1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
<link rev="made" href="mailto:gcc@gcc.gnu.org" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/favicon.ico" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc.css" />
<title>
GCC 4.7 Release Series — Changes, New Features, and Fixes
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
</head>
<!-- GCC maintainers, please do not hesitate to update/contribute entries
concerning those part of GCC you maintain! 2002-03-23, Gerald.
-->
<body>
<h1>GCC 4.7 Release Series<br />Changes, New Features, and Fixes</h1>
<h2>Caveats</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The <code>-fconserve-space</code> flag has been
deprecated. The flag had no effect for most targets: only
targets without a global <code>.bss</code> section and without
support for switchable sections. Furthermore, the flag only
had an effect for G++, where it could result in wrong semantics
(please refer to the GCC manual for further details).
The flag will be removed in GCC 4.8</p></li>
<li><p>Support for a number of older systems and recently
unmaintained or untested target ports of GCC has been declared
obsolete in GCC 4.7. Unless there is activity to revive them, the
next release of GCC will have their sources permanently
<strong>removed</strong>.</p>
<p id="obsoleted">All GCC ports for the following processor
architectures have been declared obsolete:</p>
<ul>
<li>picoChip (<code>picochip-*</code>)</li>
</ul>
<p>The following ports for individual systems on
particular architectures have been obsoleted:</p>
<ul>
<li>IRIX 6.5 (mips-sgi-irix6.5)</li>
<li>MIPS OpenBSD (mips*-*-openbsd*)</li>
<li>Solaris 8 (*-*-solaris2.8). Details can be found in the
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2011-03/msg01263.html">
announcement</a>.</li>
<li>Tru64 UNIX V5.1 (alpha*-dec-osf5.1*)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On ARM, when compiling for ARMv6 (but not ARMv6-M), ARMv7-A,
ARMv7-R, or ARMv7-M, the new option
<code>-munaligned-access</code> is active by default, which for
some source codes generates code that accesses memory on unaligned
addresses. This will require the kernel of those systems to enable
such accesses (controlled by CP15 register <code>c1</code>, refer
to ARM documentation). Alternatively or for compatibility with
kernels where unaligned accesses are not supported, all code has
to be compiled with <code>-mno-unaligned-access</code>.
Linux/ARM in official releases has automatically and
unconditionally supported unaligned accesses as emitted by GCC due
to this option being active, since Linux version 2.6.28.</li>
<li>Support on ARM for the legacy floating-point accelerator (FPA) and
the mixed-endian floating-point format that it used has been obsoleted.
The ports that still use this format have been obsoleted as well.
Many legacy ARM ports already provide an alternative that uses the
VFP floating-point format. The obsolete ports will be deleted in the
next release.
<p>The obsolete ports with alternatives are:</p>
<ul>
<li>arm*-*-rtems (use arm*-*-rtemseabi)</li>
<li>arm*-*-linux-gnu (use arm*-*-linux-gnueabi)</li>
<li>arm*-*-elf (use arm*-*-eabi)</li>
<li>arm*-*-uclinux* (use arm*-*-uclinux*eabi)</li>
</ul>
<p>Note, however, that these alternatives are not binary compatible
with their legacy counterparts (although some can support running legacy
applications).</p>
<p>The obsolete ports that currently lack a modern alternative are:</p>
<ul>
<li>arm*-*-ecos-elf</li>
<li>arm*-*-freebsd</li>
<li>arm*-wince-pe*</li>
</ul>
New ports that support more recent versions of the architecture
are welcome.</li>
<li>Support for the Maverick co-processor on ARM has been obsoleted.
Code to support it will be deleted in the next release.</li>
<li>Support has been removed for Unix International threads on Solaris
2, so the <code>--enable-threads=solaris</code> configure option and
the <code>-threads</code> compiler option don't work any longer.</li>
<li>Support has been removed for the Solaris BSD Compatibility Package,
which lives in <code>/usr/ucbinclude</code> and
<code>/usr/ucblib</code>. It has been removed from Solaris 11, and was
only intended as a migration aid from SunOS 4 to SunOS 5. The
<code>-compat-bsd</code> compiler option is not recognized any
longer.</li>
<li>The AVR port's libgcc has been improved and its multilib structure
has been enhanced. As a result, all objects contributing to an
application must either be compiled with GCC versions up to 4.6.x or
with GCC versions 4.7.0 or later.</li>
<li>The ARM port's <code>-mwords-little-endian</code> option has
been deprecated. It will be removed in a future release.</li>
<li>Support has been removed for the NetWare x86 configuration
obsoleted in GCC 4.6.</li>
<li>It is no longer possible to use the <code>"l"</code>
constraint in MIPS16 <code>asm</code> statements.</li>
<li>GCC versions 4.7.0 and 4.7.1 had changes to the C++ standard library
which affected the ABI in C++11 mode: a data member was added to
<code>std::list</code> changing its size and altering the definitions of
some member functions, and <code>std::pair</code>'s move constructor was
non-trivial which altered the calling convention for functions with
<code>std::pair</code> arguments or return types. The ABI incompatibilities
have been fixed for GCC version 4.7.2 but as a result C++11 code compiled
with GCC 4.7.0 or 4.7.1 may be incompatible with C++11 code compiled with
different GCC versions and with C++98/C++03 code compiled with any version.
