path: root/Packages.txt

# $NetBSD: Packages.txt,v 1.22 1998/03/07 14:18:40 tron Exp $
###########################################################################

			==========================
			   Documentation on the
			   NetBSD Package System
			==========================

		      Hubert Feyrer, Alistair Crooks


Table of contents:
==================

 grep -B1 '^.====' Packages.txt | egrep -v '^.[-=]'


 0 Intro
 ========

There is a lot of software freely available for Unix based systems, which
usually runs on NetBSD, too, sometimes with some modifications. The NetBSD
packages collection incorporates any such changes necessary to make that
software run on NetBSD, and makes the installation (and reinstallation) of
the software package easy by means of a single command.

The NetBSD package system is used to enable such freely available
third-party software to be built easily on NetBSD hosts. Once the software
has been built, it is manipulated with the pkg_* tools so that installation
and de-installation, printing of an inventory of all installed packages and
retrieval of one-line comments or more verbose descriptions are simple.

Both the NetBSD packages collection and the NetBSD package system are
derived from FreeBSD.


 0.1 Overview
 =============

This document is divided into two parts. The first, "User's Guide",
describes how one can get a prepared package going, either by installing a
precompiled binary package, or by building with the NetBSD package system.
The second part, "Package Porter's Guide", explains how to prepare a
package so it can be easily built by other NetBSD users without knowing
about the package's building details.


 0.2 Terminology
 ===============

There has been a lot of talk about "ports", "packages", etc. so far. Here
is a description of all the terminology used within this document:

 * Package:
   A set of files and building instructions that describe what's necessary
   to build a certain piece of software using the NetBSD package
   system. Packages are stored under /usr/pkgsrc.

 * The NetBSD package system:
   This is the part of the NetBSD operating system handling building
   (compiling), installing and removing of packages.

 * Distfile:
   This term describes the file or files that are provided by the author
   of the piece of freely available software to distribute his work. All
   the changes necessary to build on NetBSD are reflected in the
   corresponding package. Usually the distfile is in the form of a
   compressed tar-archive, but other types are possible, too. Distfiles
   are stored below /usr/pkgsrc/distfiles.

 * Port:
   This is the term used by FreeBSD people for what we call a package.
   In NetBSD terminology, "port" refers to a different architecture.

 * Precompiled (binary) package:
   A set of binaries built by the NetBSD package system from a distfile
   using the NetBSD package system and stuffed together in a single .tgz
   file so it can be installed on machines of the same machine architecture
   without the need to recompile. Packages are generated in
   /usr/pkgsrc/packages by the NetBSD package system; there is also an
   archive on ftp.netbsd.org.

   Sometimes, this is referred to by the term "package" too, esp. in the
   context of precompiled packages.

 * Program:
   The piece of software to be installed which will be constructed from
   all the files in the Distfile by the actions defined in the
   corresponding package. 

 * RCS IDs:
   Some files in a package contain RCS IDs to reflect which version of
   that file this is (inserted automatically by cvs). These IDs are used
   in several examples within this document, but as this document itself
   is managed by CVS, it can't list the RCS IDs in plaintext. Instead, the
   $s are written as <$>, resulting in <$>NetBSD<$> and <$>Id<$>.


====================
Part I: User's Guide
====================

 1 Installing a precompiled binary package
 =========================================

This section describes how to find, retrieve and install a precompiled
binary package that someone else already prepared for your type of machine.


 1.1 Where to get
 ================

Precompiled packages are stored on ftp.netbsd.org and its mirrors in the
directory /pub/NetBSD/packages for anon FTP access. Please pick the right
subdirectory there as indicated by "sysctl hw.machine_arch". In that
directory, there is a subdirectory for each category plus a subdirectory
"All" which includes the actual binaries in .tgz-files. The category
subdirectories use symbolic links to those files. (This is the same
directory layout as in /usr/pkgsrc/packages).

This same directory layout applies for CDROM distributions, only that the
directory may be rooted somewhere else, probably somewhere below /cdrom.
Please consult your CDROM's documentation for the exact location!


