Imported Upstream version 1.0.0upstream/1.0.0

75 files changed, 2629 insertions, 1777 deletions

diff --git a/KNOWN_ISSUES b/KNOWN_ISSUES
index e46c167..1d87958 100644
--- a/KNOWN_ISSUES
+++ b/KNOWN_ISSUES
@@ -4,14 +4,11 @@ Features not supported
 Here is a list of the most notable features that are not supported in the 
 current version of Knot.
 
-* NSID (RFC5001)
-* Root zone support
 * Other DNS classes than IN (CH, CS, HS)
 * Dynamic updates
 
 Known bugs
 ==========
 
-* Few minor bugs
-* IXFR code might be flaky sometimes
 * IXFR may be slow when too much (10 000+) RRSets are transfered at once.
+* Slow start with too many zones.
diff --git a/RELNOTES b/RELNOTES
index aeeaf51..85a3121 100644
--- a/RELNOTES
+++ b/RELNOTES
@@ -1,3 +1,17 @@
+v1.0.0 - Feb 29, 2012
+---------------------
+
+New features:
+        * Support for subnets in ACL.
+        * Debug messages enabling in configure.
+        * Optimized memory consuption of zone structures.
+
+Bugfixes:
+        * Memory errors and leaks.
+        * Fixed improper handling of failed IXFR/IN.
+        * Several other minor bugfixes.
+
+
 v1.0-rc1 - Feb 14, 2012
 -----------------------
 
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 0becd5b..89e5f3d 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #! /bin/sh
 # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles.
-# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.68 for knot 1.0-rc1.
+# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.68 for knot 1.0.0.
 #
 # Report bugs to <knot-dns@labs.nic.cz>.
 #
@@ -570,8 +570,8 @@ MAKEFLAGS=
 # Identity of this package.
 PACKAGE_NAME='knot'
 PACKAGE_TARNAME='knot'
-PACKAGE_VERSION='1.0-rc1'
-PACKAGE_STRING='knot 1.0-rc1'
+PACKAGE_VERSION='1.0.0'
+PACKAGE_STRING='knot 1.0.0'
 PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='knot-dns@labs.nic.cz'
 PACKAGE_URL=''
 
@@ -747,6 +747,7 @@ with_sysroot
 enable_libtool_lock
 enable_ldns
 enable_debug
+enable_debuglevel
 enable_recvmmsg
 '
       ac_precious_vars='build_alias
@@ -1302,7 +1303,7 @@ if test "$ac_init_help" = "long"; then
   # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing.
   # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh.
   cat <<_ACEOF
-\`configure' configures knot 1.0-rc1 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
+\`configure' configures knot 1.0.0 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
 
 Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...
 
@@ -1372,7 +1373,7 @@ fi
 
 if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then
   case $ac_init_help in
-     short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of knot 1.0-rc1:";;
+     short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of knot 1.0.0:";;
    esac
   cat <<\_ACEOF
 
@@ -1390,7 +1391,9 @@ Optional Features:
                           optimize for fast installation [default=yes]
   --disable-libtool-lock  avoid locking (might break parallel builds)
   --enable-ldns=yes|no    Enable tests with ldns [default=no]
-  --enable-debug=brief|verbose|details
+  --enable-debug=server,zones,xfr,packet,dname,rr,ns,hash,compiler
+                          compile selected debug modules [default=none]
+  --enable-debuglevel=brief|verbose|details
                           enable given debug level [default=disabled]
   --enable-recvmmsg=yes|no
                           enable recvmmsg() network API under Linux (kernel
@@ -1488,7 +1491,7 @@ fi
 test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status
 if $ac_init_version; then
   cat <<\_ACEOF
-knot configure 1.0-rc1
+knot configure 1.0.0
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.68
 
 Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -2038,7 +2041,7 @@ cat >config.log <<_ACEOF
 This file contains any messages produced by compilers while
 running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake.
 
-It was created by knot $as_me 1.0-rc1, which was
+It was created by knot $as_me 1.0.0, which was
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.68.  Invocation command line was
 
   $ $0 $@
@@ -2856,7 +2859,7 @@ fi
 
 # Define the identity of the package.
  PACKAGE='knot'
- VERSION='1.0-rc1'
+ VERSION='1.0.0'
 
 
 cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
@@ -13134,10 +13137,49 @@ else
 fi
 
 
-# Debug level
+# Debug modules
 # Check whether --enable-debug was given.
 if test "${enable_debug+set}" = set; then :
-  enableval=$enable_debug; # Not all shells support fall-through with ;& so I have to duplicate
+  enableval=$enable_debug;
+    echo ${enableval}|tr "," "\n"|while read val; do
+        case "${val}" in
+          server)
+$as_echo "#define KNOTD_SERVER_DEBUG 1" >>confdefs.h
+ ;;
+          zones)
+$as_echo "#define KNOT_ZONES_DEBUG 1" >>confdefs.h
+ ;;
+          xfr)
+$as_echo "#define KNOT_XFR_DEBUG 1" >>confdefs.h
+ ;;
+          packet)
+$as_echo "#define KNOT_PACKET_DEBUG 1" >>confdefs.h
+ ;;
+          dname)
+$as_echo "#define KNOT_DNAME_DEBUG 1" >>confdefs.h
+ ;;
+          rr)
+$as_echo "#define KNOT_RR_DEBUG 1" >>confdefs.h
+ ;;
+          ns)
+$as_echo "#define KNOT_NS_DEBUG 1" >>confdefs.h
+ ;;
+          hash)
+$as_echo "#define KNOT_HASH_DEBUG 1" >>confdefs.h
+ ;;
+          compiler)
+$as_echo "#define KNOT_COMPILER_DEBUG 1" >>confdefs.h
+ ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+fi
+
+
+# Debug level
+# Check whether --enable-debuglevel was given.
+if test "${enable_debuglevel+set}" = set; then :
+  enableval=$enable_debuglevel; # Not all shells support fall-through with ;& so I have to duplicate
     case "x${enableval}" in
       xdetails)
 
@@ -14850,7 +14892,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<\_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1
 # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their
 # values after options handling.
 ac_log="
-This file was extended by knot $as_me 1.0-rc1, which was
+This file was extended by knot $as_me 1.0.0, which was
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.68.  Invocation command line was
 
   CONFIG_FILES    = $CONFIG_FILES
@@ -14916,7 +14958,7 @@ _ACEOF
 cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1
 ac_cs_config="`$as_echo "$ac_configure_args" | sed 's/^ //; s/[\\""\`\$]/\\\\&/g'`"
 ac_cs_version="\\
-knot config.status 1.0-rc1
+knot config.status 1.0.0
 configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.68,
   with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\"
 
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index e1fb61d..f5551dc 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #                                               -*- Autoconf -*-
 
 AC_PREREQ([2.65])
-AC_INIT([knot], [1.0-rc1], [knot-dns@labs.nic.cz])
+AC_INIT([knot], [1.0.0], [knot-dns@labs.nic.cz])
 AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([gnu -Wall -Werror])
 AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/knot/main.c])
 AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([src/config.h])
@@ -64,10 +64,30 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE([ldns],
        no)  ldns=false ;;
        *) AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value ${enableval} for --enable-ldns]) ;;
      esac],[ldns=false])
+     
+# Debug modules
+AC_ARG_ENABLE([debug],
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-debug=server,zones,xfr,packet,dname,rr,ns,hash,compiler],
+    [compile selected debug modules [default=none]]),
+    [
+    echo ${enableval}|tr "," "\n"|while read val; do
+        case "${val}" in
+          server) AC_DEFINE([KNOTD_SERVER_DEBUG], [1], [Server debug.]) ;;
+          zones) AC_DEFINE([KNOT_ZONES_DEBUG], [1], [Zones debug.]) ;;
+          xfr) AC_DEFINE([KNOT_XFR_DEBUG], [1], [XFR debug.]) ;;
+          packet) AC_DEFINE([KNOT_PACKET_DEBUG], [1], [Packet debug.]) ;;
+          dname) AC_DEFINE([KNOT_DNAME_DEBUG], [1], [Domain names debug.]) ;;
+          rr) AC_DEFINE([KNOT_RR_DEBUG], [1], [RR debug.]) ;;
+          ns) AC_DEFINE([KNOT_NS_DEBUG], [1], [Nameserver debug.]) ;;
+          hash) AC_DEFINE([KNOT_HASH_DEBUG], [1], [Hashtable debug.]) ;;
+          compiler) AC_DEFINE([KNOT_COMPILER_DEBUG], [1], [Zone compiler debug.]) ;;
+        esac
+    done
+    ], [])
 
 # Debug level
-AC_ARG_ENABLE([debug],
-    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-debug=brief|verbose|details], [enable given debug level [default=disabled]]),
+AC_ARG_ENABLE([debuglevel],
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-debuglevel=brief|verbose|details], [enable given debug level [default=disabled]]),
     # Not all shells support fall-through with ;& so I have to duplicate
     [case "x${enableval}" in
       xdetails)
diff --git a/src/common/acl.c b/src/common/acl.c
index a1c3a6e..d739319 100644
--- a/src/common/acl.c
+++ b/src/common/acl.c
@@ -16,9 +16,30 @@
 
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <assert.h>
 
 #include "common/acl.h"
 
+static inline uint32_t acl_sa_ipv4(sockaddr_t *a) {
+	return a->addr4.sin_addr.s_addr;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t acl_fill_mask32(short c) {
+	/*! \todo Consider optimizing using LUT. */
+	assert(c >= 0 && c <= 32);
+	unsigned r = 0;
+	/*! This actually builds big-endian mask
+	 *  as we will match against addresses in
+	 *  network byte-order (big-endian).
+	 *  Otherwise it should be built from
+	 *  HO bit -> LO bit.
+	 */
+	for (char i = 0; i < c; ++i) {
+		r |= (1 << i);
+	}
+	return r;
+}
+
 static int acl_compare(void *k1, void *k2)
 {
 	sockaddr_t* a1 = (sockaddr_t *)k1;
@@ -32,56 +53,54 @@ static int acl_compare(void *k1, void *k2)
 
 	/* Compare integers if IPv4. */
 	if (a1->len == sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) {
-
-		/* Allow if k1 == INADDR_ANY. */
-		if (a1->addr4.sin_addr.s_addr == 0) {
-			return 0;
-		}
+		
+		/* Compute mask .*/
+		uint32_t mask = acl_fill_mask32(a1->prefix);
 
 		/* Compare address. */
-		ldiff = a1->addr4.sin_addr.s_addr - a2->addr4.sin_addr.s_addr;
-		if (ldiff != 0) {
-			return ldiff < 0 ? -1 : 1;
-		}
-
-		/* Port = 0 means any port match. */
-		if (a1->addr4.sin_port == 0) {
+		ldiff = (int)((acl_sa_ipv4(a1) & mask) - (acl_sa_ipv4(a2) & mask));
+		if (ldiff < 0) {
+			return -1;
+		} else if (ldiff > 0) {
+			return 1;
+		} else {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		/* Compare ports on address match. */
-		ldiff = ntohs(a1->addr4.sin_port) - ntohs(a2->addr4.sin_port);
-		if (ldiff != 0) {
-			return ldiff < 0 ? -1 : 1;
-		}
 		return 0;
 	}
 
 	/* IPv6 matching. */
 #ifndef DISABLE_IPV6
 	if (a1->len == sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6)) {
-
-		/* Compare address. */
-		ldiff = memcmp(&a1->addr6.sin6_addr,
-		               &a2->addr6.sin6_addr,
-		               sizeof(struct in6_addr));
-		if (ldiff < 0) {
-			return -1;
-		} 
-		if (ldiff > 0) {
-			return 1;
-		}
-
-		/* Port = 0 means any port match. */
-		if (a1->addr6.sin6_port == 0) {
-			return 0;
+		
+		/* Get mask .*/
+		short chunk = a1->prefix;
+		
+		/* Compare address by 32bit chunks. */
+		uint32_t* a1p = (uint32_t*)&a1->addr6.sin6_addr;
+		uint32_t* a2p = (uint32_t*)&a2->addr6.sin6_addr;
+		
+		/* Mask 0 = 0 bits to compare from LO->HO (in big-endian).
+		 * Mask 128 = 128 bits to compare.
+		 */
+		while (chunk > 0) {
+			uint32_t mask = 0xffffffff;
+			if (chunk > sizeof(mask) << 3) {
+				chunk -= sizeof(mask) << 3;
+			} else {
+				mask = acl_fill_mask32(chunk);
+				chunk = 0;
+			}
+
+			ldiff = (*(a1p++) & mask) ^ (*(a2p++) & mask);
+			if (ldiff < 0) {
+				return -1;
+			} else if (ldiff > 0) {
+				return 1;
+			}
 		}
 
-		/* Compare ports on address match. */
-		ldiff = ntohs(a1->addr6.sin6_port) - ntohs(a2->addr6.sin6_port);
-		if (ldiff != 0) {
-			return ldiff < 0 ? -1 : 1;
-		}
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -111,6 +130,19 @@ acl_t *acl_new(acl_rule_t default_rule, const char *name)
 		free(acl);
 		return 0;
 	}
+	
+	/* Initialize skip list for rules with TSIG. */
+	/*! \todo This needs a better structure to make
+	 *        nodes with TSIG preferred, but for now
+	 *        it will do to sort nodes into two lists.
+	 *        (issue #1675)
+	 */
+	acl->rules_pref = skip_create_list(acl_compare);
+	if (!acl->rules_pref) {
+		skip_destroy_list(&acl->rules, 0, free);
+		free(acl);
+		return 0;
+	}
 
 	/* Initialize. */
 	memcpy(&acl->name, name, name_len);
@@ -134,7 +166,8 @@ void acl_delete(acl_t **acl)
 	*acl = 0;
 }
 
-int acl_create(acl_t *acl, const sockaddr_t* addr, acl_rule_t rule, void *val)
+int acl_create(acl_t *acl, const sockaddr_t* addr, acl_rule_t rule, void *val,
+               unsigned flags)
 {
 	if (!acl || !addr) {
 		return ACL_ERROR;
@@ -142,12 +175,21 @@ int acl_create(acl_t *acl, const sockaddr_t* addr, acl_rule_t rule, void *val)
 
 	/* Insert into skip list. */
 	acl_key_t *key = malloc(sizeof(acl_key_t));
+	if (key == NULL) {
+		return ACL_ERROR;
+	}
+	
 	memcpy(&key->addr, addr, sizeof(sockaddr_t));
 	sockaddr_update(&key->addr);
 	key->rule = rule;
 	key->val = val;
 
-	skip_insert(acl->rules, &key->addr, key, 0);
+	
+	if (flags & ACL_PREFER) {
+		skip_insert(acl->rules_pref, &key->addr, key, 0);
+	} else {
+		skip_insert(acl->rules, &key->addr, key, 0);
+	}
 
 	return ACL_ACCEPT;
 }
@@ -158,15 +200,18 @@ int acl_match(acl_t *acl, const sockaddr_t* addr, acl_key_t **key)
 		return ACL_ERROR;
 	}
 
-    acl_key_t *found = skip_find(acl->rules, (void*)addr);
+	acl_key_t *found = skip_find(acl->rules_pref, (void*)addr);
+	if (found == NULL) {
+		found = skip_find(acl->rules, (void*)addr);
+	}
 	
 	/* Set stored value if exists. */
-	if (key != 0) {
+	if (key != NULL) {
 		*key = found;
 	}
 	
 	/* Return appropriate rule. */
-	if (!found) {
+	if (found == NULL) {
 		return acl->default_rule;
 	}
 
@@ -181,6 +226,7 @@ int acl_truncate(acl_t *acl)
 
 	/* Destroy all rules. */
 	skip_destroy_list(&acl->rules, 0, free);
+	skip_destroy_list(&acl->rules_pref, 0, free);
 
 	return ACL_ACCEPT;
 }
diff --git a/src/common/acl.h b/src/common/acl.h
index 7303de8..7ce8f26 100644
--- a/src/common/acl.h
+++ b/src/common/acl.h
@@ -40,10 +40,16 @@ typedef enum acl_rule_t {
 	ACL_ACCEPT =  1
 } acl_rule_t;
 
+/*! \brief ACL flags. */
+enum acl_flag_t {
+	ACL_PREFER = 1 << 0 /* Preferred node. */
+};
+
 /*! \brief ACL structure. */
 typedef struct acl_t {
 	acl_rule_t default_rule; /*!< \brief Default rule. */
 	skip_list_t *rules;      /*!< \brief Data container. */
+	skip_list_t *rules_pref; /*!< \brief Preferred data container. */
 	const char name[];       /*!< \brief ACL semantic name. */
 } acl_t;
 
@@ -81,11 +87,13 @@ void acl_delete(acl_t **acl);
  * \param addr IP address.
  * \param rule Rule for given address.
  * \param val Value to be stored for given address (or NULL).
+ * \param flags Bitfield of ACL flags.
  *
  * \retval ACL_ACCEPT if successful.
  * \retval ACP_ERROR on error.
  */
-int acl_create(acl_t *acl, const sockaddr_t* addr, acl_rule_t rule, void *val);
+int acl_create(acl_t *acl, const sockaddr_t* addr, acl_rule_t rule, void *val,
+               unsigned flags);
 
 /*!
  * \brief Match address against ACL.
diff --git a/src/common/dynamic-array.c b/src/common/dynamic-array.c
index 1e2efac..e948821 100644
--- a/src/common/dynamic-array.c
+++ b/src/common/dynamic-array.c
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ int da_initialize(da_array_t *array, unsigned count, size_t item_size)
 		array->allocated = 0;
 		array->count = 0;
 		ERR_ALLOC_FAILED;
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&array->mtx);
 		return -1;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/common/evsched.c b/src/common/evsched.c
index 067977f..386478a 100644
--- a/src/common/evsched.c
+++ b/src/common/evsched.c
@@ -165,10 +165,10 @@ event_t* evsched_next(evsched_t *s)
 
 			/* Immediately return. */
 			if (timercmp(&dt, &next_ev->tv, >=)) {
+				s->current = next_ev;
 				rem_node(&next_ev->n);
 				pthread_mutex_unlock(&s->mx);
 				pthread_mutex_lock(&s->rl);
-				s->current = next_ev;
 				return next_ev;
 			}
 
diff --git a/src/common/fdset_kqueue.c b/src/common/fdset_kqueue.c
index bbb35fc..b9f639d 100644
--- a/src/common/fdset_kqueue.c
+++ b/src/common/fdset_kqueue.c
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 
 #include <config.h>
-
 #ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
 
 #include <stdint.h>
diff --git a/src/common/general-tree.c b/src/common/general-tree.c
index 202b31a..e1048e7 100644
--- a/src/common/general-tree.c
+++ b/src/common/general-tree.c
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 #include "common/general-tree.h"
-#include "common/errors.h"
 
 MOD_TREE_DEFINE(general_tree_node, avl);
 
@@ -202,6 +201,7 @@ general_tree_t *gen_tree_shallow_copy(general_tree_t *tree)
 
 	if (gen_tree_copy_node(tree->tree->th_root,
 	                       &new_tree->tree->th_root) != 0) {
+		free(new_tree);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/common/libtap/tap.c b/src/common/libtap/tap.c
index 8b660fe..d6bb995 100644
--- a/src/common/libtap/tap.c
+++ b/src/common/libtap/tap.c
@@ -1,26 +1,14 @@
-/*  Copyright (C) 2011 CZ.NIC, z.s.p.o. <knot-dns@labs.nic.cz>
-
-    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-    GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
+/*
+libtap - Write tests in C
+Copyright (C) 2011 Jake Gelbman <gelbman@gmail.com>
+This file is licensed under the GPL v3
+*/
 
 #include <config.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <string.h>
-
-//#include "common.h"
 #include "tap.h"
 
 static int expected_tests = NO_PLAN;
@@ -28,13 +16,6 @@ static int failed_tests;
 static int current_test;
 static char *todo_mesg;
 
-void
-plan (int tests) {
-    expected_tests = tests;
-    if (tests != NO_PLAN)
-        printf("1..%d\n", tests);
-}
-
 static char *
 vstrdupf (const char *fmt, va_list args) {
     char *str;
@@ -50,42 +31,57 @@ vstrdupf (const char *fmt, va_list args) {
     return str;
 }
 
+void
+cplan (int tests, const char *fmt, ...) {
+    expected_tests = tests;
+    if (tests == SKIP_ALL) {
+        char *why;
+        va_list args;
+        va_start(args, fmt);
+        why = vstrdupf(fmt, args);
+        va_end(args);
+        printf("1..0 ");
+        note("SKIP %s\n", why);
+        exit(0);
+    }
+    if (tests != NO_PLAN) {
+        printf("1..%d\n", tests);
+    }
+}
+
 int
-vok_at_loc (const char *file, int line, int test, int verbose, const char *fmt,
+vok_at_loc (const char *file, int line, int test, const char *fmt,
             va_list args)
 {
-    if (verbose) {
-	    char *name = vstrdupf(fmt, args);
-	    printf("%sok %d", test ? "" : "not ", ++current_test);
-	    if (*name)
-	        printf(" - %s", name);
-	    if (todo_mesg) {
-	        printf(" # TODO");
-	        if (*todo_mesg)
-	            printf(" %s", todo_mesg);
-	    }
-	    printf("\n");
-	    if (!test) {
-	        if (*name)
-	            diag("  Failed%s test '%s'\n  at %s line %d.",
-	                todo_mesg ? " (TODO)" : "", name, file, line);
-	        else
-	            diag("  Failed%s test at %s line %d.",
-	                todo_mesg ? " (TODO)" : "", file, line);
-	        if (!todo_mesg)
-	            failed_tests++;
-	    
-	    free(name);
-	}
+    char *name = vstrdupf(fmt, args);
+    printf("%sok %d", test ? "" : "not ", ++current_test);
+    if (*name)
+        printf(" - %s", name);
+    if (todo_mesg) {
+        printf(" # TODO");
+        if (*todo_mesg)
+            printf(" %s", todo_mesg);
     }
+    printf("\n");
+    if (!test) {
+        if (*name)
+            diag("  Failed%s test '%s'\n  at %s line %d.",
+                todo_mesg ? " (TODO)" : "", name, file, line);
+        else
+            diag("  Failed%s test at %s line %d.",
+                todo_mesg ? " (TODO)" : "", file, line);
+        if (!todo_mesg)
+            failed_tests++;
+    }
+    free(name);
     return test;
 }
 
 int
-ok_at_loc (const char *file, int line, int verbose, int test, const char *fmt, ...) {
+ok_at_loc (const char *file, int line, int test, const char *fmt, ...) {
     va_list args;
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, verbose, fmt, args);
+    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
     return test;
 }
@@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ is_at_loc (const char *file, int line, const char *got, const char *expected,
     int test = eq(got, expected);
     va_list args;
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, 1, fmt, args);
+    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
     if (!test) {
         diag("         got: '%s'", got);
@@ -116,13 +112,12 @@ is_at_loc (const char *file, int line, const char *got, const char *expected,
 
 int
 isnt_at_loc (const char *file, int line, const char *got, const char *expected,
-             int verbose,
              const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     int test = ne(got, expected);
     va_list args;
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, verbose, fmt, args);
+    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
     if (!test) {
         diag("         got: '%s'", got);
@@ -156,7 +151,7 @@ cmp_ok_at_loc (const char *file, int line, int a, const char *op, int b,
              : diag("unrecognized operator '%s'", op);
     va_list args;
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, 1, fmt, args);
+    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
     if (!test) {
         diag("    %d", a);
@@ -179,9 +174,10 @@ vdiag_to_fh (FILE *fh, const char *fmt, va_list args) {
         if (!c || c == '\n') {
             mesg[i] = '\0';
             fprintf(fh, "# %s\n", line);
-            if (!c) break;
+            if (!c)
+                break;
             mesg[i] = c;
-            line = &mesg[i+1];
+            line = mesg + i + 1;
         }
     }
     free(mesg);
@@ -228,6 +224,18 @@ exit_status () {
     return retval;
 }
 
+int
+bail_out (int ignore, const char *fmt, ...) {
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    printf("Bail out!  ");
+    vprintf(fmt, args);
+    printf("\n");
+    va_end(args);
+    exit(255);
+    return 0;
+}
+
 void
 skippy (int n, const char *fmt, ...) {
     char *why;
@@ -260,7 +268,7 @@ cendtodo () {
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <regex.h>
 
-#ifndef MAP_ANONYMOUS 
+#ifndef MAP_ANONYMOUS
 #define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON
 #endif
 
@@ -282,10 +290,11 @@ tap_test_died (int status) {
 
 int
 like_at_loc (int for_match, const char *file, int line, const char *got,
-             const char *expected, int verbose, const char *fmt, ...)
+             const char *expected, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     int test;
     regex_t re;
+    va_list args;
     int err = regcomp(&re, expected, REG_EXTENDED);
     if (err) {
         char errbuf[256];
@@ -297,9 +306,8 @@ like_at_loc (int for_match, const char *file, int line, const char *got,
     err = regexec(&re, got, 0, NULL, 0);
     regfree(&re);
     test = for_match ? !err : err;
-    va_list args;
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, verbose, fmt, args);
+    vok_at_loc(file, line, test, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
     if (!test) {
         if (for_match) {
diff --git a/src/common/libtap/tap.h b/src/common/libtap/tap.h
index 4522fbb..89484f4 100644
--- a/src/common/libtap/tap.h
+++ b/src/common/libtap/tap.h
@@ -1,104 +1,114 @@
-/*  Copyright (C) 2011 CZ.NIC, z.s.p.o. <knot-dns@labs.nic.cz>
-
-    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-    GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
+/*
+libtap - Write tests in C
+Copyright (C) 2011 Jake Gelbman <gelbman@gmail.com>
+This file is licensed under the GPL v3
+*/
 
 #ifndef __TAP_H__
 #define __TAP_H__
 
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#ifndef va_copy
+#ifdef __va_copy
+#define va_copy __va_copy
+#else
+#define va_copy(d, s) ((d) = (s))
+#endif
+#endif
+
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
-#define NO_PLAN          -1
-#define ok(...)          ok_at_loc(__FILE__, __LINE__, 1, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
-#define pass(...)        ok(1, ## __VA_ARGS__)
-#define fail(...)        ok(0, ## __VA_ARGS__)
-#define is(...)          is_at_loc(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
-#define isnt(...)        isnt_at_loc(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
-#define cmp_ok(...)      cmp_ok_at_loc(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
-
-int     vok_at_loc      (const char *file, int line, int test, int verbose, const char *fmt,
+int     vok_at_loc      (const char *file, int line, int test, const char *fmt,
                          va_list args);
-void    plan            (int tests);
-int     ok_at_loc       (const char *file, int line, int test, int verbose, const char *fmt,
+int     ok_at_loc       (const char *file, int line, int test, const char *fmt,
                          ...);
+int     is_at_loc       (const char *file, int line, const char *got,
+                         const char *expected, const char *fmt, ...);
+int     isnt_at_loc     (const char *file, int line, const char *got,
+                         const char *expected, const char *fmt, ...);
+int     cmp_ok_at_loc   (const char *file, int line, int a, const char *op,
+                         int b, const char *fmt, ...);
+int     bail_out        (int ignore, const char *fmt, ...);
+void    cplan           (int tests, const char *fmt, ...);
 int     diag            (const char *fmt, ...);
 int     note            (const char *fmt, ...);
 int     exit_status     (void);
 void    skippy          (int n, const char *fmt, ...);
 void    ctodo           (int ignore, const char *fmt, ...);
 void    cendtodo        (void);
-int     is_at_loc       (const char *file, int line, const char *got,
-                         const char *expected,
-                         const char *fmt, ...);
-int     isnt_at_loc     (const char *file, int line, const char *got,
-                         const char *expected, int verbose, const char *fmt, ...);
-int     cmp_ok_at_loc   (const char *file, int line, int a, const char *op,
-                         int b, const char *fmt, ...);
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#define like(...)   skippy(1, "like is not implemented on MSWin32")
-#define unlike(...) like()
-#else
-#define like(...)   like_at_loc(1, __FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
-#define unlike(...) like_at_loc(0, __FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
-int     like_at_loc     (int for_match, const char *file, int line,
-                         const char *got, const char *expected,
-                         int verbose,
-                         const char *fmt, ...);
-#endif
+#define NO_PLAN          -1
+#define SKIP_ALL         -2
+#define ok(...)          ok_at_loc(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+#define is(...)          is_at_loc(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+#define isnt(...)        isnt_at_loc(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+#define cmp_ok(...)      cmp_ok_at_loc(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+#define plan(...)        cplan(__VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+#define done_testing()   return exit_status()
+#define BAIL_OUT(...)    bail_out(0, "" __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+#define pass(...)        ok(1, "" __VA_ARGS__)
+#define fail(...)        ok(0, "" __VA_ARGS__)
 
 #define skip(test, ...)  do {if (test) {skippy(__VA_ARGS__, NULL); break;}
 #define endskip          } while (0)
 
-#define todo(...)        ctodo(0, ## __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+#define todo(...)        ctodo(0, "" __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
 #define endtodo          cendtodo()
 
-#define dies_ok(code, ...)  dies_ok_common(code, 1, 1, ## __VA_ARGS__)
-#define lives_ok(code, ...) dies_ok_common(code, 0, 1, ## __VA_ARGS__)
-#define lives_ok_silent(code, ...) dies_ok_common(code, 0, 0, ## __VA_ARGS__)
+#define dies_ok(...)     dies_ok_common(1, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define lives_ok(...)    dies_ok_common(0, __VA_ARGS__)
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
+#define like(...)        skippy(1, "like is not implemented on MSWin32")
+#define unlike           like
 #define dies_ok_common(...) \
     skippy(1, "Death detection is not supported on MSWin32")
 #else
+#define like(...)        like_at_loc(1, __FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+#define unlike(...)      like_at_loc(0, __FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+int     like_at_loc     (int for_match, const char *file, int line,
+                         const char *got, const char *expected,
+                         const char *fmt, ...);
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 int tap_test_died (int status);
-#define dies_ok_common(code, for_death, verbose, ...)                \
+#define dies_ok_common(for_death, code, ...)                \
     do {                                                    \
+        int cpid;                                           \
+        int it_died;                                        \
         tap_test_died(1);                                   \
-        int cpid = fork();                                  \
+        cpid = fork();                                      \
         switch (cpid) {                                     \
         case -1:                                            \
             perror("fork error");                           \
-            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);                             \
-        case 0: /* child  */                                \
-            close(1); close(2);                             \
+            exit(1);                                        \
+        case 0:                                             \
+            close(1);                                       \
+            close(2);                                       \
             code                                            \
             tap_test_died(0);                               \
-            exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);                             \
+            exit(0);                                        \
         }                                                   \
         if (waitpid(cpid, NULL, 0) < 0) {                   \
             perror("waitpid error");                        \
-            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);                             \
+            exit(1);                                        \
         }                                                   \
-        int it_died = tap_test_died(0);                     \
-        if (!it_died) {code}                                \
-        ok_at_loc(__FILE__, __LINE__, verbose, for_death ? it_died : !it_died, ## __VA_ARGS__); \
+        it_died = tap_test_died(0);                         \
+        if (!it_died)                                       \
+            {code}                                          \
+        ok(for_death ? it_died : !it_died, "" __VA_ARGS__); \
     } while (0)
 #endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
 #endif
+
+#endif
+
diff --git a/src/common/skip-list.c b/src/common/skip-list.c
index 79e9429..cde08d7 100644
--- a/src/common/skip-list.c
+++ b/src/common/skip-list.c
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ static float frand()
 /*!
  * \brief Returns random level between 0 and MAX_LEVEL.
  */
-static int skip_random_level()
+static unsigned skip_random_level()
 {
 	static int first = 1;
-	int lvl = 0;
+	unsigned lvl = 0;
 
 	if (first) {
 		first = 0;
@@ -216,6 +216,7 @@ void *skip_find(const skip_list_t *list, void *key)
 		       && list->compare_keys(x->forward[i]->key, key) == -1) {
 			x = x->forward[i];
 		}
+		if (i == 0) break;
 	}
 	x = x->forward[0];
 
@@ -240,6 +241,7 @@ void *skip_find_less_or_equal(const skip_list_t *list, void *key)
 		       && list->compare_keys(x->forward[i]->key, key) <= 0) {
 			x = x->forward[i];
 		}
+		if (i == 0) break;
 	}
 
 	return x->value;
@@ -265,11 +267,12 @@ int skip_insert(skip_list_t *list, void *key, void *value,
 			x = x->forward[i];
 		}
 		update[i] = x;
+		if (i == 0) break;
 	}
 	x = x->forward[0];
 
 	if (x == NULL || list->compare_keys(x->key, key) != 0) {
-		int lvl = skip_random_level();
+		unsigned lvl = skip_random_level();
 
 		if (lvl > list->level) {
 			for (i = list->level + 1; i <= lvl; i++) {
@@ -319,6 +322,7 @@ int skip_remove(skip_list_t *list, void *key, void (*destroy_key)(void *),
 			x = x->forward[i];
 		}
 		update[i] = x;
+		if (i == 0) break;
 	}
 	x = x->forward[0];
 
diff --git a/src/common/sockaddr.c b/src/common/sockaddr.c
index cd3a4b9..48551bc 100644
--- a/src/common/sockaddr.c
+++ b/src/common/sockaddr.c
@@ -32,10 +32,12 @@ int sockaddr_init(sockaddr_t *addr, int af)
 	switch(af) {
 	case AF_INET:
 		addr->len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+		addr->prefix = IPV4_PREFIXLEN;
 		break;
 #ifndef DISABLE_IPV6
 	case AF_INET6:
 		addr->len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
+		addr->prefix = IPV6_PREFIXLEN;
 		break;
 #endif
 	default:
@@ -86,6 +88,7 @@ int sockaddr_set(sockaddr_t *dst, int family, const char* addr, int port)
 		dst->addr4.sin_port = htons(port);
 		paddr = &dst->addr4.sin_addr;
 		dst->addr4.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
+		dst->prefix = IPV4_PREFIXLEN;
 		break;
 #ifndef DISABLE_IPV6
 	case AF_INET6:
@@ -94,6 +97,7 @@ int sockaddr_set(sockaddr_t *dst, int family, const char* addr, int port)
 		paddr = &dst->addr6.sin6_addr;
 		memcpy(&dst->addr6.sin6_addr,
 		       &in6addr_any, sizeof(in6addr_any));
+		dst->prefix = IPV6_PREFIXLEN;
 		break;
 #endif
 	default:
@@ -104,6 +108,15 @@ int sockaddr_set(sockaddr_t *dst, int family, const char* addr, int port)
 	return inet_pton(family, addr, paddr);
 }
 
+int sockaddr_setprefix(sockaddr_t *dst, int prefix)
+{
+	if (dst == NULL || prefix < 0) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	
+	return dst->prefix = prefix;
+}
+
 int sockaddr_tostr(sockaddr_t *addr, char *dst, size_t size)
 {
 	if (!addr || !dst || size == 0) {
diff --git a/src/common/sockaddr.h b/src/common/sockaddr.h
index 51ba779..b2725c0 100644
--- a/src/common/sockaddr.h
+++ b/src/common/sockaddr.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 /*! \brief Universal socket address. */
 typedef struct sockaddr_t {
 	int family; /*!< Address family. */
+	short prefix; /*!< Address prefix. */
 	struct sockaddr* ptr; /*!< Pointer to used sockaddr. */
 	socklen_t len;              /*!< Length of used sockaddr. */
 	union {
@@ -48,6 +49,10 @@ typedef struct sockaddr_t {
 	};
 } sockaddr_t;
 
+/* Subnet maximum prefix length. */
+#define IPV4_PREFIXLEN 32
+#define IPV6_PREFIXLEN 128
+
 /*! \brief Maximum address length in string format. */
 #ifdef DISABLE_IPV6
 #define SOCKADDR_STRLEN INET_ADDRSTRLEN
@@ -94,6 +99,17 @@ int sockaddr_update(sockaddr_t *addr);
 int sockaddr_set(sockaddr_t *dst, int family, const char* addr, int port);
 
 /*!
+ * \brief Set address prefix.
+ *
+ * \param dst Target address structure.
+ * \param prefix Prefix.
+ *
+ * \retval 0 if success.
+ * \retval -1 on error.
+ */
+int sockaddr_setprefix(sockaddr_t *dst, int prefix);
+
+/*!
  * \brief Return string representation of socket address.
  *
  * \param addr Socket address structure.
diff --git a/src/config.h.in b/src/config.h.in
index 4761e6b..dfcea86 100644
--- a/src/config.h.in
+++ b/src/config.h.in
@@ -210,6 +210,33 @@
 /* Define to 1 if the system has the type `_Bool'. */
 #undef HAVE__BOOL
 
+/* Server debug. */
+#undef KNOTD_SERVER_DEBUG
+
+/* Zone compiler debug. */
+#undef KNOT_COMPILER_DEBUG
+
+/* Domain names debug. */
+#undef KNOT_DNAME_DEBUG
+
+/* Hashtable debug. */
+#undef KNOT_HASH_DEBUG
+
+/* Nameserver debug. */
+#undef KNOT_NS_DEBUG
+
+/* Packet debug. */
+#undef KNOT_PACKET_DEBUG
+
+/* RR debug. */
+#undef KNOT_RR_DEBUG
+
+/* XFR debug. */
+#undef KNOT_XFR_DEBUG
+
+/* Zones debug. */
+#undef KNOT_ZONES_DEBUG
+
 /* Define to the sub-directory in which libtool stores uninstalled libraries.
    */
 #undef LT_OBJDIR
diff --git a/src/knot/conf/cf-parse.y b/src/knot/conf/cf-parse.y
index 9d68d90..c7efa10 100644
--- a/src/knot/conf/cf-parse.y
+++ b/src/knot/conf/cf-parse.y
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
 #include <grp.h>
+#include "common/sockaddr.h"
 #include "libknot/dname.h"
 #include "knot/conf/conf.h"
 #include "libknotd_la-cf-parse.h" /* Automake generated header. */
@@ -27,9 +28,13 @@ static conf_log_t *this_log = 0;
 static conf_log_map_t *this_logmap = 0;
 //#define YYERROR_VERBOSE 1
 
-static void conf_start_iface(char* ifname)
+static void conf_start_iface(void *scanner, char* ifname)
 {
    this_iface = malloc(sizeof(conf_iface_t));
+   if (this_iface == NULL) {
+      cf_error(scanner, "not enough memory when allocating interface");
+      return;
+   }
    memset(this_iface, 0, sizeof(conf_iface_t));
    this_iface->name = ifname;
    this_iface->port = CONFIG_DEFAULT_PORT;
@@ -37,9 +42,13 @@ static void conf_start_iface(char* ifname)
    ++new_config->ifaces_count;
 }
 
-static void conf_start_remote(char *remote)
+static void conf_start_remote(void *scanner, char *remote)
 {
    this_remote = malloc(sizeof(conf_iface_t));
+   if (this_remote == NULL) {
+      cf_error(scanner, "not enough memory when allocating remote");
+      return;
+   }
    memset(this_remote, 0, sizeof(conf_iface_t));
    this_remote->name = remote;
    add_tail(&new_config->remotes, &this_remote->n);
@@ -149,6 +158,69 @@ static int conf_key_add(void *scanner, knot_key_t **key, char *item)
     return 1;
 }
 
