configuration files remain on the system (ie, they were
removed but not purged).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchDep'>
<term><literal>?<replaceable>depType</replaceable>(<replaceable>patterm</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~D<optional><replaceable>depType</replaceable>:</optional><replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
<replaceable>depType</replaceable> may be any one of the
dependency types given in <link
linkend='searchBrokenType'>the documentation of
<literal>?broken-<replaceable>depType</replaceable></literal></link>,
as well as <literal>provides</literal>: for instance,
<literal>&Sdepends;(libpng3)</literal> will match any
package that depends on <literal>libpng3</literal>. If
the short form (<literal>~D</literal>) is used and
<replaceable>depType</replaceable> is not present, it
defaults to <literal>depends</literal>.
</para>
<para>
If <replaceable>depType</replaceable> is
<quote><literal>provides</literal></quote>, matches
packages that provide a package matching
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> (the equivalent of
&Sprovides;). Otherwise, matches packages which declare
a dependency of type <replaceable>depType</replaceable>
upon a package version which matches
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchDescription'>
<term><literal>?description(<replaceable>description</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~d<replaceable>description</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages whose description matches the regular
expression <replaceable>description</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchEssential'>
<term><literal>?essential</literal>, <literal>~E</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches Essential packages.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchFalse'>
<term><literal>?false</literal>, <literal>~F</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This term does not match any package.
<footnote>
<para>
This is provided largely for symmetry with &Strue;.
</para>
</footnote>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchFor'>
<term><literal>?for <replaceable>variable</replaceable>: <replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>, but the given
<replaceable>variable</replaceable> may be used inside
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> to refer to the package
or package version this term to.
</para>
<para>
You can use <replaceable>variable</replaceable> in two
ways. To apply a <literal>?</literal>-style term to
the variable, write
<literal>?<replaceable>variable</replaceable>:<replaceable>term-name</replaceable>(<replaceable>args</replaceable>)</literal>;
for instance, <literal>?x:<link
linkend='searchDep'>depends</link>(apt)</literal>. In
addition, the term
<literal>&Sequal;<replaceable>variable</replaceable></literal>
will select any package or version that matches the
value of the given <replaceable>variable</replaceable>.
</para>
<para>
For instance, the following term will match any package
<literal>x</literal> that both depends and recommends a
second package <literal>y</literal>.
</para>
<example id='exampleSearchFor'>
<title>Use of the <literal>?for</literal> term</title>
<para>
<literal>
?for x: &Sdepends;( ?for y: ?x:<link linkend='searchDep'>recommends</link>( &Sequal;y ) )
</literal>
</para>
</example>
<para>
See <xref linkend='secExplicitMatchers'/> for more
information.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchGarbage'>
<term><literal>?garbage</literal>, <literal>~g</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages which are not installed, or which were
automatically installed and are not depended upon by any
installed package.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchInstalled'>
<term><literal>?installed</literal>, <literal>~i</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches package versions which are currently installed.
</para>
<para>
Since all versions are tested by default, this normally
matches packages which are currently installed.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchMaintainer'>
<term><literal>?maintainer(<replaceable>maintainer</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~m<replaceable>maintainer</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages whose Maintainer field matches the
regular expression
<replaceable>maintainer</replaceable>. For instance,
<quote><literal>&Smaintainer;(joeyh)</literal></quote>
will find all packages maintained by Joey Hess.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchNarrow'>
<term>
<literal>?narrow(<replaceable>filter</replaceable>, <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~S <replaceable>filter</replaceable> <replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This term <quote>narrows</quote> the search to package
versions matching <replaceable>filter</replaceable>. In
particular, it matches any package version which matches
both <replaceable>filter</replaceable> and
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>. The string value of
the match is the string value of
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="searchTermName">
<term><literal>?name(<replaceable>name</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~n<replaceable>name</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages whose name matches the regular
expression <replaceable>name</replaceable>. For
instance, most of the packages that match
<quote><literal>&Sname;(^lib)</literal></quote> are
libraries of one sort or another.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchNew'>
<term><literal>?new</literal>, <literal>~N</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages which are <quote>new</quote>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchObsolete'>
<term>
<literal>?obsolete</literal>, <literal>~o</literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This term matches any installed package which is not
available in any version from any archive. These
packages appear as <quote>Obsolete or Locally
Installed</quote> in the visual interface.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchOrigin'>
<term><literal>?origin(<replaceable>origin</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~O<replaceable>origin</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches package versions whose origin matches the
regular expression <replaceable>origin</replaceable>.
For instance,
<quote><literal>!?origin(debian)</literal></quote> will
find any unofficial packages on your system (packages
not from the Debian archive).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="searchProvides">
<term><literal>?provides(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~P<replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches package versions which provide a package that
matches the <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>. For
instance,
<quote><literal>?provides(mail-transport-agent)</literal></quote>
will match all the packages that provide
<quote><literal>mail-transport-agent</literal></quote>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchPriority'>
<term><literal>?priority(<replaceable>priority</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~p<replaceable>priority</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages whose priority is
<replaceable>priority</replaceable>;
<replaceable>priority</replaceable> must be
<literal>extra</literal>, <literal>important</literal>,
<literal>optional</literal>,
<literal>required</literal>, or
<literal>standard</literal>. For instance,
<quote><literal>?priority(required)</literal></quote>
matches packages whose priority is
<quote><literal>required</literal></quote>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchReverseDep'>
<term><literal>?reverse-<replaceable>depType</replaceable>(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~R<optional><replaceable>depType</replaceable>:</optional><replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
<replaceable>depType</replaceable> may be either
<quote><literal>provides</literal></quote> or one of the
dependency types given in <link
linkend='searchBrokenType'>the documentation of
<literal>?broken-<replaceable>depType</replaceable></literal></link>.
If <replaceable>depType</replaceable> is not present, it
defaults to <literal>depends</literal>.
</para>
<para>
If <replaceable>depType</replaceable> is
<quote><literal>provides</literal></quote>, matches
packages whose name is provided by a package version
matching <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>. Otherwise,
matches packages which a package version matching
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> declares a dependency of
type <replaceable>depType</replaceable> upon.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchReverseBrokenDep'>
<term><literal>?reverse-broken-<replaceable>depType</replaceable>(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>?broken-reverse-<replaceable>depType</replaceable>(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~RB<optional><replaceable>depType</replaceable>:</optional><replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
<replaceable>depType</replaceable> may be either
<quote><literal>provides</literal></quote> or one of the
dependency types given in <link
linkend='searchBrokenType'>the documentation of
<literal>?broken-<replaceable>depType</replaceable></literal></link>.
If <replaceable>depType</replaceable> is not present, it
defaults to <literal>depends</literal>.
</para>
<para>
Matches packages which a package version matching
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> declares an unsatisfied
dependency of type <replaceable>depType</replaceable> upon.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchSection'>
<term>
<literal>?section(<replaceable>section</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~s<replaceable>section</replaceable></literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages whose section matches the regular
expression <replaceable>section</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchSourcePackage'>
<term>
<literal>?source-package(<replaceable>name</replaceable>)</literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages whose source package name matches the
regular expression <replaceable>name</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchSourceVersion'>
<term>
<literal>?source-version(<replaceable>version</replaceable>)</literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages whose source version matches the
regular expression <replaceable>version</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchTag'>
<term><literal>?tag(<replaceable>tag</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~G<replaceable>tag</replaceable></literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages whose Tag field matches the regular
expression <replaceable>tag</replaceable>. For
instance, the pattern
<literal>?tag(game::strategy)</literal> would match
strategy games.
</para>
<para>
For more information on tags and debtags, see <ulink
url='http://debtags.alioth.debian.org'/>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchTrue'>
<term>
<literal>?true</literal>, <literal>~T</literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This term matches any package. For instance,
<quote><literal>&Sinstalled;&Sprovides;(&Strue;)</literal></quote>
matches installed packages which are provided by any
package.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchTask'>
<term>
<literal>~t<replaceable>task</replaceable></literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches packages that appear in a task whose name
matches the regular expression
<replaceable>task</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchUpgradable'>
<term>
<literal>?upgradable</literal>, <literal>~U</literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This term matches any installed package which can be
upgraded.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchUserTag'>
<term>
<literal>?user-tag(<replaceable>tag</replaceable>)</literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This term matches any package that is marked with a
user-tag matching the regular expression
<replaceable>tag</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="searchTermVersion">
<term>
<literal>?version(<replaceable>version</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~V<replaceable>version</replaceable></literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches any package version whose version number matches
the regular expression
<replaceable>version</replaceable>, with the exceptions
noted below. For instance,
<quote><literal>?version(debian)</literal></quote>
matches packages whose version contains
<quote><literal>debian</literal></quote>.
</para>
<para>
The following values of
<replaceable>version</replaceable> are treated
specially. To search for version numbers containing
these values, preface the value with a backslash; for
instance, to find packages whose version number contains
<literal>CURRENT</literal>, search for
<literal>\CURRENT</literal>.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>CURRENT</literal> matches the currently
installed version of a package, if any.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>CANDIDATE</literal> matches the version,
if any, of the package that will be installed if
you press <keycap>+</keycap> on the package or run
<literal>aptitude install</literal> on it.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>TARGET</literal> matches the version of a
package that is currently targeted for
installation, if any.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchVirtual'>
<term>
<literal>?virtual</literal>, <literal>~v</literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Matches any package which is purely virtual: that is,
its name is provided by a package or mentioned in a
dependency, but no package of that name exists. For
instance,
<quote><literal>?vortial!&Sprovides;(&Strue;)</literal></quote>
matches packages which are virtual and are not provided
by any package: ie, packages which are depended upon but
do not exist.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='searchWiden'>
<term>
<literal>?widen(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>, <literal>~W<replaceable>pattern</replaceable></literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<quote>Widens</quote> the match: if the versions to
match against have been limited by an enclosing term
(such as &Sdepends;), these limits are dropped. Thus,
<literal>&Swiden;(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</literal>
matches a package version if
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> matches
<emphasis>any</emphasis> version of that package.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
</section>
<section id='secConfig'>
<title>Customizing &aptitude;</title>
<section>
<title>Customizing the Package List</title>
<para>
The package list can be heavily customized: how packages are
displayed, how the package hierarchy is formed, how packages
are sorted, and even how the display is organized are all
open to change.
</para>
<section id='secDisplayFormat'>
<title>Customizing how packages are displayed</title>
<para>
This section describes how to configure the contents and
format of the package list, status line, and header line.
</para>
<para>
The format of each of these locations is defined by a
<quote>format string</quote>. A format string is a string of text
containing <literal>%</literal>-escapes such as
<literal>%p</literal>, <literal>%S</literal>, and so on.
The resulting output is created by taking the text and
replacing the <literal>%</literal>-escapes according to
their meanings (given below).
</para>
<para>
A <literal>%</literal>-escape can either have a fixed
size, in which case it is always replaced by the same
amount of text (with extra space characters added to fill
it out as necessary), or it can be <quote>expandable</quote>, meaning
that it takes up the space that is not claimed by
fixed-size columns. If there are several expandable
columns, the extra space is divided evenly between them.
</para>
<para>
All <literal>%</literal>-escapes come with a default size
and/or expandability. The size of a
<literal>%</literal>-escape can be changed by writing it
between the <literal>%</literal> and the character
identifying the escape; for instance,
<literal>%20V</literal> generates the <link
linkend='formatCandVer'>candidate version</link> of the
package, 20 characters wide. Placing a question mark
(<literal>?</literal>) between the <literal>%</literal>
and the character identifying the escape causes the
column's <quote>basic</quote> width to vary depending on
its content. Note that the resulting columns might not
line up vertically!
</para>
<para>
If you want a particular <literal>%</literal>-escape to be
expandable, even though it normally has a fixed width,
place a pound sign (ie,
<quote><literal>#</literal></quote>) immediately after it.
For instance, to display the candidate version of a
package, no matter how long it is, use the format string
<literal>%V#</literal>. You can also place
<literal>#</literal> after something that is not a
<literal>%</literal>-escape; &aptitude; will
<quote>expand</quote> the text preceding the
<literal>#</literal> by inserting extra spaces after it.
</para>
<para>
In summary, the syntax of a <literal>%</literal>-escape is:
</para>
<synopsis><literal>%</literal><optional><replaceable>width</replaceable></optional><optional><literal>?</literal></optional><replaceable>code</replaceable><optional><literal>#</literal></optional></synopsis>
<para>
The configuration variables <literal><link
linkend='configPackage-Display-Format'>Aptitude::UI::Package-Display-Format</link></literal>,
<literal><link
linkend='configPackage-Status-Format'>Aptitude::UI::Package-Status-Format</link></literal>,
and <literal><link
linkend='configPackage-Header-Format'>Aptitude::UI::Package-Header-Format</link></literal>
define the default formats the package list, the header at
the top of the package list, and the status line below the
package list respectively.
</para>
<para>
The following <literal>%</literal>-escapes are available
in format strings:
</para>
<note>
<para>
Some of the descriptions below refer to <quote>the package</quote>.
In the GUI, this is either the package being displayed
or the currently selected package; in the command-line
search, this is the package being displayed.