 1.2 How to do
 =============

If you have the files on a CDROM or downloaded them to your hard disk, you
can install them with the following command (be sure to su to root first):

	pkg_add /path/to/package.tgz

If you have FTP access and you don't want to download the packages via FTP
prior to installation, you can do this automatically by giving pkg_add an
ftp-URL:

	pkg_add ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/packages/`sysctl -n hw.machine_arch`/All/package.tgz

Please note that sysctl is used here to automatically determine the right
set of binary files. Also note that any packages needed to run the package
in question will be installed, too, assuming they are present where you
install from.

After you've installed packages, be sure to have /usr/pkg in your $PATH so
you can actually start the just installed program.


 1.3 A word of warning
 =====================

Please pay very careful attention to the warnings expressed in that manual
page about the inherent dangers of installing binary packages which you did
not create yourself, and the security holes that can be introduced onto
your system by indiscriminate adding of such files.


 2 Installing by Building
 ========================

This assumes that the package is already part of the NetBSD package system.
If it is not, then you are advised to read part II of this document,
"Package Porter's Guide".


 2.1 Where to get pkgsrc
 =======================

To get the package source going, you need to get the pkgsrc.tar.gz file
from ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz and
unpack it into /usr/pkgsrc.


 2.2 Fetching distfiles
 ======================

There is one gotcha: The distribution file (i.e. the unmodified source)
must exist on your system for the packages system to be able to build it.
If it's not, then ftp(1) is used to fetch the distribution files
automatically.

If you don't have a permanent Internet connection and you want to know
which files to download, "make fetch-list" will tell you what you'll need.
Put these distfiles into /usr/pkgsrc/distfiles.


 2.3 How to build and install
 ============================

Assuming that has been done, become root and change into the relevant
directory. Then you can type

	make

at the shell prompt to build the various components of the package, and

	make install

at the shell prompt to install the various components into the correct
places on your system.

Taking the top system utility as an example, we can install it on our
system by building as shown in A.1.

The program is installed under the default root of the packages tree -
/usr/pkg. Should this not conform to your tastes, simply set the PREFIX
variable in your environment, and it will use that value as the root of
your packages tree. So, to use /usr/local, set

	PREFIX=/usr/local

in your environment.


 3 Making a precompiled package
 ==============================

Once you have built and installed the package as mentioned above, you can
build it into a "binary package" - you might want to do this so that you
can use the binaries you have just built on another NetBSD system, or to
provide a simple means for others to use your binary package instead of
wasting CPU time - this is done by changing to the appropriate directory in
the pkgsrc tree, and typing the command

	make package

at the shell prompt. This will build and install your package (if not
already done), and then construct a binary package out of the results so
that you can use the pkg_* tools to manipulate this. The binary package is
stored under /usr/pkgsrc/packages, it's in the form of a gzipped file at
the present time. See appendix A.2 for a continuation of the above top
example.

Please see the "submitting" section later in this document on how to submit
such a binary package.


===============================
Part II: Package Porter's Guide
===============================

 4 Package components - files, directories and contents
 ======================================================

Whenever you're preparing a package from the FreeBSD ports collection or
doing it from scratch, there is a number of files involved which are
described in the following sections. Special directions are given for what
differs from FreeBSD ports for each file.


 4.1 Makefile
 ============

Building, installation and creation of a binary package are all controlled
by the package's Makefile.

There is a Makefile for each package. This file includes the standard
<bsd.port.mk> file, which sets all the definitions and actions necessary
for the package to compile and install itself. The mandatory fields are the
DISTNAME which specifies the base name of the distribution file to be
downloaded from the site on the Internet, MASTER_SITES which specifies that
site, CATEGORIES which denotes the categories into which the package falls,
PKGNAME which is the name of the package and the MAINTAINER name. This is
so that anyone who quibbles with the (always completely correct) decisions
taken by the guy who maintains the port can complain vigorously.

Currently the following values are available for CATEGORIES. If more than
one is used, they need to be separated by spaces:

  archivers  converters emulators  mail       news       shells     www
  audio      databases  games      mbone      plan9      sysutils   x11
  benchmarks devel      graphics   misc       print      templates
  comms      editors    lang       net        security   textproc

See /usr/share/mk/bsd.port.mk for a description of all available options
and variables.