</li>
<li>On ARM, a bug has been fixed in GCC's implementation of the AAPCS
rules for the layout of vectors that could lead to wrong code being
generated. Vectors larger than 8 bytes in size are now by default
aligned to an 8-byte boundary. This is an ABI change: code that makes
explicit use of vector types may be incompatible with binary objects
built with older versions of GCC. Auto-vectorized code is not affected
by this change. (This change affects GCC versions 4.7.2 and later.)</li>
<li>More information on porting to GCC 4.7 from previous versions
of GCC can be found in
the <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.7/porting_to.html">porting
guide</a> for this release.</li>
</ul>
<h2>General Optimizer Improvements</h2>
<ul>
<li>Support for a new parameter <code>--param case-values-threshold=n</code>
was added to allow users to control the cutoff between doing switch statements
as a series of if statements and using a jump table.
</li>
<li>Link-time optimization (LTO) improvements:
<ul>
<li>Improved scalability and reduced memory usage. Link time
optimization of Firefox now requires 3GB of RAM on a 64-bit system,
while over 8GB was needed previously. Linking time has been improved,
too. The serial stage of linking Firefox has been sped up by about a
factor of 10.</li>
<li>Reduced size of object files and temporary storage used during linking.</li>
<li>Streaming performance (both outbound and inbound) has been improved.</li>
<li><code>ld -r</code> is now supported with LTO.</li>
<li>Several bug fixes, especially in symbol table handling and merging.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Interprocedural optimization improvements:
<ul>
<li>Heuristics now take into account that after inlining code will
be optimized out because of known values (or properties) of function
parameters.
For example:
<pre>
void foo(int a)
{
if (a > 10)
... huge code ...
}
void bar (void)
{
foo (0);
}
</pre>
The call of <code>foo</code> will be inlined into <code>bar</code> even when
optimizing for code size. Constructs based on <code>__builtin_constant_p</code>
are now understood by the inliner and code size estimates are evaluated a lot
more realistically.</li>
<li>The representation of C++ virtual thunks and aliases (both implicit and defined
via the <code>alias</code> attribute) has been re-engineered. Aliases no
longer pose optimization barriers and calls to an alias can be inlined
and otherwise optimized.</li>
<li>The inter-procedural constant propagation pass has been rewritten.
It now performs generic function specialization. For example when
compiling the following:
<pre>
void foo(bool flag)
{
if (flag)
... do something ...
else
... do something else ...
}
void bar (void)
{
foo (false);
foo (true);
foo (false);
foo (true);
foo (false);
foo (true);
}
</pre>
GCC will now produce two copies of <code>foo</code>. One with <code>flag</code> being
<code>true</code>, while other with <code>flag</code> being
<code>false</code>. This leads to performance improvements previously
possible only by inlining all calls. Cloning causes a lot less code size
growth.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>A string length optimization pass has been added. It attempts
to track string lengths and optimize various standard C string functions
like <code>strlen</code>, <code>strchr</code>, <code>strcpy</code>,
<code>strcat</code>, <code>stpcpy</code> and their
<code>_FORTIFY_SOURCE</code> counterparts into faster alternatives.
This pass is enabled by default at <code>-O2</code> or above, unless
optimizing for size, and can be disabled by the
<code>-fno-optimize-strlen</code> option. The pass can e.g. optimize
<pre>
char *bar (const char *a)
{
size_t l = strlen (a) + 2;
char *p = malloc (l); if (p == NULL) return p;
strcpy (p, a); strcat (p, "/"); return p;
}
</pre>
into:
<pre>
char *bar (const char *a)
{
size_t tmp = strlen (a);
char *p = malloc (tmp + 2); if (p == NULL) return p;
memcpy (p, a, tmp); memcpy (p + tmp, "/", 2); return p;
}
</pre>
or for hosted compilations where <code>stpcpy</code> is available in the
runtime and headers provide its prototype, e.g.
<pre>
void foo (char *a, const char *b, const char *c, const char *d)
{
strcpy (a, b); strcat (a, c); strcat (a, d);
}
</pre>
can be optimized into:
<pre>
void foo (char *a, const char *b, const char *c, const char *d)
{
strcpy (stpcpy (stpcpy (a, b), c), d);
}
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>New Languages and Language specific improvements</h2>
<ul>
<li>Version 3.1 of the <a
href="http://openmp.org/wp/openmp-specifications/">OpenMP specification</a>
is now supported for the C, C++, and Fortran compilers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ada</h3>
<ul>
<li>The command-line option <code>-feliminate-unused-debug-types</code>
has been re-enabled by default, as it is for the other languages,
leading to a reduction in debug info size of 12.5% and more for
relevant cases, as well as to a small compilation speedup.</li>
</ul>
<h3>C family</h3>
<ul>
<li>A new built-in, <code>__builtin_assume_aligned</code>, has been added,
through which the compiler can be hinted about pointer alignment
and can use it to improve generated code.