</para>
</note>
<segmentedlist>
<segtitle>Escape</segtitle>
<segtitle>Name</segtitle>
<segtitle>Default size</segtitle>
<segtitle>Expandable</segtitle>
<segtitle>Description</segtitle>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%%</literal></seg>
<seg>Literal <literal>%</literal></seg>
<seg>1</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
This is not really an escape; it simply inserts a
percent sign into the output at the point at which it
occurs.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%#<replaceable>number</replaceable></literal></seg>
<seg>Parameter Replacement</seg>
<seg>Variable</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
In some circumstances, a display format string will
have <quote>parameters</quote>: for instance, in the
command-line <literal>search</literal>, the groups
matched by the search are used as parameters when
displaying the result. This format code will be
replaced by the parameter indicated by
<replaceable>number</replaceable>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%a</literal></seg>
<seg>Action Flag</seg>
<seg>1</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
A single-character flag summarizing any action to be
performed on the package, as described in
<xref linkend='figureActionFlag'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%A</literal></seg>
<seg>Action</seg>
<seg>10</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
A somewhat more verbose description of the action to
be performed on the package.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%B</literal></seg>
<seg>Broken Count</seg>
<seg>12</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
If there are no broken packages, produces nothing.
Otherwise, produces a string such as
<quote><computeroutput>Broken: 10</computeroutput></quote>
describing the number of broken packages.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%c</literal></seg>
<seg>Current State Flag</seg>
<seg>1</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
A single-character flag summarizing the current state
of the package, as described in <xref
linkend='figureCurrentFlag'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%C</literal></seg>
<seg>Current State</seg>
<seg>11</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
A more verbose description of the current state of the
package.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%d</literal></seg>
<seg>Description</seg>
<seg>40</seg>
<seg>Yes</seg>
<seg>
The package's short description.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%D</literal></seg>
<seg>Package Size</seg>
<seg>6</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
The size of the package file containing the package.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%H</literal></seg>
<seg>Hostname</seg>
<seg>15</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
The name of the computer on which &aptitude; is running.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%i</literal></seg>
<seg>Pin priority</seg>
<seg>4</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Displays the highest priority assigned to a package
version; for packages, displays the priority of the
version which will be forced to be installed (if any).
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%I</literal></seg>
<seg>Installed Size</seg>
<seg>6</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
The (estimated) amount of space the package takes up on disk.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%m</literal></seg>
<seg>Maintainer</seg>
<seg>30</seg>
<seg>Yes</seg>
<seg>
The maintainer of the package.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%M</literal></seg>
<seg>Automatic Flag</seg>
<seg>1</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
If the package is automatically installed, outputs
<quote><computeroutput>A</computeroutput></quote>; otherwise,
outputs nothing.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%n</literal></seg>
<seg>Program Version</seg>
<seg>The length of <quote>&VERSION;</quote>.</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs the version of &aptitude; that is running,
currently
<quote><computeroutput>&VERSION;</computeroutput></quote>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%N</literal></seg>
<seg>Program Name</seg>
<seg>The length of the name.</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs the name of the program; usually
<quote><computeroutput>aptitude</computeroutput></quote>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%o</literal></seg>
<seg>Download Size</seg>
<seg>15</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
If no packages are going to be installed, outputs
nothing. Otherwise, outputs a string describing the
total size of all the package files which will be
installed (an estimate of how much needs to be
downloaded); for instance, <quote><computeroutput>DL size:
1000B</computeroutput></quote>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%p</literal></seg>
<seg>Package Name</seg>
<seg>30</seg>
<seg>Yes</seg>
<seg>
Outputs the name of the package. When a package is
displayed in a tree context, the name of the package
will be indented, if possible, according to its depth
in the tree.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%P</literal></seg>
<seg>Priority</seg>
<seg>9</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs the priority of the package.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%r</literal></seg>
<seg>Reverse Depends Count</seg>
<seg>2</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs the approximate number of installed packages
which depend upon the package.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%R</literal></seg>
<seg>Abbreviated Priority</seg>
<seg>3</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs an abbreviated description of the package's
priority: for instance,
<quote><computeroutput>Important</computeroutput></quote> becomes
<quote><computeroutput>Imp</computeroutput></quote>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%s</literal></seg>
<seg>Section</seg>
<seg>10</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs the section of the package.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%S</literal></seg>
<seg>Trust Status</seg>
<seg>1</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
If the package is untrusted, displays the letter "U".
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%t</literal></seg>
<seg>Archive</seg>
<seg>10</seg>
<seg>Yes</seg>
<seg>
The archive in which the package is found.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%T</literal></seg>
<seg>Tagged</seg>
<seg>1</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs <quote><computeroutput>*</computeroutput></quote> if the
package is tagged, nothing
otherwise.<footnote><para>Currently tagging is not
supported; this escape is for future
use.</para></footnote>
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%u</literal></seg>
<seg>Disk Usage Change</seg>
<seg>30</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
If the scheduled actions will alter the amount of
space used on the disk, outputs a description of the
change in disk space; for instance,
<quote><computeroutput>Will use 100MB of disk
space.</computeroutput></quote>
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem>
<seg><literal>%v</literal></seg>
<seg>Current Version</seg>
<seg>10</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs the currently installed version of the
package, or
<computeroutput><none></computeroutput> if the
package is not currently installed.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='formatCandVer'>
<seg><literal>%V</literal></seg>
<seg>Candidate Version</seg>
<seg>10</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs the version of the package which would be
installed if &package-install; were issued on the
package, or
<computeroutput><none></computeroutput> if the
package is not currently available.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='formatSizeChange'>
<seg><literal>%Z</literal></seg>
<seg>Size Change</seg>
<seg>7</seg>
<seg>No</seg>
<seg>
Outputs how much additional space will be used or how
much space will be freed by installing, upgrading, or
removing a package.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
</segmentedlist>
</section>
<section id='secGroupingPolicy'>
<title>Customizing the package hierarchy</title>
<para>
The package hierarchy is generated by a
<firstterm>grouping policy</firstterm>: rules describing
how the hierarchy should be built. The grouping policy
describes a <quote>pipeline</quote> of rules; each rule
can discard packages, create sub-hierarchies in which
packages reside, or otherwise manipulate the tree. The
configuration items <literal><link
linkend='configDefault-Grouping'>Aptitude::UI::Default-Grouping</link></literal>
and <literal><link
linkend='configDefault-Preview-Grouping'>Aptitude::UI::Default-Preview-Grouping</link></literal>
set the grouping policies for newly created package lists
and preview screens, respectively. You can set the
grouping policy for the <emphasis>current</emphasis>
package list by pressing <keycap>G</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
The grouping policy is described by a comma-separated list
of rules:
<literal><replaceable>rule1</replaceable>,<replaceable>rule2</replaceable>,<replaceable>...</replaceable></literal>.
Each <replaceable>rule</replaceable> consists of the name
of the rule, possibly followed by arguments: for instance,
<literal>versions</literal> or
<literal>section(subdir)</literal>. Whether arguments are
required and how many arguments are required (or allowed)
depends on the type of rule.
</para>
<para>
Rules can be <firstterm>non-terminal</firstterm> or
<firstterm>terminal</firstterm>. A non-terminal rule will
process a package by generating some part of the
hierarchy, then passing the package on to a later rule. A
terminal rule, on the other hand, will also generate part
of the tree (typically items corresponding to the
package), but does not pass its package to a later rule.
If no terminal rule is specified, &aptitude; will use the
default rule, which is to create the standard <quote>package
items</quote>.
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>action</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Groups packages according to the action scheduled on
them; packages that are not upgradable and will be
unchanged are ignored. This is the grouping that is
used in preview trees.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>deps</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This is a terminal rule.
</para>
<para>
Creates standard package items which can be expanded
to reveal the dependencies of the package.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>filter(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>)</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Include only packages for which at least one version
matches <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</para>
<para>
If <replaceable>pattern</replaceable> is
<quote>missing</quote>, no packages are discarded.
This is a backwards compatibility feature and may be
removed in the future.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>firstchar</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Groups packages based on the first character of
their name.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>hier</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Groups packages according to an extra data file
describing a <quote>hierarchy</quote> of packages.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>pattern(<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> <optional>=> <replaceable>title</replaceable></optional><optional>, ...</optional>)</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
A customizable grouping policy. Each version of
every package is matched against the given
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>s. The first
match found is used to assign a
<replaceable>title</replaceable> to the package;
packages are then grouped by their
<replaceable>title</replaceable>. Strings of the
form <literal>\N</literal> that occur in
<replaceable>title</replaceable> will be replaced by
the Nth result of the match. If
<replaceable>title</replaceable> is not present, it
is assumed to be <literal>\1</literal>.
</para>
<para>
For instance, <literal>pattern(&Smaintainer;() =>
\1)</literal> will group packages according to their
Maintainer field. The policy
<literal>pattern(&Smaintainer;())</literal> will do
the same thing, as the absent
<replaceable>title</replaceable> defaults to
<literal>\1</literal>.
</para>
<para>
Instead of <literal>=>
<replaceable>title</replaceable></literal>, an entry
may end with <literal>||</literal>. This indicates
that packages matching the corresponding
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable> will be inserted
into the tree at the same level as the
<literal>pattern</literal> grouping, rather than
being placed in subtrees. For instance,
<literal>pattern(&Saction;(remove) => Packages Being
Removed, &Strue; ||)</literal> will place packages
that are being removed into a subtree, and place all
the other packages at the current level. Any later
grouping policies will apply to both sets of
packages, of course.
</para>
<para>
See <xref linkend='secSearchPatterns'/>
for more information on the format of
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>priority</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Groups packages according to their priority.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>section<optional>(<replaceable>mode</replaceable><optional>,passthrough</optional>)</optional></synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Groups packages according to their Section field.
</para>
<para>
<replaceable>mode</replaceable> can be one of the
following:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>none</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Group based on the whole Section field, so
categories like <quote>non-free/games</quote> will be
created. This is the default if no
<replaceable>mode</replaceable> is specified.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>topdir</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Group based on the part of the Section field
before the first <literal>/</literal>
character; if this part of the Section is not
recognized, or if there is no
<literal>/</literal>, the first entry in the
list <literal><link
linkend='configTop-Sections'>Aptitude::Sections::Top-Sections</link></literal>
will be used instead.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>subdir</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Group based on the part of the Section field
after the first <literal>/</literal>
character, if it is contained in the list
<literal><link
linkend='configTop-Sections'>Aptitude::Sections::Top-Sections</link></literal>.
If not, or if there is no
<literal>/</literal>, group based on the
entire Section field instead.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>subdirs</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Group based on the part of the Section field
after the first <literal>/</literal>
character, if the portion of the field
preceding it is contained in the list
<literal><link
linkend='configTop-Sections'>Aptitude::Sections::Top-Sections</link></literal>;
if not, or if there is no
<literal>/</literal>, the entire field will be
used. If there are multiple
<literal>/</literal> characters in the portion
of the field that is used, a hierarchy of
groups will be formed. For instance, if
<quote><literal>games</literal></quote> is not
a member of <literal><link
linkend='configTop-Sections'>Aptitude::Sections::Top-Sections</link></literal>,
then a package with a section of
<quote><literal>games/arcade</literal></quote>
will be placed under the top-level heading
<quote><literal>games</literal></quote>, in a
sub-tree named
<quote><literal>arcade</literal></quote>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
If <literal>passthrough</literal> is present,
packages which for some reason lack a true Section
(for instance, virtual packages) will be passed
directly to the next level of grouping without first
being placed in sub-categories.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>status</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Groups packages into the following categories:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Installed</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Not Installed</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Security Updates</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Upgradable</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Obsolete</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Virtual</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>tag<optional>(<replaceable>facet</replaceable>)</optional></synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Groups packages according to the Tag information
stored in the Debian package files. If
<replaceable>facet</replaceable> is provided, then
only tags corresponding to that facet will be
displayed, and packages lacking this facet will be
hidden; otherwise, all packages will be displayed at
least once (with tagless packages listed separately
from packages that have tags).
</para>
<para>
For more information on debtags, see <ulink
url='http://debtags.alioth.debian.org'/>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>task</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Creates a tree called <quote>Tasks</quote> which contains the
available tasks (information on tasks is read from
<filename>debian-tasks.desc</filename> in the
package <systemitem>tasksel</systemitem>). The rule
following <literal>task</literal> will create its
categories as siblings of Tasks.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><synopsis>versions</synopsis></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This is a terminal rule.
</para>
<para>
Creates standard package items which can be expanded
to reveal the versions of the package.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id='secSortingPolicy'>
<title>Customizing how packages are sorted</title>
<para>
By default, packages in the package list are sorted by
name. However, it is often useful to sort them according
to different criteria (for instance, package size), and
&aptitude; allows you to do just that by modifying the
<firstterm>sorting policy</firstterm>.
</para>
<para>
Like the grouping policy described in <link
linkend='secGroupingPolicy'>the previous section</link>,
the sorting policy is a comma-separated list. Each item
in the list is the name of a sorting rule; if packages are
<quote>equal</quote> according to the first rule, the second rule is
used to sort them, and so on. Placing a tilde character
(<literal>~</literal>) in front of a rule reverses the
usual meaning of that rule. For instance,
<literal>priority,~name</literal> will sort packages by
priority, but packages with the same priority will be
placed in reverse order according to name.
</para>
<para>
To change the sorting policy for an active package list,
press <keycap>S</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
The available rules are:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>installsize</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Sorts packages by the estimated amount of size they
require when installed.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>name</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Sorts packages by name.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>priority</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Sorts packages by priority.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>version</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Sorts packages according to their version number.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
</section>
<section id='secKeybindings'>
<title>Customizing keybindings</title>
<para>
The keys used to activate commands in &aptitude; can be
customized in the <link
linkend='secConfigFile'>configuration file</link>. Every
command has an associated configuration variable under
<literal>Aptitude::UI::Keybindings</literal>; to change the
keystroke bound to a command, just set the corresponding
variable to the keystroke. For instance, to make the key
<keycap>s</keycap> perform a search, set
<literal>Aptitude::UI::Keybindings::Search</literal> to
<quote><literal>s</literal></quote>. You can require the Control key to
be pressed by placing <quote><literal>C-</literal></quote> in front of
the key: for instance, using <quote><literal>C-s</literal></quote>
instead of <quote><literal>s</literal></quote> would bind Search to
<keycombo
action='simul'><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>s</keycap></keycombo>
instead of <keycap>s</keycap>. Finally, you can bind a
command to several keys at once using a comma-separated
list: for instance, using <quote><literal>s,C-s</literal></quote> would
cause both <keycap>s</keycap> and <keycombo
action='simul'><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>s</keycap></keycombo>
to perform a search.