Please pay attention to the following gotchas, especially when preparing a
port from the FreeBSD ports collection:

 - Update MANx (where x is 1-9, N or L); important for manpages being
   compressed correctly if MANZ is set
 - Do the same for CATx, if the package installs any formatted manpages.
 - Add MANCOMPRESSED (if not already there) if manpages are installed in
   compressed form by the package; see comment in bsd.port.mk
 - Replace /usr/local by ${PREFIX} in all files  (see patches below)
 - Rewrite any ldconfig commands as "ldconfig || ${TRUE}", as there isn't a
   ldconfig command on all platforms NetBSD runs on (e.g. alpha).
 - If modifying a package from the FreeBSD ports collection, preserve
   their RCS ID: remove the '$'s around the FreeBSD RCS Id, and insert the
   word FreeBSD, then add a <$>NetBSD<$> (Without the <>s, please remember
   the Terminology section), i.e.:

   before:
	# <$>Id: Makefile,v 1.17 1997/06/16 06:39:51 max Exp <$>

   after:
	# <$>NetBSD<$>
	# FreeBSD Id: Makefile,v 1.17 1997/06/16 06:39:51 max Exp


 4.2 files/*
 ===========

Most important, this directory contains the (mandatory) md5 checksum of all
the distfiles needed for the package to compile. This file - files/md5 -
contains an md5 checksum of the distribution file(s) to ensure that the
distfile retrieved from the Internet has not been altered by a malign force
to introduce a security hole or was corrupted during transfer. The file
contains the md5 checksum of the original distribution file used to create
the NetBSD package, from which any patches were generated etc. It can be
generated by hand using the md5(1) command or by invoking "make makesum".

Besides that, if you have any files that you wish to be placed in the
package prior to configuration or building, you could place these files
here and use a cp command in the pre-configure target to achieve this.
Alternatively, you could simply diff the file against /dev/null and use the
patch mechanism to manage the creation of this file.


 4.3 patches/*
 =============

This directory contains files that are used by the patch(1) command to
modify the sources as distributed in the distribution file into a form that
will compile and run perfectly on NetBSD. The files are applied
successively in alphabetic order (as returned by a shell "patches/patch-*"
glob expansion), so patch-aa is applied before patch-ab etc.

The patch-?? files should be in diff -u format. This is because (not only)
the FreeBSD ports tsar finds this format easier to read than context diffs,
and so you have more chance of getting your NetBSD package accepted as part
of the FreeBSD ports system if you format your diffs in a unified fashion.

Furthermore, do not put changes for more than one file into a single
patch-file, as this will make future modifications more difficult.

One important thing to mention is to pay attention that no RCS IDs get
stored in the patch files, as these will cause problems when later checked
into the NetBSD CVS tree. To avoid this, use the "-U 2" or -U 1" option to
diff.

When preparing a FreeBSD port for the NetBSD packages system, it's likely
that the FreeBSD port will work on NetBSD. However, check that the person
who ported the software to FreeBSD has not played fast and loose with the
__FreeBSD__ cpp definition without good cause - a simple way to do this is
to do

	grep -i freebsd patches/patch-??

in the package directory.

Besides taking care of any FreeBSDisms, be sure to provide patches to
replace any occurance of /usr/local in any "Makefile"s in the original
package with ${PREFIX}.


 4.4 pkg/*
 =========

This directory contains several files used to manage the creation of binary
packages. Files from this directory are used in the binary package itself,
and will thus be installed on other machines, so you should be aware that
there is a wider audience than you might think for your comments and
witticisms.

 4.4.1 Mandatory files
 =====================

 * pkg/COMMENT:
   A one-line description of the piece of software. There is no need to
   mention the package's name - this will automatically be added by the
   pkg_* tools when they are invoked.

 * pkg/DESCR:
   A multi-line description of the piece of software.  This should include
   any credits where they are due.  Please bear in mind that others do not
   share your sense of humour (or spelling idiosyncracies), and that others
   will read everything that you write here.

 * pkg/PLIST:
   This file governs the files that are installed on your system: all the
   binaries, manual pages, etc. There are other directives which may be
   entered in this file, to control the creation and deletion of
   directories, and the location of inserted files.