</li>
<li>A new -Wunused-local-typedefs warning was added for C, C++,
Objective-C and Objective-C++. This warning diagnoses typedefs
locally defined in a function, and otherwise not used.
</li>
<li>A new experimental -ftrack-macro-expansion option was added for
C, C++, Objective-C, Objective-C++ and Fortran. It allows the
compiler to emit diagnostic about the current macro expansion
stack when a compilation error occurs in a macro expansion.
</li>
<li>
<p>
Experimental support for transactional memory has been added.
It includes support in the compiler, as well as a supporting
runtime library called <code>libitm</code>. To compile code
with transactional memory constructs, use
the <code>-fgnu-tm</code> option.
</p>
<p>
Support is currently available for Alpha, ARM, PowerPC, SH, SPARC,
and 32-bit/64-bit x86 platforms.
</p>
<p>
For more details on transactional memory
see <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/TransactionalMemory">the GCC
WiKi</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Support for atomic operations specifying the C++11/C11 memory model
has been added. These new <code>__atomic</code> routines replace the
existing <code>__sync</code> built-in routines.
</p>
<p>
Atomic support is also available for memory blocks. Lock-free
instructions will be used if a memory block is the same size and
alignment as a supported integer type. Atomic operations which do not
have lock-free support are left as function calls. A set of library
functions is available on the GCC atomic wiki in the "External
Atomics Library" section.
</p>
<p>
For more details on the memory models and features, see the
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Atomic/GCCMM">atomic wiki</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>When a binary operation is performed on vector types and one of the operands
is a uniform vector, it is possible to replace the vector with the
generating element. For example:
<pre>
typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
v4si res, a = {1,2,3,4};
int x;
res = 2 + a; /* means {2,2,2,2} + a */
res = a - x; /* means a - {x,x,x,x} */
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>C</h3>
<ul>
<li>There is support for some more features from the C11 revision
of the ISO C standard. GCC now accepts the
options <code>-std=c11</code> and <code>-std=gnu11</code>, in
addition to the previous <code>-std=c1x</code>
and <code>-std=gnu1x</code>.
<ul>
<li>Unicode strings (previously supported only with options such
as <code>-std=gnu11</code>, now supported
with <code>-std=c11</code>), and the predefined
macros <code>__STDC_UTF_16__</code>
and <code>__STDC_UTF_32__</code>.</li>
<li>Nonreturning functions (<code>_Noreturn</code>
and <code><stdnoreturn.h></code>).</li>
<li>Alignment support
(<code>_Alignas</code>, <code>_Alignof</code>,
<code>max_align_t</code>, <code><stdalign.h></code>).</li>
<li>A built-in function <code>__builtin_complex</code> is
provided to support C library implementation of
the <code>CMPLX</code> family of macros.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<a name="cxx" />
<h3>C++</h3>
<ul>
<li>G++ now accepts the <code>-std=c++11</code>,
<code>-std=gnu++11</code>, and <code>-Wc++11-compat</code> options,
which are equivalent to <code>-std=c++0x</code>,
<code>-std=gnu++0x</code>, and <code>-Wc++0x-compat</code>,
respectively.</li>
<li>G++ now implements <a href="cxx0x_status.html">C++11</a> extended friend syntax:
<blockquote><pre>
template<class W>
class Q
{
static const int I = 2;
public:
friend W;
};
struct B
{
int ar[Q<B>::I];
};</pre></blockquote></li>
<li>Thanks to Ville Voutilainen, G++ now implements <a href="cxx0x_status.html">C++11</a> explicit override control.
<blockquote><pre>
struct B {
virtual void f() const final;
virtual void f(int);
};
struct D : B {
void f() const; // error: D::f attempts to override final B::f
void f(long) override; // error: doesn't override anything
void f(int) override; // ok
};
struct E final { };
struct F: E { }; // error: deriving from final class</pre></blockquote></li>
<li>G++ now implements <a href="cxx0x_status.html">C++11</a> non-static data member initializers.
<blockquote><pre>
struct A {
int i = 42;
} a; // initializes a.i to 42</pre></blockquote></li>
<li>Thanks to Ed Smith-Rowland, G++ now implements
<a href="cxx0x_status.html">C++11</a> user-defined literals.