+static void conf_zone_start(void *scanner, char *name) {
+   this_zone = malloc(sizeof(conf_zone_t));
+   if (this_zone == NULL || name == NULL) {
+      cf_error(scanner, "out of memory while allocating zone config");
+      return;
+   }
+   memset(this_zone, 0, sizeof(conf_zone_t));
+   this_zone->enable_checks = -1; // Default policy applies
+   this_zone->notify_timeout = -1; // Default policy applies
+   this_zone->notify_retries = 0; // Default policy applies
+   this_zone->ixfr_fslimit = -1; // Default policy applies
+   this_zone->dbsync_timeout = -1; // Default policy applies
+
+   // Append mising dot to ensure FQDN
+   size_t nlen = strlen(name);
+   if (name[nlen - 1] != '.') {
+      this_zone->name = malloc(nlen + 2);
+      if (this_zone->name != NULL) {
+	memcpy(this_zone->name, name, nlen);
+	this_zone->name[nlen] = '.';
+	this_zone->name[nlen + 1] = '\0';
+     }
+     free(name);
+   } else {
+      this_zone->name = name; /* Already FQDN */
+   }
+
+   /* Check domain name. */
+   knot_dname_t *dn = NULL;
+   if (this_zone->name != NULL) {
+      dn = knot_dname_new_from_str(this_zone->name, nlen + 1, 0);
+   }
+   if (dn == NULL) {
+     free(this_zone->name);
+     free(this_zone);
+     this_zone = NULL;
+     cf_error(scanner, "invalid zone origin");
+   } else {
+     /* Directly discard dname, won't be needed. */
+     knot_dname_free(&dn);
+     add_tail(&new_config->zones, &this_zone->n);
+     ++new_config->zones_count;
+
+     /* Initialize ACL lists. */
+     init_list(&this_zone->acl.xfr_in);
+     init_list(&this_zone->acl.xfr_out);
+     init_list(&this_zone->acl.notify_in);
+     init_list(&this_zone->acl.notify_out);
+   }
+}
+
+static int conf_mask(void* scanner, int nval, int prefixlen) {
+    if (nval < 0 || nval > prefixlen) {
+        char buf[512];
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "IPv%c subnet prefix '%d' is "
+                 "out of range <0,%d>",
+                 prefixlen == IPV4_PREFIXLEN ? '4' : '6', nval, prefixlen);
+        cf_error(scanner, buf);
+        return prefixlen; /* single host */
+    }
+    return nval;
+}
+
 %}
 
 %pure-parser
@@ -212,11 +284,11 @@ conf_entries:
  ;
 
 interface_start:
- | TEXT { conf_start_iface($1.t); }
- | REMOTES  { conf_start_iface(strdup($1.t)); } /* Allow strings reserved by token. */
- | LOG_SRC  { conf_start_iface(strdup($1.t)); }
- | LOG  { conf_start_iface(strdup($1.t)); }
- | LOG_LEVEL  { conf_start_iface(strdup($1.t)); }
+ | TEXT { conf_start_iface(scanner, $1.t); }
+ | REMOTES  { conf_start_iface(scanner, strdup($1.t)); } /* Allow strings reserved by token. */
+ | LOG_SRC  { conf_start_iface(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
+ | LOG  { conf_start_iface(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
+ | LOG_LEVEL  { conf_start_iface(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
  ;
 
 interface:
@@ -382,10 +454,10 @@ keys:
 }
 
 remote_start:
- | TEXT { conf_start_remote($1.t); }
- | LOG_SRC  { conf_start_remote(strdup($1.t)); }
- | LOG  { conf_start_remote(strdup($1.t)); }
- | LOG_LEVEL  { conf_start_remote(strdup($1.t)); }
+ | TEXT { conf_start_remote(scanner, $1.t); }
+ | LOG_SRC  { conf_start_remote(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
+ | LOG  { conf_start_remote(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
+ | LOG_LEVEL  { conf_start_remote(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
  ;
 
 remote:
@@ -402,15 +474,26 @@ remote:
        cf_error(scanner, "only one address is allowed in remote section\n");
      } else {
        this_remote->address = $3.t;
+       this_remote->prefix = IPV4_PREFIXLEN;
        this_remote->family = AF_INET;
      }
    }
+   | remote ADDRESS IPA '/' NUM ';' {
+       if (this_remote->address != 0) {
+         cf_error(scanner, "only one address is allowed in remote section\n");
+       } else {
+         this_remote->address = $3.t;
+         this_remote->family = AF_INET;
+         this_remote->prefix = conf_mask(scanner, $5.i, IPV4_PREFIXLEN);
+       }
+     }
  | remote ADDRESS IPA '@' NUM ';' {
      if (this_remote->address != 0) {
        cf_error(scanner, "only one address is allowed in remote section\n");
      } else {
        this_remote->address = $3.t;
        this_remote->family = AF_INET;
+       this_remote->prefix = IPV4_PREFIXLEN;
        if (this_remote->port != 0) {
 	 cf_error(scanner, "only one port definition is allowed in remote section\n");
        } else {
@@ -424,14 +507,25 @@ remote:
      } else {
        this_remote->address = $3.t;
        this_remote->family = AF_INET6;
+       this_remote->prefix = IPV6_PREFIXLEN;
      }
    }
+   | remote ADDRESS IPA6 '/' NUM ';' {
+       if (this_remote->address != 0) {
+         cf_error(scanner, "only one address is allowed in remote section\n");
+       } else {
+         this_remote->address = $3.t;
+         this_remote->family = AF_INET6;
+         this_remote->prefix = conf_mask(scanner, $5.i, IPV6_PREFIXLEN);
+       }
+     }
  | remote ADDRESS IPA6 '@' NUM ';' {
      if (this_remote->address != 0) {
        cf_error(scanner, "only one address is allowed in remote section\n");
      } else {
        this_remote->address = $3.t;
        this_remote->family = AF_INET6;
+       this_remote->prefix = IPV6_PREFIXLEN;
        if (this_remote->port != 0) {
 	 cf_error(scanner, "only one port definition is allowed in remote section\n");
        } else {
@@ -528,52 +622,13 @@ zone_acl:
    }
  ;
 
-zone_start: TEXT {
-   this_zone = malloc(sizeof(conf_zone_t));
-   memset(this_zone, 0, sizeof(conf_zone_t));
-   this_zone->enable_checks = -1; // Default policy applies
-   this_zone->notify_timeout = -1; // Default policy applies
-   this_zone->notify_retries = 0; // Default policy applies
-   this_zone->ixfr_fslimit = -1; // Default policy applies
-   this_zone->dbsync_timeout = -1; // Default policy applies
-
-   // Append mising dot to ensure FQDN
-   char *name = $1.t;
-   size_t nlen = strlen(name);
-   if (name[nlen - 1] != '.') {
-      this_zone->name = malloc(nlen + 2);
-      if (this_zone->name != NULL) {
-	memcpy(this_zone->name, name, nlen);
-	this_zone->name[nlen] = '.';
-	this_zone->name[nlen + 1] = '\0';
-     }
-     free(name);
-   } else {
-      this_zone->name = name; /* Already FQDN */
-   }
-
-   /* Check domain name. */
-   knot_dname_t *dn = NULL;
-   if (this_zone->name != NULL) {
-      dn = knot_dname_new_from_str(this_zone->name, nlen + 1, 0);
-   }
-   if (dn == NULL) {
-     free(this_zone->name);
-     free(this_zone);
-     cf_error(scanner, "invalid zone origin");
-   } else {
-     /* Directly discard dname, won't be needed. */
-     knot_dname_free(&dn);
-     add_tail(&new_config->zones, &this_zone->n);
-     ++new_config->zones_count;
-
-     /* Initialize ACL lists. */
-     init_list(&this_zone->acl.xfr_in);
-     init_list(&this_zone->acl.xfr_out);
-     init_list(&this_zone->acl.notify_in);
-     init_list(&this_zone->acl.notify_out);
-   }
- }
+zone_start:
+ | TEXT  { conf_zone_start(scanner, $1.t); }
+ | USER  { conf_zone_start(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
+ | REMOTES { conf_zone_start(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
+ | LOG_SRC { conf_zone_start(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
+ | LOG { conf_zone_start(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
+ | LOG_LEVEL { conf_zone_start(scanner, strdup($1.t)); }
  ;
 
 zone:
diff --git a/src/knot/conf/conf.c b/src/knot/conf/conf.c
index a382bba..2c5747a 100644
--- a/src/knot/conf/conf.c
+++ b/src/knot/conf/conf.c
@@ -43,26 +43,6 @@ static const char *DEFAULT_CONFIG[] = {
  * Utilities.
  */
 
-/*!
- * \brief Recursively create directories.
- *
- * Similar to "mkdir -p".
- * * \retval 0 on success.
- * \retval <0 on error.
- */
-static int rmkdir(char *path, int mode)
-{
-	char *p = path;
-	while((p = strchr(p + 1, '/'))) {
-		*p = '\0';
-		mkdir(path, mode);
-		*p = '/';
-	}
-
-	// Final path
-	return mkdir(path, mode);
-}
-
 /* Prototypes for cf-parse.y */
 extern int cf_parse(void *scanner);
 extern int cf_get_lineno(void *scanner);
@@ -192,27 +172,36 @@ static void conf_update_hooks(conf_t *conf)
 static int conf_process(conf_t *conf)
 {
 	// Check
-	if (!conf->storage) {
+	if (conf->storage == NULL) {
 		conf->storage = strdup("/var/lib/"PROJECT_EXEC);
+		if (conf->storage == NULL) {
+			return KNOTD_ENOMEM;
+		}
 	}
 	
 	// Normalize paths
 	conf->storage = strcpath(conf->storage);
+
+	// Storage directory exists?
 	struct stat st;
-	if (stat(conf->storage, &st) != 0) {
-		rmkdir(conf->storage, S_IRWXU);
-		if (conf->uid >= 0) {
-			if (chown(conf->storage, conf->uid, conf->gid) < 0) {
-				log_server_warning("Could not change ownership"
-				                   " of '%s' to uid=%d.\n",
-				                   conf->storage, conf->uid);
-			}
-		}
+	if (stat(conf->storage, &st) == -1) {
+		log_server_error("Could not open storage directory '%s'\n", conf->storage);
+		// I assume that conf->* is freed elsewhere
+		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	// Storage directory is a directory?
+	if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) == 0) {
+		log_server_error("Configured storage '%s' not a directory\n", conf->storage);
+		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
 	}
 
 	// Create PID file
 	if (conf->pidfile == NULL) {
 		conf->pidfile = strcdup(conf->storage, "/" PID_FILE);
+		if (conf->pidfile == NULL) {
+			return KNOTD_ENOMEM;
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Postprocess zones
@@ -248,32 +237,40 @@ static int conf_process(conf_t *conf)
 
 		// Normalize zone filename
 		zone->file = strcpath(zone->file);
+		if (zone->file == NULL) {
+			zone->db = NULL;
+			ret = KNOTD_ENOMEM;
+			continue;
+		}
 
 		// Create zone db filename
 		size_t zname_len = strlen(zone->name);
 		size_t stor_len = strlen(conf->storage);
-		size_t size = stor_len + zname_len + 4; // db/,\0
+		size_t size = stor_len + zname_len + 4; // /db,\0
 		char *dest = malloc(size);
 		if (dest == NULL) {
 			zone->db = NULL; /* Not enough memory. */
 			ret = KNOTD_ENOMEM; /* Error report. */
 			continue;
 		}
+		char *dpos = dest;
 		
 		/* Since we have already allocd dest to accomodate
 		 * storage/zname length strcpy is safe. */
-		strncpy(dest, conf->storage, stor_len + 1);
-		if (conf->storage[stor_len - 1] != '/') {
-			strncat(dest, "/", 1);
+		memcpy(dpos, conf->storage, stor_len + 1);
+		dpos += stor_len;
+		if (*(dpos - 1) != '/') {
+			*(dpos++) = '/';
+			*dpos = '\0';
 		}
 
-		strncat(dest, zone->name, zname_len);
-		strncat(dest, "db", 2);
+		memcpy(dpos, zone->name, zname_len + 1);
+		memcpy(dpos + zname_len, "db", 3);
 		zone->db = dest;
 
 		// Create IXFR db filename
 		stor_len = strlen(conf->storage);
-		size = stor_len + zname_len + 9; // diff.db/,\0
+		size = stor_len + zname_len + 9; // /diff.db,\0
 		dest = malloc(size);
 		if (dest == NULL) {
 			zone->ixfr_db = NULL; /* Not enough memory. */
@@ -483,10 +480,11 @@ int conf_parse(conf_t *conf)
 	int ret = conf_fparser(conf);
 
 	/* Postprocess config. */
-	conf_process(conf);
-
-	/* Update hooks. */
-	conf_update_hooks(conf);
+	if (ret == 0) {
+		ret = conf_process(conf);
+		/* Update hooks. */
+		conf_update_hooks(conf);
+	}
 
 	if (ret < 0) {
 		return KNOTD_EPARSEFAIL;
@@ -649,6 +647,11 @@ int conf_open(const char* path)
 
 	/* Parse config. */
 	int ret = conf_fparser(nconf);
+	if (ret == KNOTD_EOK) {
+		/* Postprocess config. */
+		ret = conf_process(nconf);
+	}
+	
 	if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 		conf_free(nconf);
 		return ret;
@@ -667,9 +670,6 @@ int conf_open(const char* path)
 		}
 	}
 
-	/* Postprocess config. */
-	conf_process(nconf);
-
 	/* Synchronize. */
 	synchronize_rcu();
 
@@ -719,6 +719,10 @@ char* strcpath(char *path)
 	// Expand '~'
 	char* remainder = strchr(path,'~');
 	if (remainder != NULL) {
+		if (remainder[1] != '/') {
+			log_server_warning("Cannot expand non-login user home directory '%s', use full path instead", path);
+		}
+
 		// Get full path
 		char *tild_exp_unsafe = getenv("HOME");
 		if (tild_exp_unsafe == NULL) {
@@ -726,11 +730,12 @@ char* strcpath(char *path)
 		}
 		// Sanitize
 		size_t tild_len = strlen(tild_exp_unsafe);
-		char *tild_exp = malloc(tild_len);
+		char *tild_exp = malloc(tild_len + 1);
 		if (tild_exp == NULL) {
 			return NULL;
 		}
-		strncpy(tild_exp, tild_exp_unsafe, tild_len + 1);
+		// Duplicate tild_exp including terminating NULL
+		memcpy(tild_exp, tild_exp_unsafe, tild_len + 1);
 		if (tild_exp[tild_len - 1] == '/') {
 			tild_exp[--tild_len] = '\0';
 		}
@@ -747,11 +752,11 @@ char* strcpath(char *path)
 		
 		// Append remainder
 		++remainder;
-		size_t remainder_len = strlen(remainder);
-		strncat(npath, remainder, remainder_len);
+		strncat(npath, remainder, strlen(remainder));
+
+		free(tild_exp);
 		free(path);
 		path = npath;
-		free(tild_exp);
 	}
 
 	return path;
diff --git a/src/knot/conf/conf.h b/src/knot/conf/conf.h
index b5c1afa..1e6644e 100644
--- a/src/knot/conf/conf.h
+++ b/src/knot/conf/conf.h
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ typedef struct conf_iface_t {
 	node n;
 	char *name;       /*!< Internal name for the interface. */
 	char *address;    /*!< IP (IPv4/v6) address for this interface */
+	unsigned prefix;  /*!< IP subnet prefix. */
 	int port;         /*!< Port number for this interface */
 	int family;       /*!< Address family. */
 	knot_key_t *key;  /*!< TSIG key (only valid for remotes). */
diff --git a/src/knot/ctl/knotc_main.c b/src/knot/ctl/knotc_main.c
index f111f25..59556c1 100644
--- a/src/knot/ctl/knotc_main.c
+++ b/src/knot/ctl/knotc_main.c
@@ -271,6 +271,15 @@ int execute(const char *action, char **argv, int argc, pid_t pid,
 	int valid_cmd = 0;
 	int rc = 0;
 	if (strcmp(action, "start") == 0) {
+		// Check pidfile for w+
+		FILE* chkf = fopen(pidfile, "w+");
+		if (chkf == NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "control: PID file '%s' is not writeable, refusing to start\n", pidfile);
+			return 1;
+		} else {
+			fclose(chkf);
+			chkf = NULL;
+		}
 
 		// Check PID
 		valid_cmd = 1;
@@ -573,7 +582,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		{"verbose",     no_argument,       0, 'v'},
 		{"interactive", no_argument,       0, 'i'},
 		{"auto",        no_argument,       0, 'a'},
-		{"jobs",        required_argument, 0, 'c'},
+		{"jobs",        required_argument, 0, 'j'},
 		{"version",     no_argument,       0, 'V'},
 		{"help",        no_argument,       0, 'h'},
 		{0, 0, 0, 0}
diff --git a/src/knot/ctl/process.c b/src/knot/ctl/process.c
index e46fa37..bb61804 100644
--- a/src/knot/ctl/process.c
+++ b/src/knot/ctl/process.c
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ char* pid_filename()
 
 	/* Read configuration. */
 	char* ret = 0;
-	if (conf()) {
+	if (conf() && conf()->pidfile != NULL) {
 		ret = strdup(conf()->pidfile);
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/knot/main.c b/src/knot/main.c
index d4c6bca..f63916a 100644
--- a/src/knot/main.c
+++ b/src/knot/main.c
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ void interrupt_handle(int s)
 			sig_req_stop = 1;
 			sig_stopping = 1;
 		} else {
-			log_server_notice("OK! Exiting immediately.\n");
 			exit(1);
 		}
 	}
@@ -234,6 +233,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 			log_server_error("Failed to parse configuration '%s'.\n",
 				config_fn);
 		}
+		server_wait(server);
 		server_destroy(&server);
 		free(config_fn);
 		return 1;
diff --git a/src/knot/other/debug.h b/src/knot/other/debug.h
index 93b52fe..7768d22 100644
--- a/src/knot/other/debug.h
+++ b/src/knot/other/debug.h
@@ -29,20 +29,29 @@
 
 #include "config.h" /* autoconf generated */
 
+#ifdef KNOTD_SERVER_DEBUG
+  #define KNOTD_THREADS_DEBUG
+  #define KNOTD_JOURNAL_DEBUG
+  #define KNOTD_NET_DEBUG
+#endif
+
+#ifdef KNOT_ZONES_DEBUG
+  #define KNOTD_ZONES_DEBUG
+#endif
+
+#ifdef KNOT_XFR_DEBUG
+  #define KNOTD_XFR_DEBUG
+  #define KNOTD_NOTIFY_DEBUG
+#endif
+
+#ifdef KNOT_COMPILER_DEBUG
+  #define KNOTD_ZDUMP_DEBUG
+  #define KNOTD_ZLOAD_DEBUG
+#endif
+
 #include "knot/other/log.h"
 #include "common/print.h"
 
-/*! \todo Set these during configure as well (issue #1585). */
-//#define KNOTD_SERVER_DEBUG
-//#define KNOTD_THREADS_DEBUG
-//#define KNOTD_JOURNAL_DEBUG
-//#define KNOTD_NET_DEBUG
-//#define KNOTD_ZONES_DEBUG
-//#define KNOTD_XFR_DEBUG
-//#define KNOTD_NOTIFY_DEBUG
-//#define KNOTD_ZDUMP_DEBUG
-//#define KNOTD_ZLOAD_DEBUG
-
 /******************************************************************************/
 
 #ifdef KNOTD_NOTIFY_DEBUG
@@ -363,9 +372,11 @@
 #ifdef DEBUG_ENABLE_DETAILS
 #define dbg_zdump_detail(msg...) log_msg(LOG_SERVER, LOG_DEBUG, msg)
 #define dbg_zdump_hex_detail(data, len) hex_log(LOG_SERVER, (data), (len))
+#define dbg_zdump_exec_detail(cmds) do { cmds } while (0)
 #else
 #define dbg_zdump_detail(msg...)
 #define dbg_zdump_hex_detail(data, len)
+#define dbg_zdump_exec_detail(cmds)
 #endif
 
 /* No messages. */
@@ -376,6 +387,7 @@
 #define dbg_zdump_hex_verb(data, len)
 #define dbg_zdump_detail(msg...)
 #define dbg_zdump_hex_detail(data, len)
+#define dbg_zdump_exec_detail(cmds)
 #endif
 
 /******************************************************************************/
@@ -404,9 +416,11 @@
 #ifdef DEBUG_ENABLE_DETAILS
 #define dbg_zload_detail(msg...) log_msg(LOG_SERVER, LOG_DEBUG, msg)
 #define dbg_zload_hex_detail(data, len) hex_log(LOG_SERVER, (data), (len))
+#define dbg_zload_exec_detail(cmds) do { cmds } while (0)
 #else
 #define dbg_zload_detail(msg...)
 #define dbg_zload_hex_detail(data, len)
+#define dbg_zload_exec_detail(cmds)
 #endif
 
 /* No messages. */
@@ -417,6 +431,7 @@
 #define dbg_zload_hex_verb(data, len)
 #define dbg_zload_detail(msg...)
 #define dbg_zload_hex_detail(data, len)
+#define dbg_zload_exec_detail(cmds)
 #endif
 
 /******************************************************************************/
diff --git a/src/knot/other/error.c b/src/knot/other/error.c
index a149966..0ab7568 100644
--- a/src/knot/other/error.c
+++ b/src/knot/other/error.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ const error_table_t knotd_error_msgs[] = {
 	{KNOTD_EBUSY,   "Requested resource is busy."},
 	{KNOTD_EAGAIN,  "The system lacked the necessary resource, try again."},
 	{KNOTD_EACCES,  "Permission to perform requested operation is denied."},
-	{KNOTD_ECONNREFUSED, "Connection is refused."},
+	{KNOTD_ECONNREFUSED, "Connection refused."},
 	{KNOTD_EISCONN, "Already connected."},
 	{KNOTD_EADDRINUSE, "Address already in use."},
 	{KNOTD_ENOENT, "Resource not found."},
diff --git a/src/knot/server/journal.c b/src/knot/server/journal.c
index cd3e342..02e0547 100644
--- a/src/knot/server/journal.c
+++ b/src/knot/server/journal.c
@@ -133,6 +133,10 @@ static int journal_recover(journal_t *j)
 
 int journal_create(const char *fn, uint16_t max_nodes)
 {
+	if (fn == NULL) {
+		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
+	}
+	
 	/* File lock. */
 	struct flock fl;
 	memset(&fl, 0, sizeof(struct flock));
@@ -143,7 +147,7 @@ int journal_create(const char *fn, uint16_t max_nodes)
 	fl.l_pid = getpid();
 	
 	/* Create journal file. */
-	int fd = open(fn, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, S_IRWXU|S_IRWXG);
+	int fd = open(fn, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP);
 	if (fd < 0) {
 		dbg_journal("journal: failed to create file '%s'\n", fn);
 		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
@@ -219,10 +223,28 @@ int journal_create(const char *fn, uint16_t max_nodes)
 	return KNOTD_EOK;
 }
 
-journal_t* journal_open(const char *fn, size_t fslimit, uint16_t bflags)
+journal_t* journal_open(const char *fn, size_t fslimit, int mode, uint16_t bflags)
 {
 	/*! \todo Memory mapping may be faster than stdio? (issue #964) */
+	if (fn == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
 
+	/* Check for lazy mode. */
+	if (mode & JOURNAL_LAZY) {
+		dbg_journal("journal: opening journal %s lazily\n", fn);
+		journal_t *j = malloc(sizeof(journal_t));
+		if (j != NULL) {
+			memset(j, 0, sizeof(journal_t));
+			j->fd = -1;
+			j->path = strdup(fn);
+			j->fslimit = fslimit;
+			j->bflags = bflags;
+			j->refs = 1;
+		}
+		return j;
+	}
+	
 	/* File lock. */
 	struct flock fl;
 	memset(&fl, 0, sizeof(struct flock));
@@ -277,6 +299,7 @@ journal_t* journal_open(const char *fn, size_t fslimit, uint16_t bflags)
 	/* Allocate journal structure. */
 	const size_t node_len = sizeof(journal_node_t);
 	journal_t *j = malloc(sizeof(journal_t) + max_nodes * node_len);
+	memset(j, 0, sizeof(journal_t) + max_nodes * node_len);
 	if (!j) {
 		dbg_journal_detail("journal: cannot allocate journal\n");
 		fcntl(fd, F_SETLK, &fl);
@@ -287,6 +310,7 @@ journal_t* journal_open(const char *fn, size_t fslimit, uint16_t bflags)
 	j->fd = fd;
 	j->max_nodes = max_nodes;
 	j->bflags = bflags;
+	j->refs = 1;
 
 	/* Load node queue state. */
 	if (!sfread(&j->qhead, sizeof(uint16_t), fd)) {
@@ -646,18 +670,54 @@ int journal_close(journal_t *journal)
 		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
 	}
 	
-	/* Unlock journal file. */
-	journal->fl.l_type = F_UNLCK;
-	fcntl(journal->fd, F_SETLK, &journal->fl);
-	dbg_journal("journal: unlocked journal %p\n", journal);
-
-	/* Close file. */
-	close(journal->fd);
+	/* Check if lazy. */
+	if (journal->fd < 0) {
+		free(journal->path);
+	} else {
+		/* Unlock journal file. */
+		journal->fl.l_type = F_UNLCK;
+		fcntl(journal->fd, F_SETLK, &journal->fl);
+		dbg_journal("journal: unlocked journal %p\n", journal);
 
+		/* Close file. */
+		close(journal->fd);
+	}
+	
 	dbg_journal("journal: closed journal %p\n", journal);
 
 	/* Free allocated resources. */
+	
 	free(journal);
 
 	return KNOTD_EOK;
 }
+
+journal_t *journal_retain(journal_t *journal)
+{
+	/* Return active journal if opened lazily. */
+	if (journal != NULL) {
+		if (journal->fd < 0) {
+			dbg_journal("journal: retain(), opening for rw\n");
+			journal = journal_open(journal->path, journal->fslimit, 
+			                       0, journal->bflags);
+		} else {
+			++journal->refs;
+			dbg_journal("journal: retain(), ++refcount\n");
+		}
+	}
+	
+	return journal;
+}
+
+
+void journal_release(journal_t *journal) {
+	if (journal != NULL) {
+		if (journal->refs == 1) {
+			dbg_journal("journal: release(), closing last\n");
+			journal_close(journal);
+		} else {
+			--journal->refs;
+			dbg_journal_verb("journal: release(), --refcount\n");
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/knot/server/journal.h b/src/knot/server/journal.h
index 564f0fe..b04945d 100644
--- a/src/knot/server/journal.h
+++ b/src/knot/server/journal.h
@@ -55,6 +55,14 @@ typedef enum journal_flag_t {
 } journal_flag_t;
 
 /*!
+ * \brief Journal mode.
+ */
+typedef enum journal_mode_t {
+	JOURNAL_PERSISTENT = 0 << 0, /*!< Persistent mode (open keeps fd). */
+	JOURNAL_LAZY       = 1 << 0  /*!< Lazy mode (open doesn't keep fd). */
+} journal_mode_t;
+
+/*!
  * \brief Journal node structure.
  *
  * Each node represents journal entry and points
@@ -83,6 +91,8 @@ typedef struct journal_t
 {
 	int fd;
 	struct flock fl;        /*!< File lock. */
+	char *path;             /*!< Path to journal file. */
+	int refs;               /*!< Number of references. */
 	uint16_t max_nodes;     /*!< Number of nodes. */
 	uint16_t qhead;         /*!< Node queue head. */
 	uint16_t qtail;         /*!< Node queue tail. */
@@ -133,12 +143,13 @@ int journal_create(const char *fn, uint16_t max_nodes);
  *
  * \param fn Journal file name.
  * \param fslimit File size limit (0 for no limit).
+ * \param mode Open mode (0 for normal).
  * \param bflags Initial flags for each written node.
  *
  * \retval new journal instance if successful.
  * \retval NULL on error.
  */
-journal_t* journal_open(const char *fn, size_t fslimit, uint16_t bflags);
+journal_t* journal_open(const char *fn, size_t fslimit, int mode, uint16_t bflags);
 
 /*!
  * \brief Fetch entry node for given identifier.
@@ -240,4 +251,22 @@ int journal_update(journal_t *journal, journal_node_t *n);
  */
 int journal_close(journal_t *journal);
 
+/*!
+ * \brief Retain journal for use.
+ *
+ * Allows to track usage of lazily-opened journals.
+ * 
+ * \param journal Journal.
+ *
+ * \return Retained journal.
+ */
+journal_t *journal_retain(journal_t *journal);
+
+/*!
+ * \brief Release retained journal.
+ *
+ * \param journal Retained journal.
+ */
+void journal_release(journal_t *journal);
+
 #endif /* _KNOTD_JOURNAL_H_ */
diff --git a/src/knot/server/notify.c b/src/knot/server/notify.c
index 8736372..566d66f 100644
--- a/src/knot/server/notify.c
+++ b/src/knot/server/notify.c
@@ -317,8 +317,6 @@ int notify_process_response(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver,
 
 	/* Found waiting NOTIFY query? */
 	if (!match) {
-		log_server_notice("No pending NOTIFY query found for ID=%u\n",
-			 pkt_id);
 		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zd->lock);
 		return KNOTD_ERROR;
 	}
@@ -329,9 +327,6 @@ int notify_process_response(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver,
 	/* Zone was removed/reloaded. */
 	pthread_mutex_unlock(&zd->lock);
 
-	log_server_info("Received response for pending NOTIFY query ID=%u\n",
-		 pkt_id);
-
 	return KNOTD_EOK;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/knot/server/tcp-handler.c b/src/knot/server/tcp-handler.c
index 0af85a9..8f4b990 100644
--- a/src/knot/server/tcp-handler.c
+++ b/src/knot/server/tcp-handler.c
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 #include "common/sockaddr.h"
 #include "common/skip-list.h"
 #include "common/fdset.h"
-#include "common/prng.h"
 #include "knot/common.h"
 #include "knot/server/tcp-handler.h"
 #include "knot/server/xfr-handler.h"
diff --git a/src/knot/server/udp-handler.c b/src/knot/server/udp-handler.c
index 60b0843..5276c24 100644
--- a/src/knot/server/udp-handler.c
+++ b/src/knot/server/udp-handler.c
@@ -202,7 +202,13 @@ static inline int udp_master_recvfrom(dthread_t *thread, stat_t *thread_stat)
 		return KNOTD_ENOTSUP;
 	}
 	
-	int sock = dup(h->fd);
+	int sock = h->fd;
+	int sock_dup = dup(h->fd);
+	if (sock_dup < 0) {
+		log_server_warning("Couldn't duplicate UDP socket for listening.\n");
+	} else {
+		sock = sock_dup;
+	}
 	uint8_t qbuf[SOCKET_MTU_SZ];
 
 	/* Loop until all data is read. */
@@ -254,7 +260,9 @@ static inline int udp_master_recvfrom(dthread_t *thread, stat_t *thread_stat)
 	}
 
 	/* Free allocd resources. */
-	close(sock);
+	if (sock_dup >= 0) {
+		close(sock_dup);
+	}
 
 	return KNOTD_EOK;
 }
diff --git a/src/knot/server/xfr-handler.c b/src/knot/server/xfr-handler.c
index fe7c0ab..588670c 100644
--- a/src/knot/server/xfr-handler.c
+++ b/src/knot/server/xfr-handler.c
@@ -51,6 +51,14 @@ void xfr_interrupt(xfrhandler_t *h)
 	}
 }
 
+static void xfr_request_deinit(knot_ns_xfr_t *r)
+{
+	if (r) {
+		free(r->msgpref);
+		r->msgpref = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 /*!
  * \brief SOA query timeout handler.
  */
@@ -69,19 +77,11 @@ static int xfr_udp_timeout(event_t *e)
 		}
 	}
 
-	sockaddr_update(&data->addr);
-	char r_addr[SOCKADDR_STRLEN];
-	sockaddr_tostr(&data->addr, r_addr, sizeof(r_addr));
-	int r_port = sockaddr_portnum(&data->addr);
-
 	/* Close socket. */
 	knot_zone_t *z = data->zone;
 	if (z && knot_zone_get_contents(z) && knot_zone_data(z)) {
-		zonedata_t *zd = (zonedata_t *)knot_zone_data(z);
-		log_zone_info("%s '%s' query to %s:%d - timeout exceeded.\n",
-		              data->type == XFR_TYPE_SOA ? "SOA" : "NOTIFY",
-		              zd->conf->name,
-		              r_addr, r_port);
+		log_zone_info("%s Failed, timeout exceeded.\n",
+		              data->msgpref);
 	}
 	
 	knot_ns_xfr_t cr = {};
@@ -179,6 +179,9 @@ static void xfr_free_task(knot_ns_xfr_t *task)
 	pthread_mutex_lock(&h->tasks_mx);
 	skip_remove(h->tasks, (void*)((size_t)task->session), 0, 0);
 	pthread_mutex_unlock(&h->tasks_mx);
+	
+	/* Deinitialize */
+	xfr_request_deinit(task);
 
 	close(task->session);
 	free(task);
@@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ static knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr_register_task(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *req)
 {
 	knot_ns_xfr_t *t = malloc(sizeof(knot_ns_xfr_t));
 	if (!t) {
-		return 0;
+		return NULL;
 	}
 
 	memcpy(t, req, sizeof(knot_ns_xfr_t));
@@ -199,16 +202,27 @@ static knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr_register_task(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *req)
 	t->wire = 0; /* Invalidate shared buffer. */
 	t->wire_size = 0;
 	t->data = 0; /* New zone will be built. */
+	t->msgpref = strdup(t->msgpref); /* Copy message. */
 
 	/* Register data. */
 	xfrhandler_t * h = w->master;
 	pthread_mutex_lock(&h->tasks_mx);
-	skip_insert(h->tasks, (void*)((ssize_t)t->session), t, 0);
+	int ret = skip_insert(h->tasks, (void*)((ssize_t)t->session), t, 0);
 	pthread_mutex_unlock(&h->tasks_mx);
 
 	/* Add to set. */
-	fdset_add(w->fdset, t->session, OS_EV_READ);
-	t->owner = w;
+	if (ret == 0) {
+		ret = fdset_add(w->fdset, t->session, OS_EV_READ);
+	}
+	/* Evaluate final return code. */
+	if (ret == 0) {
+		t->owner = w;
+	} else {
+		/* Attempt to remove from list anyway. */
+		skip_remove(h->tasks, (void*)((ssize_t)t->session), NULL, NULL);
+		free(t);
+		t = NULL;
+	}
 	return t;
 }
 
@@ -222,11 +236,11 @@ static int xfr_xfrin_cleanup(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 	
 	switch(data->type) {
 	case XFR_TYPE_AIN:
-		if (data->data) {
-			if (data->flags & XFR_FLAG_AXFR_FINISHED) {
-				knot_zone_contents_deep_free(
-					(knot_zone_contents_t **)&data->data, 0);
-			} else {
+		if (data->flags & XFR_FLAG_AXFR_FINISHED) {
+			knot_zone_contents_deep_free(
+				&data->new_contents, 1);
+		} else {
+			if (data->data) {
 				xfrin_constructed_zone_t *constr_zone =
 					(xfrin_constructed_zone_t *)data->data;
 				knot_zone_contents_deep_free(
@@ -242,6 +256,10 @@ static int xfr_xfrin_cleanup(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 			chs = (knot_changesets_t *)data->data;
 			knot_free_changesets(&chs);
 		}
+
+		// this function is called before new contents are created
+		assert(data->new_contents == NULL);
+
 		break;
 	}
 	
@@ -259,10 +277,6 @@ static int xfr_xfrin_cleanup(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
  */
 static int xfr_xfrin_finalize(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 {
-	knot_zone_t *zone = (knot_zone_t *)data->zone;
-	zonedata_t *zd = (zonedata_t *)knot_zone_data(zone);
-	const char *zorigin = zd->conf->name;
-
 	/* CLEANUP */
 //	// get the zone name from Question
 //	dbg_xfr_verb("Query: %p, response: %p\n", data->query, data->response);
@@ -281,54 +295,105 @@ static int xfr_xfrin_finalize(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 		ret = zones_save_zone(data);
 		if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 			xfr_xfrin_cleanup(w, data);
-			log_zone_error("AXFR failed to save "
-			               "transferred zone '%s/IN' - %s\n",
-			               zorigin, knotd_strerror(ret));
+			log_zone_error("%s Failed to save transferred zone - %s\n",
+			               data->msgpref, knotd_strerror(ret));
 		} else {
 			dbg_xfr("xfr: AXFR/IN new zone saved.\n");
 			ret = knot_ns_switch_zone(w->ns, data);
-			if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
-				log_zone_error("AXFR failed to "
-				               "switch in-memory zone "
-				               "'%s/IN' - %s\n",
-				               zorigin,
-				               knotd_strerror(ret));
+			if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+				log_zone_error("%s Failed to switch in-memory "
+				               "zone - %s\n",  data->msgpref,
+				               knot_strerror(ret));
+				xfr_xfrin_cleanup(w, data);
 			}
 		}
-		log_zone_info("AXFR transfer of zone '%s/IN' "
-		              "%s.\n", zorigin,
-		              ret == KNOTD_EOK ? "finished" : "failed");
+		if (ret == KNOTD_EOK) {
+			log_zone_info("%s Finished.\n", data->msgpref);
+		}
 		break;
 	case XFR_TYPE_IIN:
+		chs = (knot_changesets_t *)data->data;
+
+		/* First, serialize changesets. */
+		ret = zones_changesets_to_binary(chs);
+		if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
+			log_zone_error("%s Failed to serialize changesets - %s"
+			               "\n", data->msgpref,
+			               knotd_strerror(ret));
+			/* Free changesets, but not the data. */
+			knot_free_changesets(&chs);
+			data->data = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/* Now, try to apply the changesets to the zone. */
+		ret = xfrin_apply_changesets(data->zone, chs,
+		                             &data->new_contents);
+
+		if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+			log_zone_error("%s Failed to apply changesets - %s\n",
+			               data->msgpref,
+			               knot_strerror(ret));
+
+			/* Free changesets, but not the data. */
+			knot_free_changesets(&chs);
+			data->data = 0;
+
+			ret = KNOTD_ERROR;
+			break;
+		}
 		/* Save changesets. */
 		dbg_xfr("xfr: IXFR/IN saving changesets\n");
+
+		/*! \note Here, the changesets may already be modified.
+		 *        Only the 'data' field of each changeset contains the
+		 *        proper serialized changesets. Serials should be
+		 *        OK too.
+		 */
 		ret = zones_store_changesets(data);
 		if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
-			log_zone_error("IXFR failed to save "
-			               "transferred changesets "
-			               "for zone '%s/IN' - %s\n",
-			               zorigin, knotd_strerror(ret));
-		} else {
-			/* Update zone. */
-			ret = zones_apply_changesets(data);
-			if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
-				log_zone_error("IXFR failed to "
-				               "apply changesets to "
-				               "zone '%s/IN' - %s\n",
-				               zorigin, 
-				               knot_strerror(ret));
-			}
+			log_zone_error("%s Failed to save "
+			               "transferred changesets - %s\n",
+			               data->msgpref, knotd_strerror(ret));
+
+			// Cleanup old and new contents
+			xfrin_rollback_update(data->zone->contents,
+					      &data->new_contents,
+					      &chs->changes);
+			/* Free changesets, but not the data. */
+			knot_free_changesets(&chs);
+			data->data = 0;
+			break;
 		}
+		/* Switch zone contents. */
+		ret = xfrin_switch_zone(data->zone, data->new_contents,
+		                        data->type);
+
+		if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+			log_zone_error("%s Failed to replace "
+				       "current zone - %s\n",
+				       data->msgpref,
+				       knot_strerror(ret));
+			// Cleanup old and new contents
+			xfrin_rollback_update(data->zone->contents,
+			                      &data->new_contents,
+			                      &chs->changes);
+
+			/* Free changesets, but not the data. */
+			knot_free_changesets(&chs);
+			data->data = 0;
+
+			ret = KNOTD_ERROR;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		xfrin_cleanup_successful_update( &chs->changes);
+
 		/* Free changesets, but not the data. */
-		chs = (knot_changesets_t *)data->data;
 		knot_free_changesets(&chs);
-		/* CLEANUP */
-//		free(chs->sets);
-//		free(chs);
 		data->data = 0;
-		log_zone_info("IXFR transfer of zone '%s/IN' "
-		              "%s.\n", zorigin,
-		              ret == KNOTD_EOK ? "finished" : "failed");
+		assert(ret == KNOTD_EOK);
+		log_zone_info("%s Finished.\n", data->msgpref);
 		break;
 	default:
 		ret = KNOTD_EINVAL;
@@ -364,7 +429,7 @@ static int xfr_prepare_tsig(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr, knot_key_t *key)
 /*!
  * \brief Check TSIG if exists.
  */
-static int xfr_check_tsig(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr, knot_rcode_t *rcode)
+static int xfr_check_tsig(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr, knot_rcode_t *rcode, char **tag)
 {
 	/* Parse rest of the packet. */
 	int ret = KNOT_EOK;
@@ -382,6 +447,10 @@ static int xfr_check_tsig(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr, knot_rcode_t *rcode)
 			if (knot_rrset_type(tsig_rr) == KNOT_RRTYPE_TSIG) {
 				dbg_xfr("xfr: found TSIG in AR\n");
 				kname = knot_rrset_owner(tsig_rr);
+				if (tag) {
+					*tag = knot_dname_to_str(kname);
+					
+				}
 			} else {
 				tsig_rr = 0;
 			}
@@ -390,8 +459,6 @@ static int xfr_check_tsig(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr, knot_rcode_t *rcode)
 			dbg_xfr("xfr: TSIG not found in AR\n");
 			char *name = knot_dname_to_str(
 						knot_zone_name(xfr->zone));
-			log_answer_warning("Unauthorized request for XFR '%s/"
-                               "OUT'. (TSIG)\n", name);
 			free(name);
 