If you're updating a FreeBSD package to work for NetBSD, please pay special
attention to the following things in pkg/PLIST:

 - If there's a "@exec ldconfig ...", add an "@unexec ldconfig ...", so the
   hints-file for ld.so doesn't grow without end.
 - For @exec and @unexec rewrite any ldconfig-command as "ldconfig ||
   /usr/bin/true", as there's no ldconfig command on some of the platforms
   NetBSD runs on (e.g. alpha).
 - Add any missing @dirrm statements


 4.4.2 Optional files
 ====================

 * pkg/INSTALL:
   Shell script invoked twice during pkg_add. First time after package
   extraction and before files are moved in place, the second time after
   the files to install are moved in place. This can be used to do any
   custom procedures not possible with @exec commands in PLIST. See
   pkg_add(1) and pkg_create(1) for more information.

 * pkg/DEINSTALL:
   This script is executed before any files are removed.  It is this
   script's responsibility to clean up any additional messy details around
   the package's installation, since all pkg_delete knows how to do is
   delete the files created in the original distribution. See pkg_delete(1)
   and pkg_create(1) for more information.

 * pkg/REQ:
   Require-script that is invoked before installation and de-installation
   to ensure things like certain accounts being available, user/sysadmin
   agreeing with usage policy, etc.


 4.5 scripts/*
 =============

This directory contains any files that are necessary for configuration of
your software, etc. If a script with any of the following names is present,
it will be executed at the appropriate time during the build process:

  pre-fetch          post-fetch
  pre-extract        post-extract
  pre-patch          post-patch
  pre-configure      post-configure     configure
  pre-build          post-build
  pre-install        post-install
  pre-package        post-package

See section 7 for a description of the build process.


 4.6 work/*
 ==========

When you type "make" the distribution files are unpacked into this
directory.  It can be removed by typing

	make clean

at the shell prompt. Also, this directory is used to keep various
timestamp files. 


 5 PLIST* issues
 ===============

This section addresses some special issues that one needs to take attention
of when dealing with the PLIST file (or files, see below!).


 5.1 Miscellaneous
 =================

 * RCS Id:
   Be sure to add a RCS ID line as the first thing in any PLIST file your
   write:

	@comment <$>NetBSD<$>

 * ranlib:
   Don't put any ranlib commands into your PLIST files, as they will cause
   troubles when the package is removed. Just make sure the build-process
   does run ranlib - it usually does - and you can leave this out. This is
   usually only a problem when using ports from FreeBSD.

 * ldconfig:
   Two issues here. First, if there's a @exec command calling ldconfig,
   also add a @unexec command, so the ld.so cache doesn't grow into
   eternity with libs no longer available (this also makes debugging the
   package itself easier).

   The second issue is that there's no ldconfig command on some of the
   platforms NetBSD runs on, e.g. alpha. For this, change the ldconfig call
   to "ldconfig || /usr/bin/true".

 * ${MACHINE_ARCH}:
   Some packages like emacs and perl embed information about which
   architecture they were built on into the pathnames where they install
   their file. To handle this case, PLIST will be preprocessed before
   actually used, and the symbol "${MACHINE_ARCH}" will be replaced by
   what "sysctl -n hw.machine_arch" gives. 

   Legacy note: There used to be a symbol "<$ARCH>" that was replaced by
   the output of "uname -m", but that's no longer supported and will be
   removed soon.

 * Manpage-compression:
   Manpages should be installed in compressed form if MANZ is set (in
   bsd.own.mk), and uncompressed otherwise. To handle this in the PLIST
   file, the suffix ".gz" is appended/removed automatically for manpages
   according to MANZ and MANCOMPRESSED being set or not, see above for
   details. This modification of the PLIST file is done on a copy of it,
   not pkg/PLIST itself.


 5.2 MD/MI vs. general PLIST
 ===========================

Sometimes the packaging list in pkg/PLIST differs between platforms, e.g.
if one of them supports shared libs and the other does not. To address
this, a hook has been introduced into the NetBSD packages system to provide
a PLIST file defined on conditions set freely in the package's Makefile.


 5.2.1 $PLIST_SRC
 ================

To use one or more files as source for the PLIST used in generating the
binary package, set the variable PLIST_SRC to the names of that file(s).
The files are later concatenated using cat(1), and order of things is an
important issue, see below.