<blockquote><pre>
// Not actually a good approximation. :)
constexpr long double operator"" _degrees (long double d) { return d * 0.0175; }
long double pi = 180.0_degrees;</pre></blockquote></li>
<li>G++ now implements
<a href="cxx0x_status.html">C++11</a> alias-declarations.
<blockquote><pre>
template <class T> using Ptr = T*;
Ptr<int> ip; // decltype(ip) is int*</pre></blockquote></li>
<li>Thanks to Ville Voutilainen and Pedro Lamarão, G++ now implements <a href="cxx0x_status.html">C++11</a> delegating constructors.
<blockquote><pre>
struct A {
A(int);
A(): A(42) { } // delegate to the A(int) constructor
};</pre></blockquote></li>
<li>G++ now fully implements C++11 atomic classes rather than just integer
derived classes.
<blockquote><pre>
class POD {
int a;
int b;
};
std::atomic<POD> my_atomic_POD;
</pre></blockquote></li>
<li>G++ now sets the predefined macro <code>__cplusplus</code> to the
correct value, <code>199711L</code> for C++98/03,
and <code>201103L</code> for C++11.
</li>
<li>G++ now correctly implements the two-phase lookup rules such that an
unqualified name used in a template must have an appropriate declaration
found either in scope at the point of definition of the template or by
argument-dependent lookup at the point of instantiation. As a result,
code that relies on a second unqualified lookup at the point of
instantiation to find functions declared after the template or in
dependent bases will be rejected. The compiler will suggest ways to fix
affected code, and using the <code>-fpermissive</code> compiler flag will
allow the code to compile with a warning.
<blockquote><pre>
template <class T>
void f() { g(T()); } // error, g(int) not found by argument-dependent lookup
void g(int) { } // fix by moving this declaration before the declaration of f
template <class T>
struct A: T {
// error, B::g(B) not found by argument-dependent lookup
void f() { g(T()); } // fix by using this->g or A::g
};
struct B { void g(B); };
int main()
{
f<int>();
A<B>().f();
}</pre></blockquote></li>
<li>G++ now properly re-uses stack space allocated for temporary objects
when their lifetime ends, which can significantly lower stack consumption
for some C++ functions. As a result of this, some code with undefined
behavior will now break:
<blockquote><pre>
const int &f(const int &i) { return i; }
....
const int &x = f(1);
const int &y = f(2);</pre></blockquote>
Here, <code>x</code> refers to the temporary allocated to hold the
<code>1</code> argument, which only lives until the end of the
initialization; it immediately becomes a dangling reference. So the
next statement re-uses the stack slot to hold the <code>2</code>
argument, and users of <code>x</code> get that value instead.
<p>Note that this should not cause any change of behavior for temporaries
of types with non-trivial destructors, as they are already destroyed at end
of full-expression; the change is that now the storage is released as
well.</p></li>
<li>A new command-line option <code>-Wdelete-non-virtual-dtor</code>
has been added to warn when <code>delete</code> is used to destroy
an instance of a class which has virtual functions and non-virtual
destructor. It is unsafe to delete an instance of a derived class
through a pointer to a base class if the base class does not have a
virtual destructor. This warning is enabled by <code>-Wall</code>.
</li>
<li>A new command-line option <code>-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant</code>
has been added to warn when a literal '0' is used as null pointer
constant. It can be useful to facilitate the conversion to
<code>nullptr</code> in C++11.
</li>
<li>As per C++98, access-declarations are now deprecated by
G++. Using-declarations are to be used instead. Furthermore,
some efforts have been made to improve the support of class
scope using-declarations. In particular, using-declarations
referring to a dependent type now work as expected
(<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR14258">bug c++/14258</a>).