</para>
<para>
The following commands can be bound to keys by setting the
variable
<literal>Aptitude::UI::Keybindings::<replaceable>command</replaceable></literal>,
where <replaceable>command</replaceable> is the name of the
command to be bound:
</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Command</entry>
<entry>Default</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><literal>ApplySolution</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>!</literal></entry>
<entry>
If packages are broken and &aptitude; has suggested
a solution to the problem, immediately apply the
solution.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Begin</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>home,C-a</literal></entry>
<entry>
Move to the beginning of the current display: to the
top of a list, or to the left of a text entry field.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>BugReport</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>B</literal></entry>
<entry>
Reports a bug in the currently selected package,
using <command>reportbug</command>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Cancel</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>C-g,escape,C-[</literal></entry>
<entry>
Cancels the current interaction: for instance,
discards a dialog box or deactivates the menu.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Changelog</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>C</literal></entry>
<entry>
Displays the <filename>changelog.Debian</filename>
of the currently selected package or package
version.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ChangePkgTreeGrouping</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>G</literal></entry>
<entry>
Changes the <link
linkend='secGroupingPolicy'>grouping policy</link>
of the currently active package list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ChangePkgTreeLimit</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>l</literal></entry>
<entry>
Changes the <link
linkend='secSearchPatterns'>limit</link> of the
currently active package list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ChangePkgTreeSorting</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>S</literal></entry>
<entry>
Changes the <link linkend='secSortingPolicy'>sorting
policy</link> of the currently active package list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ClearAuto</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>m</literal></entry>
<entry>
Marks the currently selected package as having been
manually installed.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>CollapseAll</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>]</literal></entry>
<entry>
Collapses the selected tree and all its children in
a hierarchical list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>CollapseTree</literal></entry>
<entry>No binding</entry>
<entry>
Collapses the selected tree in a hierarchical list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Commit</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>N</literal></entry>
<entry>
In the <!-- TODO: <link linkend='secHier'>
-->hierarchy editor, stores the hierarchy location
of the current package and proceeds to the next
package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Confirm</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>enter</literal></entry>
<entry>
In dialog boxes, this is equivalent to pressing
<quote><guilabel>Ok</guilabel></quote>; when
interacting with a status-line multiple choice
question, it chooses the default option.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Cycle</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>tab</literal></entry>
<entry>
Switches the keyboard focus to the next <quote>widget</quote>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>CycleNext</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>f6</literal></entry>
<entry>
Switches to the next active view.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>CycleOrder</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>o</literal></entry>
<entry>
Cycles through predefined arrangements of the display.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>CyclePrev</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>f7</literal></entry>
<entry>
Switches to the previous active view.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DelBOL</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>C-u</literal></entry>
<entry>
Deletes all text between the cursor and the
beginning of the line.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DelBack</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>backspace,C-h</literal></entry>
<entry>
Deletes the previous character when entering text.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DelEOL</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>C-k</literal></entry>
<entry>
Deletes all text from the cursor to the end of the
line.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DelForward</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>delete,C-d</literal></entry>
<entry>
Deletes the character under the cursor when entering text.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Dependencies</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>d</literal></entry>
<entry>
Displays the dependencies of the currently selected
package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DescriptionCycle</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>i</literal></entry>
<entry>
When browsing the package list, cycles through the
available views in the information area.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DescriptionDown</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>z</literal></entry>
<entry>
When browsing the package list, scrolls the
information area down one line.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DescriptionUp</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>a</literal></entry>
<entry>
When browsing the package list, scrolls the
information area up one line.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DoInstallRun</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>g</literal></entry>
<entry>
If not in a preview screen, display the preview
screen
<footnote>
<para>
unless <literal><link
linkend='configDisplay-Planned-Action'>Aptitude::Display-Planned-Action</link></literal>
is false.
</para>
</footnote>; if in a preview screen, perform an
<link linkend='secInstallRun'>install run.</link>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Down</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>down,j</literal></entry>
<entry>
Moves down: for instance, scrolls a text display
down or selects the next item in a list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DpkgReconfigure</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>R</literal></entry>
<entry>
Runs <quote>dpkg-reconfigure</quote> on the currently selected
package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DumpResolver</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>*</literal></entry>
<entry>
If packages are broken, writes the current state of
the problem-resolver to a file (for debugging
purposes).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>EditHier</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>E</literal></entry>
<entry>
Opens the <!--TODO: link linkend='secHier'>
-->hierarchy editor.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>End</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>end,C-e</literal></entry>
<entry>
Move to the end of the current display: to the
bottom of a list, or to the right of a text entry
field.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ExamineSolution</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>e</literal></entry>
<entry>
If some packages are broken and &aptitude; has
suggested a solution, display a dialog box with a
detailed description of the proposed solution.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ExpandAll</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>[</literal></entry>
<entry>
Expands the selected tree and all its children in a
hierarchical list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ExpandTree</literal></entry>
<entry>No binding</entry>
<entry>
Expands the selected tree in a hierarchical list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>FirstSolution</literal></entry>
<entry><literal><</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select the first solution produced by the problem
resolver.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ForbidUpgrade</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>F</literal></entry>
<entry>
<link linkend='pkgCmdForbid'>Forbids</link> a
package from being upgraded to the currently
available version (or a particular version).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ForgetNewPackages</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>f</literal></entry>
<entry>
Discards all information about which packages are
<quote>new</quote> (causes the list of <quote>new</quote> packages to become
empty).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Help</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>?</literal></entry>
<entry>
Displays the on-line help screen.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>HistoryNext</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>down,C-n</literal></entry>
<entry>
In a line editor with history, moves forwards in
the history.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>HistoryPrev</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>up,C-p</literal></entry>
<entry>
In a line editor with history, moves backwards in
the history.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Hold</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>=</literal></entry>
<entry>
Places a package on <link
linkend='pkgCmdHold'>hold</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Install</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>+</literal></entry>
<entry>
Flags a package for <link
linkend='pkgCmdInstall'>installation</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>InstallSingle</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>I</literal></entry>
<entry>
Marks a single package for installation; all other
packages are kept at their current version.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Keep</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>:</literal></entry>
<entry>
<link linkend='pkgCmdKeep'>Cancels</link> all
installation or removal requests and all holds for a
package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>LastSolution</literal></entry>
<entry><literal><</literal></entry>
<entry>
Select the last solution produced by the problem
resolver.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Left</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>left,h</literal></entry>
<entry>
Moves left: for instance, moves one menu to the left
in the menu bar, or moves the cursor to the left
when editing text.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>LevelDown</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>J</literal></entry>
<entry>
In a hierarchical list, selects the next sibling of
the currently selected item (the next item at the
same level with the same parent).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>LevelUp</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>K</literal></entry>
<entry>
In a hierarchical list, selects the previous sibling
of the currently selected item (the previous item at
the same level with the same parent).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MarkUpgradable</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>U</literal></entry>
<entry>
Attempts to upgrade all packages which are not held
back or forbidden from upgrading.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineFlagSquare</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>f</literal></entry>
<entry>
In <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link>, places
or removes a flag on a square.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineLoadGame</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>L</literal></entry>
<entry>
Loads a <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link> game.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineSaveGame</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>S</literal></entry>
<entry>
Saves a <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link> game.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineSweepSquare</literal></entry>
<entry>No binding</entry>
<entry>
Sweeps around the current square in <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineUncoverSquare</literal></entry>
<entry>No binding</entry>
<entry>
Uncovers the current square in <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineUncoverSweepSquare</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>enter</literal></entry>
<entry>
Uncovers the current square in <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link> if it is
covered; otherwise, sweeps around it.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>NextPage</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>pagedown,C-f</literal></entry>
<entry>
Moves the current display one page forward.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>NextSolution</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>.</literal></entry>
<entry>
Advance the dependency resolver to the next solution.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>No</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>n</literal><footnoteref linkend='footnoteYesNoLocale'/></entry>
<entry>
This key will select the <quote>no</quote> button in
yes/no dialog boxes.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Parent</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>^</literal></entry>
<entry>
Selects the parent of the selected item in a
hierarchical list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PrevPage</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>pageup,C-b</literal></entry>
<entry>
Moves the current display one page backward.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PrevSolution</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>,</literal></entry>
<entry>
Return the dependency resolver to the previous solution.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Purge</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>_</literal></entry>
<entry>
Flags the currently selected package to be <link
linkend='pkgCmdPurge'>purged</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PushButton</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>space,enter</literal></entry>
<entry>
Activates the currently selected button, or toggles
a checkbox.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Quit</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>q</literal></entry>
<entry>
Close the current view.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>QuitProgram</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>Q</literal></entry>
<entry>
Quit the entire program.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>RejectBreakHolds</literal></entry>
<entry></entry>
<entry>
Reject all resolver actions that would break a hold;
equivalent to <link
linkend='menuResolverRejectBreakHolds'>&resolver-reject-break-holds;</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Refresh</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>C-l</literal></entry>
<entry>
Redraws the screen from scratch.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Remove</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>-</literal></entry>
<entry>
Flags a package for <link linkend='pkgCmdRemove'>removal</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ReInstall</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>L</literal></entry>
<entry>
Flags the currently selected package to be
<link linkend='pkgCmdReinstall'>reinstalled</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>RepeatSearchBack</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>N</literal></entry>
<entry>
Repeats the last search, but searches in the
opposite direction.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ReSearch</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>n</literal></entry>
<entry>
Repeats the last search.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ReverseDependencies</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>r</literal></entry>
<entry>
Displays packages which depend upon the currently
selected package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Right</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>right,l</literal></entry>
<entry>
Moves right: for instance, moves one menu to the
right in the menu bar, or moves the cursor to the
right when editing text.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>SaveHier</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>S</literal></entry>
<entry>
In the <!-- TODO: <link linkend='secHier'>
-->hierarchy editor, saves the current hierarchy.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Search</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>/</literal></entry>
<entry>
Activate the <quote>search</quote> function of the
currently active interface element.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>SearchBack</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>\</literal></entry>
<entry>
Activate the <quote>search backwards</quote> function of the
currently active interface element.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>SearchBroken</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>b</literal></entry>
<entry>
In a package tree, search for the next broken
package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>SetAuto</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>M</literal></entry>
<entry>
Marks the current package as having been <link
linkend='secAutoInstall'>automatically
installed</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row id='keyShowHideDescription'>
<entry><literal>ShowHideDescription</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>D</literal></entry>
<entry>
In a package list, toggles whether the information
area is visible.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>SolutionActionApprove</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>a</literal></entry>
<entry>
When viewing a solution, marks the currently
selected action as "approved" (it will be included
in future solutions whenever possible).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>SolutionActionReject</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>r</literal></entry>
<entry>
When viewing a solution, marks the currently
selected action as "rejected" (future solutions will
not contain it).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ToggleExpanded</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>enter</literal></entry>
<entry>
Expands or collapses the currently selected tree in
a hierarchical list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ToggleMenuActive</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>C-m,f10,C-space</literal></entry>
<entry>
Activates or deactivates the main menu.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Undo</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>C-_,C-u</literal></entry>
<entry>
Cancels the last action, up to when &aptitude; was
started OR the last time you update the package
lists or installed packages.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Up</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>up,k</literal></entry>
<entry>
Moves up: for instance, scrolls a text display
up or selects the previous item in a list.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>UpdatePackageList</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>u</literal></entry>
<entry>
Updates the list of packages by fetching new lists
from the Internet if necessary.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Versions</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>v</literal></entry>
<entry>
Displays the available versions of the currently
selected package.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Yes</literal></entry>
<entry>
<literal>y</literal>
<footnote id='footnoteYesNoLocale'>
<para>
This default may be different in different locales.