 			// return REFUSED
@@ -402,9 +469,10 @@ static int xfr_check_tsig(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr, knot_rcode_t *rcode)
 		if (tsig_rr) {
 			tsig_algorithm_t alg = tsig_rdata_alg(tsig_rr);
 			if (tsig_alg_digest_length(alg) == 0) {
-				log_server_info("Unsupported digest algorithm "
+				log_server_info("%s Unsupported digest algorithm "
 				                "requested, treating as "
-				                "bad key.\n");
+				                "bad key.\n",
+				                xfr->msgpref);
 				*rcode = KNOT_RCODE_NOTAUTH;
 				xfr->tsig_key = NULL;
 				xfr->tsig_rcode = KNOT_TSIG_RCODE_BADKEY;
@@ -518,23 +586,10 @@ static int xfr_check_tsig(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr, knot_rcode_t *rcode)
  */
 int xfr_process_event(xfrworker_t *w, int fd, knot_ns_xfr_t *data, uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen)
 {
-	/* Fetch associated zone. */
-	const char *zname = "<unknown>";
-	knot_zone_t *zone = (knot_zone_t *)data->zone;
-	if (zone) {
-		zonedata_t *zd = (zonedata_t *)knot_zone_data(zone);
-		if (zd) {
-			zname = zd->conf->name;
-		}
-	}
-	
 	/* Update xfer state. */
+	knot_zone_t *zone = (knot_zone_t *)data->zone;
 	data->wire = buf;
 	data->wire_size = buflen;
-	
-	char r_addr[SOCKADDR_STRLEN];
-	sockaddr_tostr(&data->addr, r_addr, sizeof(r_addr));
-	int r_port = sockaddr_portnum(&data->addr);
 
 	/* Handle SOA/NOTIFY responses. */
 	if (data->type == XFR_TYPE_NOTIFY || data->type == XFR_TYPE_SOA) {
@@ -566,11 +621,10 @@ int xfr_process_event(xfrworker_t *w, int fd, knot_ns_xfr_t *data, uint8_t *buf,
 
 	/* AXFR-style IXFR. */
 	if (ret == KNOT_ENOIXFR) {
-		log_server_notice("IXFR of '%s/IN' with %s:%d - "
-				  "Fallback to AXFR/IN.\n",
-				  zname, r_addr, r_port);
 		assert(data->type == XFR_TYPE_IIN);
+		log_server_notice("%s Fallback to AXFR/IN.\n", data->msgpref);
 		data->type = XFR_TYPE_AIN;
+		data->msgpref[0] = 'A';
 		ret = knot_ns_process_axfrin(w->ns, data);
 	}
 
@@ -585,9 +639,8 @@ int xfr_process_event(xfrworker_t *w, int fd, knot_ns_xfr_t *data, uint8_t *buf,
 	
 	/* IXFR refused, try again with AXFR. */
 	if (zone && data->type == XFR_TYPE_IIN && ret == KNOT_EXFRREFUSED) {
-		log_server_notice("IXFR of '%s/IN' with %s:%d failed, attempting "
-				  "to use AXFR/IN instead.\n",
-				  zname, r_addr, r_port);
+		log_server_notice("%s Transfer failed, fallback to AXFR/IN.\n",
+				  data->msgpref);
 		size_t bufsize = buflen;
 		data->wire_size = buflen; /* Reset maximum bufsize */
 		ret = xfrin_create_axfr_query(zone->name, data,
@@ -599,6 +652,7 @@ int xfr_process_event(xfrworker_t *w, int fd, knot_ns_xfr_t *data, uint8_t *buf,
 			/* Switch to AIN type XFR and return now. */
 			if (ret == bufsize) {
 				data->type = XFR_TYPE_AIN;
+				data->msgpref[0] = 'A';
 				return KNOTD_EOK;
 			}
 		}
@@ -606,17 +660,11 @@ int xfr_process_event(xfrworker_t *w, int fd, knot_ns_xfr_t *data, uint8_t *buf,
 
 	/* Handle errors. */
 	if (ret == KNOT_ENOXFR) {
-		log_server_warning("%cXFR request of '%s/IN' with %s:%d "
-				   "finished - %s\n",
-		                   data->type == XFR_TYPE_AIN ? 'A' : 'I',
-				   zname, r_addr, r_port,
-		                   knot_strerror(ret));
+		log_server_warning("%s Finished, %s\n",
+		                   data->msgpref, knot_strerror(ret));
 	} else if (ret < 0) {
-		log_server_error("%cXFR/IN request of '%s/IN' with %s:%d "
-				 "failed - %s\n",
-				 data->type == XFR_TYPE_AIN ? 'A' : 'I',
-				 zname, r_addr, r_port,
-				 knot_strerror(ret));
+		log_server_error("%s %s\n",
+		                 data->msgpref, knot_strerror(ret));
 	}
 
 
@@ -638,9 +686,9 @@ int xfr_process_event(xfrworker_t *w, int fd, knot_ns_xfr_t *data, uint8_t *buf,
 				int tmr_s = AXFR_BOOTSTRAP_RETRY;
 				tmr_s += (30.0 * 1000) * (tls_rand());
 				zd->xfr_in.bootstrap_retry = tmr_s;
-				log_zone_info("Another attempt to AXFR bootstrap "
-				              "zone '%s' in %d seconds.\n",
-				              zname, tmr_s/1000);
+				log_zone_info("%s Next attempt to bootstrap "
+				              "in %d seconds.\n",
+				              data->msgpref, tmr_s / 1000);
 			}
 			rcu_read_unlock();
 
@@ -698,18 +746,14 @@ static int xfr_client_start(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 		if (nextw == 0) {
 			nextw = w;
 		}
+		
+		/* Free data updated in this processing. */
 		evqueue_write(nextw->q, data, sizeof(knot_ns_xfr_t));
 		return KNOTD_EOK;
 	} else {
 		zd->xfr_in.wrkr = w;
 	}
 
-	/* Update address. */
-	sockaddr_update(&data->addr);
-	char r_addr[SOCKADDR_STRLEN];
-	sockaddr_tostr(&data->addr, r_addr, sizeof(r_addr));
-	int r_port = sockaddr_portnum(&data->addr);
-
 	/* Connect to remote. */
 	if (data->session <= 0) {
 		int fd = socket_create(data->addr.family, SOCK_STREAM);
@@ -722,21 +766,18 @@ static int xfr_client_start(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 			}
 		} else {
 			pthread_mutex_unlock(&zd->xfr_in.lock);
-			log_server_warning("Failed to create socket "
-					   "(type=%s, family=%s).\n",
-					   "SOCK_STREAM",
-					   data->addr.family == AF_INET ?
-					   "AF_INET" : "AF_INET6");
+			log_server_warning("%s Failed to create socket "
+			                   "(type=%s, family=%s).\n",
+			                   "SOCK_STREAM",
+			                   data->msgpref,
+			                   data->addr.family == AF_INET ?
+			                   "AF_INET" : "AF_INET6");
 			return KNOTD_ERROR;
 		}
 		
 		ret = connect(fd, data->addr.ptr, data->addr.len);
 		if (ret < 0) {
 			pthread_mutex_unlock(&zd->xfr_in.lock);
-			log_server_warning("Failed to connect to %cXFR master "
-					   "at %s:%d.\n",
-					   data->type == XFR_TYPE_AIN ? 'A' : 'I',
-					   r_addr, r_port);
 			if (!knot_zone_contents(zone)) {
 				/* Reschedule request (120 - 240s random delay). */
 				int tmr_s = AXFR_BOOTSTRAP_RETRY * 2; /* Malus x2 */
@@ -746,9 +787,9 @@ static int xfr_client_start(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 					evsched_cancel(ev->parent, ev);
 					evsched_schedule(ev->parent, ev, tmr_s);
 				}
-				log_zone_notice("Zone AXFR bootstrap failed, "
-				                "another attempt in %d seconds."
-				                "\n", tmr_s / 1000);
+				log_zone_notice("%s Bootstrap failed, next "
+				                "attempt in %d seconds.\n",
+				                data->msgpref, tmr_s / 1000);
 			}
 			return KNOTD_ECONNREFUSED;
 		}
@@ -766,8 +807,8 @@ static int xfr_client_start(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 	if (!contents && data->type == XFR_TYPE_IIN) {
 		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zd->xfr_in.lock);
 		rcu_read_unlock();
-		log_server_warning("Failed start IXFR on zone with no "
-				   "contents\n");
+		log_server_warning("%s Refusing to start IXFR/IN on zone with no "
+				   "contents.\n", data->msgpref);
 		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
 	}
 
@@ -806,7 +847,7 @@ static int xfr_client_start(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 	/* Handle errors. */
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zd->xfr_in.lock);
-		dbg_xfr("xfr: failed to create XFR query type %d: %s\n",
+		fprintf(stderr, "xfr: failed to create XFR query type %d: %s\n",
 		        data->type, knot_strerror(ret));
 		return KNOTD_ERROR;
 	}
@@ -814,24 +855,19 @@ static int xfr_client_start(xfrworker_t *w, knot_ns_xfr_t *data)
 	/* Unlock zone contents. */
 	rcu_read_unlock();
 	
-	/* Add to pending transfers. */
-	knot_ns_xfr_t *task = xfr_register_task(w, data);
-	
+	/* Start transfer. */
 	ret = data->send(data->session, &data->addr, data->wire, bufsize);
 	if (ret != bufsize) {
+		log_server_info("%s Failed to send query.\n", data->msgpref);
 		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zd->xfr_in.lock);
-		log_server_notice("Failed to send %cXFR query.",
-		                  data->type == XFR_TYPE_AIN ? 'A' : 'I');
-		xfr_free_task(task);
-		return KNOTD_ERROR;
+		return KNOTD_ECONNREFUSED;
 	}
 	
+	/* Add to pending transfers. */
+	knot_ns_xfr_t *task = xfr_register_task(w, data);	
+	
 	/* Send XFR query. */
-	log_server_info("%cXFR transfer of zone '%s/IN' with %s:%d started.\n",
-			data->type == XFR_TYPE_AIN ? 'A' : 'I',
-	                zd->conf->name,
-			r_addr, r_port);
-
+	log_server_info("%s Started.\n", task->msgpref);
 	return KNOTD_EOK;
 }
 
@@ -883,12 +919,12 @@ static int xfr_answer_ixfr(knot_nameserver_t *ns, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 	if (chsload != KNOTD_EOK) {
 		/* History cannot be reconstructed, fallback to AXFR. */
 		if (chsload == KNOTD_ERANGE || chsload == KNOTD_ENOENT) {
-			log_server_info("IXFR transfer of zone '%s/OUT'"
-			                " - failed to load data from journal: "
+			log_server_info("%s Failed to load data from journal: "
 			                " Incomplete history. "
 			                "Fallback to AXFR.\n",
-			                xfr->zname);
+			                xfr->msgpref);
 			xfr->type = XFR_TYPE_AOUT;
+			xfr->msgpref[0] = 'A';
 			return xfr_answer_axfr(ns, xfr);
 		} else if (chsload == KNOTD_EMALF) {
 			xfr->rcode = KNOT_RCODE_FORMERR;
@@ -909,6 +945,101 @@ static int xfr_answer_ixfr(knot_nameserver_t *ns, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static int xfr_update_msgpref(knot_ns_xfr_t *req, const char *keytag)
+{
+	/* Check */
+	if (req == NULL) {
+		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/* Update address. */
+	if (req->msgpref) {
+		free(req->msgpref);
+		req->msgpref = NULL;
+	}
+	
+	char r_addr[SOCKADDR_STRLEN];
+	char *r_key = NULL;
+	int r_port = sockaddr_portnum(&req->addr);
+	sockaddr_tostr(&req->addr, r_addr, sizeof(r_addr));
+	char *tag = NULL;
+	if (keytag) {
+		tag = strdup(keytag);
+	} else if (req->tsig_key) {
+		tag = knot_dname_to_str(req->tsig_key->name);
+	}
+	if (tag) {
+		/* Allocate: " key '$key' " (7 extra bytes + \0)  */
+		size_t dnlen = strlen(tag);
+		r_key = malloc(dnlen + 7 + 1);
+		if (r_key) {
+			char *kp = r_key;
+			memcpy(kp, " key '", 6); kp += 6;
+			/* Trim trailing '.' */
+			memcpy(kp, tag, dnlen); kp += dnlen - 1;
+			memcpy(kp, "'", 2); /* 1 + '\0' */
+		}
+		free(tag);
+		tag = NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* Prepare log message. */
+	conf_read_lock();
+	const char *zname = req->zname;
+	if (zname == NULL && req->zone != NULL) {
+		zonedata_t *zd = (zonedata_t *)knot_zone_data(req->zone);
+		if (zd == NULL) {
+			free(r_key);
+			return KNOTD_EINVAL;
+		} else {
+			zname = zd->conf->name;
+		}
+	}
+	const char *pformat = NULL;
+	switch (req->type) {
+	case XFR_TYPE_AIN:
+		pformat = "AXFR transfer of '%s/IN' with %s:%d%s:";
+		break;
+	case XFR_TYPE_IIN:
+		pformat = "IXFR transfer of '%s/IN' with %s:%d%s:";
+		break;
+	case XFR_TYPE_AOUT:
+		pformat = "AXFR transfer of '%s/OUT' to %s:%d%s:";
+		break;
+	case XFR_TYPE_IOUT:
+		pformat = "IXFR transfer of '%s/OUT' to %s:%d%s:";
+		break;
+	case XFR_TYPE_NOTIFY:
+		pformat = "NOTIFY query of '%s' to %s:%d%s:";
+		break;
+	case XFR_TYPE_SOA:
+		pformat = "SOA query of '%s' to %s:%d%s:";
+		break;
+	default:
+		pformat = "";
+		break;
+	}
+
+	int len = 512;
+	char *msg = malloc(len + 1);
+	if (msg) {
+		memset(msg, 0, len + 1);
+		len = snprintf(msg, len + 1, pformat, zname, r_addr, r_port,
+		               r_key ? r_key : ""); 
+		/* Shorten as some implementations (<C99) don't allow
+		 * printing to NULL to estimate size. */
+		if (len > 0) {
+			msg = realloc(msg, len + 1);
+		}
+		
+		req->msgpref = msg;
+	}
+	
+	conf_read_unlock();
+	free(r_key);
+	return KNOTD_EOK;
+}
+
 /*
  * Public APIs.
  */
@@ -1094,7 +1225,7 @@ int xfr_request(xfrhandler_t *handler, knot_ns_xfr_t *req)
 	evqueue_t *q = handler->workers[handler->rr]->q;
 	handler->rr = get_next_rr(handler->rr, handler->unit->size);
 	pthread_mutex_unlock(&handler->rr_mx);
-
+	
 	/* Delegate request. */
 	int ret = evqueue_write(q, req, sizeof(knot_ns_xfr_t));
 	if (ret < 0) {
@@ -1113,6 +1244,16 @@ int xfr_answer(knot_nameserver_t *ns, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 	int ret = knot_ns_init_xfr(ns, xfr);
 	int xfr_failed = (ret != KNOT_EOK);
 	const char * errstr = knot_strerror(ret);
+	
+	// use the QNAME as the zone name to get names also for
+	// zones that are not in the server
+	/*! \todo Update msgpref with zname from query. */
+	const knot_dname_t *qname = knot_packet_qname(xfr->query);
+	if (qname != NULL) {
+		xfr->zname = knot_dname_to_str(qname);
+	} else {
+		xfr->zname = strdup("(unknown)");
+	}
 
 	/* Check requested zone. */
 	if (!xfr_failed) {
@@ -1122,12 +1263,19 @@ int xfr_answer(knot_nameserver_t *ns, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 	}
 
 	/* Check TSIG. */
+	char *keytag = NULL;
 	if (!xfr_failed && xfr->tsig_key != NULL) {
-		ret = xfr_check_tsig(xfr, &xfr->rcode);
+		ret = xfr_check_tsig(xfr, &xfr->rcode, &keytag);
 		xfr_failed = (ret != KNOT_EOK);
 		errstr = knot_strerror(ret);
 	}
 	
+	ret = xfr_update_msgpref(xfr, keytag);
+	free(keytag);
+	if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
+		xfr->msgpref = strdup("XFR:");
+	}
+	
 	/* Prepare place for TSIG data */
 	xfr->tsig_data = malloc(KNOT_NS_TSIG_DATA_MAX_SIZE);
 	if (xfr->tsig_data) {
@@ -1140,15 +1288,6 @@ int xfr_answer(knot_nameserver_t *ns, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 			KNOT_NS_TSIG_DATA_MAX_SIZE / 1024);
 	}
 	
-	// use the QNAME as the zone name to get names also for
-	// zones that are not in the server
-	const knot_dname_t *qname = knot_packet_qname(xfr->query);
-	if (qname != NULL) {
-		xfr->zname = knot_dname_to_str(qname);
-	} else {
-		xfr->zname = strdup("(unknown)");
-	}
-	
 	/* Finally, answer AXFR/IXFR. */
 	int io_error = 0;
 	if (!xfr_failed) {
@@ -1167,33 +1306,22 @@ int xfr_answer(knot_nameserver_t *ns, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 		io_error = (ret == KNOT_ECONN);
 	}
 	
-	/* Remote address identification. */
-	char r_addr[SOCKADDR_STRLEN];
-	sockaddr_tostr(&xfr->addr, r_addr, sizeof(r_addr));
-	int r_port = sockaddr_portnum(&xfr->addr);
-
 	/* Check results. */
 	if (xfr_failed) {
 		if (!io_error) {
 			knot_ns_xfr_send_error(ns, xfr, xfr->rcode);
 		}
-		log_server_notice("%cXFR transfer of zone '%s/OUT' "
-				  "%s:%d failed: %s\n",
-				  xfr_strtype(xfr) , xfr->zname,
-				  r_addr, r_port,
-				  errstr);
+		log_server_notice("%s %s\n", xfr->msgpref, errstr);
 		ret = KNOTD_ERROR;
 	} else {
-		log_server_info("%cXFR transfer of zone '%s/OUT' "
-				"to %s:%d successful.\n",
-				xfr_strtype(xfr), xfr->zname,
-				r_addr, r_port);
+		log_server_info("%s Finished.\n", xfr->msgpref);
 		ret = KNOTD_EOK;
 	}
 	
 	/* Free allocated data. */
 	free(xfr->tsig_data);
 	xfr->tsig_data = NULL;
+	xfr_request_deinit(xfr);
 	
 	/* Cleanup. */
 	free(xfr->digest);
@@ -1214,14 +1342,13 @@ static int xfr_process_request(xfrworker_t *w, uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen)
 		dbg_xfr_verb("xfr: evqueue_read() returned %d.\n", ret);
 		return KNOTD_ENOTRUNNING;
 	}
-
+	
 	/* Update request. */
-	sockaddr_update(&xfr.addr);
 	xfr.wire = buf;
 	xfr.wire_size = buflen;
-	char r_addr[SOCKADDR_STRLEN];
-	sockaddr_tostr(&xfr.addr, r_addr, sizeof(r_addr));
-	int r_port = sockaddr_portnum(&xfr.addr);
+	
+	/* Update XFR message prefix. */
+	xfr_update_msgpref(&xfr, NULL);
 
 	conf_read_lock();
 
@@ -1230,27 +1357,21 @@ static int xfr_process_request(xfrworker_t *w, uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen)
 	if(xfr.zone != NULL) {
 		zd = (zonedata_t *)knot_zone_data(xfr.zone);
 	}
-	knot_ns_xfr_t *task = 0;
-	evsched_t *sch = 0;
-	const char *req_type = "";
+	knot_ns_xfr_t *task = NULL;
+	evsched_t *sch = NULL;
 	dbg_xfr_verb("xfr: processing request type '%d'\n", xfr.type);
 	dbg_xfr_verb("xfr: query ptr: %p\n", xfr.query);
 	switch(xfr.type) {
 	case XFR_TYPE_AIN:
 	case XFR_TYPE_IIN:
-		if (xfr.type == XFR_TYPE_IIN) {
-			req_type = "IXFR/IN";
-		} else {
-			req_type = "AXFR/IN";
-		}
 		ret = xfr_client_start(w, &xfr);
 		
 		/* Report. */
 		if (ret != KNOTD_EOK && ret != KNOTD_EACCES) {
-			log_server_error("%s request from %s:%d failed: %s\n",
-			                 req_type, r_addr, r_port,
-			                 knotd_strerror(ret));
+			log_server_error("%s %s\n",
+			                 xfr.msgpref, knotd_strerror(ret));
 		}
+		
 		break;
 	case XFR_TYPE_SOA:
 	case XFR_TYPE_NOTIFY:
@@ -1260,11 +1381,7 @@ static int xfr_process_request(xfrworker_t *w, uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen)
 			ret = KNOTD_ENOMEM;
 			break;
 		}
-
-		req_type = "SOA or NOTIFY";
-		dbg_xfr("xfr: waiting for %s query response\n",
-			  xfr.type == XFR_TYPE_SOA ? "SOA" : "NOTIFY");
-
+		
 		/* Add timeout. */
 		sch = ((server_t *)knot_ns_get_data(w->ns))->sched;
 		task->data = evsched_schedule_cb(sch, xfr_udp_timeout,
@@ -1272,6 +1389,7 @@ static int xfr_process_request(xfrworker_t *w, uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen)
 		if (zd && xfr.type == XFR_TYPE_SOA) {
 			zd->soa_pending = (event_t*)task->data;
 		}
+		log_server_info("%s Query issued.\n", xfr.msgpref);
 		ret = KNOTD_EOK;
 		break;
 	/* Socket close event. */
@@ -1286,6 +1404,11 @@ static int xfr_process_request(xfrworker_t *w, uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen)
 
 	conf_read_unlock();
 	
+	/* Deinitialize (it is already registered, or discarded).
+	 * Right now, this only frees temporary msgpref.
+	 */
+	xfr_request_deinit(&xfr);
+	
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1350,6 +1473,20 @@ int xfr_worker(dthread_t *thread)
 				pthread_mutex_lock(&h->tasks_mx);
 				data = skip_find(h->tasks, (void*)((size_t)it.fd));
 				pthread_mutex_unlock(&h->tasks_mx);
+				if (data == NULL) {
+					dbg_xfr_verb("xfr: worker=%p processing event on "
+						     "fd=%d got empty data.\n",
+						     w, it.fd);
+					fdset_remove(w->fdset, it.fd);
+					close(it.fd); /* Always dup()'d or created. */
+					
+					/* Next fd. */
+					if (fdset_next(w->fdset, &it) < 0) {
+						break;
+					} else {
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
 				dbg_xfr_verb("xfr: worker=%p processing event on "
 				             "fd=%d data=%p.\n",
 				             w, it.fd, data);
diff --git a/src/knot/server/zones.c b/src/knot/server/zones.c
index a196462..dbc1340 100644
--- a/src/knot/server/zones.c
+++ b/src/knot/server/zones.c
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "common/lists.h"
 #include "common/prng.h"
@@ -42,6 +43,9 @@
 static const size_t XFRIN_CHANGESET_BINARY_SIZE = 100;
 static const size_t XFRIN_CHANGESET_BINARY_STEP = 100;
 
+/* Forward declarations. */
+static int zones_dump_zone_text(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,  const char *zf);
+
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 /*!
@@ -111,7 +115,7 @@ static int zonedata_destroy(knot_zone_t *zone)
 	acl_delete(&zd->notify_out);
 
 	/* Close IXFR db. */
-	journal_close(zd->ixfr_db);
+	journal_release(zd->ixfr_db);
 
 	free(zd);
 	
@@ -161,7 +165,7 @@ static int zonedata_init(conf_zone_t *cfg, knot_zone_t *zone)
 
 	/* Initialize IXFR database. */
 	zd->ixfr_db = journal_open(cfg->ixfr_db, cfg->ixfr_fslimit,
-	                           JOURNAL_DIRTY);
+	                           JOURNAL_LAZY, JOURNAL_DIRTY);
 	if (!zd->ixfr_db) {
 		int ret = journal_create(cfg->ixfr_db, JOURNAL_NCOUNT);
 		if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
@@ -169,7 +173,7 @@ static int zonedata_init(conf_zone_t *cfg, knot_zone_t *zone)
 			                 "'%s'\n", cfg->ixfr_db);
 		}
 		zd->ixfr_db = journal_open(cfg->ixfr_db, cfg->ixfr_fslimit,
-		                           JOURNAL_DIRTY);
+		                           JOURNAL_LAZY, JOURNAL_DIRTY);
 	}
 	
 	if (zd->ixfr_db == 0) {
@@ -194,6 +198,7 @@ static int zonedata_init(conf_zone_t *cfg, knot_zone_t *zone)
 	if (contents) {
 		soa_rrs = knot_node_rrset(knot_zone_contents_apex(contents),
 					  KNOT_RRTYPE_SOA);
+		assert(soa_rrs != NULL);
 		soa_rr = knot_rrset_rdata(soa_rrs);
 		int64_t serial = knot_rdata_soa_serial(soa_rr);
 		zd->zonefile_serial = (uint32_t)serial;
@@ -232,6 +237,7 @@ static uint32_t zones_soa_timer(knot_zone_t *zone,
 
 	soa_rrs = knot_node_rrset(knot_zone_contents_apex(zc),
 	                            KNOT_RRTYPE_SOA);
+	assert(soa_rrs != NULL);
 	soa_rr = knot_rrset_rdata(soa_rrs);
 	ret = rr_func(soa_rr);
 
@@ -542,7 +548,7 @@ static int zones_notify_send(event_t *e)
 	/* Check number of retries. */
 	if (ev->retries < 0) {
 		log_server_notice("NOTIFY query maximum number of retries "
-				  "for zone %s exceeded.\n",
+				  "for zone '%s' exceeded.\n",
 				  zd->conf->name);
 		pthread_mutex_lock(&zd->lock);
 		rem_node(&ev->n);
@@ -593,14 +599,7 @@ static int zones_notify_send(event_t *e)
 
 		/* Store ID of the awaited response. */
 		if (ret == buflen) {
-			char r_addr[SOCKADDR_STRLEN];
-			sockaddr_tostr(&ev->addr, r_addr, sizeof(r_addr));
-			int r_port = sockaddr_portnum(&ev->addr);
 			ev->msgid = knot_wire_get_id(qbuf);
-			log_server_info("Issued '%s' NOTIFY query to %s:%d, "
-					"expecting  response ID=%d\n",
-					zd->conf->name, r_addr, r_port,
-					ev->msgid);
 			
 		}
 
@@ -611,6 +610,7 @@ static int zones_notify_send(event_t *e)
 		req.type = XFR_TYPE_NOTIFY;
 		req.zone = zone;
 		memcpy(&req.addr, &ev->addr, sizeof(sockaddr_t));
+		memcpy(&req.saddr, &ev->saddr, sizeof(sockaddr_t));
 		xfr_request(zd->server->xfr_h, &req);
 
 		/* Unlock RCU */
@@ -656,7 +656,9 @@ static int zones_zonefile_sync_ev(event_t *e)
 	}
 
 	/* Execute zonefile sync. */
-	int ret = zones_zonefile_sync(zone);
+	journal_t *j = journal_retain(zd->ixfr_db);
+	int ret = zones_zonefile_sync(zone, j);
+	journal_release(j);
 	if (ret == KNOTD_EOK) {
 		log_zone_info("Applied differences of '%s' to zonefile.\n",
 		              zd->conf->name);
@@ -710,11 +712,20 @@ static int zones_set_acl(acl_t **acl, list* acl_list)
 		sockaddr_t addr;
 		conf_iface_t *cfg_if = r->remote;
 		int ret = sockaddr_set(&addr, cfg_if->family,
-				       cfg_if->address, 0);
+		                       cfg_if->address, 0);
+		sockaddr_setprefix(&addr, cfg_if->prefix);
 
 		/* Load rule. */
 		if (ret > 0) {
-			acl_create(*acl, &addr, ACL_ACCEPT, cfg_if);
+			/*! \todo Correct search for the longest prefix match.
+			 *        This just favorizes remotes with TSIG.
+			 *        (issue #1675)
+			 */
+			unsigned flags = 0;
+			if (cfg_if->key != NULL) {
+				flags = ACL_PREFER;
+			}
+			acl_create(*acl, &addr, ACL_ACCEPT, cfg_if, flags);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1040,18 +1051,22 @@ static int zones_load_changesets(const knot_zone_t *zone,
 		dbg_zones_detail("Bad arguments: zd->ixfr_db=%p\n", zone->data);
 		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
 	}
+	
+	/* Retain journal for changeset loading. */
+	journal_t *j = journal_retain(zd->ixfr_db);
 
 	/* Read entries from starting serial until finished. */
 	uint32_t found_to = from;
 	journal_node_t *n = 0;
-	int ret = journal_fetch(zd->ixfr_db, from, ixfrdb_key_from_cmp, &n);
+	int ret = journal_fetch(j, from, ixfrdb_key_from_cmp, &n);
 	if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 		dbg_xfr("xfr: failed to fetch starting changeset: %s\n",
 		        knotd_strerror(ret));
+		journal_release(j);
 		return ret;
 	}
 	
-	while (n != 0 && n != journal_end(zd->ixfr_db)) {
+	while (n != 0 && n != journal_end(j)) {
 
 		/* Check for history end. */
 		if (to == found_to) {
@@ -1068,6 +1083,7 @@ static int zones_load_changesets(const knot_zone_t *zone,
 			--dst->count;
 			dbg_xfr("xfr: failed to check changesets size: %s\n",
 			        knot_strerror(ret));
+			journal_release(j);
 			return KNOTD_ERROR;
 		}
 
@@ -1079,15 +1095,16 @@ static int zones_load_changesets(const knot_zone_t *zone,
 		chs->serial_to = ixfrdb_key_to(n->id);
 		chs->data = malloc(n->len);
 		if (!chs->data) {
+			journal_release(j);
 			return KNOTD_ENOMEM;
 		}
 
 		/* Read journal entry. */
-		ret = journal_read(zd->ixfr_db, n->id,
-				   0, (char*)chs->data);
+		ret = journal_read(j, n->id, 0, (char*)chs->data);
 		if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 			dbg_xfr("xfr: failed to read data from journal\n");
 			free(chs->data);
+			journal_release(j);
 			return KNOTD_ERROR;
 		}
 
@@ -1103,6 +1120,7 @@ static int zones_load_changesets(const knot_zone_t *zone,
 	}
 	
 	dbg_xfr_detail("xfr: Journal entries read.\n");
+	journal_release(j);
 
 	/* Unpack binary data. */
 	int unpack_ret = zones_changesets_from_binary(dst);
@@ -1153,6 +1171,7 @@ static int zones_journal_apply(knot_zone_t *zone)
 	const knot_rdata_t *soa_rr = 0;
 	soa_rrs = knot_node_rrset(knot_zone_contents_apex(contents),
 	                            KNOT_RRTYPE_SOA);
+	assert(soa_rrs != NULL);
 	soa_rr = knot_rrset_rdata(soa_rrs);
 	int64_t serial_ret = knot_rdata_soa_serial(soa_rr);
 	if (serial_ret < 0) {
@@ -1173,13 +1192,39 @@ static int zones_journal_apply(knot_zone_t *zone)
 			log_server_info("Applying '%zu' changesets from journal "
 			                "to zone '%s'.\n",
 			                chsets->count, zd->conf->name);
-			int apply_ret = xfrin_apply_changesets(zone, chsets);
+			knot_zone_contents_t *contents = NULL;
+			int apply_ret = xfrin_apply_changesets(zone, chsets,
+			                                       &contents);
 			if (apply_ret != KNOT_EOK) {
-				log_server_error("Failed to apply changesets to "
-				                 "'%s' - %s\n",
+				log_server_error("Failed to apply changesets to"
+				                 "'%s' - Apply failed: %s\n",
 				                 zd->conf->name,
 				                 knot_strerror(apply_ret));
 				ret = KNOTD_ERROR;
+
+				// Cleanup old and new contents
+				xfrin_rollback_update(zone->contents,
+				                      &contents,
+				                      &chsets->changes);
+			}
+
+			/* Switch zone immediately. */
+			apply_ret = xfrin_switch_zone(zone, contents,
+			                              XFR_TYPE_IIN);
+			if (apply_ret == KNOT_EOK) {
+				xfrin_cleanup_successful_update(
+				                        &chsets->changes);
+			} else {
+				log_server_error("Failed to apply changesets to"
+				                 " '%s' - Switch failed: %s\n",
+				                 zd->conf->name,
+				                 knot_strerror(apply_ret));
+				ret = KNOTD_ERROR;
+
+				// Cleanup old and new contents
+				xfrin_rollback_update(zone->contents,
+				                      &contents,
+				                      &chsets->changes);
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
@@ -1238,9 +1283,9 @@ static int zones_insert_zones(knot_nameserver_t *ns,
 		int reload = 0;
 
 		/* Attempt to bootstrap if db or source does not exist. */
-		struct stat s;
+		struct stat s = {};
 		int stat_ret = stat(z->file, &s);
-		if (zone != NULL) {
+		if (zone != NULL && stat_ret == 0) {
 			/* if found, check timestamp of the file against the
 			 * loaded zone
 			 */
@@ -1325,8 +1370,11 @@ static int zones_insert_zones(knot_nameserver_t *ns,
 			dbg_zones_verb("zones: found '%s' in old database, "
 			               "copying to new.\n",
 			               z->name);
-			log_server_info("Zone '%s' is up-to-date, no need "
-			                "for reload.\n", z->name);
+			/* Only if zone file exists. */
+			if (stat_ret == 0) {
+				log_server_info("Zone '%s' is up-to-date, no need "
+				                "for reload.\n", z->name);
+			}
 			int ret = knot_zonedb_add_zone(db_new, zone);
 			if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 				log_server_error("Error adding known zone '%s' to"
@@ -1691,7 +1739,7 @@ int zones_update_db_from_config(const conf_t *conf, knot_nameserver_t *ns,
 	return KNOTD_EOK;
 }
 
-int zones_zonefile_sync(knot_zone_t *zone)
+int zones_zonefile_sync(knot_zone_t *zone, journal_t *journal)
 {
 	if (!zone) {
 		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
@@ -1718,6 +1766,8 @@ int zones_zonefile_sync(knot_zone_t *zone)
 	const knot_rdata_t *soa_rr = 0;
 	soa_rrs = knot_node_rrset(knot_zone_contents_apex(contents),
 	                            KNOT_RRTYPE_SOA);
+	assert(soa_rrs != NULL);
+
 	soa_rr = knot_rrset_rdata(soa_rrs);
 	int64_t serial_ret = knot_rdata_soa_serial(soa_rr);
 	if (serial_ret < 0) {
@@ -1734,14 +1784,21 @@ int zones_zonefile_sync(knot_zone_t *zone)
 		dbg_zones("zones: syncing '%s' differences to '%s' "
 		          "(SOA serial %u)\n",
 		          zd->conf->name, zd->conf->file, serial_to);
-		zone_dump_text(contents, zd->conf->file);
+		ret = zones_dump_zone_text(contents, zd->conf->file);
+		if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
+			dbg_zones("zones: failed to sync '%s' to '%s'\n",
+			          zd->conf->name, zd->conf->file);
+			pthread_mutex_unlock(&zd->lock);
+			return ret;
+		}
+		
 		conf_read_unlock();
 
 		/* Update journal entries. */
 		dbg_zones_verb("zones: unmarking all dirty nodes "
 		               "in '%s' journal\n",
 		               zd->conf->name);
-		journal_walk(zd->ixfr_db, zones_ixfrdb_sync_apply);
+		journal_walk(journal, zones_ixfrdb_sync_apply);
 
 		/* Update zone file serial. */
 		dbg_zones("zones: new '%s' zonefile serial is %u\n",
@@ -1766,7 +1823,10 @@ int zones_query_check_zone(const knot_zone_t *zone, const sockaddr_t *addr,
 {
 	if (addr == NULL || tsig_key == NULL || rcode == NULL) {
 		dbg_zones_verb("Wrong arguments.\n");
-		*rcode = KNOT_RCODE_SERVFAIL;
+
+		if (rcode != NULL) {
+			*rcode = KNOT_RCODE_SERVFAIL;
+		}
 		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
 	}
 
@@ -2107,7 +2167,8 @@ int zones_process_response(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver,
 
 		/* Check SOA SERIAL. */
 		int ret = xfrin_transfer_needed(contents, packet);
-		dbg_zones_verb("xfrin_transfer_needed() returned %d\n", ret);
+		dbg_zones_verb("xfrin_transfer_needed() returned %s\n",
+		               knot_strerror(ret));
 		if (ret < 0) {
 			/* RETRY/EXPIRE timers running, do not interfere. */
 			rcu_read_unlock();
@@ -2118,8 +2179,12 @@ int zones_process_response(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver,
 		evsched_t *sched =
 			((server_t *)knot_ns_get_data(nameserver))->sched;
 		if (ret == 0) {
-			log_zone_info("SOA query for zone '%s' answered, no "
-				      "transfer needed.\n", zd->conf->name);
+			char r_addr[SOCKADDR_STRLEN];
+			int r_port = sockaddr_portnum(from);
+			sockaddr_tostr(from, r_addr, sizeof(r_addr));
+			log_zone_info("SOA query of '%s' to %s:%d: Answered, no "
+				      "transfer needed.\n",
+			              zd->conf->name, r_addr, r_port);
 			rcu_read_unlock();
 
 			/* Reinstall timers. */
@@ -2217,136 +2282,171 @@ static int zones_find_zone_for_xfr(const knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static char *zones_find_free_filename(const char *old_name)
+static int zones_open_free_filename(const char *old_name, char **new_name)
 {
 	/* find zone name not present on the disk */
-	int free_name = 0;
 	size_t name_size = strlen(old_name);
-
-	char *new_name = malloc(name_size + 3);
-	if (new_name == NULL) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	memcpy(new_name, old_name, name_size);
-	new_name[name_size] = '.';
-	new_name[name_size + 2] = 0;
-
-	dbg_zones_verb("zones: finding free name for the zone file.\n");
-	int c = 48;
-	FILE *file;
-	while (!free_name && c < 58) {
-		new_name[name_size + 1] = c;
-		dbg_zones_verb("zones: trying file name %s\n", new_name);
-		if ((file = fopen(new_name, "r")) != NULL) {
-			fclose(file);
-			++c;
-		} else {
-			free_name = 1;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (free_name) {
-		return new_name;
-	} else {
-		free(new_name);
-		return NULL;
+	*new_name = malloc(name_size + 7 + 1);
+	if (*new_name == NULL) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	memcpy(*new_name, old_name, name_size + 1);
+	strncat(*new_name, ".XXXXXX", 7);
+	dbg_zones_verb("zones: creating temporary zone file\n");
+	mode_t old_mode = umask(077);
+	int fd = mkstemp(*new_name);
+	(void) umask(old_mode);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		dbg_zones_verb("zones: couldn't create temporary zone file\n");
+		free(*new_name);
+		*new_name = NULL;
 	}
+	
+	return fd;
 }
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static int zones_dump_xfr_zone_text(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, 
-                                    const char *zonefile)
+static int zones_dump_zone_text(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, const char *fname)
 {
-	assert(zone != NULL && zonefile != NULL);
-
-	/*! \todo new_zonefile may be created by another process,
-	 *        until the zone_dump_text is called. Needs to be opened in
-	 *        this function for writing.
-	 *        Use open() for exclusive open and fcntl() for locking.
-	 *        (issue #1587)
-	 */
-
-	char *new_zonefile = zones_find_free_filename(zonefile);
+	assert(zone != NULL && fname != NULL);
 