</li>
<li>The ELF symbol visibility of a template instantiation is now properly
constrained by the visibility of its template arguments
(<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR35688">bug c++/35688</a>).</li>
</ul>
<h4>Runtime Library (libstdc++)</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/libstdc++/manual/manual/status.html#status.iso.2011">
Improved experimental support for the new ISO C++ standard, C++11</a>,
including:
<ul>
<li> using <code>noexcept</code> in most of the library;</li>
<li> implementations of <code>pointer_traits</code>, <code>allocator_traits</code>
and <code>scoped_allocator_adaptor</code>; </li>
<li> uses-allocator construction for <code>tuple</code>; </li>
<li> <code>vector</code> meets the allocator-aware container requirements; </li>
<li> replacing <code>monotonic_clock</code> with <code>steady_clock</code>; </li>
<li> enabling the thread support library on most POSIX targets; </li>
<li> many small improvements to conform to the FDIS. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Added <code>--enable-clocale=newlib</code> configure option. </li>
<li>Debug Mode iterators for unordered associative containers. </li>
<li>Avoid polluting the global namespace and do not include
<code><unistd.h></code>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="fortran">Fortran</h3>
<ul>
<li>The compile flag <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/Code-Gen-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfstack-arrays_007d-254"
><code>-fstack-arrays</code></a> has been added, which causes
all local arrays to be put on stack memory. For some
programs this will improve the performance significantly. If your
program uses very large local arrays, it is possible that you will
have to extend your runtime limits for stack memory.</li>
<li>The <code><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gcc/Optimize-Options.html#index-Ofast-689"
>-Ofast</a></code> flag now also implies <code><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/Code-Gen-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfno-protect-parens_007d-270"
>-fno-protect-parens</a></code> and <code><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/Code-Gen-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfstack-arrays_007d-254"
>-fstack-arrays</a></code>.</li>
<li>Front-end optimizations can now be selected by the
<code><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/Code-Gen-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfrontend-optimize_007d-275"
>-ffrontend-optimize</a></code> option and deselected by
the <code>-fno-frontend-optimize</code> option.</li>
<li>When front-end optimization removes a function call,
<code><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/Error-and-Warning-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bWfunction-elimination_007d-170"
>-Wfunction-elimination</a></code> warns about that.</li>
<li>When performing front-end-optimization, the
<code><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/Code-Gen-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfaggressive-function-elimination_007d-270">-faggressive-function-elimination</a></code> option
allows the removal of duplicate function calls even for impure
functions.</li>
<li>The flag <code><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/Error-and-Warning-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bWreal-q-constant_007d-149"
>-Wreal-q-constant</a></code> has been added, which
warns if floating-point literals have been specified using
<code>q</code> (such as <code>1.0q0</code>); the <code>q</code>
marker is now supported as a vendor extension to denote quad precision
(<code>REAL(16)</code> or, if not available, <code>REAL(10)</code>).
Consider using a kind parameter (such as in <code>1.0_qp</code>)
instead, which can be obtained via <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/SELECTED_005fREAL_005fKIND.html"
><code>SELECTED_REAL_KIND</code></a>.</li>
<li>The <code>GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR</code> environment variable has
been removed. GNU Fortran now always prints error messages to
standard error. If you wish to redirect standard error, please
consult the manual for your OS, shell, batch environment etc.
as appropriate.</li>
<li>The <code>-fdump-core</code> option and
<code>GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE</code> environment variable have
been removed. When encountering a serious error, gfortran will
now always abort the program. Whether a core dump is generated
depends on the user environment settings; see the <code>ulimit -c</code>
setting for POSIX shells, <code>limit coredumpsize</code> for C shells,
and the <a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb787181%28v=vs.85%29.aspx"
>WER user-mode dumps settings</a> on Windows.</li>
<li>The <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/Debugging-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bfno-backtrace_007d-183"
><code>-fbacktrace</code></a> option is now enabled by default.
When encountering a fatal error, gfortran will attempt to
print a backtrace to standard error before aborting. It can be
disabled with <code>-fno-backtrace</code>. Note: On POSIX targets
with the <code>addr2line</code> utility from GNU binutils, GNU
Fortran can print a backtrace with function name, file name,
line number information in addition to the addresses; otherwise
only the addresses are printed.</li>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2003Status">Fortran 2003</a>:
<ul>
<li>Generic interface names which have the same name as derived types
are now supported, which allows to write constructor functions. Note
that Fortran does not support static constructor functions; only
default initialization or an explicit structure-constructor
initialization are available.</li>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/OOP">Polymorphic</a>
(<code>class</code>) arrays are now supported.</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2008Status">Fortran 2008</a>:
<ul>
<li>Support for the <code>DO CONCURRENT</code> construct has been
added, which allows the user to specify that individual loop
iterations have no interdependencies.</li>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Coarray">Coarrays</a>:
Full single-image support except for polymorphic coarrays.
Additionally, preliminary support for multiple images via an
MPI-based <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/CoarrayLib">
coarray communication library</a> has been added. Note:
The library version is not yet usable as remote coarray
access is not yet possible.</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/TS29113Status">TS 29113</a>:
<ul>
<li>New flag <code><a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gfortran/Fortran-Dialect-Options.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bstd_003d_007d_0040var_007bstd_007d-option-53"
>-std=f2008ts</a></code> permits programs that are expected
to conform to the Fortran 2008 standard and the draft Technical
Specification (TS) 29113 on Further Interoperability of Fortran
with C.</li>
<li>The <code>OPTIONAL</code> attribute is now allowed
for dummy arguments of <code>BIND(C)</code> procedures.</li>
<li>The <code>RANK</code> intrinsic has been added.</li>
<li>The implementation of the <code>ASYNCHRONOUS</code> attribute
in GCC is compatible with the candidate draft of TS 29113
(since GCC 4.6).</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="go">Go</h3>
<ul>
<li>GCC 4.7 implements
the <a href="http://weekly.golang.org/doc/go1.html">Go 1
language standard.</a> The library support in 4.7.0 is not
quite complete, due to release timing. Release 4.7.1 includes
complete support for Go 1. The Go library is from the Go 1.0.1
release.</li>
<li>Go has been tested on GNU/Linux and Solaris platforms. It may
work on other platforms as well.</li>
</ul>
<!--
<h3>Java (GCJ)</h3>
-->
<h2 id="targets">New Targets and Target Specific Improvements</h2>
<h3 id="arm">ARM</h3>
<ul>
<li>GCC now supports the Cortex-A7 processor implementing the
v7-a version of the architecture using the option
<code>-mcpu=cortex-a7</code>.</li>
<li>The default vector size in auto-vectorization for NEON is now 128 bits.