</para>
</footnote>
</entry>
<entry>
This key will select the <quote>Yes</quote> button
in yes/no dialog boxes.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>
In addition to letter keys, number keys, and punctuation,
the following <quote>special</quote> keys can be bound:
</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Key name</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><literal>a1</literal></entry>
<entry>The A1 key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>a3</literal></entry>
<entry>The A3 key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>b2</literal></entry>
<entry>The B2 key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>backspace</literal></entry>
<entry>The Backspace key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>backtab</literal></entry>
<entry>The back-tab key</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>begin</literal></entry>
<entry>The Begin key (not Home)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>break</literal></entry>
<entry>
The <quote>break</quote> key.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>c1</literal></entry>
<entry>The C1 key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>c3</literal></entry>
<entry>The C3 key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>cancel</literal></entry>
<entry>The Cancel key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>create</literal></entry>
<entry>The Create key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>comma</literal></entry>
<entry>
Comma (,) -- note that because commas are used to
list keys, this is the only way to bind to a comma.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>command</literal></entry>
<entry>The Command key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>copy</literal></entry>
<entry>The Copy key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>delete</literal></entry>
<entry>The Delete key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>delete_line</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>delete line</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>down</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>down</quote> arrow key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>end</literal></entry>
<entry>The End key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>entry</literal></entry>
<entry>The Enter key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>exit</literal></entry>
<entry>The Exit key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>f1</literal>, <literal>f2</literal>, ..., <literal>f10</literal></entry>
<entry>The F1 through F10 keys.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>find</literal></entry>
<entry>The Find key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>home</literal></entry>
<entry>The Home key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>insert</literal></entry>
<entry>The Insert key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>insert_exit</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>insert exit</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>clear</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>clear</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>clear_eol</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>clear to end of line</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>clear_eos</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>clear to end of screen</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>insert_line</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>insert line</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>left</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>left</quote> arrow key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>mark</literal></entry>
<entry>The Mark key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>message</literal></entry>
<entry>The Message key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>move</literal></entry>
<entry>The Move key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>next</literal></entry>
<entry>The Next key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>open</literal></entry>
<entry>The Open key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>previous</literal></entry>
<entry>The Previous key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>print</literal></entry>
<entry>The Print key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>redo</literal></entry>
<entry>The Redo key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>reference</literal></entry>
<entry>The Reference key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>refresh</literal></entry>
<entry>The Refresh key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>replace</literal></entry>
<entry>The Replace key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>restart</literal></entry>
<entry>The Restart key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>resume</literal></entry>
<entry>The Resume key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>return</literal></entry>
<entry>The Return key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>right</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>right</quote> arrow key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>save</literal></entry>
<entry>The Save key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>scrollf</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>scroll forward</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>scrollr</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>scroll backwards</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>select</literal></entry>
<entry>The Select key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>suspend</literal></entry>
<entry>The Suspend key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>pagedown</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>Page Down</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>pageup</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>Page Up</quote> key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>space</literal></entry>
<entry>The Space key</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>tab</literal></entry>
<entry>The Tab key</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>undo</literal></entry>
<entry>The Undo key.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>up</literal></entry>
<entry>The <quote>up</quote> arrow key.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>
In addition to binding keys globally, it is possible to
change key bindings for one particular part (or
<firstterm>domain</firstterm>) of &aptitude;: for instance,
to make Tab the equivalent of the right arrow key in menu
bars, set
<literal>Aptitude::UI::Keybindings::Menubar::Right</literal>
to <quote><literal>tab,right</literal></quote>. The
following domains are available:
</para>
<informaltable colsep='0' frame='all'>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Domain</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><literal>EditLine</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by line-editing widgets, such as the entry
field in a <quote>search</quote> dialog.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Menu</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by drop-down menus.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Menubar</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by the menu bar at the top of the screen.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Minesweeper</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by the <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link> mode.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MinibufChoice</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by the multiple-choice prompts that appear if
you have chosen to have some prompts appear in the
status line.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Pager</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used when displaying a file on disk (for instance,
the help text).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgNode</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by packages, trees of packages, package
versions, and package dependencies when they appear
in package lists.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgTree</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by package lists.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Table</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by tables of widgets (for instance, dialog boxes).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>TextLayout</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by formatted text displays, such as package
descriptions.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Tree</literal></entry>
<entry>
Used by all tree displays (including package lists,
for which it can be overridden by
<literal>PkgTree</literal>).
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id='secStyle'>
<title>Customizing text colors and styles</title>
<para>
The colors and visual styles used by &aptitude; to display
text can be extensively customized. Each visual element has
an associated <quote>style</quote>, which describes the
particular colors and visual attributes that will be used to
display that element. Styles take the form of a list of
color and attribute settings. This list is not necessarily
exhaustive; if some colors or attributes are not explicitly
specified, their values will be taken from the surrounding
visual context. In fact, most visual elements have an
<quote>empty</quote> style by default.
</para>
<para>
You can change the contents of a style by creating a
configuration group of the same name in the &apt; or
&aptitude; configuration file. For instance, the
<quote><literal>MenuBorder</literal></quote> style is used
to draw the visual border around drop-down menus. By
default, this border is drawn bold and white-on-blue.
Placing the following text in the configuration file would
change it to white-on-cyan:
</para>
<screen>Aptitude::UI::Styles {
MenuBorder {fg white; bg cyan; set bold;};
};</screen>
<para>
As you can see, a style's configuration group consists of a
sequence of instructions. The general classes of
instructions are:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>fg</literal> <replaceable>color</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Sets the text foreground to the given
<replaceable>color</replaceable>. See below for a
list of the colors known to &aptitude;.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>bg</literal> <replaceable>color</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Sets the text background to the given
<replaceable>color</replaceable>. See below for a
list of the colors known to &aptitude;.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>set</literal> <replaceable>attribute</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Enables the given text
<replaceable>attribute</replaceable>. See below for a
list of the text attributes known to &aptitude;.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>clear</literal> <replaceable>attribute</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Disables the given text
<replaceable>attribute</replaceable>. See below for a
list of the text attributes known to &aptitude;.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>flip</literal> <replaceable>attribute</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Toggles the given text
<replaceable>attribute</replaceable>: if it is enabled
in the surrounding element, it will be disabled, and
vice versa. See below for a list of the text
attributes known to &aptitude;.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
The colors that &aptitude; recognizes are <literal>black</literal>,
<literal>blue</literal>, <literal>cyan</literal>,
<literal>green</literal>, <literal>magenta</literal>,
<literal>red</literal>, <literal>white</literal>, and
<literal>yellow</literal>
<footnote>
<para>
On some terminals, a <quote>yellow</quote> background
will actually come out brown.
</para>
</footnote>. In addition, you may specify
<literal>default</literal> in place of a background color to
use the default terminal background (this could be the
default color, an image file, or even
<quote>transparent</quote>). The styles that &aptitude;
recognizes are:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>blink</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Enables blinking text.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>bold</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Makes the foreground color of the text (or the
background if reverse video is enabled) brighter.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>dim</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
May cause text to be extra-dim on some terminals. No
effect has been observed on common Linux terminals.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>reverse</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Swaps the foreground and background colors. Many
visual elements flip this attribute to perform common
highlighting tasks.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>standout</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This enables <quote>the best highlighting mode of the
terminal</quote>. In xterms it is similar, but
not idential to, reverse video; behavior on other
terminals may vary.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>underline</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Enables underlined text.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
You can select several attributes at once by separating them
with commas; for instance, <literal>set
bold,standout;</literal>.
</para>
<note>
<para>
As hinted at above, the interpretation of both styles and
text attributes is highly terminal-dependent. You may
need to experiment a bit to find out exactly what some
settings do on your terminal.
</para>
</note>
<para>
The following styles can be customized in &aptitude;:
</para>
<figure id='figStyles'>
<title>Customizable styles in &aptitude;</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Style</entry>
<entry>Default</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><literal>Bullet</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg yellow; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of the bullets in bulleted lists.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>ChangelogNewerVersion</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of newer versions of the package in the
changelog view. Note that &aptitude; will only
highlight newer versions of the package if you
have the package libparse-debianchangelog-perl
installed.
</entry>
</row>
<row id='colorDefaultWidgetBackground'>
<entry><literal>Default</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg black;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The basic style of the screen.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DepBroken</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg black; bg red;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of unfulfilled dependencies.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DisabledMenuEntry</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg black; bg blue; set dim;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of menu entries that are disabled and
cannot be used.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DownloadHit</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg black; bg green;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style used to indicate that a file was
<quote>hit</quote>: i.e., it has not changed since
the last time it was downloaded.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>DownloadProgress</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg blue; bg yellow;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of the progress indicator for a
download.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>EditLine</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg black; clear reverse;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of line editors (for instance, the entry
in the <quote>Search</quote> dialog).
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Error</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg red; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>The style of error messages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Header</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg blue; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of screen headers.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>HighlightedMenuBar</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg blue; set bold,reverse;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of the currently selected menu name in
the menu bar.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>HighlightedMenuEntry</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg blue; set bold,reverse;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of the currently selected choice in a
menu.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MediaChange</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg yellow; bg red; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of the dialog used to ask the user to
insert a new CD.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MenuBar</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg blue; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of the menu bar.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MenuBorder</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg blue; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of the borders that surround a drop-down
menu.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MenuEntry</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg blue;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of each entry in a drop-down menu.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineBomb</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg red; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of bombs in <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineBorder</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of the border drawn around a <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link> board.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineFlag</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg red; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of flags in <link
linkend='secMinesweeper'>Minesweeper</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MineNumber</literal><replaceable>N</replaceable></entry>
<entry>Various</entry>
<entry>
The style of the number
<replaceable>N</replaceable> in Minesweeper;
<replaceable>N</replaceable> may range from 0 to
8.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MultiplexTab</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg blue;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The color used to display <quote>tabs</quote>
other than the currently selected one.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>MultiplexTabHighlighted</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg blue; bg white;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The color used to display the currently selected
<quote>tab</quote>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgBroken</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg red; flip reverse;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of packages in the package list which
have unfulfilled dependencies.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgBrokenHighlighted</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg red;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of highlighted packages in the package
list which have unfulfilled dependencies.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgNotInstalled</literal></entry>
<entry></entry>
<entry>
The style of packages which are not currently
installed and will not be installed.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgNotInstalledHighlighted</literal></entry>
<entry></entry>
<entry>
The style of highlighted packages which are not
currently installed and will not be installed.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgIsInstalled</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of packages which are currently
installed and for which no actions are scheduled.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgIsInstalledHighlighted</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>set bold; flip reverse;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of highlighted packages which are
currently installed and for which no actions are
scheduled.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToDowngrade</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of packages in the package list which
will be downgraded.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToDowngradeHighlighted</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>set bold; flip reverse</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of highlighted packages in the package
list which will be downgraded.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToHold</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; flip reverse;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of packages in the package list which
are <link linkend='pkgCmdHold'>on hold</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToHoldHighlighted</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of highlighted packages in the package
list which are <link linkend='pkgCmdHold'>on
hold</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToInstall</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg green; flip reverse;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of packages in the package list which
are being <link
linkend='pkgCmdInstall'>installed</link> (not
upgraded) or <link
linkend='pkgCmdReinstall'>reinstalled</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToInstallHighlighted</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg green;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of highlighted packages in the package
list which are being <link
linkend='pkgCmdInstall'>installed</link> (not
upgraded) or <link
linkend='pkgCmdReinstall'>reinstalled</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToRemove</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg magenta; flip reverse;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of packages in the package list which
will be <link
linkend='pkgCmdRemove'>removed</link> or <link
linkend='pkgCmdPurge'>purged</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToRemoveHighlighted</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg magenta;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of highlighted packages in the package
list which will be <link
linkend='pkgCmdRemove'>removed</link> or <link
linkend='pkgCmdPurge'>purged</link>.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToUpgrade</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg cyan; flip reverse;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of packages in the package list which
will be upgraded.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>PkgToUpgradeHighlighted</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg cyan;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of highlighted packages in the package
list which will be upgraded.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>Progress</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg blue; bg yellow;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of progress indicators such as the one
that appears while the package cache is being
loaded.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>SolutionActionApproved</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>bg green;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of approved actions in a solution.
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>SolutionActionRejected</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>bg red;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of rejected actions in a solution.
</entry>
</row>
<row id='colorScreenStatusColor'>
<entry><literal>Status</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg white; bg blue; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The style of status lines at the bottom of the
screen.
</entry>
</row>
<row id='colorTreeBackground'>
<entry><literal>TreeBackground</literal></entry>
<entry></entry>
<entry>
The basic color of all visual lists and trees.
</entry>
</row>
<row id='colorTrustWarning'>
<entry><literal>TrustWarning</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>fg red; bg black; set bold;</literal></entry>
<entry>
The color used to display warnings about <link
linkend='secTrust'>package trust</link>.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</figure>
</section>
<section id='secDisplayLayout'>
<title>Customizing the display layout</title>
<para>
It is possible to rearrange the &aptitude; package list by
making suitable modifications to the <link
linkend='secConfigFile'>configuration file</link>.
</para>
<section>
<title>Display Elements</title>
<para>
The layout is stored in the configuration group
<literal>Aptitude::UI::Default-Package-View</literal>, and
consists of a list of display elements:
</para>
<synopsis><replaceable>Name</replaceable> <replaceable>Type</replaceable> {
Row <replaceable>row</replaceable>;
Column <replaceable>column</replaceable>;
Width <replaceable>width</replaceable>;
Height <replaceable>height</replaceable>;
<replaceable>additional options...</replaceable>
};</synopsis>
<para>
This creates a display element named
<replaceable>Name</replaceable>; the type of element
created is determined by <replaceable>Type</replaceable>.
The <literal><link
linkend='layoutRow'>Row</link></literal>, <literal><link
linkend='layoutColumn'>Column</link></literal>,
<literal><link
linkend='layoutWidth'>Width</link></literal>, and
<literal><link
linkend='layoutHeight'>Height</link></literal>
options must be present; they determine where the display
element is placed. (see <link
linkend='secWidgetPlacement'>below</link> for a detailed
explanation of how display elements are arranged)
</para>
<para>
For examples of how to change the display layout, see the
<link linkend='secThemes'>theme</link> definitions in the
file
<filename>/usr/share/aptitude/aptitude-defaults</filename>.
</para>
<para>
The following types of display elements are available:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry id='layoutDescription'>
<term><literal>Description</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This display element will contain the
<quote>information area</quote> (typically a
description of the currently selected package).
</para>
<para>
The option <literal><link
linkend='layoutPopUpDownKey'>PopUpDownKey</link></literal>
gives the name of a keyboard command which will
cause the display element to be shown or hidden.
For instance, setting this to <literal><link
linkend='keyShowHideDescription'>ShowHideDescription</link></literal>
will give the current display element the same
behavior as the default information area. The
option <literal><link
linkend='layoutPopUpDownKey'>PopUpDownLinked</link></literal>
gives the name of another display element; the
current element will be shown or hidden whenever the
other element is.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>MainWidget</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This is a placeholder for the <quote>main</quote>
display element: typically this is the list of
packages. A display layout must contain exactly one
<literal>MainWidget</literal> element: no more, no
less.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutStatic'>
<term><literal>Static</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
A region of the screen which displays some text,
possibly containing formatting codes as described in
<xref linkend='secDisplayFormat'/>. The text to
display can be given in the <literal><link
linkend='layoutColumns'>Columns</link></literal>
option, or it can be stored in another configuration
variable specified by the <literal><link
linkend='layoutColumnsCfg'>ColumnsCfg</link></literal>
option. The color of the text is determined by the
color named by the <literal><link
linkend='layoutColor'>Color</link></literal> option.