-	if (new_zonefile == NULL) {
+	char *new_fname = NULL;
+	int fd = zones_open_free_filename(fname, &new_fname);
+	if (fd < 0) {
 		log_zone_warning("Failed to find filename for temporary "
 		                 "storage of the transferred zone.\n");
-		return KNOTD_ERROR;	/*! \todo New error code? */
+		return KNOTD_ERROR;
 	}
-
-	int rc = zone_dump_text(zone, new_zonefile);
-
-	if (rc != KNOTD_EOK) {
+	
+	if (zone_dump_text(zone, fd) != KNOTD_EOK) {
 		log_zone_warning("Failed to save the transferred zone to '%s'.\n",
-		                 new_zonefile);
-		free(new_zonefile);
+		                 new_fname);
+		close(fd);
+		unlink(new_fname);
+		free(new_fname);
 		return KNOTD_ERROR;
 	}
 
-	/*! \todo this would also need locking as well (issue #1587) */
-	remove(zonefile); /* Don't care, as the rename will trigger the error. */
-	if (rename(new_zonefile, zonefile) != 0) {
+	/* Swap temporary zonefile and new zonefile. */
+	close(fd);
+	int ret = rename(new_fname, fname);
+	if (ret < 0 && ret != EEXIST) {
 		log_zone_warning("Failed to replace old zone file '%s'' with a new"
-		                 " zone file '%s'.\n", zonefile, new_zonefile);
-		/*! \todo with proper locking, this shouldn't happen,
-		 *        revise it later on (issue #1587)
-		 */
-		zone_dump_text(zone, zonefile);
-		free(new_zonefile);
+		                 " zone file '%s'.\n", fname, new_fname);
+		unlink(new_fname);
+		free(new_fname);
 		return KNOTD_ERROR;
 	}
 
 
-	free(new_zonefile);
+	free(new_fname);
 	return KNOTD_EOK;
 }
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static int ns_dump_xfr_zone_binary(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, 
+static int zones_dump_zone_binary(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, 
                                    const char *zonedb,
                                    const char *zonefile)
 {
 	assert(zone != NULL && zonedb != NULL);
 
-	/*! \todo new_zonedb may be created by another process,
-	 *        until the zone_dump_text is called. Needs to be opened in
-	 *        this function for writing.
-	 *        Use open() for exclusive open and fcntl() for locking.
-	 *        (issue #1587)
-	 */
-	char *new_zonedb = zones_find_free_filename(zonedb);
-
-	if (new_zonedb == NULL) {
+	char *new_zonedb = NULL;
+	int fd = zones_open_free_filename(zonedb, &new_zonedb);
+	if (fd < 0) {
 		dbg_zones("zones: failed to find free filename for temporary "
 		          "storage of the zone binary file '%s'\n",
 		          zonedb);
-		return KNOTD_ERROR;	/*! \todo New error code? */
+		return KNOTD_ERROR;
 	}
 
-	/*! \todo this would also need locking as well (issue #1587) */
-	int rc = knot_zdump_dump_and_swap(zone, new_zonedb, zonedb, zonefile);
-	free(new_zonedb);
+	crc_t crc_value;
+	if (knot_zdump_dump(zone, fd, zonefile, &crc_value) != KNOT_EOK) {
+		close(fd);
+		unlink(new_zonedb);
+		free(new_zonedb);
+		return KNOTD_ERROR;
+	}
 
-	if (rc != KNOT_EOK) {
+	/* Delete old CRC file. */
+	char *zonedb_crc = knot_zdump_crc_file(zonedb);
+	if (zonedb_crc == NULL) {
+		close(fd);
+		unlink(new_zonedb);
+		free(new_zonedb);
+		return KNOTD_ENOMEM;
+	}
+	remove(zonedb_crc);
+
+	/* New CRC file. */
+	char *new_zonedb_crc = knot_zdump_crc_file(new_zonedb);
+	if (new_zonedb_crc == NULL) {
+		dbg_zdump("Failed to create CRC file path from %s.\n",
+		          new_zonedb);
+		free(zonedb_crc);
+		close(fd);
+		unlink(new_zonedb);
+		free(new_zonedb);
+		return KNOTD_ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	/* Write CRC value to CRC file. */
+	FILE *f_crc = fopen(new_zonedb_crc, "w");
+	if (f_crc == NULL) {
+		dbg_zdump("Cannot open CRC file %s!\n",
+		          zonedb_crc);
+		unlink(new_zonedb);
 		return KNOTD_ERROR;
+	} else {
+		fprintf(f_crc, "%lu\n",
+		        (unsigned long)crc_value);
+		fclose(f_crc);
 	}
 
+	/* Swap CRC files. */
+	int ret = KNOTD_EOK;
+	if (rename(new_zonedb_crc, zonedb_crc) < 0) {
+		dbg_zdump("Failed to replace old zonedb CRC %s "
+		          "with new CRC zone file %s.\n",
+		          zonedb_crc,
+		          new_zonedb_crc);
+		unlink(new_zonedb);
+		unlink(new_zonedb_crc);
+		ret = KNOTD_ERROR;
+	} else {
+		/* Swap zone databases. */
+		int swap_res = rename(new_zonedb, zonedb);
+		if (swap_res < 0 && swap_res != EEXIST) {
+			dbg_zdump("Failed to replace old zonedb %s "
+			          "with new zone file %s.\n",
+			          new_zonedb,
+			          zonedb);
+			ret = KNOTD_ERROR;
+			unlink(new_zonedb);
+		} else {
 
-	return KNOTD_EOK;
+		}
+	}
+
+	free(new_zonedb_crc);
+	free(zonedb_crc);
+	close(fd);
+	free(new_zonedb);
+
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 int zones_save_zone(const knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 {
-	if (xfr == NULL || xfr->data == NULL) {
+	if (xfr == NULL || xfr->new_contents == NULL) {
 		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
 	}
 	
-	knot_zone_contents_t *zone = 
-		(knot_zone_contents_t *)xfr->data;
+	knot_zone_contents_t *zone = xfr->new_contents;
 	
 	const char *zonefile = NULL;
 	const char *zonedb = NULL;
@@ -2359,12 +2459,12 @@ int zones_save_zone(const knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 	assert(zonefile != NULL && zonedb != NULL);
 	
 	/* dump the zone into text zone file */
-	ret = zones_dump_xfr_zone_text(zone, zonefile);
+	ret = zones_dump_zone_text(zone, zonefile);
 	if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 		return KNOTD_ERROR;
 	}
 	/* dump the zone into binary db file */
-	ret = ns_dump_xfr_zone_binary(zone, zonedb, zonefile);
+	ret = zones_dump_zone_binary(zone, zonedb, zonefile);
 	if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 		return KNOTD_ERROR;
 	}
@@ -2447,13 +2547,15 @@ static int zones_changeset_rrset_to_binary(uint8_t **data, size_t *size,
 	size_t actual_size = 0;
 	int ret = knot_zdump_rrset_serialize(rrset, &binary, &actual_size);
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK || binary == NULL) {
+		dbg_zones("knot_zdump_rrset_serialize() returned %s\n",
+		          knot_strerror(ret));
 		return KNOTD_ERROR;  /*! \todo Other code? */
 	}
 
 	ret = zones_check_binary_size(data, allocated, *size + actual_size);
-	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+	if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 		free(binary);
-		return KNOTD_ERROR;
+		return ret;
 	}
 
 	memcpy(*data + *size, binary, actual_size);
@@ -2465,7 +2567,7 @@ static int zones_changeset_rrset_to_binary(uint8_t **data, size_t *size,
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static int zones_changesets_to_binary(knot_changesets_t *chgsets)
+int zones_changesets_to_binary(knot_changesets_t *chgsets)
 {
 	assert(chgsets != NULL);
 	assert(chgsets->allocated >= chgsets->count);
@@ -2484,12 +2586,12 @@ static int zones_changesets_to_binary(knot_changesets_t *chgsets)
 		/* 1) origin SOA */
 		ret = zones_changeset_rrset_to_binary(&ch->data, &ch->size,
 		                                &ch->allocated, ch->soa_from);
-		if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+		if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 			free(ch->data);
 			ch->data = NULL;
 			dbg_zones("zones_changeset_rrset_to_binary(): %s\n",
 			          knot_strerror(ret));
-			return KNOTD_ERROR;
+			return ret;
 		}
 
 		int j;
@@ -2501,24 +2603,24 @@ static int zones_changesets_to_binary(knot_changesets_t *chgsets)
 			                                      &ch->size,
 			                                      &ch->allocated,
 			                                      ch->remove[j]);
-			if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+			if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 				free(ch->data);
 				ch->data = NULL;
 				dbg_zones("zones_changeset_rrset_to_binary(): %s\n",
 					  knot_strerror(ret));
-				return KNOTD_ERROR;
+				return ret;
 			}
 		}
 
 		/* 3) new SOA */
 		ret = zones_changeset_rrset_to_binary(&ch->data, &ch->size,
 		                                &ch->allocated, ch->soa_to);
-		if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+		if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 			free(ch->data);
 			ch->data = NULL;
 			dbg_zones("zones_changeset_rrset_to_binary(): %s\n",
 				  knot_strerror(ret));
-			return KNOTD_ERROR;
+			return ret;
 		}
 
 		/* 4) add RRsets */
@@ -2528,12 +2630,12 @@ static int zones_changesets_to_binary(knot_changesets_t *chgsets)
 			                                      &ch->size,
 			                                      &ch->allocated,
 			                                      ch->add[j]);
-			if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+			if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
 				free(ch->data);
 				ch->data = NULL;
 				dbg_zones("zones_changeset_rrset_to_binary(): %s\n",
 					  knot_strerror(ret));
-				return KNOTD_ERROR;
+				return ret;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -2551,11 +2653,6 @@ int zones_store_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 	
 	knot_zone_t *zone = xfr->zone;
 	knot_changesets_t *src = (knot_changesets_t *)xfr->data;
-	
-	int ret = zones_changesets_to_binary(src);
-	if (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
-		return ret;
-	}
 
 	/* Fetch zone-specific data. */
 	zonedata_t *zd = (zonedata_t *)zone->data;
@@ -2563,6 +2660,9 @@ int zones_store_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 		return KNOTD_EINVAL;
 	}
 
+	/* Retain journal for changeset loading. */
+	journal_t *j = journal_retain(zd->ixfr_db);
+	
 	/* Begin writing to journal. */
 	for (unsigned i = 0; i < src->count; ++i) {
 
@@ -2571,8 +2671,7 @@ int zones_store_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 		uint64_t k = ixfrdb_key_make(chs->serial_from, chs->serial_to);
 
 		/* Write entry. */
-		int ret = journal_write(zd->ixfr_db, k, (const char*)chs->data,
-		                        chs->size);
+		int ret = journal_write(j, k, (const char*)chs->data, chs->size);
 
 		/* Check for errors. */
 		while (ret != KNOTD_EOK) {
@@ -2593,7 +2692,7 @@ int zones_store_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 				dbg_xfr_verb("xfr: forcing zonefile SYNC "
 				             "of '%s'\n",
 				             zd->conf->name);
-				ret = zones_zonefile_sync(zone);
+				ret = zones_zonefile_sync(zone, j);
 				if (ret != KNOTD_EOK && ret != KNOTD_ERANGE) {
 					continue;
 				}
@@ -2616,11 +2715,11 @@ int zones_store_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 				}
 
 				/* Attempt to write again. */
-				ret = journal_write(zd->ixfr_db, k,
-						    (const char*)chs->data,
+				ret = journal_write(j, k, (const char*)chs->data,
 						    chs->size);
 			} else {
 				/* Other errors. */
+				journal_release(j);
 				return KNOTD_ERROR;
 			}
 		}
@@ -2630,6 +2729,9 @@ int zones_store_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 		chs->data = 0;
 		chs->size = 0;
 	}
+	
+	/* Release journal. */
+	journal_release(j);
 
 	/* Written changesets to journal. */
 	return KNOTD_EOK;
@@ -2676,18 +2778,6 @@ int zones_xfr_load_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr, uint32_t serial_from,
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-int zones_apply_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr) 
-{
-	if (xfr == NULL || xfr->zone == NULL || xfr->data == NULL) {
-		return KNOT_EBADARG;
-	}
-	
-	return xfrin_apply_changesets(xfr->zone,
-	                              (knot_changesets_t *)xfr->data);
-}
-
-/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
 int zones_timers_update(knot_zone_t *zone, conf_zone_t *cfzone, evsched_t *sch)
 {
 	if (!sch || !zone) {
diff --git a/src/knot/server/zones.h b/src/knot/server/zones.h
index 53c5290..1822b84 100644
--- a/src/knot/server/zones.h
+++ b/src/knot/server/zones.h
@@ -73,9 +73,9 @@ typedef struct zonedata_t
 		knot_key_t    tsig_key;  /*!< Master TSIG key. */
 		struct event_t *timer;   /*!< Timer for REFRESH/RETRY. */
 		struct event_t *expire;  /*!< Timer for REFRESH. */
-		int next_id;             /*!< ID of the next awaited SOA resp.*/
 		pthread_mutex_t lock;    /*!< Pending XFR/IN lock. */
 		void           *wrkr;    /*!< Pending XFR/IN worker. */
+		int next_id;             /*!< ID of the next awaited SOA resp.*/
 		uint32_t bootstrap_retry;/*!< AXFR/IN bootstrap retry. */
 	} xfr_in;
 
@@ -125,13 +125,14 @@ int zones_update_db_from_config(const conf_t *conf, knot_nameserver_t *ns,
  * \note Current implementation rewrites the zone file.
  *
  * \param zone Evaluated zone.
+ * \param journal Journal to sync.
  *
  * \retval KNOTD_EOK if successful.
  * \retval KNOTD_ERANGE if zonefile is in sync with journal.
  * \retval KNOTD_EINVAL on invalid parameter.
  * \retval KNOTD_ERROR on unspecified error during processing.
  */
-int zones_zonefile_sync(knot_zone_t *zone);
+int zones_zonefile_sync(knot_zone_t *zone, journal_t *journal);
 
 /*!
  * \todo Document me.
@@ -213,6 +214,8 @@ int zones_ns_conf_hook(const struct conf_t *conf, void *data);
  */
 int zones_store_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr);
 
+int zones_changesets_to_binary(knot_changesets_t *chgsets);
+
 /*!
  * \brief Load changesets from journal.
  *
@@ -237,20 +240,6 @@ int zones_xfr_load_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr, uint32_t serial_from,
                               uint32_t serial_to);
 
 /*!
- * \brief Apply changesets to zone.
- *
- * Applies a list of XFR-style changesets to the given zone. Also checks if the
- * changesets are applicable (i.e. zone is right and has the right serial).
- *
- * \param zone Zone to which the changesets should be applied.
- * \param chsets Changesets to be applied to the zone.
- *
- * \retval KNOTD_EOK
- * \retval KNOTD_EINVAL
- */
-int zones_apply_changesets(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr);
-
-/*!
  * \brief Update zone timers.
  *
  * REFRESH/RETRY/EXPIRE timers are updated according to SOA.
diff --git a/src/knot/zone/semantic-check.c b/src/knot/zone/semantic-check.c
index f511f35..f900951 100644
--- a/src/knot/zone/semantic-check.c
+++ b/src/knot/zone/semantic-check.c
@@ -156,12 +156,11 @@ int err_handler_handle_error(err_handler_t *handler,
 	assert(handler && node);
 	if ((error != 0) &&
 	    (error > ZC_ERR_GLUE_GENERAL_ERROR)) {
-		return ZC_ERR_UNKNOWN;
+		return KNOT_EBADARG;
 	}
 
 	/*!< \todo this is so wrong! This should not even return anything. */
-	if (error == ZC_ERR_ALLOC || error == KNOT_ERROR
-	    || error == KNOT_EBADARG) {
+	if (error == ZC_ERR_ALLOC || error == 0) {
 		return KNOT_EBADARG;
 	}
 
@@ -382,10 +381,13 @@ static int check_cname_cycles_in_zone(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 				knot_dname_new_from_str("*", strlen("*"),
 			                                NULL);
 			if (wc == NULL) {
+				knot_dname_free(&chopped_next);
 				return KNOT_ENOMEM;
 			}
 			
 			if (knot_dname_cat(wc, chopped_next) == NULL) {
+				knot_dname_free(&chopped_next);
+				knot_dname_free(&wc);
 				return KNOT_ERROR;
 			}
 			
@@ -552,6 +554,9 @@ static int dnskey_to_wire(const knot_rdata_t *rdata, uint8_t **wire,
 
 	/* TODO check if we really have that many items */
 	if (rdata->count < 4) {
+		free(*wire);
+		*wire = NULL;
+		*size = 0;
 		return KNOT_ERROR;
 	}
 
@@ -915,16 +920,14 @@ static int check_nsec3_node_in_zone(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, knot_node_t *nod
 		knot_node_rrset(knot_zone_contents_apex(zone),
 	                        KNOT_RRTYPE_SOA);
 	assert(soa_rrset);
-
-	uint32_t minimum_ttl =
-		knot_wire_read_u32((uint8_t *)
-		rdata_item_data(
-		knot_rdata_item(
-		knot_rrset_rdata(
-		knot_node_rrset(
-		knot_zone_contents_apex(zone), KNOT_RRTYPE_SOA)), 6)));
-	/* Are those getters even worth this?
-	 * Now I have no idea what this code does. */
+	
+	const knot_rdata_t *soa_rdata = knot_rrset_rdata(soa_rrset);
+	if (soa_rdata == NULL) {
+		err_handler_handle_error(handler, node, ZC_ERR_UNKNOWN);
+		return KNOT_EOK;
+	}
+	
+	uint32_t minimum_ttl = knot_rdata_soa_minimum(soa_rdata);
 
 	if (knot_rrset_ttl(nsec3_rrset) != minimum_ttl) {
 			err_handler_handle_error(handler, node,
@@ -1012,6 +1015,22 @@ static int check_nsec3_node_in_zone(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, knot_node_t *nod
 	return KNOT_EOK;
 }
 
+struct sem_check_param {
+	int node_count;
+};
+
+/*!
+ * \brief Used only to count number of nodes in zone tree.
+ *
+ * \param node Node to be counted
+ * \param data Count casted to void *
+ */
+static void count_nodes_in_tree(knot_node_t *node, void *data)
+{
+	struct sem_check_param *param = (struct sem_check_param *)data;
+	param->node_count++;
+}
+
 /*!
  * \brief Run semantic checks for node without DNSSEC-related types.
  *
@@ -1089,9 +1108,34 @@ static int semantic_checks_plain(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 		}
 		
 		if (node->children != 0) {
-			*fatal_error = 1;
-			err_handler_handle_error(handler, node,
-			                         ZC_ERR_DNAME_CHILDREN);
+			/*
+			 * With DNSSEC and node being zone apex,
+			 * NSEC3 and its RRSIG can be present.
+			 */
+			
+			/* The NSEC3 tree can thus only have one node. */
+			struct sem_check_param param;
+			param.node_count = 0;
+			int ret_apply =
+				knot_zone_contents_nsec3_apply_inorder(zone,
+				count_nodes_in_tree,
+				&param);
+			if (ret_apply != KNOT_EOK || param.node_count != 1) {
+				*fatal_error = 1;
+				err_handler_handle_error(handler, node,
+				                         ZC_ERR_DNAME_CHILDREN);
+				/*
+				 * Valid case: Node is apex, it has NSEC3 node
+				 * and that node has only one RRSet.
+				 */
+			} else if (!((knot_zone_contents_apex(zone) == node) &&
+			           knot_node_nsec3_node(node) &&
+			           knot_node_rrset_count(knot_node_nsec3_node(
+			                                 node)) == 1)) {
+				*fatal_error = 1;
+				err_handler_handle_error(handler, node,
+				                         ZC_ERR_DNAME_CHILDREN);
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	
@@ -1173,10 +1217,6 @@ static int semantic_checks_dnssec(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 		if (auth && !deleg &&
 		    (ret = check_rrsig_in_rrset(rrset, dnskey_rrset,
 						nsec3)) != 0) {
-		  /* CLEANUP */
-/*			log_zone_error("RRSIG %d node %s\n", ret,
-				       knot_dname_to_str(node->owner));*/
-
 			err_handler_handle_error(handler, node, ret);
 		}
 
@@ -1189,13 +1229,6 @@ static int semantic_checks_dnssec(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 			if (nsec_rrset == NULL) {
 				err_handler_handle_error(handler, node,
 							 ZC_ERR_NO_NSEC);
-				/* CLEANUP */
-/*				char *name =
-					knot_dname_to_str(node->owner);
-				log_zone_error("Missing NSEC in node: "
-					       "%s\n", name);
-				free(name);
-				return; */
 			} else {
 
 				/* check NSEC/NSEC3 bitmap */
@@ -1229,18 +1262,6 @@ static int semantic_checks_dnssec(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 						handler,
 						node,
 						ZC_ERR_NSEC_RDATA_BITMAP);
-					/* CLEANUP */
-	/*					char *name =
-						knot_dname_to_str(
-						knot_node_owner(node));
-
-						log_zone_error("Node %s does "
-						"not contain RRSet of type %s "
-						"but NSEC bitmap says "
-					       "it does!\n", name,
-					       knot_rrtype_to_string(type));
-
-					free(name); */
 					}
 				}
 				free(array);
diff --git a/src/knot/zone/zone-dump-text.c b/src/knot/zone/zone-dump-text.c
index dcb9add..4a45d64 100644
--- a/src/knot/zone/zone-dump-text.c
+++ b/src/knot/zone/zone-dump-text.c
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 #include "common/skip-list.h"
 #include "common/base32hex.h"
 
-/* TODO max length of alg */
+/*!< \todo #1683 Find all maximum lengths to be used in strcnat. */
 
 enum uint_max_length {
 	U8_MAX_STR_LEN = 4, U16_MAX_STR_LEN = 6,
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ enum uint_max_length {
  * IF IBM IS APPRISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
  */
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/param.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 
 #include <netinet/in.h>
@@ -361,30 +360,30 @@ static char *rdata_txt_data_to_string(const uint8_t *data)
 	}
 	memset(ret, 0,  current_length);
 
-	strcat(ret, "\"");
+	strncat(ret, "\"", 3);
 
 	for (i = 1; i <= length; i++) {
 		char ch = (char) data[i];
 		if (isprint((int)ch)) {
 			if (ch == '"' || ch == '\\') {
-				strcat(ret, "\"");
+				strncat(ret, "\"", 3);
 			}
 				/* for the love of god, how to this better,
 				   but w/o obscure self-made functions */
 				char tmp_str[2];
 				tmp_str[0] = ch;
 				tmp_str[1] = 0;
-				strcat(ret, tmp_str);
+				strncat(ret, tmp_str, 2);
 		} else {
-			strcat(ret, "\\");
+			strncat(ret, "\\", 3);
 			char tmp_str[2];
 			tmp_str[0] = ch - '0';
 			tmp_str[1] = 0;
 
-			strcat(ret, tmp_str);
+			strncat(ret, tmp_str, 2);
 		}
 	}
-	strcat(ret, "\"");
+	strncat(ret, "\"", 3);
 
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -412,8 +411,8 @@ char *rdata_text_to_string(knot_rdata_item_t item)
 		char del[2];
 		del[0] = ' ';
 		del[1] = '\0';
-		strcat(ret, txt);
-		strcat(ret, del);
+		strncat(ret, txt, strlen(txt));
+		strncat(ret, del, 2);
 		free(txt);
 	}
 
@@ -423,7 +422,7 @@ char *rdata_text_to_string(knot_rdata_item_t item)
 char *rdata_byte_to_string(knot_rdata_item_t item)
 {
 	assert(item.raw_data[0] == 1);
-	uint8_t data = item.raw_data[1];
+	uint8_t data = *((uint8_t *)(item.raw_data + 1));
 	char *ret = malloc(sizeof(char) * U8_MAX_STR_LEN);
 	snprintf(ret, U8_MAX_STR_LEN, "%d", (char) data);
 	return ret;
@@ -629,7 +628,7 @@ char *rdata_nsap_to_string(knot_rdata_item_t item)
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	strcat(ret, converted);
+	strncat(ret, converted, rdata_item_size(item) * 2 + 1);
 	free(converted);
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -729,9 +728,10 @@ char *rdata_services_to_string(knot_rdata_item_t item)
 	if (proto) {
 		int i;
 
-		strcpy(ret, proto->p_name);
+		/*!< \todo #1863 see below, but we can trust getprotobynumber... */
+		strncpy(ret, proto->p_name, strlen(proto->p_name));
 
-		strcat(ret, " ");
+		strncat(ret, " ", 2);
 
 		for (i = 0; i < bitmap_size * 8; ++i) {
 			if (get_bit(bitmap, i)) {
@@ -739,13 +739,20 @@ char *rdata_services_to_string(knot_rdata_item_t item)
 					getservbyport((int)htons(i),
 						      proto->p_name);
 				if (service) {
-					strcat(ret, service->s_name);
-					strcat(ret, " ");
+					/*!< \todo #1863 
+					 * using strncat with strlen
+					 * does not make a whole lot of sense.
+					 * At least it will crash wil
+					 * Use max length of service name!
+					 */
+					strncat(ret, service->s_name,
+					        strlen(service->s_name));
+					strncat(ret, " ", 2);
 				} else {
 					char tmp[U32_MAX_STR_LEN];
 					snprintf(tmp, U32_MAX_STR_LEN,
 						 "%d ", i);
-					strcat(ret, tmp);
+					strncat(ret, tmp, U32_MAX_STR_LEN);
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -832,8 +839,9 @@ char *rdata_nxt_to_string(knot_rdata_item_t item)
 
 	for (i = 0; i < bitmap_size * 8; ++i) {
 		if (get_bit(bitmap, i)) {
-			strcat(ret, knot_rrtype_to_string(i));
-				strcat(ret, " ");
+			strncat(ret, knot_rrtype_to_string(i),
+			       MAX_RR_TYPE_LEN);
+				strncat(ret, " ", 2);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -871,10 +879,11 @@ char *rdata_nsec_to_string(knot_rdata_item_t item)
 
 		for (int j = 0; j < bitmap_size * 8; j++) {
 			if (get_bit(bitmap, j)) {
-				strcat(ret,
+				strncat(ret,
 				       knot_rrtype_to_string(j +
-							       window * 256));
-				strcat(ret, " ");
+							       window * 256),
+				        MAX_RR_TYPE_LEN);
+				strncat(ret, " ", 2);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -925,7 +934,7 @@ char *rdata_unknown_to_string(knot_rdata_item_t item)
 	         strlen("\\# ") + U16_MAX_STR_LEN + 1, "%lu ",
 		 (unsigned long) size);
 	char *converted = hex_to_string(rdata_item_data(item), size);
-	strcat(ret, converted);
+	strncat(ret, converted, size * 2 + 1);
 	free(converted);
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -1131,9 +1140,9 @@ void node_dump_text(knot_node_t *node, void *data)
 	free(rrsets);
 }
 
-int zone_dump_text(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, const char *filename)
+int zone_dump_text(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, int fd)
 {
-	FILE *f = fopen(filename, "w");
+	FILE *f = fdopen(fd, "w");
 	if (f == NULL) {
 		return KNOT_EBADARG;
 	}
diff --git a/src/knot/zone/zone-dump-text.h b/src/knot/zone/zone-dump-text.h
index 70dcff4..2a35643 100644
--- a/src/knot/zone/zone-dump-text.h
+++ b/src/knot/zone/zone-dump-text.h
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@
  * \brief Dumps given zone to text (BIND-like) file.
  *
  * \param zone Zone to be saved.
- * \param filename Name of file to be created.
+ * \param fd File descriptor to write to.
  *
  * \retval KNOT_EOK on success.
  * \retval KNOT_EBADARG if the specified file is not valid for writing.
  */
-int zone_dump_text(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, const char *filename);
+int zone_dump_text(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, int fd);
 
 #endif // _KNOT_ZONE_DUMP_TEXT_H_
 
diff --git a/src/knot/zone/zone-dump.c b/src/knot/zone/zone-dump.c
index 0be1ac7..6ca969f 100644
--- a/src/knot/zone/zone-dump.c
+++ b/src/knot/zone/zone-dump.c
@@ -51,16 +51,15 @@
  * or raw data stored like this: data_len [data]
  */
 
-static inline int fwrite_to_file_crc(const void *src,
-                                     size_t size, size_t n, FILE *f,
+static inline int write_to_file_crc(const void *src,
+                                     size_t size, size_t n, int fd,
                                      crc_t *crc)
 {
-	size_t rc = fwrite(src, size, n, f);
-	if (rc != n) {
+	ssize_t rc = write(fd, src, size * n);
+	if (rc != size * n) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "fwrite: invalid write %zu (expected %zu)\n", rc,
 			n);
 	}
-	/* \todo this seems to be wrong, if you fwrite less than n items, you probably should not continue */
 
 	if (size * n > 0) {
 		*crc =
@@ -68,13 +67,16 @@ static inline int fwrite_to_file_crc(const void *src,
 		                   size * n);
 	}
 
-	/* \todo the rc return is certainly wrong as it is used in the caller function */
-//	return rc == n;
-	return (int)rc;
+	/* 
+	 * It was meant differtely, caller function does not 
+	 * care how many bytes had been written, it just cares about
+	 * success/fail (not that it is checked anyway) (#1684).
+ 	 */
+	return rc == n;
 
 }
 
-static inline int fwrite_to_stream(const void *src,
+static inline int write_to_stream(const void *src,
                                    size_t size, size_t n,
                                    uint8_t **stream,
                                    size_t *stream_size)
@@ -97,17 +99,17 @@ static inline int fwrite_to_stream(const void *src,
 	return KNOT_EOK;
 }
 
-static int fwrite_wrapper(const void *src,
-                          size_t size, size_t n, FILE *fp,
+static int write_wrapper(const void *src,
+                          size_t size, size_t n, int fd,
                           uint8_t **stream, size_t *stream_size, crc_t *crc)
 {
-	if (fp == NULL) {
+	if (fd < 0) {
 		assert(stream && stream_size);
 		assert(crc == NULL);
-		return fwrite_to_stream(src, size, n, stream, stream_size);
+		return write_to_stream(src, size, n, stream, stream_size);
 	} else {
 		assert(stream == NULL && stream_size == NULL);
-		return fwrite_to_file_crc(src, size, n, fp, crc);
+		return write_to_file_crc(src, size, n, fd, crc);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -117,17 +119,17 @@ static int fwrite_wrapper(const void *src,
  * \param dname Dname whose labels are to be dumped.
  * \param f Output file.
  */
-static void knot_labels_dump_binary(const knot_dname_t *dname, FILE *f,
+static void knot_labels_dump_binary(const knot_dname_t *dname, int fd,
                                     uint8_t **stream, size_t *stream_size,
                                     crc_t *crc)
 {
 	dbg_zdump("label count: %d\n", dname->label_count);
 	uint16_t label_count = dname->label_count;
-	/* \todo check the return value */
-	fwrite_wrapper(&label_count, sizeof(label_count), 1, f, stream,
+	/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+	write_wrapper(&label_count, sizeof(label_count), 1, fd, stream,
 	               stream_size, crc);
-	/* \todo check the return value */
-	fwrite_wrapper(dname->labels, sizeof(uint8_t), dname->label_count, f,
+	/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+	write_wrapper(dname->labels, sizeof(uint8_t), dname->label_count, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
 }
 
@@ -137,31 +139,31 @@ static void knot_labels_dump_binary(const knot_dname_t *dname, FILE *f,
  * \param dname Dname to be dumped.
  * \param f Output file.
  */
-static void knot_dname_dump_binary(const knot_dname_t *dname, FILE *f,
+static void knot_dname_dump_binary(const knot_dname_t *dname, int fd,
                                    uint8_t **stream, size_t *stream_size,
                                    crc_t *crc)
 {
 	uint32_t dname_size = dname->size;
-	/* \todo check the return value */
-	fwrite_wrapper(&dname_size, sizeof(dname_size), 1, f, stream,
+	/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+	write_wrapper(&dname_size, sizeof(dname_size), 1, fd, stream,
 	               stream_size, crc);
-	/* \todo check the return value */
-	fwrite_wrapper(dname->name, sizeof(uint8_t), dname->size, f,
+	/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+	write_wrapper(dname->name, sizeof(uint8_t), dname->size, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
 	dbg_zdump("dname size: %d\n", dname->size);
-	knot_labels_dump_binary(dname, f, stream, stream_size, crc);
+	knot_labels_dump_binary(dname, fd, stream, stream_size, crc);
 }
 
-/*!< \todo some global variable indicating error! */
-static void dump_dname_with_id(const knot_dname_t *dname, FILE *f,
+/*!< \todo #1684 some global variable indicating error! */
+static void dump_dname_with_id(const knot_dname_t *dname, int fd,
                                uint8_t **stream, size_t *stream_size,
                                crc_t *crc)
 {
 	uint32_t id = dname->id;
-	/* \todo check the return value */
-	fwrite_wrapper(&id, sizeof(id), 1, f, stream, stream_size, crc);
-	knot_dname_dump_binary(dname, f, stream, stream_size, crc);
-/*	if (!fwrite_wrapper_safe(&dname->id, sizeof(dname->id), 1, f)) {
+	/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+	write_wrapper(&id, sizeof(id), 1, fd, stream, stream_size, crc);
+	knot_dname_dump_binary(dname, fd, stream, stream_size, crc);
+/*	if (!write_wrapper_safe(&dname->id, sizeof(dname->id), 1, f)) {
 		return KNOT_ERROR;
 	} */
 }
@@ -174,11 +176,10 @@ static void dump_dname_with_id(const knot_dname_t *dname, FILE *f,
  * \param data Arguments to be propagated.
  */
 static void knot_rdata_dump_binary(knot_rdata_t *rdata,
-				   uint32_t type, void *data, int use_ids,
+				   uint32_t type, int fd, int use_ids,
                                    uint8_t **stream, size_t *stream_size,
                                    crc_t *crc)
 {
-	FILE *f = (FILE *)((arg_t *)data)->arg1;
 	knot_rrtype_descriptor_t *desc =
 		knot_rrtype_descriptor_by_type(type);
 	assert(desc != NULL);
@@ -190,9 +191,9 @@ static void knot_rdata_dump_binary(knot_rdata_t *rdata,
 	}
 
 	/* Write rdata count. */
-	/* \todo check the return value */
-	fwrite_wrapper(&(rdata->count),
-	               sizeof(rdata->count), 1, f, stream, stream_size, crc);
+	/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+	write_wrapper(&(rdata->count),
+	               sizeof(rdata->count), 1, fd, stream, stream_size, crc);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < rdata->count; i++) {
 		if (&(rdata->items[i]) == NULL) {
@@ -215,48 +216,46 @@ static void knot_rdata_dump_binary(knot_rdata_t *rdata,
 
 			if (use_ids) {
 				/* Write ID. */
-				dbg_zload("%s \n",
-				    knot_dname_to_str(rdata->items[i].dname));
 				assert(rdata->items[i].dname->id != 0);
 
 				uint32_t id = rdata->items[i].dname->id;
-				/* \todo check the return value */
-				fwrite_wrapper(&id,
-				       sizeof(id), 1, f, stream, stream_size,
+				/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+				write_wrapper(&id,
+				       sizeof(id), 1, fd, stream, stream_size,
 				               crc);
 			} else {
 //				assert(rdata->items[i].dname->id != 0);
 				dump_dname_with_id(rdata->items[i].dname,
-				                   f, stream,
+				                   fd, stream,
 				                   stream_size, crc);
 			}
 
 			/* Write in the zone bit */
 			if (rdata->items[i].dname->node != NULL && !wildcard) {
-				/* \todo check the return value */
-				fwrite_wrapper((uint8_t *)"\1",
-				       sizeof(uint8_t), 1, f, stream,
+				/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+				write_wrapper((uint8_t *)"\1",
+				       sizeof(uint8_t), 1, fd, stream,
 				               stream_size, crc);
 			} else {
-				/* \todo check the return value */
-				fwrite_wrapper((uint8_t *)"\0", sizeof(uint8_t),
-				       1, f, stream, stream_size, crc);
+				/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+				write_wrapper((uint8_t *)"\0", sizeof(uint8_t),
+				       1, fd, stream, stream_size, crc);
 			}
 
 			if (use_ids && wildcard) {
-				/* \todo check the return value */
-				fwrite_wrapper((uint8_t *)"\1",
-				       sizeof(uint8_t), 1, f, stream,
+				/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+				write_wrapper((uint8_t *)"\1",
+				       sizeof(uint8_t), 1, fd, stream,
 				       stream_size, crc);
 				uint32_t wildcard_id = wildcard->id;
-				/* \todo check the return value */
-				fwrite_wrapper(&wildcard_id,
-				       sizeof(wildcard_id), 1, f, stream,
+				/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+				write_wrapper(&wildcard_id,
+				       sizeof(wildcard_id), 1, fd, stream,
 				               stream_size, crc);
 			} else {
-				/* \todo check the return value */
-				fwrite_wrapper((uint8_t *)"\0", sizeof(uint8_t),
-				       1, f, stream,
+				/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+				write_wrapper((uint8_t *)"\0", sizeof(uint8_t),
+				       1, fd, stream,
 				       stream_size, crc);
 			}
 
@@ -264,10 +263,10 @@ static void knot_rdata_dump_binary(knot_rdata_t *rdata,
 			dbg_zdump("Writing raw data. Item nr.: %d\n",
 			                 i);
 			assert(rdata->items[i].raw_data != NULL);
-			/* \todo check the return value */
-			fwrite_wrapper(rdata->items[i].raw_data,
+			/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+			write_wrapper(rdata->items[i].raw_data,
 			               sizeof(uint8_t),
-			       rdata->items[i].raw_data[0] + 2, f,
+			       rdata->items[i].raw_data[0] + 2, fd,
 			               stream, stream_size, crc);
 
 			dbg_zdump("Written %d long raw data\n",
@@ -282,22 +281,25 @@ static void knot_rdata_dump_binary(knot_rdata_t *rdata,
  * \param rrsig RRSIG to be dumped.
  * \param data Arguments to be propagated.
  */
-static void knot_rrsig_set_dump_binary(knot_rrset_t *rrsig, arg_t *data,
+static void knot_rrsig_set_dump_binary(knot_rrset_t *rrsig, int fd,
                                        int use_ids,
                                        uint8_t **stream, size_t *stream_size,
                                        crc_t *crc)
 {
-	dbg_zdump("Dumping rrset \\w owner: %s\n",
-	                   knot_dname_to_str(rrsig->owner));
+dbg_zdump_exec_detail(
+	char *name = knot_dname_to_str(knot_rrset_owner(rrsig));
+	dbg_zdump("Dumping RRSIG \\w owner: %s\n",
+	                   name);
+	free(name);
+);
 	assert(rrsig->type == KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG);
 	assert(rrsig->rdata);
-	FILE *f = (FILE *)((arg_t *)data)->arg1;
-	/* \todo check the return value */
-	fwrite_wrapper(&rrsig->type, sizeof(rrsig->type), 1, f,
+	/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+	write_wrapper(&rrsig->type, sizeof(rrsig->type), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
-	fwrite_wrapper(&rrsig->rclass, sizeof(rrsig->rclass), 1, f,
+	write_wrapper(&rrsig->rclass, sizeof(rrsig->rclass), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
-	fwrite_wrapper(&rrsig->ttl, sizeof(rrsig->ttl), 1, f,
+	write_wrapper(&rrsig->ttl, sizeof(rrsig->ttl), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
 
 	uint32_t rdata_count = 1;
@@ -308,16 +310,16 @@ static void knot_rrsig_set_dump_binary(knot_rrset_t *rrsig, arg_t *data,
 		rdata_count++;
 	}
 