If vectorization fails thusly, the vectorizer tries again with
64-bit vectors.</li>
<li>A new option <code>-mvectorize-with-neon-double</code> was added to
allow users to change the vector size to 64 bits.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="avr">AVR</h3>
<ul>
<li>GCC now supports the XMEGA architecture.
This requires GNU binutils 2.22 or later.</li>
<li>Support for the
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gcc/Named-Address-Spaces.html">named address spaces</a>
<code>__flash</code>, <code>__flash1</code>, …,
<code>__flash5</code> and <code>__memx</code> has been added.
These address spaces locate read-only data in
flash memory and allow reading from flash memory by means of ordinary
C code, i.e. without the need of (inline) assembler code:
<blockquote><pre>
const __flash int values[] = { 42, 31 };
int add_values (const __flash int *p, int i)
{
return values[i] + *p;
}</pre></blockquote></li>
<li>Support has been added for a new AVR-specific configure option
<code>--with-avrlibc=yes</code> in order to arrange for better
integration of <a href="http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/">AVR-Libc</a>.
This configure option is supported in avr-gcc 4.7.2 and newer and will
only take effect in non-RTEMS configurations. If avr-gcc is configured
for RTEMS, the option will be ignored which is the same as
specifying <code>--with-avrlibc=no</code>.
See <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR54461">PR54461</a> for more technical
details.</li>
<li>Support for AVR-specific <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gcc/AVR-Built%5f002din-Functions.html">built-in functions</a>
has been added.</li>
<li>Support has been added for the signed and unsigned 24-bit scalar
integer types <code>__int24</code> and <code>__uint24</code>.</li>
<li>New command-line options <code>-maccumulate-args</code>,
<code>-mbranch-cost=<i>cost</i></code> and <code>-mstrict-X</code>
were added to allow better fine-tuning of code optimization.</li>
<li>The command option <code>-fdata-sections</code> now also takes affect
on the section names of variables with the <code>progmem</code>
attribute.</li>
<li>A new inline assembler print modifier <code>%i</code> to print a RAM address as I/O
address has been added:
<blockquote><pre>
#include <avr/io.h> /* Port Definitions from AVR-LibC */
void set_portb (uint8_t value)
{
asm volatile ("out %0, %i1" :: "r" (value), "n" (&PORTB) : "memory");
}</pre></blockquote>
The offset between an I/O address and the RAM address for that I/O
location is device-specific. This offset is taken into account when
printing a RAM address with the <code>%i</code> modifier so that the
address is suitable to be used as operand in an I/O command.
The address must be a constant integer known at compile time.</li>
<li>The inline assembler constraint <code>"R"</code> to represent integers
in the range −6 … 5 has been removed
without replacement.</li>
<li>Many optimizations to:
<ul>
<li>64-bit integer arithmetic</li>
<li>Widening multiplication</li>
<li>Integer division by a constant</li>
<li>Avoid constant reloading in multi-byte instructions.</li>
<li>Micro-optimizations for special instruction sequences.</li>
<li>Generic built-in functions like
<code>__builtin_ffs*</code>, <code>__builtin_clz*</code>, etc.</li>
<li>If-else decision trees generated by <code>switch</code>
instructions</li>
<li>Merging of data located in flash memory</li>
<li>New libgcc variants for devices with 8-bit wide stack pointer</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Better documentation:
<ul>
<li>Handling of <code>EIND</code> and indirect jumps on devices with
more than 128 KiB of program memory.</li>
<li>Handling of the <code>RAMPD</code>, <code>RAMPX</code>,
<code>RAMPY</code> and <code>RAMPZ</code> special function registers.</li>
<li>Function attributes <code>OS_main</code> and <code>OS_task</code>.</li>
<li>AVR-specific built-in macros.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>C6X</h3>
<ul>
<li>Support has been added for the Texas Instruments C6X family of
processors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>CR16</h3>
<ul>
<li>Support has been added for National Semiconductor's CR16
architecture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Epiphany</h3>
<ul>
<li>Support has been added for Adapteva's Epiphany architecture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>IA-32/x86-64</h3>