</para>
<para>
<literal>Static</literal> items can be displayed and
hidden in the same way as <literal><link
linkend='layoutDescription'>Description</link></literal>
items, using the <literal><link
linkend='layoutPopUpDownKey'>PopUpDownKey</link></literal>
and <literal><link
linkend='layoutPopUpDownLinked'>PopUpDownLinked</link></literal>
options.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id='secWidgetPlacement'>
<title>Placement of display elements</title>
<para>
The display elements are arranged in a
<quote>table</quote>. The upper-left corner of an element
is in the cell given by its <literal><link
linkend='layoutRow'>Row</link></literal> and
<literal><link
linkend='layoutColumn'>Column</link></literal>
options (typically starting from row 0 and column 0, but
this is not required). The width of an element in cells
is given by its <literal><link
linkend='layoutWidth'>Width</link></literal>
option, and its height is given by its <literal><link
linkend='layoutHeight'>Height</link></literal>
option.
</para>
<para>
Once the display elements are arranged and have been given
an initial amount of space on the screen, there is likely
to be space left over. If there is extra vertical space,
each row containing a display element whose <literal><link
linkend='layoutRowExpand'>RowExpand</link></literal>
option is <literal>true</literal> will be allocated a share
of the extra space; similarly, if there is extra
horizontal space, each column containing a display element
whose <literal><link
linkend='layoutColExpand'>ColExpand</link></literal>
option is <literal>true</literal> will be allocated a share
of the extra space.
</para>
<para>
In the event that there is not enough space, every row and
column whose widgets <emphasis>all</emphasis> have their
<literal><link
linkend='layoutRowShrink'>RowShrink</link></literal> or
<literal><link
linkend='layoutColShrink'>ColShrink</link></literal>
options set to <literal>true</literal> will be shrunk. If
this is not enough, all rows and columns are shrunk to fit
into the available space.
</para>
<para>
If a display element is not expanded, but its row or
column is, its alignment is determined by the <literal><link
linkend='layoutRowAlign'>RowAlign</link></literal>
and <literal><link
linkend='layoutColAlign'>ColAlign</link></literal>
options. Setting them to <literal>Left</literal>,
<literal>Right</literal>, <literal>Top</literal>,
<literal>Bottom</literal>, or <literal>Center</literal>
will tell &aptitude; where to place the element within the
row or column.
</para>
<para>
For instance, the following configuration group creates a
static element named
<quote><literal>Header</literal></quote>, which is three
cells wide and will expand horizontally but not
vertically. It has the same color as other header lines
and uses the standard display format for header lines:
</para>
<screen>Header Static {
Row 0;
Column 0;
Width 3;
Height 1;
ColExpand true;
ColAlign Center;
RowAlign Center;
Color ScreenHeaderColor;
ColumnsCfg HEADER;
};</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>Display layout option reference</title>
<para>
The following options are available for display elements:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry id='layoutColAlign'>
<term><literal>ColAlign</literal>
<replaceable>alignment</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
<replaceable>alignment</replaceable> must be either
<literal>Left</literal>, <literal>Right</literal>,
or <literal>Center</literal>. If the row containing
the current display element is wider than the
element itself and <literal><link
linkend='layoutColExpand'>ColExpand</link></literal>
is <literal>false</literal>, the element will be
placed within the row according to the value of
<replaceable>alignment</replaceable>.
</para>
<para>
If this option is not present, it defaults to
<literal>Left</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutColExpand'>
<term><literal>ColExpand</literal>
<literal>true</literal>|<literal>false;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
If this option is set to <literal>true</literal>,
the column containing this display element will be
allocated a share of any extra horizontal space that
is available.
</para>
<para>
If this option is not present, it defaults to
<literal>false</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutColor'>
<term><literal>Color</literal>
<replaceable>colorname</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This option applies to <literal><link
linkend='layoutStatic'>Static</link></literal>
elements. <replaceable>colorname</replaceable> is
the name of a color (for instance, <literal><link
linkend='colorScreenStatusColor'>ScreenStatusColor</link></literal>)
which should be used as the <quote>default</quote>
color for this display element.
</para>
<para>
If this option is not present, it defaults to
<literal><link
linkend='colorDefaultWidgetBackground'>DefaultWidgetBackground</link></literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutColShrink'>
<term><literal>ColShrink</literal>
<literal>true</literal>|<literal>false;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
If this option is set to <literal>true</literal> on
each element in a column and there is not enough
horizontal space, the column will be shrunk as
necessary to fit the available space. Note that a
column may be shrunk even if
<literal>ColShrink</literal> is
<literal>false</literal>; it simply indicates that
&aptitude; should try shrinking a particular column
before shrinking other columns.
</para>
<para>
If this option is not present, it defaults to
<literal>false</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutColumn'>
<term><literal>Column</literal> <replaceable>column</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies the leftmost
<replaceable>column</replaceable> containing this
display element.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutColumns'>
<term><literal>Columns</literal> <replaceable>format</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This option applies to <literal><link
linkend='layoutStatic'>Static</link></literal>
display elements for which the <literal><link
linkend='layoutColumnsCfg'>ColumnsCfg</link></literal>
option is not set. It sets the displayed contents
of the status item; it is a format string as
described in <xref linkend='secDisplayFormat'/>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutColumnsCfg'>
<term><literal>ColumnsCfg</literal> <literal>HEADER</literal>|<literal>STATUS</literal>|<replaceable>name</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This option applies to <literal><link
linkend='layoutStatic'>Static</link></literal>
display elements. It sets the display format of the
current element to the value of another
configuration variable: if it is
<literal>HEADER</literal> or
<literal>STATUS</literal>, the options
<literal><link
linkend='configPackage-Header-Format'>Aptitude::UI::Package-Header-Format</link></literal>
and <literal><link
linkend='configPackage-Status-Format'>Aptitude::UI::Package-Status-Format</link></literal>,
repectively, are used; otherwise, the option
<replaceable>name</replaceable> is used.
</para>
<para>
If this option is not present, the value of the
<literal><link
linkend='layoutColumns'>Columns</link></literal> option is
used to control the contents of the static item.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutHeight'>
<term><literal>Height</literal>
<replaceable>height</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies the <replaceable>height</replaceable> of
the current display element.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutPopUpDownKey'>
<term><literal>PopUpDownKey</literal>
<replaceable>command</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This option applies to <literal><link
linkend='layoutDescription'>Description</link></literal>
and <literal><link
linkend='layoutStatic'>Static</link></literal>
display elements.
</para>
<para>
<replaceable>command</replaceable> is the name of a
keyboard command (for instance, <literal><link
linkend='keyShowHideDescription'>ShowHideDescription</link></literal>).
When this key is pressed, the display element will
be hidden if it is visible, and displayed if it is
hidden.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutPopUpDownLinked'>
<term><literal>PopUpDownLinked
<replaceable>element</replaceable>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This option applies to <literal><link
linkend='layoutDescription'>Description</link></literal>
and <literal><link
linkend='layoutStatic'>Static</link></literal>
display elements.
</para>
<para>
<replaceable>element</replaceable> is the name of a
display element. When
<replaceable>element</replaceable> is displayed, the
current element will also be displayed; when
<replaceable>element</replaceable> is hidden, the
current element will also be hidden.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutRow'>
<term><literal>Row</literal> <replaceable>row</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies the uppermost
<replaceable>row</replaceable> containing this
display element.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutRowAlign'>
<term><literal>RowAlign</literal>
<replaceable>alignment</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
<replaceable>alignment</replaceable> must be either
<literal>Top</literal>, <literal>Bottom</literal>,
or <literal>Center</literal>. If the row containing
the current display element is taller than the
element itself and <literal><link
linkend='layoutRowExpand'>RowExpand</link></literal>
is <literal>false</literal>, the element will be
placed within the row according to the value of
<replaceable>alignment</replaceable>.
</para>
<para>
If this option is not present, it defaults to
<literal>Top</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutRowExpand'>
<term><literal>RowExpand</literal>
<literal>true</literal>|<literal>false;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
If this option is set to <literal>true</literal>,
the row containing this display element will be
allocated a share of any extra vertical space that
is available.
</para>
<para>
If this option is not present, it defaults to
<literal>false</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutRowShrink'>
<term><literal>RowShrink</literal>
<literal>true</literal>|<literal>false;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
If this option is set to <literal>true</literal> on
each element in a row and there is not enough
vertical space, the row will be shrunk as necessary
to fit the available space. Note that a row may be
shrunk even if <literal>RowShrink</literal> is
<literal>false</literal>; it simply indicates that
&aptitude; should try shrinking a particular row
before shrinking other rows.
</para>
<para>
If this option is not present, it defaults to
<literal>false</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutVisible'>
<term><literal>Visible true|false;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
If set to <literal>false</literal>, this display
element will initially be hidden. Presumably only
useful in conjunction with <literal><link
linkend='layoutPopUpDownKey'>PopUpDownKey</link></literal>
and/or <literal><link
linkend='layoutPopUpDownLinked'>PopUpDownLinked</link></literal>.
</para>
<para>
If this option is not present, it defaults to
<literal>true</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='layoutWidth'>
<term><literal>Width</literal>
<replaceable>width</replaceable><literal>;</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies the <replaceable>width</replaceable> of
the current display element.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
</section>
<section id='secConfigFile'>
<title>Configuration file reference</title>
<section>
<title>Configuration file format</title>
<para>
In its basic form, &aptitude;'s configuration file is a
list of options and their values. Each line of the file
should have the form
<quote><replaceable>Option</replaceable>
<replaceable>Value</replaceable><literal>;</literal></quote>:
for instance, the following line in the configuration file
sets the option <literal><link
linkend='configTheme'>Aptitude::Theme</link></literal> to
<quote><literal>Dselect</literal></quote>.
</para>
<screen>Aptitude::Theme "Dselect";</screen>
<para>
An option can <quote>contain</quote> other options if they
are written in curly braces between the option and the
semicolon following it, like this:
</para>
<screen>Aptitude::UI {
Package-Status-Format "";
Package-Display-Format "";
};</screen>
<para>
An option that contains other options is sometimes called
a <firstterm>group</firstterm>. In fact, the double
colons that appear in option names are actually a
shorthand way of indicating containment: the option
<literal>Aptitude::UI::Default-Grouping</literal> is
contained in the group <literal>Aptitude::UI</literal>,
which itself is contained in the group
<literal>Aptitude</literal>. Thus, if you wanted to, you
could set this option to <literal>""</literal> as follows:
</para>
<screen>Aptitude {
UI {
Default-Grouping "";
};
};</screen>
<para>
For more information on the format of the configuration
file, see the manual page
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Locations of configuration files</title>
<para>
&aptitude;'s configuration is read from the following
sources, in order:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
The user's configuration file,
<filename>~/.aptitude/config</filename>. This file is
overwritten when the user modifies settings in the
<link linkend='secOptionsMenu'>Options menu</link>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
The system configuration file,
<filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf</filename>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Default values stored in
<filename>/usr/share/aptitude/aptitude-defaults</filename>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Default values built into &aptitude;.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
When an option is being checked, these sources are
searched in order, and the first one that provides a value
for the option is used. For instance, setting an option
in <filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf</filename> will override
&aptitude;'s defaults for that option, but will not
override user settings in
<filename>~/.aptitude/config</filename>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Available configuration options</title>
<para>
The following configuration options are used by
&aptitude;. Note that these are not the only available
configuration options; options used by the underlying
&apt; system are not listed here. See the manual pages
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
and
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for information on &apt; options.
</para>
<segmentedlist>
<?dbhtml list-presentation="list"?>
<segtitle>Option</segtitle>
<segtitle>Default</segtitle>
<segtitle>Description</segtitle>
<seglistitem id='configAptInstall-Recommends'>
<seg><literal>Apt::Install-Recommends</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal> and
<literal>Aptitude::Auto-Install</literal> is
<literal>true</literal>, then whenever you mark a
package for installation, &aptitude; will also mark
the packages it recommends for installation.
Furthermore, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will not consider
packages to be unused (and thus will not automatically
remove them) as long as any installed package
reommends them. For more information, see <xref
linkend='secAutoInstall'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configAllow-Null-Upgrade'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Allow-Null-Upgrade</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
Normally, if you try to start an install run when no
actions will be performed, &aptitude; will print a
warning and return to the package list. If this
option is <literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will
continue to the preview screen whenever there are
upgradable packages, rather than displaying a reminder
about the &actions-upgrade; command.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configAlways-Use-Safe-Resolver'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Always-Use-Safe-Resolver</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, aptitude's
command-line actions will always use a
<quote>safe</quote> dependency resolver, as if <link
linkend='cmdlineSafeResolver'><literal>--safe-resolver</literal></link>
had been passed on the command line.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configAutoclean-After-Update'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Autoclean-After-Update</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, &aptitude;
will clean up obsolete files (see <link
linkend='menuCleanObs'>&actions-clean-obs;</link>)
every time you update the package list.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configAuto-Install'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Auto-Install</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will automatically attempt to fulfill
the dependencies of a package when you select it
for installation.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configAuto-Fix-Broken'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Auto-Fix-Broken</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>false</literal>,
&aptitude; will ask for permission before
attempting to fix any broken packages.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configAuto-Upgrade'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Auto-Upgrade</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will automatically flag all
upgradable packages for upgrade when the program
starts, as if you had issued the command
<link linkend='menuUpgrade'>&actions-upgrade;</link>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Always-Prompt'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Always-Prompt</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this is set, &aptitude;
will always prompt before starting to install or
remove packages, even if the prompt would
normally be skipped. This is equivalent to the
<literal>-P</literal> command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Assume-Yes'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Assume-Yes</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will act as
if the user had answered <quote>yes</quote> to
every prompt, causing most prompts to be
skipped. This is equivalent to the
<literal>-y</literal> command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Disable-Columns'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Disable-Columns</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is enabled, the results of command-line
searches (performed via <literal>aptitude
search</literal>) will not be formatted into
fixed-width columns or truncated to the screen width.