 5.2.2 PLIST-mi, PLIST-md.shared, PLIST-md.static
 ================================================

If PLIST_SRC is not set (the usual case), and if there is no pkg/PLIST, the
packages system looks for pkg/PLIST-mi, and pkg/PLIST-md.shared or
pkg/PLIST-md.static to handle differences due to the platform being able to
handle shared libs or not. PLIST-mi contains machine independent files,
PLIST-md.* contain machine dependent files, which may differ between
architectures that don't support dynamic libs/shared loading. Currently,
this is only used in the perl-packages, and as perl5 on alpha doesn't
support dynamic loading of extensions like perl/Tk yet, PLIST.mi-static is
also used on the alpha (besides pmax and powerpc). Alpha will hopefully be
removed soon when perl's fixed for dynamic loading.

(This handling of MI/MD PLIST files is implemented by setting PLIST_SRC to
either "PLIST-mi PLIST-md.static" or "PLIST-mi PLIST-md.shared", see
/usr/share/mk/bsd.port.mk).


 5.2.3 Order in the PLIST* file(s)
 =================================

There is one gotcha regarding the ordering of @dirrm statements: any MI
@dirrm directives that follow any MD @dirrm's *must* go into the PLIST.md-*
files, as the files PLIST-mi and PLIST.md-{shared/static} are concatenated
in exactly this order. If the MI directory would be listed in PLIST-mi, it
would be removed before the MD directory, which wouldn't work.

E.g. if you have the following dirs:
        foo/mi
        foo/mi/md

then PLIST-mi contains:
        <nothing>

and PLIST-md.* contain:
        @dirrm foo/mi/md
        @dirrm foo/mi

This will lead to some @dirrm statements being duplicated, but it's the
only way to ensure everything is propperly removed. The same care must be
taken when PLIST_SRC is set to some package-specific settings.
  

 6 Notes on fixes for packages
 =============================

 6.1 CPP defines
 ===============

To port an application to NetBSD, it's usually necessary for the compiler
to be able to judge the system on which it's compiling, and we use
definitions so that the C pre-processor can do this.

The really impatient should just note that a number of the FreeBSD ports
(which are called packages in the NetBSD world) rely on the CPP definition
__FreeBSD__. This should be used sparingly, for FreeBSD-specific features,
but unfortunately this is not always the case. A number also rely on the
fact that the CPU type is an Intel-based little-endian CPU.

To test whether you are working on a 4.4 BSD-derived system, you should use
the BSD definition, which is defined in <sys/param.h> on said systems.
Unfortunately, it may not always be appropriate to include that header file
without checking whether it's available:

        #if (defined(__unix__) || defined(unix)) && !defined(USG)
        #include <sys/param.h>
        #endif

and then you can surround the BSD-specific parts of your port using the
conditional:

	#if (defined(BSD) && BSD >= 199306)
	...
	#endif

Please use the __NetBSD__ definition sparingly - it should only apply to
features of NetBSD that are not present in other 4.4-lite derived BSDs.

You should also avoid defining __FreeBSD__=1 and then simply using the
FreeBSD port, if only from an aesthetic viewpoint.


 6.2 Gotchas of FreeBSD ports
 ============================

See section 4.1 for Makefile issues (MANx, CATx, MANCOMPRESSED, ldconfig,
RCS IDs) and section 4.3 for gotchas on using patches from FreeBSD ports.

One of the biggest problems with FreeBSD ports is that too many of them
assume they will install into /usr/local, instead of regarding ${PREFX}
properly. To change this, add something like the following into your
package Makefile:

pre-configure:
        for f in `find ${WRKDIR} -type f -print|xargs grep -l '/usr/local'`; do
\
                ${SED} -e 's:/usr/local:'${PREFIX}':g' < $$f > $$f.pdone && ${MV} $
$f.pdone $$f; \
        done

This is taken from the sysutils/rtty package; be sure this works for your
package - it may actually make sense to look for some things in /usr/local,
for example. So don't blindly replace all occurrences of /usr/local!

Side note on manpages in PLIST: we don't regard any .gz suffix there, as
many FreeBSD ports seem to have .gz pages in PLIST even when they install
manpages without compressing them; rather, we add our own .gz suffix there
according to MANZ.