-	fwrite_wrapper(&rdata_count, sizeof(rdata_count), 1, f,
+	write_wrapper(&rdata_count, sizeof(rdata_count), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
 
 	tmp_rdata = rrsig->rdata;
 	while (tmp_rdata->next != rrsig->rdata) {
-		knot_rdata_dump_binary(tmp_rdata, KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG, data,
+		knot_rdata_dump_binary(tmp_rdata, KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG, fd,
 		                         use_ids, stream, stream_size, crc);
 		tmp_rdata = tmp_rdata->next;
 	}
-	knot_rdata_dump_binary(tmp_rdata, KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG, data, use_ids,
+	knot_rdata_dump_binary(tmp_rdata, KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG, fd, use_ids,
 	                       stream, stream_size, crc);
 }
 
@@ -327,23 +329,24 @@ static void knot_rrsig_set_dump_binary(knot_rrset_t *rrsig, arg_t *data,
  * \param rrset RRSSet to be dumped.
  * \param data Arguments to be propagated.
  */
-static void knot_rrset_dump_binary(const knot_rrset_t *rrset, void *data,
+static void knot_rrset_dump_binary(const knot_rrset_t *rrset, int fd,
                                    int use_ids,
                                    uint8_t **stream, size_t *stream_size,
                                    crc_t *crc)
 {
-	FILE *f = (FILE *)((arg_t *)data)->arg1;
+	dbg_zdump_detail("zdump: rrset_dump_binary: Dumping rrset to fd=%d\n",
+	                 fd);
 
 	if (!use_ids) {
-		dump_dname_with_id(rrset->owner, f, stream, stream_size, crc);
+		dump_dname_with_id(rrset->owner, fd, stream, stream_size, crc);
 	}
 
-	/* \todo check the return value */
-	fwrite_wrapper(&rrset->type, sizeof(rrset->type), 1, f,
+	/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+	write_wrapper(&rrset->type, sizeof(rrset->type), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
-	fwrite_wrapper(&rrset->rclass, sizeof(rrset->rclass), 1, f,
+	write_wrapper(&rrset->rclass, sizeof(rrset->rclass), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
-	fwrite_wrapper(&rrset->ttl, sizeof(rrset->ttl), 1, f,
+	write_wrapper(&rrset->ttl, sizeof(rrset->ttl), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
 
 	uint32_t rdata_count = 1;
@@ -356,26 +359,30 @@ static void knot_rrset_dump_binary(const knot_rrset_t *rrset, void *data,
 		rdata_count++;
 	}
 
-	fwrite_wrapper(&rdata_count, sizeof(rdata_count), 1, f,
+	write_wrapper(&rdata_count, sizeof(rdata_count), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
-	fwrite_wrapper(&has_rrsig, sizeof(has_rrsig), 1, f,
+	write_wrapper(&has_rrsig, sizeof(has_rrsig), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
+	
+	dbg_zdump_detail("zdump: rrset_dump_binary: Static data dumped.\n");
 
 	tmp_rdata = rrset->rdata;
 
 	while (tmp_rdata->next != rrset->rdata) {
-		knot_rdata_dump_binary(tmp_rdata, rrset->type, data, use_ids,
+		knot_rdata_dump_binary(tmp_rdata, rrset->type, fd, use_ids,
 		                       stream, stream_size, crc);
 		tmp_rdata = tmp_rdata->next;
 	}
-	knot_rdata_dump_binary(tmp_rdata, rrset->type, data, use_ids,
+	knot_rdata_dump_binary(tmp_rdata, rrset->type, fd, use_ids,
 	                       stream, stream_size, crc);
+	
+	dbg_zdump_detail("zdump: rrset_dump_binary: Rdata dumped.\n");
 
 	/* This is now obsolete, although I'd rather not use recursion - that
 	 * would probably not work */
 
 	if (rrset->rrsigs != NULL) {
-		knot_rrsig_set_dump_binary(rrset->rrsigs, data, use_ids,
+		knot_rrsig_set_dump_binary(rrset->rrsigs, fd, use_ids,
 		                           stream, stream_size, crc);
 	}
 }
@@ -386,38 +393,42 @@ static void knot_rrset_dump_binary(const knot_rrset_t *rrset, void *data,
  * \param node Node to dumped.
  * \param data Arguments to be propagated.
  */
-static void knot_node_dump_binary(knot_node_t *node, void *data,
+static void knot_node_dump_binary(knot_node_t *node, int fd,
                                   uint8_t **stream, size_t *stream_size,
                                   crc_t *crc)
 {
-	arg_t *args = (arg_t *)data;
-	FILE *f = (FILE *)args->arg1;
-
-//	node_count++;
+	if (node == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+	
 	/* first write dname */
 	assert(node->owner != NULL);
 
 	/* Write owner ID. */
+dbg_zdump_exec_detail(
+	char *name = knot_dname_to_str(knot_node_owner(node));
 	dbg_zdump("Dumping node owned by %s\n",
-	                   knot_dname_to_str(node->owner));
+	                   name);
+	free(name);
+);
 	assert(node->owner->id != 0);
 	uint32_t owner_id = node->owner->id;
-	/* \todo check the return value */
-	fwrite_wrapper(&owner_id, sizeof(owner_id), 1, f, stream, stream_size,
+	/*!< \todo #1684 check the return value */
+	write_wrapper(&owner_id, sizeof(owner_id), 1, fd, stream, stream_size,
 	               crc);
 
 	if (knot_node_parent(node) != NULL) {
 		uint32_t parent_id = knot_dname_id(
 				knot_node_owner(knot_node_parent(node)));
-		fwrite_wrapper(&parent_id, sizeof(parent_id), 1, f,
+		write_wrapper(&parent_id, sizeof(parent_id), 1, fd,
 		               stream, stream_size, crc);
 	} else {
 		uint32_t parent_id = 0;
-		fwrite_wrapper(&parent_id, sizeof(parent_id), 1, f,
+		write_wrapper(&parent_id, sizeof(parent_id), 1, fd,
 		               stream, stream_size, crc);
 	}
 
-	fwrite_wrapper(&(node->flags), sizeof(node->flags), 1, f,
+	write_wrapper(&(node->flags), sizeof(node->flags), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
 
 	dbg_zdump("Written flags: %u\n", node->flags);
@@ -425,13 +436,13 @@ static void knot_node_dump_binary(knot_node_t *node, void *data,
 	if (knot_node_nsec3_node(node) != NULL) {
 		uint32_t nsec3_id =
 			knot_node_owner(knot_node_nsec3_node(node))->id;
-		fwrite_wrapper(&nsec3_id, sizeof(nsec3_id), 1, f,
+		write_wrapper(&nsec3_id, sizeof(nsec3_id), 1, fd,
 		               stream, stream_size, crc);
 		dbg_zdump("Written nsec3 node id: %u\n",
 			 knot_node_owner(knot_node_nsec3_node(node))->id);
 	} else {
 		uint32_t nsec3_id = 0;
-		fwrite_wrapper(&nsec3_id, sizeof(nsec3_id), 1, f,
+		write_wrapper(&nsec3_id, sizeof(nsec3_id), 1, fd,
 		               stream, stream_size, crc);
 	}
 
@@ -439,37 +450,18 @@ static void knot_node_dump_binary(knot_node_t *node, void *data,
 	 * but that number is yet unknown */
 
 	uint16_t rrset_count = node->rrset_count;
-	fwrite_wrapper(&rrset_count, sizeof(rrset_count), 1, f,
+	write_wrapper(&rrset_count, sizeof(rrset_count), 1, fd,
 	               stream, stream_size, crc);
 
-	/* CLEANUP */
-//	const skip_node_t *skip_node = skip_first(node->rrsets);
-
 	const knot_rrset_t **node_rrsets = knot_node_rrsets(node);
 	for (int i = 0; i < rrset_count; i++)
 	{
-		knot_rrset_dump_binary(node_rrsets[i], data, 1,
+		knot_rrset_dump_binary(node_rrsets[i], fd, 1,
 		                       stream, stream_size, crc);
 	}
 
-	/* CLEANUP */
-//	if (skip_node == NULL) {
-//		/* we can return, count is set to 0 */
-//		return;
-//	}
-
-//	knot_rrset_t *tmp;
-
-//	do {
-//		tmp = (knot_rrset_t *)skip_node->value;
-//		knot_rrset_dump_binary(tmp, data, 1);
-//	} while ((skip_node = skip_next(skip_node)) != NULL);
-
 	free(node_rrsets);
 
-	dbg_zdump("Position after all rrsets: %ld\n", ftell(f));
-	dbg_zdump("Writing here: %ld\n", ftell(f));
-	dbg_zdump("Function ends with: %ld\n\n", ftell(f));
 }
 
 int zone_is_secure(knot_zone_contents_t *zone)
@@ -487,50 +479,32 @@ int zone_is_secure(knot_zone_contents_t *zone)
 	}
 }
 
-/*!
- * \brief Safe wrapper around fwrite.
- *
- * \param dst Destination pointer.
- * \param size Size of element to be written.
- * \param n Number of elements to be written.
- * \param fp File to write to.
- *
- * \retval > 0 if succesfull.
- * \retval 0 if failed.
- */
-//static inline int fwrite_wrapper_safe(const void *src,
-//                                      size_t size, size_t n, FILE *fp)
-//{
-//	int rc = fwrite_wrapper(src, size, n, fp);
-//	if (rc != n) {
-//		fprintf(stderr, "fwrite_wrapper: invalid write %d (expected %zu)\n", rc,
-//			n);
-//	}
-
-//	return rc == n;
-//}
-
 static void dump_dname_from_tree(knot_dname_t *dname,
 				 void *data)
 {
 	arg_t *arg = (arg_t *)data;
-	FILE *f = (FILE *)arg->arg1;
+	int *fd_pointer = (int *)arg->arg1;
+	int fd = -1;
+	if (fd_pointer != NULL) {
+		fd = *fd_pointer;
+	} else {
+		dbg_zdump("zdump: dump_dname_from_tree: Bad fd.\n");
+		return;
+	}
+	
 	crc_t *crc = (crc_t*)arg->arg2;
-	dump_dname_with_id(dname, f, NULL, NULL, crc);
+	dump_dname_with_id(dname, fd, NULL, NULL, crc);
 }
 
 static int knot_dump_dname_table(const knot_dname_table_t *dname_table,
-				   FILE *f, crc_t *crc)
+				   int fd, crc_t *crc)
 {
 	arg_t arg;
-	arg.arg1 = f;
+	arg.arg1 = &fd;
 	arg.arg2 = crc;
 	/* Go through the tree and dump each dname along with its ID. */
 	knot_dname_table_tree_inorder_apply(dname_table,
 					    dump_dname_from_tree, &arg);
-	/* CLEANUP */
-//	TREE_FORWARD_APPLY(dname_table->tree, dname_table_node, avl,
-//			   dump_dname_from_tree, (void *)f);
 
 	return KNOT_EOK;
 }
@@ -550,10 +524,16 @@ static void save_node_from_tree(knot_node_t *node, void *data)
 static void dump_node_to_file(knot_node_t *node, void *data)
 {
 	arg_t *arg = (arg_t *)data;
-	knot_node_dump_binary(node, data, NULL, NULL, (crc_t *)arg->arg7);
+	int *fd_pointer = (int *)arg->arg1;
+	int fd = -1;
+	if (fd_pointer != NULL) {
+		fd = *fd_pointer;
+	}
+	
+	knot_node_dump_binary(node, fd, NULL, NULL, (crc_t *)arg->arg7);
 }
 
-static char *knot_zdump_crc_file(const char* filename)
+char *knot_zdump_crc_file(const char* filename)
 {
 	char *crc_path =
 		malloc(sizeof(char) * (strlen(filename) +
@@ -564,31 +544,18 @@ static char *knot_zdump_crc_file(const char* filename)
 	       strlen(".crc") + 1));
 	memcpy(crc_path, filename,
 	       sizeof(char) * strlen(filename));
-	crc_path = strcat(crc_path, ".crc");
+	crc_path = strncat(crc_path, ".crc", strlen(".crc"));
 	return crc_path;
 }
 
-int knot_zdump_binary(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, const char *filename,
-			int do_checks, const char *sfilename)
+int knot_zdump_binary(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, int fd,
+                      int do_checks, const char *sfilename,
+                      crc_t *crc)
 {
-	/* Open .new file. */
-	char new_path[strlen(filename) + strlen(".new") + 1];
-	memcpy(new_path, filename, strlen(filename) + 1);
-	strcat(new_path, ".new");
-	mode_t mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH;
-	int fd = open(new_path, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, mode);
-	if (fd == -1) {
-		close(fd);
-		remove(new_path);
-		remove(knot_zdump_crc_file(filename));
+	if (fd < 0 || sfilename == NULL) {
 		return KNOT_EBADARG;
 	}
 
-	FILE *f = fdopen(fd, "wb");
-	assert(f);
-
-	/* CLEANUP */
-//	skip_list_t *encloser_list = skip_create_list(compare_pointers);
 	arg_t arguments;
 	/* Memory to be derefenced in the save_node_from_tree function. */
 	uint32_t node_count = 0;
@@ -615,7 +582,8 @@ int knot_zdump_binary(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, const char *filename,
 	if (do_checks && zone_is_secure(zone)) {
 		do_checks += zone_is_secure(zone);
 	}
-	
+
+	/* FIXME(OS): Really descriptive call 1,1,1,1, some #defines here? */
 	err_handler_t *handler = handler_new(1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
 	if (handler == NULL) {
 		return KNOT_ENOMEM;
@@ -640,154 +608,60 @@ int knot_zdump_binary(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, const char *filename,
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Zone will not be dumped because of "
 		        "fatal semantic errors.\n");
-		fclose(f);
-		close(fd);
 		/* If remove fails, there is nothing we can do. */
-		remove(new_path);	
-		remove(knot_zdump_crc_file(filename));
 		return KNOT_ERROR;
 	}
 
-	crc_t crc = crc_init();
+	*crc = crc_init();
 
 	/* Start writing header - magic bytes. */
 	static const uint8_t MAGIC[MAGIC_LENGTH] = MAGIC_BYTES;
-	fwrite_wrapper(&MAGIC, sizeof(uint8_t), MAGIC_LENGTH, f, NULL, NULL,
-	               &crc);
+	write_wrapper(&MAGIC, sizeof(uint8_t), MAGIC_LENGTH, fd, NULL, NULL,
+	               crc);
 
 	/* Write source file length. */
-	uint32_t sflen = 0;
-	if (sfilename) {
-		sflen = strlen(sfilename) + 1;
-	}
-	fwrite_wrapper(&sflen, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, f, NULL, NULL, &crc);
+	uint32_t sflen = strlen(sfilename) + 1;
+	write_wrapper(&sflen, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, fd, NULL, NULL, crc);
 
 	/* Write source file. */
-	fwrite_wrapper(sfilename, sflen, 1, f, NULL, NULL, &crc);
+	write_wrapper(sfilename, sflen, 1, fd, NULL, NULL, crc);
 
 	/* Notice: End of header,
 	 */
 
 	/* Start writing compiled data. */
-	fwrite_wrapper(&normal_node_count, sizeof(normal_node_count), 1, f,
-	               NULL, NULL, &crc);
-	fwrite_wrapper(&nsec3_node_count, sizeof(nsec3_node_count), 1, f,
-	               NULL, NULL, &crc);
+	write_wrapper(&normal_node_count, sizeof(normal_node_count), 1, fd,
+	               NULL, NULL, crc);
+	write_wrapper(&nsec3_node_count, sizeof(nsec3_node_count), 1, fd,
+	               NULL, NULL, crc);
 	uint32_t auth_node_count = zone->node_count;
-	fwrite_wrapper(&auth_node_count,
-	       sizeof(auth_node_count), 1, f, NULL, NULL, &crc);
+	write_wrapper(&auth_node_count,
+	       sizeof(auth_node_count), 1, fd, NULL, NULL, crc);
 
 	/* Write total number of dnames */
 	assert(zone->dname_table);
 	uint32_t total_dnames = zone->dname_table->id_counter;
-	fwrite_wrapper(&total_dnames,
-	       sizeof(total_dnames), 1, f, NULL, NULL, &crc);
+	write_wrapper(&total_dnames,
+	       sizeof(total_dnames), 1, fd, NULL, NULL, crc);
 
 	/* Write dname table. */
-	if (knot_dump_dname_table(zone->dname_table, f, &crc)
+	if (knot_dump_dname_table(zone->dname_table, fd, crc)
 	    != KNOT_EOK) {
-		fclose(f);
-		close(fd);
-		/* If remove fails, there is nothing we can do. */
-		remove(new_path);	
-		remove(knot_zdump_crc_file(filename));
 		return KNOT_ERROR;
 	}
-
-	arguments.arg1 = (void *)f;
+	
+	arguments.arg1 = &fd;
 	arguments.arg3 = zone;
-	arguments.arg7 = &crc;
+	arguments.arg7 = crc;
 
-	/* TODO is there a way how to stop the traversal upon error? */
+	/*!< \todo #1685 Stop traversal upon error. */
 	knot_zone_contents_tree_apply_inorder(zone, dump_node_to_file,
 				       (void *)&arguments);
 
 	knot_zone_contents_nsec3_apply_inorder(zone, dump_node_to_file,
 					(void *)&arguments);
-	fclose(f);
-
-	crc = crc_finalize(crc);
-	/* Write CRC to separate .crc file. */
-	/*!< \todo There is now function doing this. */
-	char *crc_path =
-		malloc(sizeof(char) * (strlen(filename) + strlen(".crc") + 1));
-	if (unlikely(!crc_path)) {
-		close(fd);
-		/* If remove fails, there is nothing we can do. */
-		remove(new_path);
-		remove(knot_zdump_crc_file(filename));
-		free(crc_path);
-		return KNOT_ENOMEM;
-	}
-	memset(crc_path, 0,
-	       sizeof(char) * (strlen(filename) + strlen(".crc") + 1));
-	memcpy(crc_path, filename, sizeof(char) * strlen(filename));
-
-	crc_path = strcat(crc_path, ".crc");
-	FILE *f_crc = fopen(crc_path, "w");
-	if (unlikely(!f_crc)) {
-		dbg_zload("knot_zload_open: failed to open '%s'\n",
-		                   crc_path);
-		close(fd);
-		/* If remove fails, there is nothing we can do. */
-		remove(new_path);
-		remove(knot_zdump_crc_file(filename));
-		free(crc_path);
-		return ENOENT;
-	}
-	free(crc_path);
-
-	fprintf(f_crc, "%lu\n", (unsigned long)crc);
-	fclose(f_crc);
-
-	close(fd);
-	mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH;
-	fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, mode);
-	if (fd == -1) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", strerror(errno));
-		fprintf(stderr, "Could not open destination file! Use '%s' "
-		        "file instead.\n", new_path);
-		close(fd);
-		/* If remove fails, there is nothing we can do. */
-		remove(new_path);
-		remove(knot_zdump_crc_file(filename));
-		return KNOT_ERROR;
-	}
-
-	/* Try to obtain exclusive lock for originally given file. */
-	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETLK, knot_file_lock(F_WRLCK, SEEK_SET)) == -1) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Could not lock destination file for write! "
-		        "Use '%s' file instead.\n", new_path);
-		close(fd);
-		/* If remove fails, there is nothing we can do. */
-		remove(new_path);
-		remove(knot_zdump_crc_file(filename));
-		return KNOT_ERROR;
-	}
-
-	/* Move .new file to original file. */
-	if (rename(new_path, filename) != 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Could not move to originally given file! "
-		        "Use '%s' file instead.\n", new_path);
-		close(fd);
-		/* If remove fails, there is nothing we can do. */
-		remove(new_path);
-		remove(knot_zdump_crc_file(filename));
-		return KNOT_ERROR;
-	}
-
-	/* Release the lock. */
-	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETLK, knot_file_lock(F_UNLCK, SEEK_SET)) == -1) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Could not unlock destination file!\n");
-		close(fd);
-		/* If remove fails, there is nothing we can do. */
-		remove(new_path);
-		remove(knot_zdump_crc_file(filename));
-		return KNOT_ERROR;
-	}
-
-	close(fd);
-
+	*crc = crc_finalize(*crc);
+	
 	return KNOT_EOK;
 }
 
@@ -796,74 +670,28 @@ int knot_zdump_rrset_serialize(const knot_rrset_t *rrset, uint8_t **stream,
 {
 	if (stream == NULL || *stream != NULL || rrset == NULL ||
 	    size == NULL) {
+		dbg_zdump("zdump: rrset_serialize: Bad arguments.\n");
 		return KNOT_EBADARG;
 	}
 
 	*size = 0;
 	arg_t arguments;
 	memset(&arguments, 0, sizeof(arg_t));
+	
+	/* This fd will signal functions to use streams. */
+	int fd = -1;
 
-	knot_rrset_dump_binary(rrset, &arguments, 0, stream, size, NULL);
+	knot_rrset_dump_binary(rrset, fd, 0, stream, size, NULL);
 
 	return KNOT_EOK;
 }
 
-int knot_zdump_dump_and_swap(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
-                             const char *temp_zonedb,
-                             const char *destination_zonedb,
-                             const char *sfilename)
+int knot_zdump_dump(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, int fd, const char *sfilename,
+                    crc_t *crc)
 {
-	int rc = knot_zdump_binary(zone, temp_zonedb, 0, sfilename);
-
+	int rc = knot_zdump_binary(zone, fd, 0, sfilename, crc);
 	if (rc != KNOT_EOK) {
-		dbg_zdump("Failed to save the zone to binary zone db %s."
-		                 "\n", temp_zonedb);
-		return KNOT_ERROR;
-	}
-
-	/*! \todo this would also need locking as well. */
-	rc = remove(destination_zonedb);
-	if (rc == 0 || (rc != 0 && errno == ENOENT)) {
-
-		/* Delete old CRC file. */
-		char *destination_zonedb_crc =
-			knot_zdump_crc_file(destination_zonedb);
-		if (destination_zonedb_crc == NULL) {
-			return KNOT_ENOMEM;
-		}
-		remove(destination_zonedb_crc);
-
-		/* Move CRC file. */
-		char *temp_zonedb_crc =
-			knot_zdump_crc_file(temp_zonedb);
-		if (temp_zonedb_crc == NULL) {
-			return KNOT_ENOMEM;
-		}
-
-		if (rename(temp_zonedb_crc, destination_zonedb_crc) != 0) {
-			dbg_zdump("Failed to replace old zonedb CRC %s "
-					 "with new CRC zone file %s.\n",
-					 destination_zonedb_crc,
-					 temp_zonedb_crc);
-			return KNOT_ERROR;
-		}
-		free(temp_zonedb_crc);
-		free(destination_zonedb_crc);
-
-		/* Rename zonedb. */
-		if (rename(temp_zonedb, destination_zonedb) != 0) {
-			dbg_zdump("Failed to replace old zonedb %s "
-					 "with new zone file %s.\n",
-					 temp_zonedb,
-					 destination_zonedb);
-			/*! \todo with proper locking, this shouldn't happen,
-			 *        revise it later on.
-			 */
-			return KNOT_ERROR;
-		}
-	} else {
-		dbg_zdump("Failed to replace old zonedb '%s'', %s.\n",
-				 destination_zonedb, strerror(errno));
+		dbg_zdump("Failed to save the zone to binary zone db\n.");
 		return KNOT_ERROR;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/knot/zone/zone-dump.h b/src/knot/zone/zone-dump.h
index 97f1318..77a395c 100644
--- a/src/knot/zone/zone-dump.h
+++ b/src/knot/zone/zone-dump.h
@@ -44,15 +44,17 @@ enum {
  * \brief Dumps given zone to binary file.
  *
  * \param zone Zone to be saved.
- * \param filename Name of file to be created.
+ * \param fd File descriptor to be written to.
  * \param do_checks Set to 1 to enable checking the zone for semantic errors.
  * \param sfilename Source filename of the text zone file.
+ * \param crc Returns a calculated CRC.
  *
  * \retval KNOT_EOK on success.
  * \retval KNOT_EBADARG if the file cannot be opened for writing.
  */
-int knot_zdump_binary(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, const char *filename,
-                      int do_checks, const char *sfilename);
+int knot_zdump_binary(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, int fd,
+                      int do_checks, const char *sfilename,
+                      crc_t *crc);
 
 /*!
  * \brief Serializes RRSet into binary stream. Expects NULL pointer, memory
@@ -95,10 +97,14 @@ int knot_zdump_rrset_serialize(const knot_rrset_t *rrset, uint8_t **stream,
  */
 int zone_is_secure(knot_zone_contents_t *zone);
 
-int knot_zdump_dump_and_swap(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
-                             const char *temp_zonedb,
-                             const char *destination_zonedb,
-                             const char *sfilename);
+/*! \todo Document me (issue #1586). */
+int knot_zdump_dump(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, int fd, const char *sfilename,
+                    crc_t *crc);
+
+/*!
+ * \brief Return name of the CRC file associated with filename.
+ */
+char *knot_zdump_crc_file(const char* filename);
 
 #endif /* _KNOT_ZONEDUMP_H_ */
 
diff --git a/src/knot/zone/zone-load.c b/src/knot/zone/zone-load.c
index 5710fe9..f64cfaa 100644
--- a/src/knot/zone/zone-load.c
+++ b/src/knot/zone/zone-load.c
@@ -235,6 +235,9 @@ static knot_rdata_t *knot_load_rdata(uint16_t type, FILE *f,
                                          int use_ids)
 {
 	knot_rdata_t *rdata = knot_rdata_new();
+	if (rdata == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
 
 	knot_rrtype_descriptor_t *desc =
 		knot_rrtype_descriptor_by_type(type);
@@ -246,6 +249,7 @@ static knot_rdata_t *knot_load_rdata(uint16_t type, FILE *f,
 	uint32_t rdata_count = 0;
 
 	if(!fread_wrapper(&rdata_count, sizeof(rdata_count), 1, f)) {
+		knot_rdata_free(&rdata);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
@@ -267,7 +271,9 @@ static knot_rdata_t *knot_load_rdata(uint16_t type, FILE *f,
 		desc->wireformat[i] == KNOT_RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME ||
 		desc->wireformat[i] == KNOT_RDATA_WF_LITERAL_DNAME )	{
 
-			/* TODO maybe this does not need to be stored this big*/
+			/*!< \todo #1686
+			 * Refactor these variables, some might be too big.
+			 */
 
 			uint32_t dname_id = 0;
 			uint8_t has_wildcard = 0;
@@ -321,8 +327,9 @@ static knot_rdata_t *knot_load_rdata(uint16_t type, FILE *f,
 				load_rdata_purge(rdata, items, i, desc, type);
 				return NULL;
 			}
-
-			items[i].raw_data =
+			
+			/*!< \todo this is not proper fix, see #1678 */
+			items[i].raw_data = (uint16_t *)
 				malloc(sizeof(uint8_t) * (raw_data_length + 2));
 			items[i].raw_data[0] = raw_data_length;
 
@@ -441,35 +448,60 @@ static knot_rrset_t *knot_load_rrset(FILE *f, knot_dname_t **id_array,
 	}
 
 	if (!fread_wrapper(&rrset_type, sizeof(rrset_type), 1, f)) {
+		if (!use_ids) {
+			knot_dname_free(&owner);
+		}
 		return NULL;
 	}
 	dbg_zload("Zone load: rrset load: type: %u\n", rrset_type);
 	if (!fread_wrapper(&rrset_class, sizeof(rrset_class), 1, f)) {
+		if (!use_ids) {
+			knot_dname_free(&owner);
+		}
 		return NULL;
 	}
 	dbg_zload("Zone load: rrset class: type: %u\n", rrset_class);
 	if (!fread_wrapper(&rrset_ttl, sizeof(rrset_ttl), 1, f)) {
+		if (!use_ids) {
+			knot_dname_free(&owner);
+		}
 		return NULL;
 	}
 	dbg_zload("Zone load: rrset ttl: type: %u\n", rrset_ttl);
 	if (!fread_wrapper(&rdata_count, sizeof(rdata_count), 1, f)) {
+		if (!use_ids) {
+			knot_dname_free(&owner);
+		}
 		return NULL;
 	}
 	dbg_zload("Zone load: rrset load: rdata count: %u\n", rdata_count);
 	if (!fread_wrapper(&rrsig_count, sizeof(rrsig_count), 1, f)) {
+		if (!use_ids) {
+			knot_dname_free(&owner);
+		}
 		return NULL;
 	}
 	dbg_zload("Zone load: rrset load: type: %u\n", rrset_type);
 
+dbg_zload_exec_detail(
+	char *name = knot_dname_to_str(owner);
 	dbg_zload("Loading RRSet owned by: %s\n",
-	          knot_dname_to_str(owner));
+	          name);
+	free(name);
+);
 
 	rrset = knot_rrset_new(owner, rrset_type, rrset_class, rrset_ttl);
+	
+	if (rrset == NULL) {
+		dbg_zload("zload: load_rrset: Could not create rrset.");
+		knot_dname_free(&owner);
+		return NULL;
+	}
 
 	if (!use_ids) {
 		/* Directly release if allocated locally. */
 		knot_dname_release(owner);
-		owner = 0;
+		owner = NULL;
 	}
 
 	dbg_zload("RRSet type: %d\n", rrset->type);
@@ -581,7 +613,9 @@ static knot_node_t *knot_load_node(FILE *f, knot_dname_t **id_array)
 	for (int i = 0; i < rrset_count; i++) {
 		if ((tmp_rrset = knot_load_rrset(f, id_array, 1)) == NULL) {
 			knot_node_free(&node, 0);
-			//TODO what else to free?
+			/*!< \todo #1686 
+			 * Refactor freeing, might not be enough.
+			 */
 			fprintf(stderr, "zone: Could not load rrset.\n");
 			return NULL;
 		}
@@ -697,11 +731,12 @@ static unsigned long calculate_crc(FILE *f)
 
 int knot_zload_open(zloader_t **dst, const char *filename)
 {
-	*dst = 0;
 	if (!dst || !filename) {
 		return KNOT_EBADARG;
 	}
 
+	*dst = 0;
+
 	fread_wrapper = fread_safe_from_file;
 
 	/* Open file for binary read. */
@@ -727,7 +762,7 @@ int knot_zload_open(zloader_t **dst, const char *filename)
 
 	memcpy(crc_path, filename, sizeof(char) * strlen(filename));
 
-	crc_path = strcat(crc_path, ".crc");
+	crc_path = strncat(crc_path, ".crc", strlen(".crc"));
 	FILE *f_crc = fopen(crc_path, "r");
 	if (unlikely(!f_crc)) {
 		dbg_zload("knot_zload_open: failed to open '%s'\n",
@@ -738,7 +773,7 @@ int knot_zload_open(zloader_t **dst, const char *filename)
 	}
 
 	unsigned long crc_from_file = 0;
-	if (fscanf(f_crc, "%lu\n", &crc_from_file) != 1) {
+	if (fscanf(f_crc, "%64lu\n", &crc_from_file) != 1) {
 		dbg_zload("knot_zload_open: could not read "
 		                   "CRC from file '%s'\n",
 		                   crc_path);
@@ -893,12 +928,13 @@ static knot_dname_t **create_dname_array(FILE *f, uint max_id)
 
 	knot_dname_t **array =
 		malloc(sizeof(knot_dname_t *) * ( max_id + 1));
-	memset(array, 0, sizeof(knot_dname_t *) * (max_id + 1));
 	if (array == NULL) {
 		ERR_ALLOC_FAILED;
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
+	memset(array, 0, sizeof(knot_dname_t *) * (max_id + 1));	
+
 	for (uint i = 0; i < max_id - 1; i++) {
 		knot_dname_t *read_dname = read_dname_with_id(f);
 		if (read_dname == NULL) {
@@ -948,14 +984,6 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 
 	knot_node_t *tmp_node;
 
-	/* Load the dname table. */
-	/* CLEANUP */
-//	const knot_dname_table_t *dname_table =
-//		create_dname_table(f, total_dnames);
-//	if (dname_table == NULL) {
-//		return NULL;
-//	}
-
 	uint32_t node_count;
 	uint32_t nsec3_node_count;
 	uint32_t auth_node_count;
@@ -997,6 +1025,7 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 	if (dname_table == NULL) {
 		ERR_ALLOC_FAILED;
 		cleanup_id_array(id_array, 1, total_dnames);
+		free(dname_table);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
@@ -1007,6 +1036,7 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 			loader->filename);
 		cleanup_id_array(id_array, 1,
 				 node_count + nsec3_node_count + 1);
+		free(dname_table);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
@@ -1017,6 +1047,8 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 		cleanup_id_array(id_array, 1,
 				 node_count + nsec3_node_count + 1);
 		dbg_zload("Failed to create new zone from apex!\n");
+		knot_node_free(&apex, 0);
+		free(dname_table);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
@@ -1026,8 +1058,6 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 	/* Assign dname table to the new zone. */
 	contents->dname_table = dname_table;
 
-	/* CLEANUP */
-//	apex->prev = NULL;
 	knot_node_set_previous(apex, NULL);
 
 	knot_node_t *last_node = 0;
@@ -1049,8 +1079,6 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 			}
 
 			knot_node_set_previous(tmp_node, last_node);
-			/* CLEANUP */
-//			tmp_node->prev = last_node;
 
 			if (tmp_node->rrset_count &&
 			    (knot_node_is_deleg_point(tmp_node) ||
@@ -1083,16 +1111,12 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 			fprintf(stderr, "!! cannot add first nsec3 node, "
 				"exiting.\n");
 			knot_zone_deep_free(&zone, 0);
-			free(id_array);
-			/* TODO this will leak dnames from id_array that were
-			 * not assigned. */
+			cleanup_id_array(id_array, node_count + 1,
+					 nsec3_node_count + 1);
 			return NULL;
 		}
 
 		knot_node_set_previous(nsec3_first, NULL);
-		/* CLEANUP */
-//		nsec3_first->prev = NULL;
-
 		last_node = nsec3_first;
 	}
 
@@ -1107,8 +1131,6 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 			}
 
 			knot_node_set_previous(tmp_node, last_node);
-			/* CLEANUP */
-//			tmp_node->prev = last_node;
 
 			last_node = tmp_node;
 		} else {
@@ -1120,8 +1142,6 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 	if (nsec3_node_count) {
 		assert(knot_node_previous(nsec3_first) == NULL);
 		knot_node_set_previous(nsec3_first, last_node);
-		/* CLEANUP */
-//		nsec3_first->prev = last_node;
 	}
 
 	/* ID array is now useless */
@@ -1133,12 +1153,6 @@ knot_zone_t *knot_zload_load(zloader_t *loader)
 
 	dbg_zload("zone loaded, returning: %p\n", zone);
 	
-//	knot_zone_contents_integrity_check(zone->contents);
-	
-	//knot_dname_table_dump(zone->contents->dname_table);
-	
-	//knot_zone_contents_dump(zone->contents);
-	
 	return zone;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libknot/dname.c b/src/libknot/dname.c
index e4b7d5f..0ab3d11 100644
--- a/src/libknot/dname.c
+++ b/src/libknot/dname.c
@@ -500,8 +500,19 @@ knot_dname_t *knot_dname_parse_from_wire(const uint8_t *wire,
 
 		if (knot_wire_is_pointer(wire + p)) {
 			// pointer.
+
 //			printf("Pointer.\n");
-			p = knot_wire_get_pointer(wire + p);
+			size_t ptr = knot_wire_get_pointer(wire + p);
+
+			/* Check that the pointer points backwards
+			 * otherwise it could result in infinite loop
+			 */
+			if (ptr >= p) {
+				return NULL;
+			}
+
+			p = ptr;
+
 			if (!pointer_used) {
 				*pos += 2;
 				pointer_used = 1;
@@ -817,9 +828,9 @@ knot_dname_t *knot_dname_left_chop(const knot_dname_t *dname)
 void knot_dname_left_chop_no_copy(knot_dname_t *dname)
 {
 	// copy the name
-	short first_label_length = dname->labels[1];
-
 	if (dname->label_count > 1) {
+		short first_label_length = dname->labels[1];
+
 		memmove(dname->name, &dname->name[dname->labels[1]],
 			dname->size - first_label_length);
 		// adjust labels
diff --git a/src/libknot/dname.h b/src/libknot/dname.h
index bb5e2db..5a182ae 100644
--- a/src/libknot/dname.h
+++ b/src/libknot/dname.h
@@ -45,15 +45,17 @@ struct knot_node;
 struct knot_dname {
 	ref_t ref;     /*!< Reference counting. */
 	uint8_t *name;	/*!< Wire format of the domain name. */
+	uint8_t *labels;
+	struct knot_node *node; /*!< Zone node the domain name belongs to. */
+	unsigned int id; /*!< ID of domain name used in zone dumping. */
+
 	/*!
 	 * \brief Size of the domain name in octets.
 	 * \todo Is this needed? Every dname should end with \0 or pointer.
 	 */
 	unsigned int size;
-	uint8_t *labels;
+
 	unsigned short label_count;
-	struct knot_node *node; /*!< Zone node the domain name belongs to. */
-	unsigned int id; /*!< ID of domain name used in zone dumping. */
 };
 
 typedef struct knot_dname knot_dname_t;
diff --git a/src/libknot/edns.c b/src/libknot/edns.c
index 435e27c..d12861c 100644
--- a/src/libknot/edns.c
+++ b/src/libknot/edns.c
@@ -428,9 +428,9 @@ void knot_edns_free_options(knot_opt_rr_t *opt_rr)
 	if (opt_rr->option_count > 0) {
 		/* Free the option data, if any. */
 		for (int i = 0; i < opt_rr->option_count; i++) {
-			struct knot_opt_option option = opt_rr->options[i];
-			if (option.data != NULL) {
-				free(option.data);
+			knot_opt_option_t *option = &(opt_rr->options[i]);
+			if (option->data != NULL) {
+				free(option->data);
 			}
 		}
 		free(opt_rr->options);
diff --git a/src/libknot/hash/cuckoo-hash-table.c b/src/libknot/hash/cuckoo-hash-table.c
index 6688a40..73d1980 100644
--- a/src/libknot/hash/cuckoo-hash-table.c
+++ b/src/libknot/hash/cuckoo-hash-table.c
@@ -732,6 +732,7 @@ ck_hash_table_t *ck_create_table(uint items)
 	
 	if (table->table_size_exp == 0) {
 		dbg_ck("Failed to count exponent of the hash table.\n");
+		free(table);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
@@ -970,6 +971,8 @@ int ck_insert_item(ck_hash_table_t *table, const char *key,
 		dbg_ck("Table is full, resize needed.\n");
 		if (ck_resize_table(table) != 0) {
 			dbg_ck("Failed to resize hash table!\n");
+			free(new_item);
+			pthread_mutex_unlock(&table->mtx_table);
 			return -1;
 		}
 	}
@@ -994,6 +997,8 @@ int ck_insert_item(ck_hash_table_t *table, const char *key,
 			dbg_ck("Stash is full, resize needed.\n");
 			if (ck_resize_table(table) != 0) {
 				dbg_ck("Failed to resize hash table!\n");
+				/*! \todo Shouldn't 'new_item' be freed? */
+				pthread_mutex_unlock(&table->mtx_table);
 				return -1;
 			}
 		}
@@ -1332,35 +1337,48 @@ int ck_deep_copy(ck_hash_table_t *from, ck_hash_table_t **to)
 		}
 
 		dbg_ck("Copying stash item: %p with item %p, ", si, si->item);
-		dbg_ck("key: %.*s\n", (int)si->item->key_length, si->item->key);
+//		dbg_ck("key: %.*s\n", (int)si->item->key_length, si->item->key);
 
-		si_new->item = (ck_hash_table_item_t *)
-		                malloc(sizeof(ck_hash_table_item_t));
+		if (si->item == NULL) {
+			si_new->item = NULL;
+			si_new->next = NULL;
+		} else {
+			si_new->item = (ck_hash_table_item_t *)
+					malloc(sizeof(ck_hash_table_item_t));
 
-		if (si_new->item == NULL) {
-			ERR_ALLOC_FAILED;
-			ck_deep_copy_cleanup(*to, (*to)->table_count);
-			return -2;
-		}
+			if (si_new->item == NULL) {
+				ERR_ALLOC_FAILED;
+				free(si_new);
+				ck_deep_copy_cleanup(*to, (*to)->table_count);
+				return -2;
+			}
 
-		memcpy(si_new->item, si->item, sizeof(ck_hash_table_item_t));
+			memcpy(si_new->item, si->item,
+			       sizeof(ck_hash_table_item_t));
+			si_new->next = NULL;
+		}
 