This is equivalent to the <link
linkend='cmdlineOptionDisableColumns'><literal>--disable-columns</literal></link>
command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Download-Only'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Download-Only</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will
download package files but not install them.
This is equivalent to the <literal>-d</literal>
command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Fix-Broken'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Fix-Broken</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will be more
aggressive when attempting to fix the
dependencies of broken packages. This is
equivalent to the <literal>-f</literal>
command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Ignore-Trust-Violations'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Ignore-Trust-Violations</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, causes &aptitude; to ignore the
installation of <link linkend='secTrust'>untrusted
packages</link>. This is a synonym for
<literal>Apt::Get::AllowUnauthenticated</literal>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Package-Display-Format'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Package-Display-Format</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>%c%a%M %p# - %d#</literal></seg>
<seg>
This is a format string, as described in <xref
linkend='secDisplayFormat'/>, which is used to
display the results of a command-line search.
This is equivalent to the <literal>-F</literal>
command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Package-Display-Width'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Package-Display-Width</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
This option gives the width in characters for
which command-line search results should be
formatted. If it is empty (the default; ie,
<literal>""</literal>), search results will be
formatted for the current terminal size, or for
an 80-column display if the terminal size cannot
be determined.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Request-Strictness'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Request-Strictness</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>10000</literal></seg>
<seg>
When run in command-line mode, if dependency problems
are encountered, &aptitude; will add this value to the
problem resolver score of each action that you
explicitly request.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Resolver-Debug'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Resolver-Debug</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will print
extremely verbose information while attempting to
resolve broken dependencies. As the name suggests,
this option is primarily meant to aid in debugging the
problem resolver.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Resolver-Dump'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Resolver-Dump</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if it is necessary to resolve
broken dependencies and this option is set to the name
of a writable file, the resolver state will be dumped
to this file before any calculations are undertaken.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Resolver-Show-Steps'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Resolver-Show-Steps</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, then a
dependency solution will be displayed as a sequence of
resolutions of individual dependencies; for instance,
<quote><literal>wesnoth depends upon wesnoth-data (=
1.2.4-1) -> installing wesnoth-data 1.2.4-1
(unstable)</literal></quote>. To toggle between the
two display modes, press <keycap>o</keycap> at the
prompt <quote><literal>Accept this solution?</literal></quote>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Safe-Upgrade-No-New-Installs'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Safe-Upgrade::No-New-Installs</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, the <link
linkend='safeUpgrade'><literal>safe-upgrade</literal></link>
command will not attempt to resolve dependencies by
installing new packages. If upgrading package
<replaceable>A</replaceable> would require package
<replaceable>B</replaceable> to be newly installed,
package <replaceable>A</replaceable> will not be
upgraded. This corresponds to the command-line option
<literal><link
linkend='cmdlineOptionSafeUpgradeNoNewInstalls'>--no-new-installs</link></literal>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Show-Deps'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Show-Deps</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will display
a brief summary of the dependencies (if any)
relating to a package's state. This is
equivalent to the <literal>-D</literal>
command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Show-Size-Changes'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Show-Size-Changes</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will display
the expected change in the amount of space used
by each package. This is equivalent to the
<literal>-Z</literal> command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Show-Versions'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Show-Versions</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will display
the version of a package that is being installed
or removed. This is equivalent to the
<literal>-V</literal> command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Show-Why'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Show-Why</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, if this option is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will display the
manually installed packages that require each
automatically installed package, or the manually
installed packages that cause a conflict with each
automatically removed package. This is equivalent to
the <literal>-W</literal> command-line option and
displays the same information you can access via
<literal>aptitude why</literal> or by pressing
<keycap>i</keycap> in a package list.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configSafe-Resolver-No-New-Installs'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Safe-Resolver::No-New-Installs</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, then when
the <quote>safe</quote> dependency resolver has been
activated via <link
linkend='cmdlineSafeResolver'><literal>--safe-resolver</literal></link>,
the resolver will not be allowed to install packages
that are not currently installed. This is similar to
<link
linkend='configCmdLine-Safe-Upgrade-No-New-Installs'><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Safe-Upgrade::No-New-Installs</literal></link>,
but applies only to command-line actions other than
<link
linkend='manpageSafeUpgrade'><literal>safe-upgrade</literal></link>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configSafe-Resolver-No-New-Upgrades'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Safe-Resolver::No-New-Upgrades</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is enabled, then when the
<quote>safe</quote> dependency resolver has been
activated via <link
linkend='cmdlineSafeResolver'><literal>--safe-resolver</literal></link>,
the resolver will not be allowed to resolve
dependencies by upgrading packages.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Simulate'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Simulate</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
<emphasis>This option is deprecated; use
<literal><link
linkend='configSimulate'>Aptitude::Simulate</link></literal>
instead.</emphasis> In command-line mode, causes
&aptitude; to just display the actions that would be
performed (rather than actually performing them); in
the visual interface, causes &aptitude; to start in
read-only mode regardless of whether you are &root; or
not. This is equivalent to the <literal>-s</literal>
command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Verbose'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Verbose</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>0</literal></seg>
<seg>
This controls how verbose the command-line mode
of &aptitude; is. Every occurrence of the
<literal>-v</literal> command-line option adds 1
to this value.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configCmdLine-Visual-Preview'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::CmdLine::Visual-Preview</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will enter its visual mode to display
the preview of an installation run and to
download packages.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDebtags-Binary'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Debtags-Binary</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>/usr/bin/debtags</literal></seg>
<seg>
The absolute path to the
<systemitem>debtags</systemitem> command. If
configured with <systemitem>libept</systemitem>
support, &aptitude; will invoke this program whenever
the package lists are updated, passing it the
arguments listed in <link
linkend='configDebtags-Update-Options'>Aptitude::Debtags-Update-Options</link>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDebtags-Update-Options'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Debtags-Update-Options</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>--local</literal></seg>
<seg>
Additional options to pass to <literal>debtags
update</literal> when invoking it after the package
lists are updated. These are split at whitespace;
single and double-quoted strings are recognized, so
setting this to <quote><literal>--vocabulary='/file
with a space</literal></quote> will store the
<systemitem>debtags</systemitem> vocabulary in
<quote><filename>/file with a
space</filename></quote>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDelete-Unused'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Delete-Unused</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
automatically installed packages which are no
longer required will be automatically removed.
For more information, see <xref
linkend='secAutoInstall'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDelete-Unused-Pattern'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Delete-Unused-Pattern</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
Deprecated alias for <literal><link
linkend='configKeep-Unused-Pattern'>Aptitude::Keep-Unused-Pattern</link></literal>.
If <literal>Aptitude::Keep-Unused-Pattern</literal> is
unset or set to an empty string, the value of this
configuration option will override it. Otherwise,
<literal>Aptitude::Delete-Unused-Pattern</literal> is
ignored.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDisplay-Planned-Action'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Display-Planned-Action</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will display a preview screen before
actually carrying out the actions you have
requested.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configForget-New-On-Install'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Forget-New-On-Install</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will clear the list of new packages
whenever you install, upgrade, or remove
packages, as if you had issued the command
&actions-forget;.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configForget-New-On-Update'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Forget-New-On-Update</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will clear the list of new packages
whenever the package list is updated, as if you
had issued the command &actions-forget;.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configGet-Root-Command'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Get-Root-Command</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>su:/usr/bin/su</literal></seg>
<seg>
This option sets the external command that &aptitude;
will use to switch to the &root; user (see <xref
linkend='secBecomingRoot'/>). It has the form
<literal><replaceable>protocol</replaceable>:<replaceable>command</replaceable></literal>.
<replaceable>protocol</replaceable> must be either
<literal>su</literal> or <literal>sudo</literal>; it
determines how aptitude invokes the program when it
wants to gain root privileges. If
<replaceable>protocol</replaceable> is
<literal>su</literal>, then
<literal><replaceable>command</replaceable> -c
<replaceable>arguments</replaceable></literal> is used
to become root; otherwise, aptitude uses
<literal><replaceable>command</replaceable>
<replaceable>arguments</replaceable></literal>. The
first word in <replaceable>command</replaceable> is
the name of the program that should be invoked;
remaining words are treated as arguments to that
program.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configIgnore-Recommends-Important'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Ignore-Recommends-Important</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In previous versions of aptitude, the setting
<literal>Aptitude::Recommends-Important</literal>
caused recommendations to be installed automatically,
the same way that <literal><link
linkend='configAptInstall-Recommends'>Apt::Install-Recommends</link></literal>
does today. If this option is set to
<literal>false</literal> and
<literal>Aptitude::Recommends-Important</literal> is
also set to <literal>false</literal>, aptitude will
set <literal><link
linkend='configAptInstall-Recommends'>Apt::Install-Recommends</link></literal>
to <literal>false</literal> and set
<literal>Aptitude::Ignore-Recommends-Important</literal>
to <literal>true</literal> on startup.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configIgnore-Old-Tmp'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Ignore-Old-Tmp</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
Old versions of &aptitude; created a directory
<filename>~/.aptitude/.tmp</filename> which is no
longer necessary. If the directory exists and
<literal>Aptitude::Ignore-Old-Tmp</literal> is
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will ask you
whether to remove this directory. This option is
automatically set to <literal>true</literal> after you
reply. On the other hand, if the directory does not
exist, this option is set to <literal>false</literal>
so that you will be notified if it reappears.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configKeep-Recommends'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Keep-Recommends</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, then
&aptitude; will not consider packages to be unused
(and thus will not automatically remove them) as long
as any installed package recommends them, even if
<literal><link
linkend='configAptInstall-Recommends'>Apt::Install-Recommends</link></literal>
is <literal>false</literal>. For more information,
see <xref linkend='secAutoInstall'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configKeep-Suggests'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Keep-Suggests</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, then
&aptitude; will not consider packages to be unused
(and thus will not automatically remove them) as long
as any installed package suggests them. For more
information, see <xref linkend='secAutoInstall'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configKeep-Unused-Pattern'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Keep-Unused-Pattern</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
If <literal><link
linkend='configDelete-Unused'>Aptitude::Delete-Unused</link></literal>
is <literal>true</literal>, only unused packages which
do not match this pattern (see
<xref linkend='secSearchPatterns'/>) will be removed.
If this option is set to an empty string (the
default), all unused packages will be removed.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configLockFile'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::LockFile</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>/var/lock/aptitude</literal></seg>
<seg>
A file that will be fcntl-locked to ensure that at
most one &aptitude; process can modify the cache at
once. In normal circumstances, you should never need
to modify this; it may be useful for debugging.
<emphasis>Note</emphasis>: if &aptitude; complains
that it cannot acquire a lock, this is
<emphasis>not</emphasis> because the lock file needs
to be deleted. fcntl locks are managed by the kernel
and will be destroyed when the program holding them
terminates; failure to acquire the lock means that
another running program is using it!
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configLog'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Log</literal></seg>
<seg><filename>/var/log/aptitude</filename></seg>
<seg>
If this is set to a nonempty string, &aptitude; will
log the package installations, removals, and upgrades
that it performs. If the value of
<literal>Aptitude::Log</literal> begins with a pipe
character (ie, <quote><literal>|</literal></quote>),
the remainder of its value is used as the name of a
command into which the log will be piped: for
instance, <literal>|mail -s 'Aptitude install run'
root</literal> will cause the log to be emailed to
&root;. To log to multiple files or commands, you may
set this option to a list of log targets.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configParseDescriptionBullets'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Parse-Description-Bullets</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is enabled, &aptitude; will attempt
to automatically detect bulleted lists in package
descriptions. <!-- TODO: add an appendix describing
the grammar? --> This will generally improve how
descriptions are displayed, but it is not entirely
backwards-compatible; some descriptions might be
formatted less attractively when this option is
<literal>true</literal> than when it is
<literal>false</literal>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configPkg-Display-Limit'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Pkg-Display-Limit</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
The default filter applied to the package list;
see <xref linkend='secSearchPatterns'/> for
details about its format.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-Allow-Break-Holds'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Allow-Break-Holds</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is set to <literal>true</literal>, the
problem resolver will consider breaking package holds
or installing forbidden versions in order to resolve a
dependency. If it is set to <literal>false</literal>,
these actions will be rejected by default, although
you can always enable them manually (see <xref
linkend='secResolver'/>).