 6.3 Feedback to the author
 ==========================

If you have found any bugs in the package you make available, if you had to
do special steps to make it run under NetBSD or if you enhanced the
software in various other ways, be sure to report these changes back to the
original author of that program! Only with that kind of support, the next
release of the program can incorporate these fixes, and also people not
using the NetBSD packages system can win from your efforts.

Support the idea of free software!


 7 The build process
 ===================

The basic steps for building a program are always the same. First the
program's source (distfile) must be brought to the local system and
extracted afterwards. After some patches to compile properly on NetBSD are
applied, the software can be configured, then built (usually by compiling),
and finally the produced binaries etc. can be put into place on the system.
These are exactly the steps performed by the NetBSD package system, which
is implemented as a series of targets in a central Makefile(include) -
/usr/share/mk/bsd.port.mk.


 7.1 Program location
 ====================

Before outlining the process performed by the NetBSD package system in the
next section, here's a brief discussion on where programs are installed,
and which variables influence this.

The variable PREFIX indicates where all files of the final program shall be
installed. It is usually set to $LOCALBASE (/usr/pkg), it's value becomes
that of $X11BASE if either USE_IMAKE or USE_X11 is set. The value ${PREFIX}
needs to be put into the various places in the program's source where paths
to these files are encoded; see sections 4.3 and 6.2 for details on this.


 7.2 Main targets
 ================

The main targets used during the build process defined in bsd.port.mk are:

 * fetch:
   This will check if the file(s) given in the variables DISTFILES and
   PATCHFILES (as defined in the package's Makefile) are present on the
   local system in /usr/pkgsrc/distfiles. If they are not present, they
   will be fetched using ftp(1) from the site(s) given in the variable
   MASTER_SITES. The location(s) in MASTER_SITES are in the form of URLs
   and can be ftp://- and http://-URLs, as ftp(1) understands both of
   them.

 * checksum:
   After the distfile(s) are fetched, their MD5 checksum is generated and
   compared with the checksums stored in the files/md5 file. If the
   checksums don't match, the build is aborted. This is to ensure the same
   distfile is used for building, and that the distfile wasn't changed,
   e.g. by some malign force or network lossage. 

 * extract:
   When the distfiles are present on the local system, they need to be
   extracted, as they are usually in the for of some compressed archive
   format, most commonly .tar.gz. If not all of the distfiles need to be
   uncompressed, the files to be uncompressed should be put into
   EXTRACT_ONLY. If the distfiles are not in .tar.gz format, they can be
   extracted by setting EXTRACT_CMD, EXTRACT_BEFORE_ARGS and/or
   EXTRACT_AFTER_ARGS. 

 * patch:
   After extraction, all the patches named by the PATCHFILES and those
   present in the patches subdirectory of the package are
   applied. Patchfiles ending in .Z or .gz are uncompressed before they are
   applied, files ending in .orig or .rej are ignored. Any special options
   to patch(1) can be handed in PATCH_DIST_ARGS. See section 4.3 for more
   details.

 * configure:
   Now that the source is in a form that has a chance to compile under
   NetBSD, the program usually must be configured to be built on the local
   system. This procedure is usually automated with some script supplied
   with the program, and it results in generation of header files,
   Makefiles, etc.

   If the program doesn't come with its own configure script, one can be
   placed in the package's scripts directory, called "configure". If so, it
   is executed using sh(1).

   If the program's distfile contains it's own configure script, this can
   be invoked by setting HAS_CONFIGURE. If the configure script is a GNU
   autoconf script, GNU_CONFIGURE should be specified instead. In either
   case, any arguments to the configure script can be specified in the
   CONFIGURE_ARGS variable, and the configure script's name can be set in
   CONFIGURE_SCRIPT if it differs from the default "configure".

   If the program uses an Imakefile for configuration, the appropriate
   steps can be invoked by setting USE_IMAKE to YES. (If you only want the
   package installed in $X11BASE but xmkmf not being run, set USE_X11
   instead!)

 * build:
   If everything is set up for compilation, this target cares to do so by
   invoking $MAKE_PROGRAM on $MAKEFILE with $ALL_TARGET as the target to
   build. The defaults MAKE_PROGRAM is "gmake" if USE_GMAKE is set, "make"
   otherwise. MAKEFILE is by default set to "Makefile:, and ALL_TARGET
   defaults to "all". Any of these variables can be set to change the
   default build process.