 		*pos = si_new;
 		pos = &si_new->next;
 		si = si->next;
 
-
+dbg_ck_exec(
 		dbg_ck("Old stash item: %p with item %p, ", si,
 		       ((si == NULL) ? NULL : si->item));
-		if (si != NULL) {
-			dbg_ck("key: %.*s\n", (int)si->item->key_length, si->item->key);
+		if (si != NULL && si->item != NULL) {
+			dbg_ck("key: %.*s\n", (int)si->item->key_length,
+			       si->item->key);
 		} else {
 			dbg_ck("\n");
 		}
 		dbg_ck("New stash item: %p with item %p, ", si_new,
-		       si_new->item);
+		       (si_new) ? si_new->item : NULL);
+
+		assert(si_new != NULL);
+		assert(si_new->item != NULL);
 		dbg_ck("key: %.*s\n", (int)si_new->item->key_length,
 		       si_new->item->key);
+);
 	}
 
 	*pos = NULL;
diff --git a/src/libknot/nameserver/name-server.c b/src/libknot/nameserver/name-server.c
index 547a629..dea16ec 100644
--- a/src/libknot/nameserver/name-server.c
+++ b/src/libknot/nameserver/name-server.c
@@ -625,6 +625,8 @@ static void ns_put_authority_ns(const knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 static int ns_put_authority_soa(const knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
                                  knot_packet_t *resp)
 {
+	int ret;
+
 	knot_rrset_t *soa_rrset = knot_node_get_rrset(
 			knot_zone_contents_apex(zone), KNOT_RRTYPE_SOA);
 	assert(soa_rrset != NULL);
@@ -634,7 +636,12 @@ static int ns_put_authority_soa(const knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 	uint32_t min = knot_rdata_soa_minimum(knot_rrset_rdata(soa_rrset));
 	if (min < knot_rrset_ttl(soa_rrset)) {
 		knot_rrset_t *soa_copy = NULL;
-		knot_rrset_deep_copy(soa_rrset, &soa_copy);
+		ret = knot_rrset_deep_copy(soa_rrset, &soa_copy);
+
+		if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+			return ret;
+		}
+
 		CHECK_ALLOC_LOG(soa_copy, KNOT_ENOMEM);
 
 		knot_rrset_set_ttl(soa_copy, min);
@@ -643,13 +650,15 @@ static int ns_put_authority_soa(const knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 
 	assert(soa_rrset != NULL);
 
-	int ret = knot_response_add_rrset_authority(resp, soa_rrset, 0, 0, 0, 1);
-	if (ret == KNOT_EOK) {
-		ret = ns_add_rrsigs(soa_rrset, resp,
-		                    knot_node_owner(knot_zone_contents_apex(zone)),
-		                    knot_response_add_rrset_authority, 1);
+	ret = knot_response_add_rrset_authority(resp, soa_rrset, 0, 0, 0, 1);
+	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+		return ret;
 	}
 
+	ret = ns_add_rrsigs(soa_rrset, resp,
+			    knot_node_owner(knot_zone_contents_apex(zone)),
+			    knot_response_add_rrset_authority, 1);
+
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -2690,6 +2699,48 @@ knot_nameserver_t *knot_ns_create()
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
+static int knot_ns_replace_nsid(knot_opt_rr_t *opt_rr, const char *nsid,
+                                size_t len)
+{
+	assert(opt_rr != NULL);
+	if (nsid == NULL || len == 0) {
+		return KNOT_EOK;
+	}
+
+	int found = 0;
+	int i = 0;
+
+	while (i < opt_rr->option_count && !found) {
+		if (opt_rr->options[i].code == EDNS_OPTION_NSID) {
+			found = 1;
+		} else {
+			++i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (found) {
+		uint8_t *new_data = (uint8_t *)malloc(len);
+		if (new_data == NULL) {
+			return KNOT_ENOMEM;
+		}
+
+		memcpy(new_data, nsid, len);
+		uint8_t *old = opt_rr->options[i].data;
+
+		opt_rr->options[i].data = new_data;
+		opt_rr->options[i].length = len;
+
+		free(old);
+
+		return KNOT_EOK;
+	} else {
+		return knot_edns_add_option(opt_rr, EDNS_OPTION_NSID,
+		                            len, (const uint8_t *)nsid);
+	}
+}
+
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
 void knot_ns_set_nsid(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver, const char *nsid, size_t len)
 {
 	if (nameserver == NULL) {
@@ -2702,8 +2753,10 @@ void knot_ns_set_nsid(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver, const char *nsid, size_t le
 		return;
 	}
 	
-	int ret = knot_edns_add_option(nameserver->opt_rr, EDNS_OPTION_NSID,
-	                               len, (const uint8_t *)nsid);
+	int ret = knot_ns_replace_nsid(nameserver->opt_rr, nsid, len);
+
+//	int ret = knot_edns_add_option(nameserver->opt_rr, EDNS_OPTION_NSID,
+//	                               len, (const uint8_t *)nsid);
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		dbg_ns("NS: set_nsid: could not add EDNS option.\n");
 		return;
@@ -3326,7 +3379,7 @@ int knot_ns_process_axfrin(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 		}
 		
 		// save the zone contents to the xfr->data
-		xfr->data = zone;
+		xfr->new_contents = zone;
 		xfr->flags |= XFR_FLAG_AXFR_FINISHED;
 
 		assert(zone->nsec3_nodes != NULL);
@@ -3338,12 +3391,10 @@ int knot_ns_process_axfrin(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 		//knot_zone_contents_dump(zone, 0);
 
 		// check zone integrity
-#ifdef KNOT_XFRIN_DEBUG
-#ifdef DEBUG_ENABLE_BRIEF
+dbg_xfrin_exec(
 		int errs = knot_zone_contents_integrity_check(zone);
-		dbg_ns("Zone integrity check: %d errors.\n", errs);
-#endif
-#endif
+		dbg_xfrin("Zone integrity check: %d errors.\n", errs);
+);
 	}
 	
 	/*!
@@ -3358,13 +3409,17 @@ int knot_ns_process_axfrin(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 int knot_ns_switch_zone(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver, 
                           knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 {
-	if (xfr == NULL || nameserver == NULL || xfr->data == NULL) {
+	if (xfr == NULL || nameserver == NULL || xfr->new_contents == NULL) {
 		return KNOT_EBADARG;
 	}
 	
-	knot_zone_contents_t *zone = (knot_zone_contents_t *)xfr->data;
+	knot_zone_contents_t *zone = (knot_zone_contents_t *)xfr->new_contents;
 	
 	dbg_ns("Replacing zone by new one: %p\n", zone);
+	if (zone == NULL) {
+		dbg_ns("No new zone!\n");
+		return KNOT_ENOZONE;
+	}
 
 	// find the zone in the zone db
 	knot_zone_t *z = knot_zonedb_find_zone(nameserver->zone_db,
@@ -3375,32 +3430,17 @@ int knot_ns_switch_zone(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver,
 		dbg_ns("Failed to replace zone %s, old zone "
 		                   "not found\n", name);
 		free(name);
+
+		return KNOT_ENOZONE;
 	} else {
 		zone->zone = z;
 	}
 
-	knot_zone_contents_t *old = rcu_xchg_pointer(&z->contents, zone);
-
-//	knot_zone_t *old = knot_zonedb_replace_zone(nameserver->zone_db,
-//	                                                zone);
-	dbg_ns("Old zone: %p\n", old);
-//	if (old == NULL) {
-//		char *name = knot_dname_to_str(
-//				knot_node_owner(knot_zone_apex(zone)));
-//		dbg_ns("Failed to replace zone %s\n", name);
-//		free(name);
-//	}
-
-	// wait for readers to finish
-	dbg_ns("Waiting for readers to finish...\n");
-	synchronize_rcu();
-	// destroy the old zone
-	dbg_ns("Freeing old zone: %p\n", old);
-	knot_zone_contents_deep_free(&old, 0);
+	int ret = xfrin_switch_zone(z, zone, xfr->type);
 
 dbg_ns_exec(
 	dbg_ns("Zone db contents: (zone count: %zu)\n",
-	              nameserver->zone_db->zone_count);
+		      nameserver->zone_db->zone_count);
 
 	const knot_zone_t **zones = knot_zonedb_zones(nameserver->zone_db);
 	for (int i = 0; i < knot_zonedb_zone_count
@@ -3413,7 +3453,7 @@ dbg_ns_exec(
 	free(zones);
 );
 
-	return KNOT_EOK;
+	return ret;
 }
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
@@ -3654,6 +3694,7 @@ int knot_ns_process_update(knot_nameserver_t *nameserver, knot_packet_t *query,
 	 *        Maybe only this case will be EOK, other cases some error.
 	 */
 
+	knot_ddns_prereqs_free(&prereqs);
 	knot_packet_free(&response);
 	return KNOT_EOK;
 }
diff --git a/src/libknot/nameserver/name-server.h b/src/libknot/nameserver/name-server.h
index 3bf9552..8ec3e50 100644
--- a/src/libknot/nameserver/name-server.h
+++ b/src/libknot/nameserver/name-server.h
@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ typedef struct knot_ns_xfr {
 	knot_zone_t *zone;
 	char* zname;
 	void *owner;
+	knot_zone_contents_t *new_contents;
+	char *msgpref;
 	
 	/*! \note [TSIG] TSIG fields */
 	/*! \brief Message(s) to sign in wireformat. 
diff --git a/src/libknot/packet/response.c b/src/libknot/packet/response.c
index c9f2ba7..3c7236e 100644
--- a/src/libknot/packet/response.c
+++ b/src/libknot/packet/response.c
@@ -454,7 +454,6 @@ dbg_response_exec(
 	 *        It is meaningful only if the found name is the one from QNAME
 	 *        and thus its parents are not stored yet.
 	 */
-	assert(compr->wire_pos >= 0);
 	
 	if (knot_response_store_dname_pos(compr->table, dname, not_matched,
 	                                  compr->wire_pos, offset, compr_cs)
diff --git a/src/libknot/rdata.c b/src/libknot/rdata.c
index 51a1a70..8e9e8c1 100644
--- a/src/libknot/rdata.c
+++ b/src/libknot/rdata.c
@@ -147,6 +147,47 @@ static const knot_dname_t *knot_rdata_srv_name(const knot_rdata_t *rdata)
 }
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+static void knot_rdata_free_items(knot_rdata_item_t *items, unsigned int count,
+                                  uint type, int free_all_dnames)
+{
+	if (items == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	knot_rrtype_descriptor_t *desc = knot_rrtype_descriptor_by_type(type);
+	assert(desc != NULL);
+
+	assert(count <= desc->length);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+		if (&(items[i]) == NULL) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (desc->wireformat[i] == KNOT_RDATA_WF_COMPRESSED_DNAME
+		    || desc->wireformat[i] == KNOT_RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME
+		    || desc->wireformat[i] == KNOT_RDATA_WF_LITERAL_DNAME) {
+			if ((items[i].dname != NULL)) {
+				/*! \todo This is hack to prevent memory errors,
+				 *        as the rdata_set_items() cannot determine
+				 *        items type and so cannot increment
+				 *        reference count in case of dname type.
+				 *        Free would then release dnames that
+				 *        aren't referenced by the rdata.
+				 */
+				if (free_all_dnames) {
+					knot_dname_release(items[i].dname);
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			free(items[i].raw_data);
+		}
+	}
+
+	free(items);
+}
+
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 /* API functions                                                              */
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
@@ -272,14 +313,17 @@ int knot_rdata_from_wire(knot_rdata_t *rdata, const uint8_t *wire,
 				dname = knot_dname_parse_from_wire(
 					         wire, &pos2, total_size, NULL);
 				if (dname == NULL) {
+					knot_rdata_free_items(items, i,
+					                      desc->type, 1);
 					return KNOT_ERROR;
 				}
 			
 				items[i].raw_data = (uint16_t *)malloc(
 						knot_dname_size(dname) + 2);
 				if (items[i].raw_data == NULL) {
-					/*! \todo This will leak. */
-					free(items);
+					knot_dname_free(&dname);
+					knot_rdata_free_items(items, i,
+					                      desc->type, 1);
 					return KNOT_ENOMEM;
 				}
 				
@@ -307,21 +351,23 @@ int knot_rdata_from_wire(knot_rdata_t *rdata, const uint8_t *wire,
 
 			break;
 		default:
+			knot_rdata_free_items(items, i,
+			                      desc->type, 1);
 			return KNOT_EMALF;
 
 		}
 
 		if (item_size != 0) {
 			if (parsed + item_size > rdlength) {
-				/*! \todo This will leak a lot. */
-				free(items);
+				knot_rdata_free_items(items, i,
+				                      desc->type, 1);
 				return KNOT_EFEWDATA;
 			}
 
 			items[i].raw_data = (uint16_t *)malloc(item_size + 2);
 			if (items[i].raw_data == NULL) {
-				free(items);
-				/*! \todo This will also leak a lot. */
+				knot_rdata_free_items(items, i,
+				                      desc->type, 1);
 				return KNOT_ENOMEM;
 			}
 			memcpy(items[i].raw_data, &item_size, 2);
@@ -335,7 +381,8 @@ int knot_rdata_from_wire(knot_rdata_t *rdata, const uint8_t *wire,
 			// and should create an empty RDATA item
 			items[i].raw_data = (uint16_t *)malloc(2);
 			if (items[i].raw_data == NULL) {
-				free(items);
+				knot_rdata_free_items(items, i,
+				                      desc->type, 1);
 				return KNOT_ENOMEM;
 			}
 			memcpy(items[i].raw_data, &item_size, 2);
@@ -494,39 +541,9 @@ void knot_rdata_deep_free(knot_rdata_t **rdata, uint type,
 		return;
 	}
 
-	knot_rrtype_descriptor_t *desc =
-		knot_rrtype_descriptor_by_type(type);
-	assert(desc != NULL);
-
-	assert((*rdata)->count <= desc->length);
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < (*rdata)->count; i++) {
-		if (&((*rdata)->items[i]) == NULL) {
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (desc->wireformat[i] == KNOT_RDATA_WF_COMPRESSED_DNAME
-		    || desc->wireformat[i] == KNOT_RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME
-		    || desc->wireformat[i] == KNOT_RDATA_WF_LITERAL_DNAME ) {
-			if (((*rdata)->items[i].dname != NULL)) {
-				/*! \todo This is hack to prevent memory errors,
-				 *        as the rdata_set_items() cannot determine
-				 *        items type and so cannot increment
-				 *        reference count in case of dname type.
-				 *        Free would then release dnames that
-				 *        aren't referenced by the rdata.
-				 */
-				if (free_all_dnames) {
-					knot_dname_release((*rdata)->items[i].dname);
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
-			free((*rdata)->items[i].raw_data);
-		}
-	}
+	knot_rdata_free_items((*rdata)->items, (*rdata)->count, type,
+	                      free_all_dnames);
 
-	if ((*rdata)->items) {
-		free((*rdata)->items);
-	}
 	free(*rdata);
 	*rdata = NULL;
 }
diff --git a/src/libknot/rrset.c b/src/libknot/rrset.c
index d968378..d665c63 100644
--- a/src/libknot/rrset.c
+++ b/src/libknot/rrset.c
@@ -353,8 +353,8 @@ int knot_rrset_compare_rdata(const knot_rrset_t *r1, const knot_rrset_t *r2)
 		 }
 
 		 if (rdata2 == NULL) {
-			 // RDATA from r1 not found in r2
-			 return 0;
+			// RDATA from r1 not found in r2
+			return 0;
 		 }
 
 		 // otherwise it was found, continue with next r1 RDATA
@@ -365,14 +365,16 @@ int knot_rrset_compare_rdata(const knot_rrset_t *r1, const knot_rrset_t *r2)
 	rdata2 = knot_rrset_rdata(r2);
 	while (rdata2 != NULL) {
 		 rdata1 = knot_rrset_rdata(r1);
-		 while (rdata2 != NULL && knot_rdata_compare(rdata1, rdata2,
-		                                            desc->wireformat)) {
+
+		 while (rdata2 != NULL && rdata1 != NULL
+		        && knot_rdata_compare(rdata1, rdata2,
+		                              desc->wireformat)) {
 			 rdata1 = knot_rrset_rdata_next(r1, rdata1);
 		 }
 
 		 if (rdata1 == NULL) {
-			 // RDATA from r1 not found in r2
-			 return 0;
+			// RDATA from r2 not found in r1
+			return 0;
 		 }
 
 		 // otherwise it was found, continue with next r1 RDATA
@@ -630,7 +632,7 @@ int knot_rrset_shallow_copy(const knot_rrset_t *from, knot_rrset_t **to)
 
 void knot_rrset_rotate(knot_rrset_t *rrset)
 {
-	rrset->rdata = rrset->rdata->next;
+	//rrset->rdata = rrset->rdata->next;
 }
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
diff --git a/src/libknot/tsig-op.c b/src/libknot/tsig-op.c
index bdaf083..148fc87 100644
--- a/src/libknot/tsig-op.c
+++ b/src/libknot/tsig-op.c
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include <openssl/hmac.h>
 #include <openssl/evp.h>
 #include <time.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
 
 #include "common.h"
 #include "tsig.h"
@@ -573,7 +572,6 @@ int knot_tsig_sign(uint8_t *msg, size_t *msg_len,
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		dbg_tsig("TSIG: could not create wire or sign wire: %s\n",
 		         knot_strerror(ret));
-		free(items);
 		knot_rrset_free(&tmp_tsig);
 		knot_rdata_free(&rdata);
 		
@@ -593,7 +591,6 @@ int knot_tsig_sign(uint8_t *msg, size_t *msg_len,
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		dbg_tsig_detail("TSIG: rrset_to_wire = %s\n", knot_strerror(ret));
 		*digest_len = 0;
-		free(items);
 		knot_rrset_free(&tmp_tsig);
 		knot_rdata_free(&rdata);
 		return ret;
@@ -983,7 +980,7 @@ int knot_tsig_add(uint8_t *msg, size_t *msg_len, size_t msg_max_len,
 
 	knot_rdata_item_t *items =
 		malloc(sizeof(knot_rdata_item_t) * desc->length);
-	if (!items) {
+	if (items == NULL) {
 		dbg_tsig_detail("TSIG: items = NULL\n");
 		ERR_ALLOC_FAILED;
 		knot_rrset_deep_free(&tmp_tsig, 1, 1, 1);
@@ -993,18 +990,19 @@ int knot_tsig_add(uint8_t *msg, size_t *msg_len, size_t msg_max_len,
 	memset(items, 0, sizeof(knot_rdata_item_t) * desc->length);
 
 	int ret = knot_rdata_set_items(rdata, items, desc->length);
+	free(items);
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		dbg_tsig_detail("TSIG: rdata_set_items returned %s\n",
 		                knot_strerror(ret));
 		knot_rrset_deep_free(&tmp_tsig, 1, 1, 1);
 		return ret;
 	}
-	free(items);
 
 	knot_dname_t *alg_name =
 			knot_dname_deep_copy(tsig_rdata_alg_name(tsig_rr));
 	if (alg_name == NULL) {
 		dbg_tsig_detail("TSIG: failed to copy alg name\n");
+		knot_rrset_deep_free(&tmp_tsig, 1, 1, 1);
 		return KNOT_ERROR;
 	}
 
@@ -1012,6 +1010,7 @@ int knot_tsig_add(uint8_t *msg, size_t *msg_len, size_t msg_max_len,
 	tsig_rdata_set_time_signed(tmp_tsig, tsig_rdata_time_signed(tsig_rr));
 	tsig_rdata_set_fudge(tmp_tsig, tsig_rdata_fudge(tsig_rr));
 	tsig_rdata_set_mac(tmp_tsig, 0, NULL);
+	knot_dname_release(alg_name); /* Already copied in tsig_rdata_set_alg_name() */
 
 	/* Set original ID */
 	tsig_rdata_set_orig_id(tmp_tsig, knot_wire_get_id(msg));
@@ -1036,6 +1035,7 @@ int knot_tsig_add(uint8_t *msg, size_t *msg_len, size_t msg_max_len,
 	}
 
 	knot_rrset_deep_free(&tmp_tsig, 1, 1, 1);
+	knot_dname_release(key_name);
 
 	*msg_len += tsig_wire_len;
 
diff --git a/src/libknot/tsig.c b/src/libknot/tsig.c
index 5790b68..e9da295 100644
--- a/src/libknot/tsig.c
+++ b/src/libknot/tsig.c
@@ -331,16 +331,13 @@ tsig_algorithm_t tsig_rdata_alg(const knot_rrset_t *tsig)
 	}
 
 	knot_lookup_table_t *item = knot_lookup_by_name(tsig_alg_table, name);
+	free(name);
 	if (!item) {
 		dbg_tsig_detail("TSIG: rdata: unknown algorithm.\n");
 		return KNOT_TSIG_ALG_NULL;
 	}
-	free(name);
-
-	int id = item->id;
-
 
-	return id;
+	return item->id;
 }
 
 uint64_t tsig_rdata_time_signed(const knot_rrset_t *tsig)
diff --git a/src/libknot/updates/changesets.c b/src/libknot/updates/changesets.c
index cf9e6a0..1c3d3b9 100644
--- a/src/libknot/updates/changesets.c
+++ b/src/libknot/updates/changesets.c
@@ -287,6 +287,8 @@ void knot_free_changesets(knot_changesets_t **changesets)
 	
 	knot_rrset_deep_free(&(*changesets)->first_soa, 1, 1, 1);
 	
+	assert((*changesets)->changes == NULL);
+
 	free(*changesets);
 	*changesets = NULL;
 }
diff --git a/src/libknot/updates/changesets.h b/src/libknot/updates/changesets.h
index e8d5e39..0570fc9 100644
--- a/src/libknot/updates/changesets.h
+++ b/src/libknot/updates/changesets.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #define _KNOT_CHANGESETS_H_
 
 #include "rrset.h"
+#include "zone/node.h"
 
 /*! \todo Changeset must be serializable/deserializable, so
  *        all data and pointers have to be changeset-exclusive,
@@ -57,10 +58,58 @@ typedef struct {
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 typedef struct {
+	/*!
+	 * Deleted (without owners and RDATA) after successful update.
+	 */
+	knot_rrset_t **old_rrsets;
+	int old_rrsets_count;
+	int old_rrsets_allocated;
+
+	/*!
+	 * Deleted after successful update.
+	 */
+	knot_rdata_t **old_rdata;
+	unsigned *old_rdata_types;
+	int old_rdata_count;
+	int old_rdata_allocated;
+
+	/*!
+	 * \brief Copied RRSets (i.e. modified by the update).
+	 *
+	 * Deleted (without owners and RDATA) after failed update.
+	 */
+	knot_rrset_t **new_rrsets;
+	int new_rrsets_count;
+	int new_rrsets_allocated;
+
+	/*!
+	 * Deleted after failed update.
+	 */
+	knot_rdata_t **new_rdata;
+	unsigned *new_rdata_types;
+	int new_rdata_count;
+	int new_rdata_allocated;
+
+//	/*!
+//	 * Deleted (without contents) after successful update.
+//	 */
+	knot_node_t **old_nodes;
+	int old_nodes_count;
+	int old_nodes_allocated;
+
+	knot_node_t **old_nsec3;
+	int old_nsec3_count;
+	int old_nsec3_allocated;
+} knot_changes_t;
+
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+typedef struct {
 	knot_changeset_t *sets;
 	size_t count;
 	size_t allocated;
 	knot_rrset_t *first_soa;
+	knot_changes_t *changes;
 } knot_changesets_t;
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
diff --git a/src/libknot/updates/xfr-in.c b/src/libknot/updates/xfr-in.c
index c1ea13d..f411e47 100644
--- a/src/libknot/updates/xfr-in.c
+++ b/src/libknot/updates/xfr-in.c
@@ -22,13 +22,10 @@
 #include "nameserver/name-server.h"
 #include "util/wire.h"
 #include "util/debug.h"
-// #include "knot/zone/zone-dump.h"
-// #include "knot/zone/zone-load.h"
 #include "packet/packet.h"
 #include "dname.h"
 #include "zone/zone.h"
 #include "packet/query.h"
-#include "packet/response.h"
 #include "util/error.h"
 #include "updates/changesets.h"
 #include "tsig.h"
@@ -174,6 +171,8 @@ int xfrin_transfer_needed(const knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 	if (soa_response->parsed < soa_response->size) {
 		ret = knot_packet_parse_rest(soa_response);
 		if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+			dbg_xfrin_verb("knot_packet_parse_rest() returned %s\n",
+			               knot_strerror(ret));
 			return KNOT_EMALF;
 		}
 	}
@@ -403,6 +402,7 @@ static int xfrin_check_tsig(knot_packet_t *packet, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr,
 			if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 				/*! \note [TSIG] No need to check TSIG error 
 				 *        here, propagate and check elsewhere.*/
+				knot_rrset_deep_free(&tsig, 1, 1, 1);
 				return ret;
 			}
 			
@@ -412,6 +412,7 @@ static int xfrin_check_tsig(knot_packet_t *packet, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr,
 
 			// Extract the digest from the TSIG RDATA and store it.
 			if (xfr->digest_max_size < tsig_rdata_mac_length(tsig)) {
+				knot_rrset_deep_free(&tsig, 1, 1, 1);
 				return KNOT_ESPACE;
 			}
 			memcpy(xfr->digest, tsig_rdata_mac(tsig), 
@@ -429,6 +430,7 @@ static int xfrin_check_tsig(knot_packet_t *packet, knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr,
 		}*/
 	} else if (tsig != NULL) {
 		// TSIG where it should not be
+		knot_rrset_deep_free(&tsig, 1, 1, 1);
 		return KNOT_EMALF;
 	}
 	
@@ -630,7 +632,7 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec(
 	while (ret == KNOT_EOK && rr != NULL) {
 		// process the parsed RR
 
-		dbg_xfrin("\nNext RR:\n\n");
+		dbg_rrset_detail("\nNext RR:\n\n");
 		knot_rrset_dump(rr, 0);
 
 		if (node != NULL
@@ -834,6 +836,7 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec(
 			ret = knot_zone_contents_add_rrset(zone, rr, &node,
 			                            KNOT_RRSET_DUPL_MERGE, 1);
 			if (ret < 0) {
+				knot_packet_free(&packet);
 				dbg_xfrin("Failed to add RRSet to zone:"
 				               "%s.\n", knot_strerror(ret));
 				return KNOT_ERROR;
@@ -858,9 +861,12 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec(
 		dbg_xfrin("Could not parse next RR: %s.\n",
 		               knot_strerror(ret));
 		knot_packet_free(&packet);
-		knot_node_free(&node, 0);
+
+		if (!in_zone) {
+			knot_node_free(&node, 0);
+		}
+
 		knot_rrset_deep_free(&rr, 1, 1, 1);
-		/*! \todo Cleanup. */
 		return KNOT_EMALF;
 	}
 
@@ -903,8 +909,11 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec(
 static int xfrin_parse_first_rr(knot_packet_t **packet, const uint8_t *pkt,
                                 size_t size, knot_rrset_t **rr)
 {
+	assert(packet != NULL);
+	assert(rr != NULL);
+
 	*packet = knot_packet_new(KNOT_PACKET_PREALLOC_NONE);
-	if (packet == NULL) {
+	if (*packet == NULL) {
 		dbg_xfrin("Could not create packet structure.\n");
 		return KNOT_ENOMEM;
 	}
@@ -1003,6 +1012,7 @@ int xfrin_process_ixfr_packet(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 		// parse the next one
 		ret = knot_packet_parse_next_rr_answer(packet, &rr);
 		if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+			knot_packet_free(&packet);
 			return ret;
 		}
 		
@@ -1035,7 +1045,8 @@ int xfrin_process_ixfr_packet(knot_ns_xfr_t *xfr)
 		}
 	} else {
 		if ((*chs)->first_soa == NULL) {
-			dbg_xfrin("Changesets don't contain frist SOA!\n");
+			dbg_xfrin("Changesets don't contain SOA first!\n");
+			knot_rrset_deep_free(&rr, 1, 1, 1);
 			ret = KNOT_EBADARG;
 			goto cleanup;
 		}
@@ -1211,8 +1222,9 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec(
 				}
 			}
 			break;
-		default:
-			assert(0);
+		// dead code
+//		default:
+//			assert(0);
 		}
 		
 		// parse the next RR
@@ -1254,53 +1266,6 @@ cleanup:
 /* Applying changesets to zone                                                */
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-typedef struct {
-	/*!
-	 * Deleted (without owners and RDATA) after successful update.
-	 */
-	knot_rrset_t **old_rrsets;
-	int old_rrsets_count;
-	int old_rrsets_allocated;
-
-	/*!
-	 * Deleted after successful update.
-	 */
-	knot_rdata_t **old_rdata;
-	uint *old_rdata_types;
-	int old_rdata_count;
-	int old_rdata_allocated;
-
-	/*!
-	 * \brief Copied RRSets (i.e. modified by the update).
-	 *
-	 * Deleted (without owners and RDATA) after failed update.
-	 */
-	knot_rrset_t **new_rrsets;
-	int new_rrsets_count;
-	int new_rrsets_allocated;
-
-	/*!
-	 * Deleted after failed update.
-	 */
-	knot_rdata_t **new_rdata;
-	uint *new_rdata_types;
-	int new_rdata_count;
-	int new_rdata_allocated;
-
-//	/*!
-//	 * Deleted (without contents) after successful update.
-//	 */
-	knot_node_t **old_nodes;
-	int old_nodes_count;
-	int old_nodes_allocated;
-
-	knot_node_t **old_nsec3;
-	int old_nsec3_count;
-	int old_nsec3_allocated;
-} xfrin_changes_t;
-
-/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
 static int xfrin_changes_check_rrsets(knot_rrset_t ***rrsets,
                                       int *count, int *allocated, int to_add)
 {
@@ -1383,6 +1348,7 @@ static int xfrin_changes_check_rdata(knot_rdata_t ***rdatas, uint **types,
 
 	uint *types_new = malloc(new_count * sizeof(uint));
 	if (types_new == NULL) {
+		free(rdatas_new);
 		return KNOT_ENOMEM;
 	}
 
@@ -1405,6 +1371,36 @@ static int xfrin_changes_check_rdata(knot_rdata_t ***rdatas, uint **types,
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
+static void xfrin_changes_add_rdata(knot_rdata_t **rdatas, uint *types,
+                                    int *count, knot_rdata_t *rdata, uint type)
+{
+	dbg_xfrin_detail("Adding RDATA to new RDATA list: %p\n", rdata);
+
+dbg_xfrin_exec_detail(
+	// try to find the first RDATA in the given list
+	for (int i = 0; i < *count; ++i) {
+		knot_rdata_t *r = rdatas[i];
+		while (r->next != rdatas[i]) {
+			if (r == rdata) {
+				dbg_xfrin_detail("Found same RDATA: %p\n", rdata);
+				knot_rdata_dump(rdata, type, 0);
+			}
+			r = r->next;
+		}
+		if (r == rdata) {
+			dbg_xfrin_detail("Found same RDATA: %p\n", rdata);
+			knot_rdata_dump(rdata, type, 0);
+		}
+	}
+);
+
+	rdatas[*count] = rdata;
+	types[*count] = type;
+	++*count;
+}
+
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
 static void xfrin_zone_contents_free(knot_zone_contents_t **contents)
 {
 	/*! \todo This should be all in some API!! */
@@ -1456,7 +1452,7 @@ static knot_rdata_t *xfrin_remove_rdata(knot_rrset_t *from,
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 static int xfrin_copy_old_rrset(knot_rrset_t *old, knot_rrset_t **copy,
-                                xfrin_changes_t *changes)
+                                knot_changes_t *changes)
 {
 	// create new RRSet by copying the old one
 //	int ret = knot_rrset_shallow_copy(old, copy);
@@ -1489,21 +1485,21 @@ static int xfrin_copy_old_rrset(knot_rrset_t *old, knot_rrset_t **copy,
 	}
 
 	changes->new_rrsets[changes->new_rrsets_count++] = *copy;
-	changes->new_rdata[changes->new_rdata_count] =
-	                knot_rrset_get_rdata(*copy);
-	changes->new_rdata_types[changes->new_rdata_count] =
-	                knot_rrset_type(*copy);
-	++changes->new_rdata_count;
+
+	xfrin_changes_add_rdata(changes->new_rdata, changes->new_rdata_types,
+	                        &changes->new_rdata_count,
+	                        knot_rrset_get_rdata(*copy),
+	                        knot_rrset_type(*copy));
 
 	if ((*copy)->rrsigs != NULL) {
 		assert(old->rrsigs != NULL);
 		changes->new_rrsets[changes->new_rrsets_count++] =
 		                (*copy)->rrsigs;
-		changes->new_rdata[changes->new_rdata_count] =
-		                knot_rrset_get_rdata((*copy)->rrsigs);
-		changes->new_rdata_types[changes->new_rdata_count] =
-		                KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG;
-		++changes->new_rdata_count;
+		xfrin_changes_add_rdata(changes->new_rdata,
+		                        changes->new_rdata_types,
+		                        &changes->new_rdata_count,
+		                        knot_rrset_get_rdata((*copy)->rrsigs),
+		                        KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG);
 	}
 
 	// add the old RRSet to the list of old RRSets
@@ -1526,19 +1522,20 @@ static int xfrin_copy_old_rrset(knot_rrset_t *old, knot_rrset_t **copy,
 	}
 
 	changes->old_rrsets[changes->old_rrsets_count++] = old;
-	changes->old_rdata[changes->old_rdata_count] = old->rdata;
-	changes->old_rdata_types[changes->old_rdata_count] =
-	                knot_rrset_type(old);
-	++changes->old_rdata_count;
+
+	xfrin_changes_add_rdata(changes->old_rdata, changes->old_rdata_types,
+	                        &changes->old_rdata_count, old->rdata,
+	                        knot_rrset_type(old));
 
 	if ((*copy)->rrsigs != NULL) {
 		assert(old->rrsigs != NULL);
 		changes->old_rrsets[changes->old_rrsets_count++] = old->rrsigs;
-		changes->old_rdata[changes->old_rdata_count] =
-		                old->rrsigs->rdata;
-		changes->old_rdata_types[changes->old_rdata_count] =
-		                KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG;
-		++changes->old_rdata_count;
+
+		xfrin_changes_add_rdata(changes->old_rdata,
+		                        changes->old_rdata_types,
+		                        &changes->old_rdata_count,
+		                        old->rrsigs->rdata,
+		                        KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG);
 	}
 
 	return KNOT_EOK;
@@ -1547,7 +1544,7 @@ static int xfrin_copy_old_rrset(knot_rrset_t *old, knot_rrset_t **copy,
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 static int xfrin_copy_rrset(knot_node_t *node, knot_rr_type_t type,
-                            knot_rrset_t **rrset, xfrin_changes_t *changes)
+                            knot_rrset_t **rrset, knot_changes_t *changes)
 {
 	knot_rrset_t *old = knot_node_remove_rrset(node, type);
 
@@ -1575,7 +1572,7 @@ static int xfrin_copy_rrset(knot_node_t *node, knot_rr_type_t type,
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static int xfrin_apply_remove_rrsigs(xfrin_changes_t *changes,
+static int xfrin_apply_remove_rrsigs(knot_changes_t *changes,
                                      const knot_rrset_t *remove,
                                      knot_node_t *node,
                                      knot_rrset_t **rrset)
@@ -1662,10 +1659,9 @@ static int xfrin_apply_remove_rrsigs(xfrin_changes_t *changes,
 		return ret;
 	}
 
-	changes->old_rdata[changes->old_rdata_count] = rdata;
-	changes->old_rdata_types[changes->old_rdata_count] =
-			knot_rrset_type(remove);
-	++changes->old_rdata_count;
+	xfrin_changes_add_rdata(changes->old_rdata, changes->old_rdata_types,
+	                        &changes->old_rdata_count, rdata,
+	                        knot_rrset_type(remove));
 	
 	// if the RRSet is empty, remove from node and add to old RRSets
 	// check if there is no RRSIGs; if there are, leave the RRSet
@@ -1722,7 +1718,7 @@ static int xfrin_apply_remove_rrsigs(xfrin_changes_t *changes,
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static int xfrin_apply_remove_normal(xfrin_changes_t *changes,
+static int xfrin_apply_remove_normal(knot_changes_t *changes,
                                      const knot_rrset_t *remove,
                                      knot_node_t *node,
                                      knot_rrset_t **rrset)
@@ -1800,10 +1796,9 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec_detail(
 		return ret;
 	}
 
-	changes->old_rdata[changes->old_rdata_count] = rdata;
-	changes->old_rdata_types[changes->old_rdata_count] =
-			knot_rrset_type(remove);
-	++changes->old_rdata_count;
+	xfrin_changes_add_rdata(changes->old_rdata, changes->old_rdata_types,
+	                        &changes->old_rdata_count, rdata,
+	                        knot_rrset_type(remove));
 	
 	// if the RRSet is empty, remove from node and add to old RRSets
 	// check if there is no RRSIGs; if there are, leave the RRSet
@@ -1838,7 +1833,7 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec_detail(
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static int xfrin_apply_remove_all_rrsets(xfrin_changes_t *changes,
+static int xfrin_apply_remove_all_rrsets(knot_changes_t *changes,
                                          knot_node_t *node, uint16_t type)
 {
 	int ret;
@@ -1923,7 +1918,7 @@ static knot_node_t *xfrin_add_new_node(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static int xfrin_apply_add_normal(xfrin_changes_t *changes,
+static int xfrin_apply_add_normal(knot_changes_t *changes,
                                   knot_rrset_t *add,
                                   knot_node_t *node,
                                   knot_rrset_t **rrset,
@@ -1994,7 +1989,6 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec(
 //	knot_rrset_dump(*rrset, 1);
 	ret = xfrin_copy_old_rrset(old, rrset, changes);
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
-		assert(0);
 		return ret;
 	}
 
@@ -2036,7 +2030,7 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec(
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static int xfrin_apply_add_rrsig(xfrin_changes_t *changes,
+static int xfrin_apply_add_rrsig(knot_changes_t *changes,
                                   knot_rrset_t *add,
                                   knot_node_t *node,
                                   knot_rrset_t **rrset,
@@ -2178,45 +2172,48 @@ dbg_xfrin_exec(
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static void xfrin_cleanup_update(xfrin_changes_t *changes)
+void xfrin_cleanup_successful_update(knot_changes_t **changes)
 {
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < changes->old_rrsets_count; ++i) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < (*changes)->old_rrsets_count; ++i) {
 		dbg_xfrin_detail("Deleting old RRSet: %p\n",
-		                 changes->old_rrsets[i]);
-		knot_rrset_dump(changes->old_rrsets[i], 0);
-		knot_rrset_free(&changes->old_rrsets[i]);
+		                 (*changes)->old_rrsets[i]);
+		knot_rrset_dump((*changes)->old_rrsets[i], 0);
+		knot_rrset_free(&(*changes)->old_rrsets[i]);
 	}
 
 	// delete old RDATA
-	for (int i = 0; i < changes->old_rdata_count; ++i) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < (*changes)->old_rdata_count; ++i) {
 		dbg_xfrin_detail("Deleting old RDATA: %p, type: %s\n", 
-		            changes->old_rdata[i],
-		            knot_rrtype_to_string(changes->old_rdata_types[i]));
-		knot_rdata_dump(changes->old_rdata[i],
-		                changes->old_rdata_types[i], 0);
-		knot_rdata_t *rdata = changes->old_rdata[i];
+		            (*changes)->old_rdata[i],
+		            knot_rrtype_to_string((*changes)->old_rdata_types[i]));
+		knot_rdata_dump((*changes)->old_rdata[i],
+		                (*changes)->old_rdata_types[i], 0);
+		knot_rdata_t *rdata = (*changes)->old_rdata[i];
 		if (rdata != NULL) {
 			do {
 				knot_rdata_t *tmp = rdata->next;
 				knot_rdata_deep_free(&rdata, 
-				                changes->old_rdata_types[i], 1);
+				                (*changes)->old_rdata_types[i], 1);
 				rdata = tmp;
 			} while (rdata != NULL 
-			         && rdata != changes->old_rdata[i]);
+			         && rdata != (*changes)->old_rdata[i]);
 		}
 