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-BreakHoldScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::BreakHoldScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>-300</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much to reward or penalize solutions that change
the state of a held package or install a forbidden
version. Note that unless <link
linkend='configProblemResolver-Allow-Break-Holds'><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Allow-Break-Holds</literal></link>
is set to true, the resolver will never break a hold
or install a forbidden version unless it has explicit
permission from the user.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-BrokenScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::BrokenScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>-100</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much to reward or penalize prospective solutions
based on the number of dependencies they break. For
each dependency broken by a possible solution, this
many points are added to its score; typically this
should be a negative value.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-DiscardNullSolution'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Discard-Null-Solution</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, &aptitude;
will never suggest cancelling all of your proposed
actions in order to resolve a dependency problem.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-EssentialRemoveScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::EssentialRemoveScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>-100000</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much to reward or penalize solutions that remove
an Essential package.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-ExtraScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::ExtraScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>-1</literal></seg>
<seg>
Any version of a package whose Priority is
<quote>extra</quote> will have this many points added
to its score.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-FullReplacementScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::FullReplacementScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>500</literal></seg>
<seg>
Removing a package and installing another package that
fully replaces it (i.e., conflicts with it, replaces
it, and provides it) is assigned this score.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-ImportantScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::ImportantScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>5</literal></seg>
<seg>
Any version of a package whose Priority is
<quote>important</quote> will have this many points
added to its score.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-Infinity'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Infinity</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>1000000</literal></seg>
<seg>
A <quote>maximum</quote> score for potential
solutions. If a set of actions has a score worse than
<replaceable>-Infinity</replaceable>, it will be
discarded immediately.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-InstallScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::InstallScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>-20</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much weight the problem resolver should give to
installing a package, if the package is not already
going to be installed.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-KeepScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::KeepScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>0</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much weight the problem resolver should give to
keeping a package in its current state, if that
package is not already going to be kept in its current
state.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-MaxSuccessors'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Max-Successors</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>0</literal></seg>
<seg>
When new possible solutions are being generated, this
value controls how long the generation procedure
lasts. Successors are generated in discrete bundles,
and as soon as at least one and at most
<replaceable>Max-Successors</replaceable> nodes have
been generated, successor generation terminates.
Turning this value up might cause the first few
generated solutions to have higher scores; on the
other hand, it might cause each resolver
<quote>step</quote> to take a long time.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-NonDefaultScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::NonDefaultScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>-40</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much weight the problem resolver should give to
installing a non-default version of the package (one
that is not the current version and not the
<quote>candidate version</quote>).
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-OptionalScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::OptionalScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>1</literal></seg>
<seg>
Any version of a package whose Priority is
<quote>optional</quote> will have this many points
added to its score.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-PreserveAutoScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::PreserveAutoScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>0</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much weight the problem resolver should give to
preserving automatic installations or removals.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-PreserveManualScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::PreserveManualScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>60</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much weight the problem resolver should give to
preserving explicit user selections.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-RemoveScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::RemoveScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>-300</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much weight the problem resolver should give to
removing a package (if it is not already marked for
removal).
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-RequiredScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::RequiredScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>4</literal></seg>
<seg>
Any version of a package whose Priority is
<quote>required</quote> will have this many points
added to its score.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-ResolutionScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::ResolutionScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>50</literal></seg>
<seg>
In addition to all other scoring factors, proposed
solutions that actually resolve all unsatisfied
dependencies are awarded this many extra points.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-StandardScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::StandardScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>3</literal></seg>
<seg>
Any version of a package whose Priority is
<quote>standard</quote> will have this many points
added to its score.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-StepLimit'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::StepLimit</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>5000</literal></seg>
<seg>
The maximum number of <quote>steps</quote> which
should be performed by the problem resolver on each
attempt to find a solution to a dependency problem.
Decreasing this number will make &aptitude;
<quote>give up</quote> sooner; increasing it will
permit the search for a solution to consume much more
time and memory before it is aborted. Setting
<literal>StepLimit</literal> to 0 will disable the
problem resolver entirely. The default value is large
enough to accomodate commonly encountered situations,
while preventing &aptitude; from <quote>blowing
up</quote> if an overly complicated problem is
encountered. (note: this applies only to command-line
searches; in the visual interface, the resolver will
continue working until it reaches a solution)
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-StepScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::StepScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>70</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much to reward or penalize prospective solutions
based on their length. For each action performed by a
solution, this many points are added to its score.
The larger this value is, the more the resolver tends
to stick with its first choice rather than considering
alternatives; this will cause it to produce a solution
more quickly, but the solution might be of slightly
lower quality than it would otherwise be.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-Trace-Directory'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Trace-Directory</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
If this value is set, then each time the problem
resolver produces a solution, a stripped-down version
of the package state sufficient to reproduce that
solution is written to the given file. If
<literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Trace-File</literal>
is also set, the same information will also be written
to the trace file. Trace directories are more
transparent than trace files, and are more suitable
for, e.g., including in source trees as test cases.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-Trace-File'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Trace-File</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
If this value is set, then each time the problem
resolver produces a solution, a stripped-down version
of the package state sufficient to reproduce that
solution is written to the given file. If
<literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::Trace-Directory</literal>
is also set, the same information will also be written
to the trace directory. A trace file is simply a
compressed archive of a trace directory; it will take
less space than the trace directory and is suitable
for transmission over a network.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-UndoFullReplacementScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::UndoFullReplacementScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>-500</literal></seg>
<seg>
Installing a package and removing another package that
fully replaces it (i.e., conflicts with it, replaces
it, and provides it) is assigned this score.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-UnfixedSoftScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::UnfixedSoftScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>-200</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much to reward or penalize leaving a Recommends
relationship unresolved. This should typically be
less than RemoveScore, or &aptitude; will tend to
remove packages rather than leaving their
Recommendations unfixed. See <xref
linkend='secResolver'/> for details.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-UpgradeScore'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::UpgradeScore</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>0</literal></seg>
<seg>
How much weight the problem resolver should give to
upgrading (or downgrading) a package to its candidate
version, if the package was not already going to be
upgraded.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configProblemResolver-WaitSteps'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::ProblemResolver::WaitSteps</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>50</literal></seg>
<seg>
The number of resolver steps to perform in the
foreground before moving the resolution to the
background thread. &aptitude; will be unresponsive
while this computation takes place; decreasing this
value will make the program more responsive, but may
cause the progress indicator to appear unnecessarily.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configPurge-Unused'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Purge-Unused</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal> and
<literal><link
linkend='configDelete-Unused'>Aptitude::Delete-Unused</link></literal>
is also <literal>true</literal>, then packages which
are unused will be <emphasis>purged</emphasis> from
the system, removing their configuration files and
perhaps other important data. For more information
about which packages are considered to be
<quote>unused</quote>, see <xref
linkend='secAutoInstall'/>. <emphasis>THIS OPTION CAN
CAUSE DATA LOSS! DO NOT ENABLE IT UNLESS YOU KNOW
WHAT YOU ARE DOING!</emphasis>
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configRecommends-Important'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Recommends-Important</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
This is an obsolete configuration option that has been
superseded by <link
linkend='configAptInstall-Recommends'><literal>Apt::Install-Recommends</literal></link>.
On startup, &aptitude; will copy
<literal>Aptitude::Recommends-Important</literal> (if
it exists) to
<literal>Apt::Install-Recommends</literal> and then
clear
<literal>Aptitude::Recommends-Important</literal> in
your user configuration file.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configTop-Sections'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Sections::Top-Sections</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>"main"; "contrib"; "non-free"; "non-US";</literal></seg>
<seg>
A configuration group whose elements are the names of
the top-level archive sections. The
<quote><literal>topdir</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>subdir</literal></quote>, and
<quote><literal>subdirs</literal></quote> grouping
policies use this list to interpret Section fields: if
the first path element of a package's Section is
<emphasis>not</emphasis> contained in this list, or if
its Section has only one element, then the package
will be grouped using the first member of this list as
its first path element. For example, if the first
member of <literal>Top-Sections</literal> is
<quote><literal>main</literal></quote>, then a package
whose Section is
<quote><literal>games</literal></quote> will be
treated as if its Section field were
<quote><literal>games/arcade</literal></quote>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDescriptions'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Sections::Descriptions</literal></seg>
<seg>See <literal>$prefix/share/aptitude/section-descriptions</literal></seg>
<seg>
This option is a group whose members define the
descriptions displayed for each section when using the
<quote><literal>section</literal></quote> package
hierarchy grouping policy. Descriptions are assigned
to section trees based on the last component of the
name: for instance, a member of this group named
<quote><literal>games</literal></quote> will be used
to describe the Sections
<quote><literal>games</literal></quote>,
<quote><literal>non-free/games</literal></quote>, and
<quote><literal>non-free/desktop/games</literal></quote>.
Within the text of section descriptions, the string
<quote><literal>\n</literal></quote> will be replaced
by a line-break, and the string
<quote><literal>''</literal></quote> will be replaced
by a double-quote character.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configSimulate'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Simulate</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
In command-line mode, causes &aptitude; to just
display the actions that would be performed (rather
than actually performing them); in the visual
interface, causes &aptitude; to start in read-only
mode regardless of whether you are &root; or not.
This is equivalent to the <literal>-s</literal>
command-line option.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configSpin-Interval'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Spin-Interval</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>500</literal></seg>
<seg>
The number of milliseconds to delay in between
updating the <quote>spinner</quote> that appears while
the problem resolver is running.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configSuggests-Important'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Suggests-Important</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
This is an obsolete option; use <literal><link
linkend='configKeep-Suggests'>Aptitude::Keep-Suggests</link></literal>
instead. Setting this option to
<literal>true</literal> has the same effect as setting
<literal><link
linkend='configKeep-Suggests'>Aptitude::Keep-Suggests</link></literal>
to <literal>true</literal>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='suppressReadOnlyWarning'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Suppress-Read-Only-Warning</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>false</literal>, &aptitude;
will display a warning the first time that you attempt
to modify package states while &aptitude; is in
read-only mode.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configTheme'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Theme</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
The theme that &aptitude; should use; see <xref
linkend='secThemes'/> for more information.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configTrack-Dselect-State'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Track-Dselect-State</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is set to
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will attempt
to detect when a change to a package's state has
been made using &dselect; or
<command>dpkg</command>: for instance, if you
remove a package using <command>dpkg</command>,
&aptitude; will not try to reinstall it. Note
that this may be somewhat buggy.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configAdvance-On-Action'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Advance-On-Action</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is set to
<literal>true</literal>, changing a package's
state (for instance, marking it for
installation) will cause &aptitude; to advance
the highlight to the next package in the current
group.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configAuto-Show-Reasons'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Auto-Show-Reasons</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is set to
<literal>true</literal>, selecting a package
which is broken or which appears to be causing
other packages to be broken will cause the
information area to automatically display some
reasons why the breakage might be occuring.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDefault-Grouping'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Default-Grouping</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>filter(missing),status,section(subdirs,passthrough),section(topdir)</literal></seg>
<seg>
Sets the default grouping policy used for
package lists. See <xref
linkend='secGroupingPolicy'/> for additional
information on grouping policies.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDefault-Package-View'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Default-Package-View</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
This option is a group whose members define the
default layout of &aptitude;'s display. See
<xref linkend='secDisplayLayout'/> for more
information.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDefault-Preview-Grouping'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Default-Preview-Grouping</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>action</literal></seg>
<seg>
Sets the default grouping policy used for
preview screens. See <xref
linkend='secGroupingPolicy'/> for additional
information on grouping policies.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDefault-Sorting'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Default-Sorting</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>name</literal></seg>
<seg>
The default sorting policy of package views. See
<xref linkend='secSortingPolicy'/> for more
information.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDescription-Visible-By-Default'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Description-Visible-By-Default</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
When a package list is first displayed, the
information area (which typically contains the
long description of the current package) will be
visible if this option is
<literal>true</literal> and hidden if it is
<literal>false</literal>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configExit-On-Last-Close'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Exit-On-Last-Close</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
closing all the active views will quit
&aptitude;; otherwise, &aptitude; will not exit
until you issue the command &actions-quit;. See
<xref linkend='secViews'/> for more information.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configFill-Text'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Fill-Text</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will format descriptions so that each
line is exactly the width of the screen.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configHelpBar'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::HelpBar</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, a
line of information about important keystrokes
will be displayed at the top of the screen.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configIncremental-Search'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Incremental-Search</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will perform
<quote>incremental</quote> searches: as you type
the search pattern, it will search for the next
package matching what you have typed so far.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configUIInfoAreaTabs'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::InfoAreaTabs</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, &aptitude;
will display tabs at the top of the information area
(the pane at the bottom of the screen) describing the
different modes the area can be set to.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configKeybindings'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Keybindings</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
This is a group whose members define the
connections between keystrokes and commands in
&aptitude;. For more information, see <xref
linkend='secKeybindings'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configMenubar-Autohide'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Menubar-Autohide</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is set to
<literal>true</literal>, the menu bar will be
hidden while it is not in use.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configMinibuf-Download-Bar'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Minibuf-Download-Bar</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is set to
<literal>true</literal>, &aptitude; will use a
less obtrusive mechanism to display the progress
of downloads: a bar at the bottom of the screen
will appear which displays the current download
status. While the download is active, pressing
<keycap>q</keycap> will abort it.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configMinibuf-Prompts'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Minibuf-Prompts</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>false</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, some
prompts (such as yes/no and multiple-choice
prompts) will be displayed at the bottom of the
screen instead of in dialog boxes.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configNew-Package-Commands'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::New-Package-Commands</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is set to
<literal>false</literal>, commands such as
&package-install; will have the same deprecated
behavior that they did in antique versions of
&aptitude;.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configPackage-Display-Format'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Package-Display-Format</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>%c%a%M %p %Z %v %V</literal></seg>
<seg>
This option controls the format string used to
display packages in package lists. For more
information on format strings, see <xref
linkend='secDisplayFormat'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configPackage-Header-Format'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Package-Header-Format</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>%N %n #%B %u %o</literal></seg>
<seg>
This option controls the format string used to
display the header line of package lists (ie,
the line that appears between the package list
and the menu bar). For more
information on format strings, see <xref
linkend='secDisplayFormat'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configPackage-Status-Format'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Package-Status-Format</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>%d</literal></seg>
<seg>
This option controls the format string used to
display the status line of package lists (ie,
the line that appears between the package list
and the information area). For more
information on format strings, see <xref
linkend='secDisplayFormat'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configPause-After-Download'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Pause-After-Download</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>OnlyIfError</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>, &aptitude;
will display a message after it finishes downloading
packages, asking you if you want to continue with the
installation. If it is
<literal>OnlyIfError</literal>, a message will only be
displayed if a download failed. Otherwise, if the
option is set to <literal>false</literal>, &aptitude;
will immediately proceed to the next screen after
completing a download.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configPreview-Limit'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Preview-Limit</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
The default filter applied to the preview screen;
see <xref linkend='secSearchPatterns'/> for
details about its format.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configPrompt-On-Exit'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Prompt-On-Exit</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will display a confirmation prompt
before shutting down.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configColors'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::Styles</literal></seg>
<seg></seg>
<seg>
This is a configuration group whose contents define
what textual styles &aptitude; uses to display
information. For more information, see <xref
linkend='secStyle'/>.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='viewTabs'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::UI::ViewTabs</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is set to <literal>false</literal>,
&aptitude; will not display <quote>tabs</quote>
describing the currently active views at the top of
the screen.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configWarn-Not-Root'>
<seg><literal>Aptitude::Warn-Not-Root</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>true</literal></seg>
<seg>
If this option is <literal>true</literal>,
&aptitude; will detect when you need &root;
privileges to do something, and ask you whether
you want to switch to the &root; account if you
aren't &root; already. See <xref
linkend='secBecomingRoot'/> for more
information.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDebTags-Vocabulary'>
<seg><literal>DebTags::Vocabulary</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>/usr/share/debtags/vocabulary</literal></seg>
<seg>
The location of the <literal>debtags</literal>
vocabulary file; used to load in the package tag
metadata.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configDir-Aptitude-State'>
<seg><literal>Dir::Aptitude::state</literal></seg>
<seg><filename>/var/lib/aptitude</filename></seg>
<seg>
The directory in which &aptitude;'s persistent
state information is stored.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
<seglistitem id='configQuiet'>
<seg><literal>Quiet</literal></seg>
<seg><literal>0</literal></seg>
<seg>
This controls the quietness of the command-line mode.