<ul>
<li>Support for Intel AVX2 intrinsics, built-in functions and code generation is
available via <code>-mavx2</code>.</li>
<li>Support for Intel BMI2 intrinsics, built-in functions and code generation is
available via <code>-mbmi2</code>.</li>
<li>Implementation and automatic generation of <code>__builtin_clz*</code>
using the <code>lzcnt</code> instruction is available via <code>-mlzcnt</code>.</li>
<li>Support for Intel FMA3 intrinsics and code generation is available via
<code>-mfma</code>.</li>
<li>A new <code>-mfsgsbase</code> command-line option is available that makes GCC
generate new segment register read/write instructions through dedicated built-ins.</li>
<li>Support for the new Intel <code>rdrnd</code> instruction is available via <code>-mrdrnd</code>.</li>
<li>Two additional AVX vector conversion instructions are available via <code>-mf16c</code>.</li>
<li>Support for new Intel processor codename IvyBridge with RDRND, FSGSBASE and F16C
is available through <code>-march=core-avx-i</code>.</li>
<li>Support for the new Intel processor codename Haswell with AVX2, FMA, BMI,
BMI2, LZCNT is available through <code>-march=core-avx2</code>.</li>
<li>Support for new AMD family 15h processors (Piledriver core) is now available
through <code>-march=bdver2</code> and <code>-mtune=bdver2</code> options.</li>
<li>Support for <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/x32abi/">the x32 psABI</a>
is now available through the <code>-mx32</code> option.</li>
<li>Windows mingw targets are using the <code>-mms-bitfields</code> option
by default.</li>
<li>Windows x86 targets are using the <code>__thiscall</code> calling
convention for C++ class-member functions.</li>
<li>Support for the configure option <code>--with-threads=posix</code>
for Windows mingw targets.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="mips">MIPS</h3>
<ul>
<li>GCC now supports thread-local storage (TLS) for MIPS16.
This requires GNU binutils 2.22 or later.</li>
<li>GCC can now generate code specifically for the Cavium Octeon+
and Octeon2 processors. The associated command-line options are
<code>-march=octeon+</code> and <code>-march=octeon2</code>
respectively. Both options require GNU binutils 2.22 or later.</li>
<li>GCC can now work around certain 24k errata, under the control
of the command-line option <code>-mfix-24k</code>.
These workarounds require GNU binutils 2.20 or later.</li>
<li>32-bit MIPS GNU/Linux targets such as <code>mips-linux-gnu</code>
can now build n32 and n64 multilibs. The result is effectively
a 64-bit GNU/Linux toolchain that generates 32-bit code by default.
Use the configure-time option <code>--enable-targets=all</code>
to select these extra multilibs.</li>
<li>Passing <code>-fno-delayed-branch</code> now also stops the
assembler from automatically filling delay slots.</li>
</ul>
<!--
<h3 id="picochip">picochip</h3>
-->
<h3>PowerPC/PowerPC64</h3>
<ul>
<li>Vectors of type <i>vector long long</i> or <i>vector long</i> are
passed and returned using the same method as other vectors with the VSX
instruction set. Previously GCC did not adhere to the ABI
for 128-bit vectors with 64-bit integer base types (PR 48857).
This will also be fixed in the GCC 4.6.1 and 4.5.4 releases.</li>
<li>A new option <code>-mno-pointers-to-nested-functions</code> was
added to allow AIX 32-bit/64-bit and GNU/Linux 64-bit PowerPC users to
specify that the compiler should not load up the chain register
(<code>r11</code>) before calling a function through a pointer.
If you use this option, you cannot call nested functions through a
pointer, or call other languages that might use the static chain.</li>
<li>A new option <code>msave-toc-indirect</code> was added to allow AIX
32-bit/64-bit and GNU/Linux 64-bit PowerPC users control whether we
save the TOC in the prologue for indirect calls or generate the save
inline. This can speed up some programs that call through a function
pointer a lot, but it can slow down other functions that only call
through a function pointer in exceptional cases.</li>
<li>The PowerPC port will now enable machine-specific built-in
functions when the user switches the target machine using the
<code>#pragma GCC target</code> or
<code>__attribute__ ((__target__ ("<em>target</em>")))</code>
code sequences. In addition, the target macros are updated.