 	}
 
 	// free allocated arrays of nodes and rrsets
-	free(changes->new_rrsets);
-	free(changes->new_rdata);
-	free(changes->new_rdata_types);
-	free(changes->old_nodes);
-	free(changes->old_nsec3);
-	free(changes->old_rrsets);
-	free(changes->old_rdata);
-	free(changes->old_rdata_types);
+	free((*changes)->new_rrsets);
+	free((*changes)->new_rdata);
+	free((*changes)->new_rdata_types);
+	free((*changes)->old_nodes);
+	free((*changes)->old_nsec3);
+	free((*changes)->old_rrsets);
+	free((*changes)->old_rdata);
+	free((*changes)->old_rdata_types);
+
+	free((*changes));
+	*changes = NULL;
 }
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
@@ -2336,62 +2333,108 @@ static void xfrin_cleanup_old_nodes(knot_node_t *node, void *data)
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static void xfrin_rollback_update2(knot_zone_contents_t *old_contents,
-                                   knot_zone_contents_t *new_contents,
-                                   xfrin_changes_t *changes)
+static void xfrin_cleanup_failed_update(knot_zone_contents_t *old_contents,
+                                        knot_zone_contents_t **new_contents)
 {
-	// discard new RRSets
-	for (int i = 0; i < changes->new_rrsets_count; ++i) {
-		//knot_rrset_deep_free(&changes->new_rrsets[i], 0, 1, 1);
-		knot_rrset_free(&changes->new_rrsets[i]);
+	if (old_contents == NULL && new_contents == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (*new_contents != NULL) {
+		// destroy the shallow copy of zone
+		xfrin_zone_contents_free2(new_contents);
 	}
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < changes->new_rdata_count; ++i) {
-		// discard the whole chain of RDATA
-		knot_rdata_t *rdata = changes->new_rdata[i];
-		knot_rdata_t *rdata_next = NULL;
+	if (old_contents != NULL) {
+		// cleanup old zone tree - reset pointers to new node to NULL
+		// also set pointers from dnames to old nodes
+		knot_zone_contents_tree_apply_inorder(old_contents,
+						      xfrin_cleanup_old_nodes,
+		                                      NULL);
 
-		while (rdata != NULL && rdata->next != changes->new_rdata[i]) {
-			rdata_next = rdata->next;
-			knot_rdata_deep_free(&rdata,
-			                     changes->new_rdata_types[i], 1);
-			rdata = rdata_next;
+		knot_zone_contents_nsec3_apply_inorder(old_contents,
+						       xfrin_cleanup_old_nodes,
+		                                       NULL);
+	}
+}
+
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void xfrin_rollback_update(knot_zone_contents_t *old_contents,
+                           knot_zone_contents_t **new_contents,
+                           knot_changes_t **changes)
+{
+	assert(changes != NULL);
+
+	if (*changes != NULL) {
+		// discard new RRSets
+		for (int i = 0; i < (*changes)->new_rrsets_count; ++i) {
+			//knot_rrset_deep_free(&changes->new_rrsets[i], 0, 1, 1);
+			knot_rrset_free(&(*changes)->new_rrsets[i]);
 		}
 
-		assert(rdata == NULL || rdata->next == changes->new_rdata[i]);
+		for (int i = 0; i < (*changes)->new_rdata_count; ++i) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Freeing %d. RDATA chain: %p\n", i,
+			        (*changes)->new_rdata[i]);
+
+			/*
+			 * In some case, the same RDATA may be stored in
+			 * different positions in different RDATA chains, so
+			 * some ivalid reads occur.
+			 *
+			 * More precisely, the same chain is stored multiple
+			 * times, but starting from different RDATA.
+			 *
+			 * We may check every RDATA against every one
+			 * already deleted, but that may be very time-consuming.
+			 */
+
+			// discard the whole chain of RDATA
+			knot_rdata_t *rdata = (*changes)->new_rdata[i];
+			knot_rdata_t *rdata_next = NULL;
+
+			while (rdata != NULL && rdata->next !=
+			                (*changes)->new_rdata[i]) {
+				assert(rdata->next != rdata);
+				rdata_next = rdata->next;
+				fprintf(stderr, "  Deleting RDATA: %p\n", rdata);
+				knot_rdata_deep_free(&rdata,
+					(*changes)->new_rdata_types[i], 1);
+				rdata = rdata_next;
+			}
+
+			assert(rdata == NULL
+			       || rdata->next == (*changes)->new_rdata[i]);
+
+			fprintf(stderr, "  Deleting RDATA: %p\n", rdata);
+			knot_rdata_deep_free(&rdata,
+			                     (*changes)->new_rdata_types[i], 1);
+
+			//(*changes)->new_rdata[i] = NULL;
+		}
 
-		knot_rdata_deep_free(&rdata, changes->new_rdata_types[i], 1);
+		// free allocated arrays of nodes and rrsets
+		free((*changes)->new_rrsets);
+		free((*changes)->new_rdata);
+		free((*changes)->new_rdata_types);
+		free((*changes)->old_nodes);
+		free((*changes)->old_nsec3);
+		free((*changes)->old_rrsets);
+		free((*changes)->old_rdata);
+		free((*changes)->old_rdata_types);
 
-		changes->new_rdata[i] = NULL;
+		free(*changes);
+		*changes = NULL;
 	}
 
-	// free allocated arrays of nodes and rrsets
-	free(changes->new_rrsets);
-	free(changes->new_rdata);
-	free(changes->new_rdata_types);
-	free(changes->old_nodes);
-	free(changes->old_nsec3);
-	free(changes->old_rrsets);
-	free(changes->old_rdata);
-	free(changes->old_rdata_types);
-
-	// destroy the shallow copy of zone
-	xfrin_zone_contents_free2(&new_contents);
-
-	// cleanup old zone tree - reset pointers to new node to NULL
-	// also set pointers from dnames to old nodes
-	knot_zone_contents_tree_apply_inorder(old_contents,
-	                                      xfrin_cleanup_old_nodes, NULL);
-
-	knot_zone_contents_nsec3_apply_inorder(old_contents,
-	                                       xfrin_cleanup_old_nodes, NULL);
+	xfrin_cleanup_failed_update(old_contents, new_contents);
 }
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 static int xfrin_apply_remove2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
                                knot_changeset_t *chset,
-                               xfrin_changes_t *changes)
+                               knot_changes_t *changes)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Iterate over removed RRSets, and remove them from the new nodes
@@ -2472,7 +2515,7 @@ static int xfrin_apply_remove2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
 
 static int xfrin_apply_add2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
                             knot_changeset_t *chset,
-                            xfrin_changes_t *changes)
+                            knot_changes_t *changes)
 {
 	int ret = 0;
 	knot_node_t *node = NULL;
@@ -2540,25 +2583,6 @@ static int xfrin_apply_add2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
 		          rrset);
 
 		if (ret > 0) {
-			// store the new RDATA
-			// in both cases it must be deleted if the transfer
-			// fails
-
-			// connect the RDATA to the list of old RDATA
-			int res = xfrin_changes_check_rdata(&changes->new_rdata,
-				&changes->new_rdata_types,
-				changes->new_rdata_count,
-				&changes->new_rdata_allocated, 1);
-			if (res != KNOT_EOK) {
-				return res;
-			}
-
-			changes->new_rdata[changes->new_rdata_count] =
-			                knot_rrset_get_rdata(chset->add[i]);
-			changes->new_rdata_types[changes->new_rdata_count] =
-					knot_rrset_type(chset->add[i]);
-			++changes->new_rdata_count;
-
 			if (ret == 1) {
 				// the ADD RRSet was used, i.e. it should be
 				// removed from the changeset and saved in the
@@ -2576,6 +2600,23 @@ static int xfrin_apply_add2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
 				changes->new_rrsets[changes->new_rrsets_count++]
 					 = chset->add[i];
 
+				// the same goes for the RDATA
+
+				// connect the RDATA to the list of new RDATA
+				int res = xfrin_changes_check_rdata(&changes->new_rdata,
+					&changes->new_rdata_types,
+					changes->new_rdata_count,
+					&changes->new_rdata_allocated, 1);
+				if (res != KNOT_EOK) {
+					return res;
+				}
+
+				xfrin_changes_add_rdata(changes->new_rdata,
+				                        changes->new_rdata_types,
+				                        &changes->new_rdata_count,
+				                        knot_rrset_get_rdata(chset->add[i]),
+				                        knot_rrset_type(chset->add[i]));
+
 				chset->add[i] = NULL;
 			} else if (ret == 2) {
 				// the copy of the RRSet was used, but it was
@@ -2583,6 +2624,11 @@ static int xfrin_apply_add2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
 				// just delete the add RRSet, but without RDATA
 				// as these were merged to the copied RRSet
 				knot_rrset_free(&chset->add[i]);
+
+				// In this case, the RDATA does not have to be
+				// stored in the list of new RDATA, because
+				// it is joined to the copy of RDATA, that is
+				// already stored there
 			} else {
 				assert(0);
 			}
@@ -2598,7 +2644,7 @@ static int xfrin_apply_add2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 static int xfrin_apply_replace_soa2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
-                                    xfrin_changes_t *changes,
+                                    knot_changes_t *changes,
                                     knot_changeset_t *chset)
 {
 	knot_node_t *node = knot_zone_contents_get_apex(contents);
@@ -2658,9 +2704,9 @@ static int xfrin_apply_replace_soa2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
 	changes->old_rrsets[changes->old_rrsets_count++] = rrset;
 
 	/*! \todo Maybe check if the SOA does not have more RDATA? */
-	changes->old_rdata[changes->old_rdata_count] = rrset->rdata;
-	changes->old_rdata_types[changes->old_rdata_count] = KNOT_RRTYPE_SOA;
-	++changes->old_rdata_count;
+	xfrin_changes_add_rdata(changes->old_rdata, changes->old_rdata_types,
+	                        &changes->old_rdata_count, rrset->rdata,
+	                        KNOT_RRTYPE_SOA);
 
 	// store RRSIGs from the old SOA to the new SOA
 	knot_rrset_set_rrsigs(chset->soa_to, knot_rrset_get_rrsigs(rrset));
@@ -2678,11 +2724,12 @@ static int xfrin_apply_replace_soa2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
 	assert(ret == 0);
 
 	changes->new_rrsets[changes->new_rrsets_count++] = chset->soa_to;
-	changes->new_rdata[changes->new_rdata_count] =
-	                knot_rrset_get_rdata(chset->soa_to);
-	changes->new_rdata_types[changes->new_rdata_count] =
-	                knot_rrset_type(chset->soa_to);
-	++changes->new_rdata_count;
+
+	xfrin_changes_add_rdata(changes->new_rdata,
+	                        changes->new_rdata_types,
+	                        &changes->new_rdata_count,
+	                        knot_rrset_get_rdata(chset->soa_to),
+	                        knot_rrset_type(chset->soa_to));
 
 	// remove the SOA from the changeset, so it will not be deleted after
 	// successful apply
@@ -2694,7 +2741,7 @@ static int xfrin_apply_replace_soa2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 static int xfrin_apply_changeset2(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
-                                  xfrin_changes_t *changes,
+                                  knot_changes_t *changes,
                                   knot_changeset_t *chset)
 {
 	/*
@@ -2735,7 +2782,7 @@ static void xfrin_mark_empty(knot_node_t *node, void *data)
 	assert(node != NULL);
 	assert(data != NULL);
 
-	xfrin_changes_t *changes = (xfrin_changes_t *)data;
+	knot_changes_t *changes = (knot_changes_t *)data;
 
 	if (knot_node_rrset_count(node) == 0
 	    && knot_node_children(node) == 0) {
@@ -2767,7 +2814,7 @@ static void xfrin_mark_empty_nsec3(knot_node_t *node, void *data)
 	assert(node != NULL);
 	assert(data != NULL);
 
-	xfrin_changes_t *changes = (xfrin_changes_t *)data;
+	knot_changes_t *changes = (knot_changes_t *)data;
 
 	if (knot_node_rrset_count(node) == 0
 	    && knot_node_children(node) == 0) {
@@ -2795,7 +2842,7 @@ static void xfrin_mark_empty_nsec3(knot_node_t *node, void *data)
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 static int xfrin_remove_empty_nodes(knot_zone_contents_t *contents,
-                                    xfrin_changes_t *changes)
+                                    knot_changes_t *changes)
 {
 	int ret;
 
@@ -2987,9 +3034,11 @@ static int xfrin_check_contents_copy(knot_zone_contents_t *old_contents)
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 int xfrin_apply_changesets(knot_zone_t *zone,
-                           knot_changesets_t *chsets)
+                           knot_changesets_t *chsets,
+                           knot_zone_contents_t **new_contents)
 {
-	if (zone == NULL || chsets == NULL || chsets->count == 0) {
+	if (zone == NULL || chsets == NULL || chsets->count == 0
+	    || new_contents == NULL) {
 		return KNOT_EBADARG;
 	}
 
@@ -3033,8 +3082,15 @@ int xfrin_apply_changesets(knot_zone_t *zone,
 		return ret;
 	}
 
-	xfrin_changes_t changes;
-	memset(&changes, 0, sizeof(xfrin_changes_t));
+	knot_changes_t *changes = (knot_changes_t *)malloc(
+	                        sizeof(knot_changes_t));
+	if (changes == NULL) {
+		dbg_xfrin("Failed to allocate structure for changes!\n");
+		xfrin_rollback_update(old_contents, &contents_copy, &changes);
+		return KNOT_ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	memset(changes, 0, sizeof(knot_changes_t));
 
 	/*!
 	 * \todo Check if all nodes have their copy.
@@ -3042,7 +3098,7 @@ int xfrin_apply_changesets(knot_zone_t *zone,
 	ret = xfrin_check_contents_copy(old_contents);
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		dbg_xfrin("Contents copy check failed!\n");
-		xfrin_rollback_update2(old_contents, contents_copy, &changes);
+		xfrin_rollback_update(old_contents, &contents_copy, &changes);
 		return ret;
 	}
 
@@ -3063,11 +3119,11 @@ int xfrin_apply_changesets(knot_zone_t *zone,
 	dbg_xfrin_verb("Old contents apex: %p, new apex: %p\n",
 	               old_contents->apex, contents_copy->apex);
 	for (int i = 0; i < chsets->count; ++i) {
-		if ((ret = xfrin_apply_changeset2(contents_copy, &changes,
+		if ((ret = xfrin_apply_changeset2(contents_copy, changes,
 		                                  &chsets->sets[i]))
 		                                  != KNOT_EOK) {
-			xfrin_rollback_update2(old_contents,
-			                       contents_copy, &changes);
+			xfrin_rollback_update(old_contents,
+			                       &contents_copy, &changes);
 			dbg_xfrin("Failed to apply changesets to zone: "
 			          "%s\n", knot_strerror(ret));
 			return ret;
@@ -3090,11 +3146,11 @@ int xfrin_apply_changesets(knot_zone_t *zone,
 	/*
 	 * Select and delete empty nodes.
 	 */
-	ret = xfrin_remove_empty_nodes(contents_copy, &changes);
+	ret = xfrin_remove_empty_nodes(contents_copy, changes);
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		dbg_xfrin("Failed to remove empty nodes: %s\n",
 		          knot_strerror(ret));
-		xfrin_rollback_update2(old_contents, contents_copy, &changes);
+		xfrin_rollback_update(old_contents, &contents_copy, &changes);
 		return ret;
 	}
 
@@ -3107,7 +3163,7 @@ int xfrin_apply_changesets(knot_zone_t *zone,
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		dbg_xfrin("Failed to finalize zone contents: %s\n",
 		          knot_strerror(ret));
-		xfrin_rollback_update2(old_contents, contents_copy, &changes);
+		xfrin_rollback_update(old_contents, &contents_copy, &changes);
 		return ret;
 	}
 	assert(knot_zone_contents_apex(contents_copy) != NULL);
@@ -3116,30 +3172,50 @@ int xfrin_apply_changesets(knot_zone_t *zone,
 	ret = knot_zone_contents_check_loops(contents_copy);
 	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
 		dbg_xfrin("CNAME loop check failed: %s\n", knot_strerror(ret));
-		xfrin_rollback_update2(old_contents, contents_copy, &changes);
+		xfrin_rollback_update(old_contents, &contents_copy, &changes);
 		return ret;
 	}
 
+	//xfrin_cleanup_update(&changes);
+	chsets->changes = changes;
+	*new_contents = contents_copy;
+
+	return KNOT_EOK;
+}
+
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+int xfrin_switch_zone(knot_zone_t *zone,
+                      knot_zone_contents_t *new_contents,
+                      int transfer_type)
+{
+	if (zone == NULL || new_contents == NULL) {
+		return KNOT_EBADARG;
+	}
+
 	dbg_xfrin("Switching zone contents.\n");
-	dbg_xfrin_verb("Old contents apex: %p, new apex: %p\n",
-	               old_contents->apex, contents_copy->apex);
+	dbg_xfrin_verb("Old contents: %p, apex: %p, new apex: %p\n",
+	               zone->contents, (zone->contents)
+	               ? zone->contents->apex : NULL, new_contents->apex);
+
 	knot_zone_contents_t *old =
-		knot_zone_switch_contents(zone, contents_copy);
-	assert(old == old_contents);
+		knot_zone_switch_contents(zone, new_contents);
 
-	dbg_xfrin_verb("Old contents apex: %p, new apex: %p\n",
-	               old_contents->apex, contents_copy->apex);
-	/*
-	 * Wait until all readers finish reading
-	 */
+	dbg_xfrin_verb("Old contents: %p, apex: %p, new apex: %p\n",
+	               old, (old) ? old->apex : NULL, new_contents->apex);
+
+	// wait for readers to finish
+	dbg_xfrin_verb("Waiting for readers to finish...\n");
 	synchronize_rcu();
+	// destroy the old zone
+	dbg_xfrin_verb("Freeing old zone: %p\n", old);
 
-	/*
-	 * Delete all old and unused data.
-	 */
-	dbg_xfrin("Cleaning up.\n");
-	xfrin_zone_contents_free(&old_contents);
-	xfrin_cleanup_update(&changes);
+	if (transfer_type == XFR_TYPE_AIN) {
+		knot_zone_contents_deep_free(&old, 0);
+	} else {
+		assert(old != NULL);
+		xfrin_zone_contents_free(&old);
+	}
 
 	return KNOT_EOK;
 }
diff --git a/src/libknot/updates/xfr-in.h b/src/libknot/updates/xfr-in.h
index 233527b..b009152 100644
--- a/src/libknot/updates/xfr-in.h
+++ b/src/libknot/updates/xfr-in.h
@@ -182,7 +182,21 @@ int xfrin_apply_changesets_to_zone(knot_zone_t *zone,
                                    knot_changesets_t *chsets);
 
 int xfrin_apply_changesets(knot_zone_t *zone,
-                           knot_changesets_t *chsets);
+                           knot_changesets_t *chsets,
+                           knot_zone_contents_t **new_contents);
+
+int xfrin_switch_zone(knot_zone_t *zone,
+                      knot_zone_contents_t *new_contents,
+                      int deep_free);
+
+//void xfrin_cleanup_failed_update(knot_zone_contents_t *old_contents,
+//                                 knot_zone_contents_t **new_contents);
+
+void xfrin_cleanup_successful_update(knot_changes_t **changes);
+
+void xfrin_rollback_update(knot_zone_contents_t *old_contents,
+                           knot_zone_contents_t **new_contents,
+                           knot_changes_t **changes);
 
 #endif /* _KNOTXFR_IN_H_ */
 
diff --git a/src/libknot/util/debug.c b/src/libknot/util/debug.c
index 78cd4a4..f14c3cd 100644
--- a/src/libknot/util/debug.c
+++ b/src/libknot/util/debug.c
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 
 #include "util/utils.h"
 #include "util/debug.h"
-#include "libknot.h"
 #include "common/print.h"
 
 void knot_rdata_dump(knot_rdata_t *rdata, uint32_t type, char loaded_zone)
diff --git a/src/libknot/util/debug.h b/src/libknot/util/debug.h
index a7eb86a..e02f988 100644
--- a/src/libknot/util/debug.h
+++ b/src/libknot/util/debug.h
@@ -34,6 +34,43 @@
 
 #include "config.h" /* autoconf generated */
 
+/*
+ * Debug macros
+ */
+#ifdef KNOT_ZONES_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_ZONE_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_ZONEDB_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_NODE_DEBUG
+#endif
+
+#ifdef KNOT_NS_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_EDNS_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_NSEC3_DEBUG
+#endif
+
+/* define KNOT_PACKET_DEBUG -- in configure.ac */
+#ifdef KNOT_PACKET_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_RESPONSE_DEBUG
+#endif
+
+#ifdef KNOT_RR_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_RRSET_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_RDATA_DEBUG
+#endif
+
+#ifdef KNOT_HASH_DEBUG
+  #define CUCKOO_DEBUG
+  #define CUCKOO_DEBUG_HASH
+#endif
+
+#ifdef KNOT_XFR_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_XFRIN_DEBUG
+  #define KNOT_TSIG_DEBUG
+#endif
+
+/* KNOT_DNAME_DEBUG -- in configure.ac */
+/* #define KNOT_DDNS_DEBUG -- \todo Use this or delete. */
+
 #include "rdata.h"
 #include "rrset.h"
 #include "zone/node.h"
@@ -41,27 +78,6 @@
 #include "util/utils.h"
 #include "common/print.h"
 
-/*
- * Debug macros
- */
-/*! \todo Set these during configure. */
-//#define KNOT_ZONE_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_RESPONSE_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_ZONEDB_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_DNAME_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_NODE_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_PACKET_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_EDNS_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_RRSET_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_RDATA_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_NSEC3_DEBUG
-//#define CUCKOO_DEBUG
-//#define CUCKOO_DEBUG_HASH
-//#define KNOT_NS_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_XFRIN_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_DDNS_DEBUG
-//#define KNOT_TSIG_DEBUG
-
 /*!
  * \brief Dumps RDATA of the given type.
  *
@@ -541,37 +557,46 @@ void knot_zone_contents_dump(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, char loaded_zone);
 #ifdef DEBUG_ENABLE_BRIEF
 #define dbg_ck(msg...) fprintf(stderr, msg)
 #define dbg_ck_hex(data, len)  hex_print((data), (len))
+#define dbg_ck_exec(cmds) do { cmds } while (0)
 #else
 #define dbg_ck(msg...)
 #define dbg_ck_hex(data, len)
+#define dbg_ck_exec(cmds)
 #endif
 
 /* Verbose messages. */
 #ifdef DEBUG_ENABLE_VERBOSE
 #define dbg_ck_verb(msg...) fprintf(stderr, msg)
 #define dbg_ck_hex_verb(data, len)  hex_print((data), (len))
+#define dbg_ck_exec_verb(cmds) do { cmds } while (0)
 #else
 #define dbg_ck_verb(msg...)
 #define dbg_ck_hex_verb(data, len)
+#define dbg_ck_exec_verb(cmds)
 #endif
 
 /* Detail messages. */
 #ifdef DEBUG_ENABLE_DETAILS
 #define dbg_ck_detail(msg...) fprintf(stderr, msg)
 #define dbg_ck_hex_detail(data, len)  hex_print((data), (len))
+#define dbg_ck_exec_detail(cmds) do { cmds } while (0)
 #else
 #define dbg_ck_detail(msg...)
 #define dbg_ck_hex_detail(data, len)
+#define dbg_ck_exec_detail(cmds)
 #endif
 
 /* No messages. */
 #else
 #define dbg_ck(msg...)
 #define dbg_ck_hex(data, len)
+#define dbg_ck_exec(cmds)
 #define dbg_ck_verb(msg...)
 #define dbg_ck_hex_verb(data, len)
+#define dbg_ck_exec_verb(cmds)
 #define dbg_ck_detail(msg...)
 #define dbg_ck_hex_detail(data, len)
+#define dbg_ck_exec_detail(cmds)
 #endif
 
 /******************************************************************************/
diff --git a/src/libknot/util/libknot_error.c b/src/libknot/util/libknot_error.c
index d922afb..a5a9de0 100644
--- a/src/libknot/util/libknot_error.c
+++ b/src/libknot/util/libknot_error.c
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
  */
 
 #include "util/error.h"
-#include "util/utils.h"
-
 #include "common/errors.h"
 
 const error_table_t knot_error_msgs[KNOT_ERROR_COUNT] = {
diff --git a/src/libknot/util/utils.h b/src/libknot/util/utils.h
index ba7a6d2..fd275b3 100644
--- a/src/libknot/util/utils.h
+++ b/src/libknot/util/utils.h
@@ -123,8 +123,9 @@ static inline uint32_t knot_wire_read_u32(const uint8_t *pos)
  */
 static inline uint64_t knot_wire_read_u48(const uint8_t *pos)
 {
-	return ((uint64_t)(pos[0]) << 40) | ((uint64_t)(pos[1]) << 32) | (pos[2] << 24) |
-	        (pos[3] << 16) | (pos[4] << 8) | pos[5];
+	return ((uint64_t)(pos[0]) << 40) | ((uint64_t)(pos[1]) << 32)
+	        | ((uint64_t)(pos[2]) << 24) | ((uint64_t)(pos[3]) << 16)
+	        | ((uint64_t)(pos[4]) << 8) | (uint64_t)pos[5];
 }
 
 /*!
diff --git a/src/libknot/zone/node.h b/src/libknot/zone/node.h
index 583f248..11cd0ce 100644
--- a/src/libknot/zone/node.h
+++ b/src/libknot/zone/node.h
@@ -50,8 +50,6 @@ struct knot_node {
 	/*! \brief Type-ordered list of RRSets belonging to this node. */
 	general_tree_t *rrset_tree;
 
-	unsigned short rrset_count; /*!< Number of RRSets stored in the node. */
-
 	/*! \brief Wildcard node being the direct descendant of this node. */
 	struct knot_node *wildcard_child;
 
@@ -76,21 +74,14 @@ struct knot_node {
 
 	struct knot_node *nsec3_referer;
 
-	/*!
-	 * \brief Various flags.
-	 *
-	 * Currently only two:
-	 *   0x01 - node is a delegation point
-	 *   0x02 - node is non-authoritative (under a delegation point)
-	 *   0x80 - node is old and will be removed (during update)
-	 *   0x40 - node is new, should not be used while zone is old
-	 */
-	uint8_t flags;
+	struct knot_zone *zone;
 
 	struct knot_node *new_node;
 	
 	unsigned int children;
-	
+
+	unsigned short rrset_count; /*!< Number of RRSets stored in the node. */
+
 	/*!
 	 * \brief Generation of node to be used.
 	 *
@@ -100,7 +91,16 @@ struct knot_node {
 	 */
 //	short **generation;
 
-	struct knot_zone *zone;
+	/*!
+	 * \brief Various flags.
+	 *
+	 * Currently only two:
+	 *   0x01 - node is a delegation point
+	 *   0x02 - node is non-authoritative (under a delegation point)
+	 *   0x80 - node is old and will be removed (during update)
+	 *   0x40 - node is new, should not be used while zone is old
+	 */
+	uint8_t flags;
 };
 
 typedef struct knot_node knot_node_t;
diff --git a/src/libknot/zone/zone-contents.c b/src/libknot/zone/zone-contents.c
index 8a74e23..3764acc 100644
--- a/src/libknot/zone/zone-contents.c
+++ b/src/libknot/zone/zone-contents.c
@@ -261,21 +261,21 @@ static int knot_zone_contents_dnames_from_node_to_table(
  * \param zone Current zone.
  * \param node Node to be used.
  */
-static void find_and_set_wildcard_child(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
-				 knot_node_t *node)
-{
-	knot_dname_t *chopped = knot_dname_left_chop(node->owner);
-	assert(chopped);
-	knot_node_t *wildcard_parent;
-	wildcard_parent =
-		knot_zone_contents_get_node(zone, chopped);
+//static void find_and_set_wildcard_child(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
+//				 knot_node_t *node)
+//{
+//	knot_dname_t *chopped = knot_dname_left_chop(node->owner);
+//	assert(chopped);
+//	knot_node_t *wildcard_parent;
+//	wildcard_parent =
+//		knot_zone_contents_get_node(zone, chopped);
 
-	knot_dname_free(&chopped);
+//	knot_dname_free(&chopped);
 
-	assert(wildcard_parent); /* it *has* to be there */
+//	assert(wildcard_parent); /* it *has* to be there */
 
-	knot_node_set_wildcard_child(wildcard_parent, node);
-}
+//	knot_node_set_wildcard_child(wildcard_parent, node);
+//}
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 /*!
@@ -294,54 +294,54 @@ static void find_and_set_wildcard_child(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
  * \param zone Zone to which the RDATA belongs.
  * \param pos Position of the RDATA item in the RDATA.
  */
-static void knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_item(knot_rdata_t *rdata,
-                                          knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
-                                          knot_node_t *node,
-                                          int pos)
-{
-	return;
-	const knot_rdata_item_t *dname_item
-			= knot_rdata_item(rdata, pos);
+//static void knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_item(knot_rdata_t *rdata,
+//                                          knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
+//                                          knot_node_t *node,
+//                                          int pos)
+//{
+//	return;
+//	const knot_rdata_item_t *dname_item
+//			= knot_rdata_item(rdata, pos);
 
-	assert(dname_item);
+//	assert(dname_item);
 
-	if (dname_item != NULL) {
-		knot_dname_t *dname = dname_item->dname;
-		const knot_node_t *n = NULL;
-		const knot_node_t *closest_encloser = NULL;
-		const knot_node_t *prev = NULL;
+//	if (dname_item != NULL) {
+//		knot_dname_t *dname = dname_item->dname;
+//		const knot_node_t *n = NULL;
+//		const knot_node_t *closest_encloser = NULL;
+//		const knot_node_t *prev = NULL;
 
-		if (knot_dname_is_wildcard(dname)) {
-			find_and_set_wildcard_child(zone, node);
-		}
+//		if (knot_dname_is_wildcard(dname)) {
+//			find_and_set_wildcard_child(zone, node);
+//		}
 
-		int ret = knot_zone_contents_find_dname(zone, dname, &n,
-		                                      &closest_encloser, &prev);
+//		int ret = knot_zone_contents_find_dname(zone, dname, &n,
+//		                                      &closest_encloser, &prev);
 
-		//		n = knot_zone_find_node(zone, dname);
+//		//		n = knot_zone_find_node(zone, dname);
 
-		if (ret == KNOT_EBADARG || ret == KNOT_EBADZONE) {
-			// TODO: do some cleanup if needed
-			return;
-		}
+//		if (ret == KNOT_EBADARG || ret == KNOT_EBADZONE) {
+//			// TODO: do some cleanup if needed
+//			return;
+//		}
 
-		assert(ret != KNOT_ZONE_NAME_FOUND
-		       || n == closest_encloser);
-
-		if (ret != KNOT_ZONE_NAME_FOUND
-		                && (closest_encloser != NULL)) {
-			dbg_zone("Saving closest encloser to RDATA.\n");
-			// save pointer to the closest encloser
-			knot_rdata_item_t *item =
-					knot_rdata_get_item(rdata, pos);
-			assert(item->dname != NULL);
-			assert(item->dname->node == NULL);
-			//skip_insert(list, (void *)item->dname,
-			//	    (void *)closest_encloser->owner, NULL);
-			item->dname->node = closest_encloser->owner->node;
-		}
-	}
-}
+//		assert(ret != KNOT_ZONE_NAME_FOUND
+//		       || n == closest_encloser);
+
+//		if (ret != KNOT_ZONE_NAME_FOUND
+//		                && (closest_encloser != NULL)) {
+//			dbg_zone("Saving closest encloser to RDATA.\n");
+//			// save pointer to the closest encloser
+//			knot_rdata_item_t *item =
+//					knot_rdata_get_item(rdata, pos);
+//			assert(item->dname != NULL);
+//			assert(item->dname->node == NULL);
+//			//skip_insert(list, (void *)item->dname,
+//			//	    (void *)closest_encloser->owner, NULL);
+//			item->dname->node = closest_encloser->owner->node;
+//		}
+//	}
+//}
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 /*!
@@ -355,65 +355,65 @@ static void knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_item(knot_rdata_t *rdata,
  * \param rrset RRSet to adjust RDATA in.
  * \param zone Zone to which the RRSet belongs.
  */
-static void knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_in_rrset(knot_rrset_t *rrset,
-                                                   knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
-                                                   knot_node_t *node)
-{
-	uint16_t type = knot_rrset_type(rrset);
+//static void knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_in_rrset(knot_rrset_t *rrset,
+//                                                   knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
+//                                                   knot_node_t *node)
+//{
+//	uint16_t type = knot_rrset_type(rrset);
 
-	knot_rrtype_descriptor_t *desc =
-		knot_rrtype_descriptor_by_type(type);
-	assert(desc);
+//	knot_rrtype_descriptor_t *desc =
+//		knot_rrtype_descriptor_by_type(type);
+//	assert(desc);
 
-	knot_rdata_t *rdata_first = knot_rrset_get_rdata(rrset);
-	knot_rdata_t *rdata = rdata_first;
+//	knot_rdata_t *rdata_first = knot_rrset_get_rdata(rrset);
+//	knot_rdata_t *rdata = rdata_first;
 
-	if (rdata == NULL) {
-		return;
-	}
+//	if (rdata == NULL) {
+//		return;
+//	}
 
-	while (rdata->next != rdata_first) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < rdata->count; ++i) {
-			if (desc->wireformat[i]
-			    == KNOT_RDATA_WF_COMPRESSED_DNAME
-			    || desc->wireformat[i]
-			       == KNOT_RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME
-			    || desc->wireformat[i]
-			       == KNOT_RDATA_WF_LITERAL_DNAME) {
-				dbg_zone("Adjusting domain name at "
-				  "position %d of RDATA of record with owner "
-				  "%s and type %s.\n",
-				  i, rrset->owner->name,
-				  knot_rrtype_to_string(type));
-
-				knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_item(rdata,
-				                                       zone,
-				                                       node,
-				                                       i);
-			}
-		}
-		rdata = rdata->next;
-	}
+//	while (rdata->next != rdata_first) {
+//		for (int i = 0; i < rdata->count; ++i) {
+//			if (desc->wireformat[i]
+//			    == KNOT_RDATA_WF_COMPRESSED_DNAME
+//			    || desc->wireformat[i]
+//			       == KNOT_RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME
+//			    || desc->wireformat[i]
+//			       == KNOT_RDATA_WF_LITERAL_DNAME) {
+//				dbg_zone("Adjusting domain name at "
+//				  "position %d of RDATA of record with owner "
+//				  "%s and type %s.\n",
+//				  i, rrset->owner->name,
+//				  knot_rrtype_to_string(type));
+
+//				knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_item(rdata,
+//				                                       zone,
+//				                                       node,
+//				                                       i);
+//			}
+//		}
+//		rdata = rdata->next;
+//	}
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < rdata->count; ++i) {
-		if (desc->wireformat[i]
-		    == KNOT_RDATA_WF_COMPRESSED_DNAME
-		    || desc->wireformat[i]
-		       == KNOT_RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME
-		    || desc->wireformat[i]
-		       == KNOT_RDATA_WF_LITERAL_DNAME) {
-			dbg_zone("Adjusting domain name at "
-			  "position %d of RDATA of record with owner "
-			  "%s and type %s.\n",
-			  i, rrset->owner->name,
-			  knot_rrtype_to_string(type));
-
-			knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_item(rdata, zone,
-			                                       node, i);
-		}
-	}
+//	for (int i = 0; i < rdata->count; ++i) {
+//		if (desc->wireformat[i]
+//		    == KNOT_RDATA_WF_COMPRESSED_DNAME
+//		    || desc->wireformat[i]
+//		       == KNOT_RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME
+//		    || desc->wireformat[i]
+//		       == KNOT_RDATA_WF_LITERAL_DNAME) {
+//			dbg_zone("Adjusting domain name at "
+//			  "position %d of RDATA of record with owner "
+//			  "%s and type %s.\n",
+//			  i, rrset->owner->name,
+//			  knot_rrtype_to_string(type));
+
+//			knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_item(rdata, zone,
+//			                                       node, i);
+//		}
+//	}
 
-}
+//}
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 /*!
@@ -426,31 +426,31 @@ static void knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_in_rrset(knot_rrset_t *rrset,
  * \param node Zone node to adjust the RRSets in.
  * \param zone Zone to which the node belongs.
  */
-static void knot_zone_contents_adjust_rrsets(knot_node_t *node,
-                                               knot_zone_contents_t *zone)
-{
-	//return;
-	knot_rrset_t **rrsets = knot_node_get_rrsets(node);
-	short count = knot_node_rrset_count(node);
-
-	assert(count == 0 || rrsets != NULL);
-
-	for (int r = 0; r < count; ++r) {
-		assert(rrsets[r] != NULL);
-		dbg_zone("Adjusting next RRSet.\n");
-		knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_in_rrset(rrsets[r], zone,
-		                                           node);
-		knot_rrset_t *rrsigs = rrsets[r]->rrsigs;
-		if (rrsigs != NULL) {
-			dbg_zone("Adjusting next RRSIGs.\n");
-			knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_in_rrset(rrsigs,
-			                                           zone,
-			                                           node);
-		}
-	}
+//static void knot_zone_contents_adjust_rrsets(knot_node_t *node,
+//                                               knot_zone_contents_t *zone)
+//{
+//	//return;
+//	knot_rrset_t **rrsets = knot_node_get_rrsets(node);
+//	short count = knot_node_rrset_count(node);
+
+//	assert(count == 0 || rrsets != NULL);
+
+//	for (int r = 0; r < count; ++r) {
+//		assert(rrsets[r] != NULL);
+//		dbg_zone("Adjusting next RRSet.\n");
+//		knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_in_rrset(rrsets[r], zone,
+//		                                           node);
+//		knot_rrset_t *rrsigs = rrsets[r]->rrsigs;
+//		if (rrsigs != NULL) {
+//			dbg_zone("Adjusting next RRSIGs.\n");
+//			knot_zone_contents_adjust_rdata_in_rrset(rrsigs,
+//			                                           zone,
+//			                                           node);
+//		}
+//	}
 
-	free(rrsets);
-}
+//	free(rrsets);
+//}
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 /*!
@@ -480,7 +480,12 @@ dbg_zone_exec(
 );
 
 	// adjust domain names in RDATA
-	knot_zone_contents_adjust_rrsets(node, zone);
+	/*!
+	 * \note This is unnecessary, as the code in adjust_rdata_item() is not
+	 *       reachable anyway. However, it's not clear why we disabled the
+	 *       code, so this would need further investigation.
+	 */
+	//knot_zone_contents_adjust_rrsets(node, zone);
 
 dbg_zone_exec(
 	if (knot_node_parent(node)) {
@@ -1294,7 +1299,7 @@ int knot_zone_contents_add_node(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 				 knot_zone_contents_dnames_from_node_to_table(
 					zone->dname_table, next_node);
 				if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
-					/*! \todo Will next_node leak? */
+					knot_node_free(&next_node, 0);
 					knot_dname_release(chopped);
 					return ret;
 				}
@@ -1594,7 +1599,10 @@ int knot_zone_contents_add_nsec3_node(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 
 	// how to know if this is successfull??
 //	TREE_INSERT(zone->nsec3_nodes, knot_node, avl, node);
-	knot_zone_tree_insert(zone->nsec3_nodes, node);
+	ret = knot_zone_tree_insert(zone->nsec3_nodes, node);
+	if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+		return ret;
+	}
 
 	if (use_domain_table) {
 		ret = knot_zone_contents_dnames_from_node_to_table(
@@ -2228,45 +2236,51 @@ int knot_zone_contents_adjust(knot_zone_contents_t *zone)
 	adjust_arg.err = KNOT_EOK;
 //	adjust_arg.check_ver = check_ver;
 