Setting it to a higher value will disable more
progress indicators.
</seg>
</seglistitem>
</segmentedlist>
</section>
</section>
<section id='secThemes'>
<title>Themes</title>
<para>
A <firstterm>theme</firstterm> in &aptitude; is simply a
collection of settings that <quote>go together</quote>.
Themes work by overriding the default values of options: if
an option is not set in the system configuration file or in
your personal configuration file, &aptitude; will use the
setting from the current theme, if one is available, before
using the standard default value.
</para>
<para>
A theme is simply a named group under
<literal>Aptitude::Themes</literal>; each configuration
option contained in the group will override the
corresponding option in the global configuration. For
instance, if the <literal>Dselect</literal> theme is
selected, the option
<literal>Aptitude::Themes::Dselect::Aptitude::UI::Package-Display-Format</literal>
will override the default value of the option
<literal>Aptitude::UI::Package-Display-Format</literal>.
</para>
<para>
To select a theme, set the configuration option <literal>Aptitude::Theme</literal> to the name of the theme; for instance,
</para>
<screen>Aptitude::Theme Vertical-Split;</screen>
<para>
The following themes are shipped with &aptitude; in
<filename>/usr/share/aptitude/aptitude-defaults</filename>:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>Dselect</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This theme makes &aptitude; look and behave more like
the legacy <literal>dselect</literal> package manager:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/dselect-theme.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
--\ Installed Packages
--\ Priority required
--\ base - The Debian base system
c base base-file 3.0.16 3.0.16 Debian base system miscellaneous fil
c base base-pass 3.5.7 3.5.7 Debian base system master password a
c base bash 2.05b-15 2.05b-15 The GNU Bourne Again SHell
c base bsdutils 1:2.12-7 1:2.12-7 Basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
c base coreutils 5.0.91-2 5.0.91-2 The GNU core utilities
c base debianuti 2.8.3 2.8.3 Miscellaneous utilities specific to
c base diff 2.8.1-6 2.8.1-6 File comparison utilities
base-files installed ; none required
This package contains the basic filesystem hierarchy of a Debian system, and
several important miscellaneous files, such as /etc/debian_version,
/etc/host.conf, /etc/issue, /etc/motd, /etc/profile, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and
others, and the text of several common licenses in use on Debian systems.
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>Vertical-Split</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This theme rearranges the display: instead of the
current package's description appearing underneath the
package list, it is displayed to the right of the
package list. This theme is useful with very wide
terminals, and perhaps also when editing the built-in
hierarchy of packages.
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/vertical-split-theme.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
aptitude 0.2.14.1
--\ Installed Packages Modern computers support the Advanced #
--\ admin - Administrative utilities Configuration and Power Interface
--\ main - The main Debian archive (ACPI) to allow intelligent power
i acpid 1.0.3-19 1.0.3-19 management on your system and to query
i alien 8.44 8.44 battery and configuration status.
i anacron 2.3-9 2.3-9
i apt-show-vers 0.07 0.07 ACPID is a completely flexible, totally
i A apt-utils 0.5.25 0.5.25 extensible daemon for delivering ACPI
i apt-watch 0.3.2-2 0.3.2-2 events. It listens on a file
i aptitude 0.2.14.1-2 0.2.14.1-2 (/proc/acpi/event) and when an event
i at 3.1.8-11 3.1.8-11 occurs, executes programs to handle the
i auto-apt 0.3.20 0.3.20 event. The programs it executes are
i cron 3.0pl1-83 3.0pl1-83 configured through a set of
i debconf 1.4.29 1.4.29 configuration files, which can be
i debconf-i18n 1.4.29 1.4.29 dropped into place by packages or by
i A debootstrap 0.2.39 0.2.39 the admin.
i A deborphan 1.7.3 1.7.3
i debtags 0.16 0.16 In order to use this package you need a
i A defoma 0.11.8 0.11.8 recent Kernel (=>2.4.7). This can be
i discover 2.0.4-5 2.0.4-5 one including the patches on
Utilities for using ACPI power management</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
</section>
<section id='secMinesweeper'>
<title>Playing Minesweeper</title>
<para>
In case you get tired of installing and removing packages,
&aptitude; includes a version of the classic game
<quote>Minesweeper</quote>. To start it, select
&actions-mine;; the initial Minesweeper board will appear:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/mine-snapshot.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Minesweeper 10/10 mines 13 seconds
+--------+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
+--------+
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
Within the rectangle that appears on the screen are hidden ten
mines. Your goal is to determine, through intuition, logic,
and luck, where those mines are, without setting any of them
off! To do this, you must uncover all the squares that
<emphasis>do not</emphasis> contain mines; in doing so, you
will learn important information regarding which squares do
contain mines. Beware, however: uncovering a square that
contains a mine will set it off, ending your game immediately!
</para>
<para>
To uncover a square (and find out whether a mine is hidden
there), select the square with the arrow keys and press
<keycap>Enter</keycap>:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/mine-snapshot2.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Minesweeper 10/10 mines 387 seconds
+--------+
| 2......|
| 2111...|
| 1...|
| 1111...|
|11...111|
|...113 |
|1122 |
| |
+--------+
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
As you can see, some of the hidden (blank) parts of the board
have been revealed in this screenshot. The squares containing
a <literal>.</literal> are squares which are not next to
any mines; the numbers in the remaining squares indicate how
many mines they are next to.
</para>
<para>
If you think you know where a mine is, you can place a
<quote>flag</quote> on it. To do this, select the suspected
square and press <keycap>f</keycap>. For instance, in the
screenshot below, I decided that the square on the left-hand
side of the board looked suspicious...
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/mine-snapshot3.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Minesweeper 9/10 mines 961 seconds
+--------+
| 2......|
| 2111...|
| 1...|
|F1111...|
|11...111|
|...113 |
|1122 |
| |
+--------+
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
As you can see, an <literal>F</literal> appeared in the
selected square. It is no longer possible to uncover this
square, even accidentally, until the flag is removed (by
pressing <keycap>f</keycap> again). Once you have placed
flags on all the mines that are next to a square (for
instance, the squares labelled <literal>1</literal> next to
the flag above), you can <quote>sweep</quote> around the
square. This is just a convenient shortcut to uncover all the
squares next to it (except those containing a flag, of
course). For instance, sweeping around the
<literal>1</literal> above:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/mine-snapshot4.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Minesweeper 9/10 mines 2290 seconds
+--------+
| 2......|
| 2111...|
|221 1...|
|F1111...|
|11...111|
|...113 |
|1122 |
| |
+--------+
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
Luckily (or was it luck?), my guess about the location of that
mine was correct. If I had been wrong, I would have lost
immediately:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref='images/mine-snapshot5.png' format='PNG' width='100%' scalefit='1'/>
</imageobject>
<textobject role='text'>
<screen> Actions Undo Package Search Options Views Help
f10: Menu ?: Help q: Quit u: Update g: Download/Install/Remove Pkgs
Minesweeper Minesweeper Lost in 2388 seconds
+--------+
|^2......|
|^2111...|
|221^1...|
|^1111...|
|11...111|
|...113^ |
|1122* ^ |
| ^ ^ ^|
+--------+
</screen>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
When you lose, the locations of all the mines are revealed:
unexploded mines are indicated by a caret symbol
(<literal>^</literal>), and the one you <quote>stepped
on</quote> is indicated by an asterisk (<literal>*</literal>).
</para>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter id='chapFAQ'>
<title>aptitude FAQ</title>
<blockquote>
<attribution>
<citetitle pubwork='book'>Monty Python and the Holy Grail</citetitle>
</attribution>
<para>
<quote>What ... is your name?</quote>
</para>
<para>
<quote>I am Arthur, King of the Britons.</quote>
</para>
<para>
<quote>What ... is your quest?</quote>
</para>
<para>
<quote>I seek the Holy Grail!</quote>
</para>
<para>
<quote>What ... is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?</quote>
</para>
<para>
<quote>What do you mean? An African or a European swallow?</quote>
</para>
<para>
<quote>Huh? I ... I don't kn---<emphasis>AAAAAUUUGGGHH!</emphasis></quote>
</para>
</blockquote>
<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>
How can I find exactly one package by name?
</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>
As mentioned in <xref linkend='secSearchPatterns'/>, when
you search for a package by name, the text you enter is
actually a regular expression. Thus, the search pattern
<quote><literal>^<replaceable>name</replaceable>$</literal></quote>
will match only a package named
<replaceable>name</replaceable>.
</para>
<para>
For instance, you can find <literal>apt</literal> (but not
<literal>aptitude</literal> or
<literal>synaptic</literal>) by entering
<userinput>^apt$</userinput>; you can find
<literal>g++</literal> (but not
<literal>g++-2.95</literal> or <literal>g++-3.0</literal>)
by entering <userinput>^g\+\+$</userinput>.
</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>
How can I find broken packages?
</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>
Use the command &search-find-broken;.
</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>
I want to select text, why doesn't aptitude let me disable
the mouse?
</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>
Normally, you cannot select text in an xterm while a
program running in that terminal (such as &aptitude;) is
using the mouse. However, you can override this behavior
and perform a selection by holding the
<keycap>Shift</keycap> key down while you click on the
terminal.
</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</chapter>
<chapter>
<title>Credits</title>
<blockquote>
<attribution>
<personname>
<firstname>Terry</firstname>
<surname>Pratchett</surname>
</personname>,
<citetitle pubwork='book'>The Last Hero</citetitle>
</attribution>
<para>
No-one remembers the singer.
The song remains.
</para>
</blockquote>
<para>
This section commemorates some of the people who have
contributed to &aptitude; over its lifetime.
</para>
<note>
<para>
This section is presently rather incomplete and will likely be
updated and expanded as time goes on (in particular, there are
many missing translation credits due to the huge number of
sources of translations
<footnote>
<para>
It should be possible to compile a fairly complete list of
i18n contributors based on the ChangeLog, its references
to the Debian bug tracking system, and the revision
history of &aptitude;, but doing so will require a large
investment of time that is not currently available.
</para>
</footnote>). If you think you should be on this
list, please email <email>dburrows@debian.org</email> with an
explanation of why you think so.
</para>
</note>
<variablelist>
<title>Translations and Internationalization</title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Brazilian translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Andre Luis Lopes, Gustavo Silva
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Chinese translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Carlos Z.F. Liu
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Czech translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Miroslav Kure
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Danish translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Morten Brix Pedersen, Morten Bo Johansen
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Dutch translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Luk Claes
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Finnish translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Jaakko Kangasharju
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>French translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Martin Quinson, Jean-Luc Coulon
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>German translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>Sebastian Schaffert, Erich Schubert, Sebastian Kapfer, Jens Seidel</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Italian translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Danilo Piazzalunga
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Japanese translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Yasuo Eto, Noritada Kobayashi
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Lithuanian translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Darius ?itkevicius
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Polish translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Michal Politowski
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Portuguese translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nuno Sénica, Miguel Figueiredo
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Norwegian translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Håvard Korsvoll
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Spanish translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Jordi Malloch, Ruben Porras
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Swedish translation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Daniel Nylander
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Initial i18n patch</term>
<listitem><para>Masato Taruishi</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>i18n triaging and maintainence</term>
<listitem><para>Christian Perrier</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<title>Documentation</title>
<varlistentry>
<term>User's Manual</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Daniel Burrows
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<title>Programming</title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Program design and implementation</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Daniel Burrows
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Support for the dpkg Breaks field</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Ian Jackson, Michael Vogt
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</chapter>
<reference id='secReference'>
<title>Command-Line Reference</title>
&manpage;
</reference>
</book>
|