However, due to the way the <code>-save-temps</code> switch is
implemented, you won't see the effect of these additional macros
being defined in preprocessor output.</li>
</ul>
<h3>SH</h3>
<ul>
<li>A new option <code>-msoft-atomic</code> has been added. When it is
specified, GCC will generate GNU/Linux-compatible gUSA atomic sequences
for the new <code>__atomic</code> routines.</li>
<li>Since it is neither supported by GAS nor officially documented, code
generation for little endian SH2A has been disabled. Specifying
<code>-ml</code> with <code>-m2a*</code> will now result in a compiler
error.</li>
<li>The defunct <code>-mbranch-cost</code> option has been fixed.</li>
<li>Some improvements to the generated code of:
<ul>
<li>Utilization of the <code>tst #imm,R0</code> instruction.</li>
<li>Dynamic shift instructions on SH2A.</li>
<li>Integer absolute value calculations.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3>SPARC</h3>
<ul>
<li>The option <code>-mflat</code> has been reinstated. When it is
specified, the compiler will generate code for a single register
window model. This is essentially a new implementation and the
corresponding debugger support has been added to GDB 7.4.</li>
<li>Support for the options <code>-mtune=native</code> and
<code>-mcpu=native</code> has been added on selected native platforms
(GNU/Linux and Solaris).</li>
<li>Support for the SPARC T3 (Niagara 3) processor has been added.</li>
<li>VIS:
<ul>
<li>An intrinsics header <code>visintrin.h</code> has been added.</li>
<li>Builtin intrinsics for the VIS 1.0 edge handling and pixel compare
instructions have been added.</li>
<li>The little-endian version of <code>alignaddr</code> is now
supported.</li>
<li>When possible, VIS builtins are marked <code>const</code>, which
should increase the compiler's ability to optimize VIS
operations.</li>
<li>The compiler now properly tracks the <code>%gsr</code> register
and how it behaves as an input for various VIS instructions.</li>
<li>Akin to <code>fzero</code>, the compiler can now generate
<code>fone</code> instructions in order to set all of the bits
of a floating-point register to <code>1</code>.</li>
<li>The documentation for the VIS intrinsics in the GCC manual has
been brought up to date and many inaccuracies were fixed.</li>
<li>Intrinsics for the VIS 2.0 <code>bmask</code>,
<code>bshuffle</code>, and non-condition-code
setting edge instructions have been added. Their availability
is controlled by the new <code>-mvis2</code> and
<code>-mno-vis2</code> options. They are enabled by default
on UltraSPARC-III and later CPUs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Support for UltraSPARC Fused Multiply-Add floating-point
extensions has been added. These instructions are enabled by
default on SPARC T3 (Niagara 3) and later CPUs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>TILE-Gx/TILEPro</h3>
<ul>
<li>Support has been added for the Tilera TILE-Gx and TILEPro families of
processors.</li>
</ul>
<!--
<h2>Documentation improvements</h2>
-->
<h2>Other significant improvements</h2>
<ul>
<li>
A new option (<code>-grecord-gcc-switches</code>) was added that
appends compiler command-line options that might affect code
generation to the <code>DW_AT_producer</code> attribute string in the
DWARF debugging information.
</li>
<li>
GCC now supports various new GNU extensions to the DWARF debugging
information format, like
<a
href="http://www.dwarfstd.org/ShowIssue.php?issue=100909.1">entry
value</a> and <a
href="http://www.dwarfstd.org/ShowIssue.php?issue=100909.2">call
site</a> information, <a
href="http://www.dwarfstd.org/doc/040408.1.html">typed DWARF stack</a>
or <a
href="http://www.dwarfstd.org/ShowIssue.php?issue=110722.1">a
more compact macro representation</a>. Support for these extensions
has been added to GDB 7.4. They can be disabled through the
<code>-gstrict-dwarf</code> command-line option.
</li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="4.7.1">GCC 4.7.1</a></h2>
<p>This is the <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/buglist.cgi?bug_status=RESOLVED&resolution=FIXED&target_milestone=4.7.1">list
of problem reports (PRs)</a> from GCC's bug tracking system that are
known to be fixed in the 4.7.1 release. This list might not be
complete (that is, it is possible that some PRs that have been fixed
are not listed here).</p>
<p>The Go frontend in the 4.7.1 release fully supports
the <a href="http://weekly.golang.org/doc/go1.html">Go 1 language
standard.</a></p>
<h2><a name="4.7.2">GCC 4.7.2</a></h2>
<p>This is the <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/buglist.cgi?bug_status=RESOLVED&resolution=FIXED&target_milestone=4.7.2">list
of problem reports (PRs)</a> from GCC's bug tracking system that are
known to be fixed in the 4.7.2 release. This list might not be
complete (that is, it is possible that some PRs that have been fixed
are not listed here).</p>
<!-- ==================================================================== -->
<div class="copyright">
<address style="margin-top:0;">For questions related to the use of GCC,
please consult these web pages and the
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/">GCC manuals</a>. If that fails,
the <a href="mailto:gcc-help@gcc.gnu.org">gcc-help@gcc.gnu.org</a>
mailing list might help.
Comments on these web pages and the development of GCC are welcome on our
developer list at <a href="mailto:gcc@gcc.gnu.org">gcc@gcc.gnu.org</a>.
All of <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/lists.html">our lists</a>
have public archives.
</address>
<p>Copyright (C)
<a href="http://www.fsf.org">Free Software Foundation, Inc.</a>
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">These pages are
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/about.html">maintained by the GCC team</a>.
Last modified 2012-09-20<!-- IGNORE DIFF
--><a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer">.</a></p>
</div>
<!-- ==================================================================== -->
</body>
</html>
|