-	dbg_zone("Adjusting normal nodes.\n");
-	int ret = knot_zone_tree_forward_apply_inorder(zone->nodes,
-	                        knot_zone_contents_adjust_node_in_tree,
+	/*
+	 * Adjust the NSEC3 nodes first.
+	 * There are independent on the normal nodes, but the normal nodes are
+	 * dependent on them.
+	 */
+
+	dbg_zone("Adjusting NSEC3 nodes.\n");
+	int ret = knot_zone_tree_forward_apply_inorder(
+	              zone->nsec3_nodes,
+	              knot_zone_contents_adjust_nsec3_node_in_tree,
 	                        &adjust_arg);
 	assert(ret == KNOT_EOK);
 
 	if (adjust_arg.err != KNOT_EOK) {
-		dbg_zone("Failed to adjust normal nodes: %s\n",
+		dbg_zone("Failed to adjust NSEC3 nodes: %s\n",
 		         knot_strerror(adjust_arg.err));
 		return adjust_arg.err;
 	}
 
-	assert(zone->apex == adjust_arg.first_node);
-	knot_node_set_previous(zone->apex, adjust_arg.previous_node);
-
+	// set the last node as previous of the first node
+	if (adjust_arg.first_node) {
+		knot_node_set_previous(adjust_arg.first_node,
+		                         adjust_arg.previous_node);
+	}
 	dbg_zone("Done.\n");
 
 	adjust_arg.first_node = NULL;
 	adjust_arg.previous_node = NULL;
 
-	dbg_zone("Adjusting NSEC3 nodes.\n");
-	ret = knot_zone_tree_forward_apply_inorder(
-	              zone->nsec3_nodes,
-	              knot_zone_contents_adjust_nsec3_node_in_tree,
+	dbg_zone("Adjusting normal nodes.\n");
+	ret = knot_zone_tree_forward_apply_inorder(zone->nodes,
+	                        knot_zone_contents_adjust_node_in_tree,
 	                        &adjust_arg);
 	assert(ret == KNOT_EOK);
 
 	if (adjust_arg.err != KNOT_EOK) {
-		dbg_zone("Failed to adjust NSEC3 nodes: %s\n",
+		dbg_zone("Failed to adjust normal nodes: %s\n",
 		         knot_strerror(adjust_arg.err));
 		return adjust_arg.err;
 	}
 
+	assert(zone->apex == adjust_arg.first_node);
+	knot_node_set_previous(zone->apex, adjust_arg.previous_node);
+
 	dbg_zone("Done.\n");
-	// set the last node as previous of the first node
-	if (adjust_arg.first_node) {
-		knot_node_set_previous(adjust_arg.first_node,
-		                         adjust_arg.previous_node);
-	}
 
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -2364,7 +2378,8 @@ int knot_zone_contents_load_nsec3param(knot_zone_contents_t *zone)
 	                                            KNOT_RRTYPE_NSEC3PARAM);
 
 	if (rrset != NULL) {
-		knot_nsec3_params_from_wire(&zone->nsec3_params, rrset);
+		int r = knot_nsec3_params_from_wire(&zone->nsec3_params, rrset);
+		assert(r == KNOT_EOK);
 	} else {
 		memset(&zone->nsec3_params, 0, sizeof(knot_nsec3_params_t));
 	}
@@ -3388,7 +3403,7 @@ int knot_zc_integrity_check_child_count(check_data_t *data)
 
 	// add count of NSEC3 nodes to the apex' children count
 //	int nsec3_nodes = 0;
-	dbg_zone(stderr, "Children count of new apex before NSEC3: %d\n",
+	dbg_zone("Children count of new apex before NSEC3: %d\n",
 	         data->contents->apex->new_node->children);
 	knot_zone_tree_forward_apply_inorder(data->contents->nsec3_nodes,
 	                                     count_nsec3_nodes,
diff --git a/src/libknot/zone/zone-contents.h b/src/libknot/zone/zone-contents.h
index 24fbcac..d31bbbb 100644
--- a/src/libknot/zone/zone-contents.h
+++ b/src/libknot/zone/zone-contents.h
@@ -49,14 +49,16 @@ typedef struct knot_zone_contents_t {
 	knot_zone_tree_t *nodes;
 	knot_zone_tree_t *nsec3_nodes;
 
-	/*!
-	 * \todo Unify the use of this field - authoritative nodes vs. all.
-	 */
-	uint node_count;
-
 	knot_dname_table_t *dname_table;
 
+	struct knot_zone *zone;
+
 	knot_nsec3_params_t nsec3_params;
+	
+  /*!
+	 * \todo Unify the use of this field - authoritative nodes vs. all.
+	 */
+	uint node_count;
 
 	/*! \brief Generation of the zone during update.
 	 * 
@@ -67,8 +69,6 @@ typedef struct knot_zone_contents_t {
 	 *        used, no matter their generation.
 	 */
 	short generation;
-
-	struct knot_zone *zone;
 } knot_zone_contents_t;
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
diff --git a/src/libknot/zone/zone-tree.c b/src/libknot/zone/zone-tree.c
index de5df18..2b79f86 100644
--- a/src/libknot/zone/zone-tree.c
+++ b/src/libknot/zone/zone-tree.c
@@ -318,6 +318,24 @@ int knot_zone_tree_get_less_or_equal(knot_zone_tree_t *tree,
 
 	*found = (exact_match > 0) ? f->node : NULL;
 
+dbg_zone_exec_detail(
+		char *name = knot_dname_to_str(owner);
+		char *name_f = (f != NULL)
+			? knot_dname_to_str(knot_node_owner(f->node))
+			: "none";
+
+		dbg_zone_detail("Searched for owner %s in zone tree.\n",
+				name);
+		dbg_zone_detail("Exact match: %d\n", exact_match);
+		dbg_zone_detail("Found node: %p: %s.\n", f, name_f);
+		dbg_zone_detail("Previous node: %p.\n", prev);
+
+		free(name);
+		if (f != NULL) {
+			free(name_f);
+		}
+);
+
 	if (exact_match < 0) {
 		// previous is not really previous but should be the leftmost
 		// node in the tree; take it's previous
@@ -325,18 +343,6 @@ int knot_zone_tree_get_less_or_equal(knot_zone_tree_t *tree,
 		*previous = knot_node_get_previous(prev->node);
 		exact_match = 0;
 	} else if (prev == NULL) {
-		if (!exact_match) {
-			printf("Searched for owner %s in zone tree.\n",
-			       knot_dname_to_str(owner));
-			printf("Exact match: %d\n", exact_match);
-			printf("Found node: %p: %s.\n", f, (f)
-			    ? knot_dname_to_str(knot_node_owner(f->node))
-			    : "none");
-			printf("Previous node: %p: %s.\n", prev, (prev)
-			       ? knot_dname_to_str(knot_node_owner(prev->node))
-			       : "none");
-		}
-
 		// either the returned node is the root of the tree, or
 		// it is the leftmost node in the tree; in both cases
 		// node was found set the previous node of the found
diff --git a/src/libknot/zone/zone.c b/src/libknot/zone/zone.c
index 9de1a53..122b014 100644
--- a/src/libknot/zone/zone.c
+++ b/src/libknot/zone/zone.c
@@ -25,14 +25,11 @@
 #include "zone/zone.h"
 #include "zone/node.h"
 #include "dname.h"
-#include "consts.h"
 #include "util/descriptor.h"
 #include "nsec3.h"
 #include "util/error.h"
 #include "util/debug.h"
 #include "util/utils.h"
-#include "common/tree.h"
-#include "common/base32hex.h"
 #include "hash/cuckoo-hash-table.h"
 #include "zone/zone-contents.h"
 
diff --git a/src/libknot/zone/zonedb.c b/src/libknot/zone/zonedb.c
index 7b445dd..a9b6545 100644
--- a/src/libknot/zone/zonedb.c
+++ b/src/libknot/zone/zonedb.c
@@ -294,16 +294,22 @@ knot_zonedb_t *knot_zonedb_copy(const knot_zonedb_t *db)
 	return db_new;
 }
 
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
 size_t knot_zonedb_zone_count(const knot_zonedb_t *db)
 {
 	return db->zone_count;
 }
 
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
 struct knot_zone_db_tree_arg {
 	const knot_zone_t **zones;
 	size_t count;
 };
 
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
 static void save_zone_to_array(void *node, void *data)
 {
 	knot_zone_t *zone = (knot_zone_t *)node;
@@ -313,15 +319,16 @@ static void save_zone_to_array(void *node, void *data)
 	args->zones[args->count++] = zone;
 }
 
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
 const knot_zone_t **knot_zonedb_zones(const knot_zonedb_t *db)
 {
 	struct knot_zone_db_tree_arg args;
-	args.zones = malloc(sizeof(knot_zone_t) * db->zone_count);
+	args.zones = malloc(sizeof(knot_zone_t *) * db->zone_count);
 	args.count = 0;
 	CHECK_ALLOC_LOG(args.zones, NULL);
 
-	gen_tree_apply_inorder(db->zone_tree, save_zone_to_array,
-	                       &args);
+	gen_tree_apply_inorder(db->zone_tree, save_zone_to_array, &args);
 	assert(db->zone_count == args.count);
 
 	return args.zones;
diff --git a/src/tests/common/acl_tests.c b/src/tests/common/acl_tests.c
index a7613e7..ea7b653 100644
--- a/src/tests/common/acl_tests.c
+++ b/src/tests/common/acl_tests.c
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ unit_api acl_tests_api = {
 
 static int acl_tests_count(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	return 13;
+	return 18;
 }
 
 static int acl_tests_run(int argc, char *argv[])
@@ -54,17 +54,17 @@ static int acl_tests_run(int argc, char *argv[])
 	ok(ret > 0, "acl: new IPv6 address");
 
 	// 4. Create simple IPv4 rule
-	ret = acl_create(acl, &test_v4, ACL_ACCEPT, 0);
+	ret = acl_create(acl, &test_v4, ACL_ACCEPT, 0, 0);
 	ok(ret == ACL_ACCEPT, "acl: inserted IPv4 rule");
 
 	// 5. Create simple IPv6 rule
-	ret = acl_create(acl, &test_v6, ACL_ACCEPT, 0);
+	ret = acl_create(acl, &test_v6, ACL_ACCEPT, 0, 0);
 	ok(ret == ACL_ACCEPT, "acl: inserted IPv6 rule");
 
 	// 6. Create simple IPv4 'any port' rule
 	sockaddr_t test_v4a;
 	sockaddr_set(&test_v4a, AF_INET, "20.20.20.20", 0);
-	ret = acl_create(acl, &test_v4a, ACL_ACCEPT, 0);
+	ret = acl_create(acl, &test_v4a, ACL_ACCEPT, 0, 0);
 	ok(ret == ACL_ACCEPT, "acl: inserted IPv4 'any port' rule");
 
 	// 7. Attempt to match unmatching address
@@ -94,19 +94,60 @@ static int acl_tests_run(int argc, char *argv[])
 	ok(ret == ACL_ACCEPT, "acl: matching existing IPv4 'any port' address");
 
 	// 12. Attempt to match matching address without matching port
+	skip(1, 1) {
 	sockaddr_set(&unmatch_v4, AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", 54321);
 	ret = acl_match(acl, &unmatch_v4, 0);
 	ok(ret == ACL_DENY, "acl: matching address without matching port");
+	} endskip;
 
 	// 13. Invalid parameters
 	lives_ok({
 		acl_delete(0);
-		acl_create(0, 0, ACL_ERROR, 0);
+		acl_create(0, 0, ACL_ERROR, 0, 0);
 		acl_match(0, 0, 0);
 		acl_truncate(0);
 		acl_name(0);
 	}, "acl: won't crash with NULL parameters");
 
+	// 14. Attempt to match subnet
+	sockaddr_t match_pf4, test_pf4;
+	sockaddr_set(&match_pf4, AF_INET, "192.168.1.0", 0);
+	sockaddr_setprefix(&match_pf4, 24);
+	acl_create(acl, &match_pf4, ACL_ACCEPT, 0, 0);
+	sockaddr_set(&test_pf4, AF_INET, "192.168.1.20", 0);
+	ret = acl_match(acl, &test_pf4, 0);
+	ok(ret == ACL_ACCEPT, "acl: searching address in matching prefix /24");
+	
+	// 15. Attempt to search non-matching subnet
+	sockaddr_set(&test_pf4, AF_INET, "192.168.2.20", 0);
+	ret = acl_match(acl, &test_pf4, 0);
+	ok(ret == ACL_DENY, "acl: searching address in non-matching prefix /24");
+	
+	// 16. Attempt to match v6 subnet
+	sockaddr_t match_pf6, test_pf6;
+	sockaddr_set(&match_pf6, AF_INET6, "2001:0DB8:0400:000e:0:0:0:AB00", 0);
+	sockaddr_setprefix(&match_pf6, 120);
+	acl_create(acl, &match_pf6, ACL_ACCEPT, 0, 0);
+	sockaddr_set(&test_pf6, AF_INET6, "2001:0DB8:0400:000e:0:0:0:AB03", 0);
+	ret = acl_match(acl, &test_pf6, 0);
+	ok(ret == ACL_ACCEPT, "acl: searching v6 address in matching prefix /120");
+	
+	// 17. Attempt to search non-matching subnet
+	sockaddr_set(&test_pf6, AF_INET6, "2001:0DB8:0400:000e:0:0:0:CCCC", 0);
+	ret = acl_match(acl, &test_pf6, 0);
+	ok(ret == ACL_DENY, "acl: searching v6 address in non-matching prefix /120");
+	
+	// 18. Add preferred node
+	sockaddr_set(&test_pf4, AF_INET, "192.168.1.20", 0);
+	void *sval = (void*)0x1234;
+	acl_create(acl, &match_pf4, ACL_ACCEPT, sval, ACL_PREFER);
+	acl_create(acl, &match_pf4, ACL_ACCEPT, 0, 0); /* Make decoy. */
+	acl_key_t *rval = NULL;
+	ret = acl_match(acl, &test_pf4, &rval);
+	ok(rval->val == sval, "acl: search for preferred node");
+
+	acl_delete(&acl);
+	
 	// Return
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/tests/knot/journal_tests.c b/src/tests/knot/journal_tests.c
index 21c92fe..420300e 100644
--- a/src/tests/knot/journal_tests.c
+++ b/src/tests/knot/journal_tests.c
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ unit_api journal_tests_api = {
 /*
  *  Unit implementation.
  */
-static const int JOURNAL_TEST_COUNT = 11;
+static const int JOURNAL_TEST_COUNT = 12;
 
 /*! \brief Generate random string with given length. */
 static int randstr(char* dst, size_t len)
@@ -83,8 +83,11 @@ static int journal_tests_run(int argc, char *argv[])
 	ok(ret == KNOTD_EOK, "journal: create journal '%s'", jfilename);
 
 	/* Test 3: Open journal. */
-	journal_t *j = journal_open(jfilename, fsize, 0);
-	ok(j != 0, "journal: open");
+	journal_t *journal = journal_open(jfilename, fsize, JOURNAL_LAZY, 0);
+	ok(journal != 0, "journal: open");
+	
+	/* Retain journal. */
+	journal_t *j = journal_retain(journal);
 
 	/* Test 4: Write entry to log. */
 	const char *sample = "deadbeef";
@@ -124,17 +127,25 @@ static int journal_tests_run(int argc, char *argv[])
 	ok(ret == 0, "journal: read data integrity check 3 '%s'", _walkbuf);
 	_wbi = 0;
 	
+	/* Test 9: Attempt to retain and release. */
+	journal_t *tmp = journal_retain(j);
+	ok(tmp == j, "journal: tested journal retaining");
+	journal_release(tmp);
+	
+	/* Release journal. */
+	journal_release(j);
+	
 	/* Close journal. */
-	journal_close(j);
+	journal_close(journal);
 	
-	/* Recreate journal. */
+	/* Recreate journal = NORMAL mode. */
 	remove(jfilename);
 	fsize = 8092;
 	jsize = 512;
 	ret = journal_create(jfilename, jsize);
-	j = journal_open(jfilename, fsize, 0);
+	j = journal_open(jfilename, fsize, 0, 0);
 	
-	/* Test 9: Write random data. */
+	/* Test 10: Write random data. */
 	int chk_key = 0;
 	char chk_buf[64] = {'\0'};
 	ret = 0;
@@ -155,16 +166,16 @@ static int journal_tests_run(int argc, char *argv[])
 	}
 	ok(ret == 0, "journal: sustained looped writes");
 
-	/* Test 10: Check data integrity. */
+	/* Test 11: Check data integrity. */
 	memset(tmpbuf, 0, sizeof(tmpbuf));
 	journal_read(j, chk_key, 0, tmpbuf);
 	ret = strncmp(chk_buf, tmpbuf, sizeof(chk_buf));
 	ok(ret == 0, "journal: read data integrity check");
 
-	/* Test 11: Reopen log and re-read value. */
+	/* Test 12: Reopen log and re-read value. */
 	memset(tmpbuf, 0, sizeof(tmpbuf));
 	journal_close(j);
-	j = journal_open(jfilename, fsize, 0);
+	j = journal_open(jfilename, fsize, 0, 0);
 	journal_read(j, chk_key, 0, tmpbuf);
 	ret = strncmp(chk_buf, tmpbuf, sizeof(chk_buf));
 	ok(ret == 0, "journal: read data integrity check after close/open");
diff --git a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/node_tests.c b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/node_tests.c
index d6b1e48..10b01fa 100644
--- a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/node_tests.c
+++ b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/node_tests.c
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ struct test_node {
 };
 
 static knot_dname_t test_dnames[TEST_NODES] = {
-	{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3www\7example\3com", 17},
-	{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3www\7example\3com", 17}
+	{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3www\7example\3com", NULL, NULL, 0, 17},
+	{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3www\7example\3com", NULL, NULL, 0, 17}
 };
 
 static struct test_node	test_nodes[TEST_NODES] = {
-	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3com", 4}, (knot_node_t *)NULL},
-	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3www\7example\3com", 17}, (knot_node_t *)NULL}
+	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3com", NULL, NULL, 0, 4}, (knot_node_t *)NULL},
+	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3www\7example\3com", NULL, NULL, 0, 17}, (knot_node_t *)NULL}
 };
 
 static knot_rrset_t rrsets[RRSETS] = {
diff --git a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/rdata_tests.c b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/rdata_tests.c
index 561686a..0c53613 100644
--- a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/rdata_tests.c
+++ b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/rdata_tests.c
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ static uint16_t *RDATA_ITEM_PTR = (uint16_t *)0xDEADBEEF;
 enum { RDATA_ITEMS_COUNT = 7, TEST_RDATA_COUNT = 4 , RDATA_DNAMES_COUNT = 2 };
 
 static knot_dname_t RDATA_DNAMES[RDATA_DNAMES_COUNT] = {
-	{{}, (uint8_t *)"\6abcdef\7example\3com", 20,
-         (uint8_t *)"\x0\x7\xF", 3},
-	{{}, (uint8_t *)"\6abcdef\3foo\3com", 16,
-        (uint8_t *)"\x0\x7\xB", 3}
+	{{}, (uint8_t *)"\6abcdef\7example\3com", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x7\xF",
+         NULL, 0, 20, 3},
+	{{}, (uint8_t *)"\6abcdef\3foo\3com", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x7\xB", NULL, 0,
+         16, 3}
 };
 
 static knot_rdata_item_t TEST_RDATA_ITEMS[RDATA_ITEMS_COUNT] = {
diff --git a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/rrset_tests.c b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/rrset_tests.c
index fa75195..41284df 100644
--- a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/rrset_tests.c
+++ b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/rrset_tests.c
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ enum {
 enum { TEST_DOMAINS_OK = 8 };
 
 static knot_dname_t RR_DNAMES[RR_DNAMES_COUNT] =
-	{ {{}, (uint8_t *)"\7example\3com", 13, NULL}, //0's at the end are added
-	  {{}, (uint8_t *)"\3ns1\7example\3com", 17, NULL},
-	  {{}, (uint8_t *)"\3ns2\7example\3com", 17, NULL} };
+	{ {{}, (uint8_t *)"\7example\3com", NULL, NULL, 0, 13, 0}, //0's at the end are added
+	  {{}, (uint8_t *)"\3ns1\7example\3com", NULL, NULL, 0, 17, 0},
+	  {{}, (uint8_t *)"\3ns2\7example\3com", NULL, NULL, 0, 17, 0} };
 
 /*                         192.168.1.1 */
 static uint8_t address[4] = {0xc0, 0xa8, 0x01, 0x01};
diff --git a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/tsig_tests.c b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/tsig_tests.c
index 31720ec..e0a3d34 100644
--- a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/tsig_tests.c
+++ b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/tsig_tests.c
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ static int test_knot_tsig_sign()
 	int errors = 0;
 	/* Test bad arguments. */
 	int lived = 0;
-	lives_ok_silent({
+	lives_ok({
 		int ret = knot_tsig_sign(NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, 0, NULL,
 		               NULL, NULL, 0, 0);
 		if (ret != KNOT_EBADARG) {
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ static int test_knot_tsig_sign()
 			errors++;
 		}
 		lived = 1;
-	}, NULL);
+	}, "");
 
 	errors += !lived;
 	
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ static int test_knot_tsig_sign_next()
 	int errors = 0;
 	/* Test bad arguments. */
 	int lived = 0;
-	lives_ok_silent({
+	lives_ok({
 		int ret = knot_tsig_sign_next(NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, 0, NULL,
 		               NULL, NULL, NULL, 0); /*! \todo FIX */
 		if (ret != KNOT_EBADARG) {
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ static int test_knot_tsig_sign_next()
 			errors++;
 		}
 		lived = 1;
-	}, NULL);
+	}, "");
 
 	errors += !lived;
 	
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ static int test_knot_tsig_server_check()
 	int errors = 0;
 	/* Test bad arguments. */
 	int lived = 0;
-	lives_ok_silent({
+	lives_ok({
 		int ret = knot_tsig_server_check(NULL, NULL, 0, NULL);
 		if (ret != KNOT_EBADARG) {
 			diag("NULL argument did not return KNOT_EBADARG!");
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ static int test_knot_tsig_server_check()
 			errors++;
 		}
 		lived = 1;
-	}, NULL);
+	}, "");
 		
 	errors += !lived;
 	
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ static int test_knot_tsig_client_check()
 			errors++;
 		}
 		lived = 1;
-	}, NULL);
+	}, "");
 		
 	errors += !lived;
 	
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ static int test_knot_tsig_test_tsig_add()
 			errors++;
 		}
 		lived = 1;
-	}, NULL);
+	}, "");
 	
 	errors += !lived;
 	
diff --git a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/zone_tests.c b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/zone_tests.c
index 192996c..72aae39 100644
--- a/src/tests/libknot/libknot/zone_tests.c
+++ b/src/tests/libknot/libknot/zone_tests.c
@@ -46,27 +46,27 @@ struct zone_test_node {
 };
 
 static struct zone_test_node test_apex =
-{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3com\0", 5, (uint8_t *)"\x0", 1}, (knot_node_t *)NULL};
+{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3com\0", (uint8_t *)"\x0", NULL, 0, 5, 1}, (knot_node_t *)NULL};
 
 static struct zone_test_node test_nodes_bad[TEST_NODES_BAD] = {
-	{{{},(uint8_t *)"\5other\6domain\0", 14, (uint8_t *)"\x0\x6", 2},
+	{{{},(uint8_t *)"\5other\6domain\0", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x6", NULL, 0, 14, 2},
 	 (knot_node_t *)NULL}
 };
 
 static struct zone_test_node test_nodes_good[TEST_NODES_GOOD] = {
-	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\7example\3com\0", 13, (uint8_t *)"\x0\x8", 2},
+	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\7example\3com\0", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x8", NULL, 0, 13, 2},
 	 (knot_node_t *)NULL},
-	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3www\7example\3com\0", 17, (uint8_t *)"\x0\x4\xC", 3},
+	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3www\7example\3com\0", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x4\xC", NULL, 0, 17, 3},
 	 (knot_node_t *)NULL},
-	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\7another\6domain\3com\0", 20, (uint8_t *)"\x0\x8\xF", 3},
+	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\7another\6domain\3com\0", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x8\xF", NULL, 0, 20, 3},
 	 (knot_node_t *)NULL},
-	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\5mail1\7example\3com\0", 19, (uint8_t *)"\x0\x6\xE", 3},
+	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\5mail1\7example\3com\0", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x6\xE", NULL, 0, 19, 3},
 	 (knot_node_t *)NULL},
-	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\5mail2\7example\3com\0", 19, (uint8_t *)"\x0\x6\xE", 3},
+	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\5mail2\7example\3com\0", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x6\xE", NULL, 0, 19, 3},
 	 (knot_node_t *)NULL},
-	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3smb\7example\3com\0", 17, (uint8_t *)"\x0\x4\xC", 3},
+	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\3smb\7example\3com\0", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x4\xC", NULL, 0, 17, 3},
 	 (knot_node_t *)NULL},
-	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\4smtp\7example\3com\0", 18, (uint8_t *)"\x0\x5\xD", 3},
+	{{{}, (uint8_t *)"\4smtp\7example\3com\0", (uint8_t *)"\x0\x5\xD", NULL, 0, 18, 3},
 	 (knot_node_t *)NULL},
 };
 
diff --git a/src/zcompile/parser-util.c b/src/zcompile/parser-util.c
index 9e2e999..dde5411 100644
--- a/src/zcompile/parser-util.c
+++ b/src/zcompile/parser-util.c
@@ -2063,7 +2063,7 @@ uint16_t * zparser_conv_loc(char *str)
 				return NULL;
 			}
 
-			if (sscanf(start, "%lf", &d) != 1) {
+			if (sscanf(start, "%16lf", &d) != 1) {
 				zc_error_prev_line("error parsing seconds");
 			}
 
@@ -2161,7 +2161,7 @@ uint16_t * zparser_conv_loc(char *str)
 		++str;
 	}
 
-	if (sscanf(start, "%lf", &d) != 1) {
+	if (sscanf(start, "%16lf", &d) != 1) {
 		zc_error_prev_line("error parsing altitude");
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/zcompile/zcompile.c b/src/zcompile/zcompile.c
index f02fdcf..25de281 100644
--- a/src/zcompile/zcompile.c
+++ b/src/zcompile/zcompile.c
@@ -33,12 +33,11 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <assert.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
 
 #include "common/base32hex.h"
 #include "zcompile/zcompile.h"
 #include "zcompile/parser-util.h"
-#include "knot/zone/zone-dump-text.h"
-#include "zparser.h"
 #include "zcompile/zcompile-error.h"
 #include "knot/zone/zone-dump.h"
 #include "libknot/libknot.h"
@@ -55,9 +54,7 @@ static long int totalrrs = 0;
 
 extern FILE *zp_get_in(void *scanner);
 
-//#define ZP_DEBUG
-
-#ifdef ZP_DEBUG
+#ifdef KNOT_COMPILER_DEBUG
 #define dbg_zp(msg...) fprintf(stderr, msg)
 #else
 #define dbg_zp(msg...)
@@ -122,23 +119,33 @@ static int find_rrset_for_rrsig_in_zone(knot_zone_contents_t *zone,
 
 	knot_node_t *tmp_node = NULL;
 
-	if (rrsig->type != KNOT_RRTYPE_NSEC3) {
+	if (knot_rdata_rrsig_type_covered(knot_rrset_rdata(rrsig))
+		!= KNOT_RRTYPE_NSEC3) {
 		tmp_node = knot_zone_contents_get_node(zone, rrsig->owner);
 	} else {
 		tmp_node = knot_zone_contents_get_nsec3_node(zone,
 						      rrsig->owner);
 	}
+	
+	dbg_zp("Found this node for RRSIG: %p\n",
+	       tmp_node);
 
 	if (tmp_node == NULL) {
 		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_EINVAL;
 	}
 
 	knot_rrset_t *tmp_rrset =
-		knot_node_get_rrset(tmp_node, rrsig->type);
+		knot_node_get_rrset(tmp_node,
+	                            knot_rdata_rrsig_type_covered(
+	                                    rrsig->rdata));
+	
+	dbg_zp("Found this rrset for RRSIG: %p\n",
+	       tmp_rrset);
 
 	if (tmp_rrset == NULL) {
 		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_EINVAL;
 	}
+	
 
 	if (tmp_rrset->rrsigs != NULL) {
 		knot_zone_contents_add_rrsigs(zone, rrsig, &tmp_rrset, &tmp_node,
@@ -299,7 +306,6 @@ int process_rr(void)
 	}
 
 	if (current_rrset->type == KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG) {
-		/*!< \todo Still a leak somewhere. */
 		knot_rrset_t *tmp_rrsig =
 			knot_rrset_new(current_rrset->owner,
 					     KNOT_RRTYPE_RRSIG,
@@ -310,7 +316,8 @@ int process_rr(void)
 		}
 
 		if (knot_rrset_add_rdata(tmp_rrsig,
-		                           current_rrset->rdata) != 0) {
+		                           current_rrset->rdata) != KNOT_EOK) {
+			knot_rrset_free(&tmp_rrsig);
 			return KNOTDZCOMPILE_EBRDATA;
 		}
 
@@ -325,12 +332,29 @@ int process_rr(void)
 				                       parser->last_node);
 				rrset_list_delete(&parser->node_rrsigs);
 			}
-
-			if ((parser->last_node = create_node(contents,
-						   current_rrset, node_add_func,
-						   node_get_func)) == NULL) {
-				knot_rrset_free(&tmp_rrsig);
-				return KNOTDZCOMPILE_EBADNODE;
+			
+			/* The node might however been created previously. */
+			parser->last_node =
+				knot_zone_contents_get_node(contents,
+					knot_rrset_owner(current_rrset));
+			
+			if (parser->last_node == NULL) {
+				/* Try NSEC3 tree. */
+				parser->last_node =
+					knot_zone_contents_get_nsec3_node(
+						contents,
+						knot_rrset_owner(
+							current_rrset));
+			}
+			
+			if (parser->last_node == NULL) {
+				/* Still NULL, node has to be created. */
+				if ((parser->last_node = create_node(contents,
+				                                     current_rrset, node_add_func,
+				                                     node_get_func)) == NULL) {
+					knot_rrset_free(&tmp_rrsig);
+					return KNOTDZCOMPILE_EBADNODE;
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -435,6 +459,10 @@ static uint find_rrsets_orphans(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, rrset_list_t
 				 knot_rrtype_to_string(head->data->type));
 		}
 		else { /* we can throw it away now */
+			dbg_zp("RRSet not found for RRSIG: %s (%s)\n",
+			       knot_dname_to_str(head->data->owner),
+			       knot_rrtype_to_string(
+			  knot_rdata_rrsig_type_covered(head->data->rdata)));
 			knot_rrset_free(&head->data);
 		}
 		head = head->next;
@@ -442,16 +470,6 @@ static uint find_rrsets_orphans(knot_zone_contents_t *zone, rrset_list_t
 	return found_rrsets;
 }
 
-/*
- *
- * Opens a zone file.
- *
- * Returns:
- *
- *	- pointer to the parser structure
- *	- NULL on error and errno set
- *
- */
 static int zone_open(const char *filename, uint32_t ttl, uint16_t rclass,
 	  knot_node_t *origin, void *scanner, knot_dname_t *origin_from_config)
 {
@@ -470,25 +488,13 @@ static int zone_open(const char *filename, uint32_t ttl, uint16_t rclass,
 		}
 	}
 
-//	int fd = fileno(zp_get_in(scanner));
-//	if (fd == -1) {
-//		return 0;
-//	}
-
-//	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETLK, knot_file_lock(F_RDLCK, SEEK_SET)) == -1) {
-//		fprintf(stderr, "Could not lock zone file for read!\n");
-//		return 0;
-//	}
+	/*!< \todo #1676 Implement proper locking. */
 
 	zparser_init(filename, ttl, rclass, origin, origin_from_config);
 
 	return 1;
 }
 
-/*
- * Reads the specified zone into the memory
- *
- */
 int zone_read(const char *name, const char *zonefile, const char *outfile,
 	      int semantic_checks)
 {
@@ -507,35 +513,40 @@ int zone_read(const char *name, const char *zonefile, const char *outfile,
 	}
 	fclose(f);
 
-
-//	char ebuf[256];
-
 	knot_dname_t *dname =
 		knot_dname_new_from_str(name, strlen(name), NULL);
 	if (dname == NULL) {
 		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_ENOMEM;
 	}
 
+	if (!knot_dname_is_fqdn(dname)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Error: given zone origin is not FQDN.\n");
+		knot_dname_release(dname);
+		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_EINVAL;
+	}
+
 	knot_node_t *origin_node = knot_node_new(dname, NULL, 0);
 
+	if (origin_node == NULL) {
+		knot_dname_release(dname);
+		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_ENOMEM;
+	}
+	
+	assert(knot_node_parent(origin_node) == NULL);
+
 	/*!< \todo Another copy is probably not needed. */
 	knot_dname_t *origin_from_config =
 		knot_dname_new_from_str(name, strlen(name), NULL);
 	if (origin_from_config == NULL) {
-		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_ENOMEM;
-	}
-
-	//assert(origin_node->next == NULL);
-
-	assert(knot_node_parent(origin_node) == NULL);
-	if (origin_node == NULL) {
-		knot_dname_release(dname);
+		knot_node_free(&origin_node, 0);
 		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_ENOMEM;
 	}
 
 	void *scanner = NULL;
 	zp_lex_init(&scanner);
 	if (scanner == NULL) {
+		knot_dname_release(origin_from_config);
+		knot_node_free(&origin_node, 0);
 		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_ENOMEM;
 	}
 
@@ -544,20 +555,18 @@ int zone_read(const char *name, const char *zonefile, const char *outfile,
 		zc_error_prev_line("Cannot open '%s'\n",
 			zonefile);
 		zparser_free();
+		zp_lex_destroy(scanner);
+		knot_dname_release(origin_from_config);
+		knot_node_free(&origin_node, 0);
 		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_EZONEINVAL;
 	}
 
 	if (zp_parse(scanner) != 0) {
-//		int fd = fileno(zp_get_in(scanner));
-//		if (fcntl(fd, F_SETLK,
-//		          knot_file_lock(F_UNLCK, SEEK_SET)) == -1) {
-//			return KNOTDZCOMPILE_EACCES;
-//		}
-
+		/*!< \todo #1676 Implement proper locking. */
 		FILE *in_file = (FILE *)zp_get_in(scanner);
 		fclose(in_file);
 		zp_lex_destroy(scanner);
-
+		knot_node_free(&origin_node, 0);
 		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_ESYNT;
 	}
 
@@ -567,13 +576,8 @@ int zone_read(const char *name, const char *zonefile, const char *outfile,
 	FILE *in_file = (FILE *)zp_get_in(scanner);
 	fclose(in_file);
 	zp_lex_destroy(scanner);
-
-	/* Unlock zone file. */
-//	int fd = fileno(zp_get_in(scanner));
-//	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETLK, knot_file_lock(F_UNLCK, SEEK_SET)) == -1) {
-//		fprintf(stderr, "Could not lock zone file for read!\n");
-//		return 0;
-//	}
+	
+	/*!< \todo #1676 Implement proper locking. */
 
 	dbg_zp("zp complete %p\n", parser->current_zone);
 
@@ -592,6 +596,7 @@ int zone_read(const char *name, const char *zonefile, const char *outfile,
 		zc_error_prev_line("Zone file does not contain SOA record!\n");
 		knot_zone_deep_free(&parser->current_zone, 1);
 		zparser_free();
+		knot_node_free(&origin_node, 0);
 		return KNOTDZCOMPILE_EZONEINVAL;
 	}
 
@@ -604,6 +609,7 @@ int zone_read(const char *name, const char *zonefile, const char *outfile,
 	rrset_list_delete(&parser->rrsig_orphans);
 
 	if (found_orphans != parser->rrsig_orphan_count) {
+		/*! \todo This might be desired behaviour. */
 		fprintf(stderr,
 		        "There are unassigned RRSIGs in the zone!\n");
 		parser->errors++;
@@ -618,12 +624,49 @@ int zone_read(const char *name, const char *zonefile, const char *outfile,
 		fprintf(stderr,
 		        "Parser finished with error, not dumping the zone!\n");
 	} else {
-		if (knot_zdump_binary(contents,
-		                      outfile, semantic_checks,
-		                      zonefile) != 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "Could not dump zone!\n");
+		int fd = open(outfile, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG);
+		if (fd < 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr,
+			        "Could not open destination file for db: %s.\n",
+			        outfile);
 			totalerrors++;
+		} else {
+			crc_t crc;
+			int ret = knot_zdump_binary(contents, fd,
+			                            semantic_checks,
+			                            zonefile, &crc);
+			if (ret != KNOT_EOK) {
+				fprintf(stderr, "Could not dump zone, reason: "
+				                "%s.\n", knot_strerror(ret));
+				remove(outfile);
+				totalerrors++;
+			} else {
+				/* Write CRC file. */
+				char *crc_path = knot_zdump_crc_file(outfile);
+				if (crc_path == NULL) {
+					fprintf(stderr,
+					        "Could not get crc file path.\n");
+					remove(outfile);
+					totalerrors++;
+				} else {
+					FILE *f_crc = fopen(crc_path, "w");
+					if (f_crc == NULL) {
+						fprintf(stderr,
+						"Could not open crc file \n");
+						remove(outfile);
+						totalerrors++;
+					} else {
+						fprintf(f_crc,
+						        "%lu",
+						        (unsigned long)crc);
+						fclose(f_crc);
+					}
+				}
+				free(crc_path);
+			}
 		}
+
+
 		dbg_zp("zone dumped.\n");
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/zcompile/zcompile.h b/src/zcompile/zcompile.h
index 33dd3ee..37b3791 100644
--- a/src/zcompile/zcompile.h
+++ b/src/zcompile/zcompile.h
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ struct zparser {
 	rrset_list_t *node_rrsigs; /*!< List of RRSIGs in current node. */
 
 	int rdata_count; /*!< Count of parsed rdata. */
+	int origin_directive; /*!< Set to 1 if $ORIGIN directive is present. */
 };
 
 typedef struct zparser zparser_type;
diff --git a/src/zcompile/zcompile_main.c b/src/zcompile/zcompile_main.c
index cb862f8..c02b780 100644
--- a/src/zcompile/zcompile_main.c
+++ b/src/zcompile/zcompile_main.c
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include "zcompile/zcompile.h"
-#include "zcompile/zcompile-error.h"
-#include "common/errors.h"
 #include <config.h>
 
 static void help(int argc, char **argv)
diff --git a/src/zcompile/zparser.y b/src/zcompile/zparser.y
index c43b968..59f037d 100644
--- a/src/zcompile/zparser.y
+++ b/src/zcompile/zparser.y
@@ -307,11 +307,13 @@ ttl_directive:	DOLLAR_TTL sp STR trail
 
 origin_directive:	DOLLAR_ORIGIN sp abs_dname trail
     {
+    /*!< \todo this will leak. */
 	    knot_node_t *origin_node = knot_node_new($3 ,NULL, 0);
 	if (parser->origin != NULL) {
 //		knot_node_free(&parser->origin, 1);
 	}
 	    parser->origin = origin_node;
+	    parser->origin_directive = 1;
     }
     |	DOLLAR_ORIGIN sp rel_dname trail
     {
@@ -392,7 +394,6 @@ dname:	abs_dname
 	    } else {
 		    $$ = knot_dname_cat($1,
 					  parser->origin->owner);
-//		printf("leak: %s\n", knot_dname_to_str($$));
 	    }
     }
     ;
@@ -404,7 +405,12 @@ abs_dname:	'.'
     }
     |	'@'
     {
+    	if (parser->origin_directive) {
 	    $$ = parser->origin->owner;
+	} else {
+		zc_error("@ used, but no $ORIGIN specified.\n");
+		$$ = parser->origin->owner;
+	}
     }
     |	rel_dname '.'
     {
@@ -422,10 +428,7 @@ label:	STR
 		    zc_error("label exceeds %d character limit", MAXLABELLEN);
 		    $$ = error_dname;
 	    } else {
-//	    printf("%s\n", $1.str);
 		    $$ = knot_dname_new_from_str($1.str, $1.len, NULL);
-//	    printf("Creating new (label): %s %p\n", $1.str, $$);
-//	printf("new: %p %s\n", $$, $1.str);
 	$$->ref.count = 0;
 	    }
 
@@ -1620,6 +1623,8 @@ zparser_init(const char *filename, uint32_t ttl, uint16_t rclass,
 
 	parser->current_rrset->rclass = parser->default_class;
 	parser->current_rrset->rdata = NULL;
+	
+	parser->origin_directive = 0;
 }