 * install:
   After all files are properly digested and compiled, the final step is
   to move them into the place where they can be used from anyone. As in
   the build-target, $MAKE_PROGRAM is invoked on $MAKEFILE here, but with
   the $INSTALL_TARGET instead, the latter defaulting to "install" (plus
   "install.man", if USE_IMAKE is set). 

If any of these targets is invoked with "make XXX" and the preceeding
targets were not performed before, they will be executed prior to the given
target in the order given above.


 7.3 Other helpful targets
 =========================

 * pre/post-*
   For any of the main targets described in the previous section, two
   auxiliary targets exist with "pre-" and "post-" prepended to the main
   target's name. These targets are invoked before and after the main
   target is called, giving the possibility to fix anything the
   program's configure script or install target left out.  For any of these
   auxiliary targets, equally named scripts can be placed in the package's
   scripts-subdirectory that will be executed at the given time, see
   section 4.5.

 * do-*:
   Should one of the main targets do the wrong thing and there be no
   variable to fix this, you can redefine it with the do-* target. (Note
   that redefining the target itself instead of the do-* target is a bad
   idea, as the pre-* and post-* targets won't be called anymore, etc.)

 * reinstall:
   If you did a "make install" and you noticed some file was not installed
   properly, you can repeat the installation with this target, which will
   ignore the "already installed" flag. 


 8 Debugging
 ===========

To check out all the gotchas when building a package from a FreeBSD port,
here are the steps that I do in order to get a package working. Please note
this is basically the same as what was explained in the previous sections,
only with some debugging aids.

 - Retrieve port from FreeBSD collection
 - Fix RCS-ID in the package's Makefile, see section 4.1. 
 - Import unchanged FreeBSD source (ONLY if you have cvs access, not needed
   otherwise):
   (cd .../pkgsrc/category/pkgname ; cvs import pkgsrc/category/pkgname \
	FREEBSD FreeBSD-current-yyyy-mm-dd)
 - IF you dida CVS import, check it out to apply the following fixes
   (not needed if you don't have CVS access!)
 - Look at Makefile, fix if necessary; see section 4.1. 
 - Look at patches, remember if not appropriate
 - Have a look at pkg/PLIST, add a "@comment <$>NetBSD<$>" line at the
   beginning of any PLIST file (see section 5). 
 - make
 - If something is not ok, fix; for patches: fix the file, then re-generate
   the diff: 'diff -bu foo.orig foo >../../patches/patch-xx' (mv patch-xx
   patch-xx.orig before); If there's no foo.orig from a previous patch, be
   sure to have an old version of the file somewhere; re-iterate :)
 - If all builds OK: touch /tmp/bla
 - make install
 - find /usr/pkg/ /usr/X11R6/ -newer /tmp/bla >/tmp/x
   (or whatever you set LOCALBASE and X11BASE to)
 - pkg_delete blub
 - find /usr/pkg/ /usr/X11R6/ -newer /tmp/bla: if this brings up any files,
   they are missing in pkg/PLIST*; add them.
 - Compare pkg/PLIST* against /tmp/x, fix the further one
   ( sort /tmp/x >/tmp/x2 ; sort pkg/PLIST >/tmp/P ; sdiff /tmp/x2 /tmp/P )
 - make reinstall && make package
 - pkg_delete blub
 - "find /usr/pkg/ /usr/X11R6/ -type f -newer /tmp/bla" shouldn't find anything
   now
 - pkg_add .../blub.tgz
 - Play with it :)
 - pkg_delete - still no file should be left (re-run above find)
 - submit (or commit, IF you have cvs access); see section 10.


 9 FAQs & features of the package system
 =======================================

 9.1 Packages using GNU autoconfig
 =================================

If your package uses GNU autoconf, add the following to your package's
Makefile:

> GNU_CONFIGURE= yes

Note that this appends --prefix=${PREFIX} to CONFIGURE_ARGS, so you don't
have to do that yourself, and this may not be what you want.


 9.2 Other distrib methods than .tar.gz
 ======================================

If your package uses a different distribution method from .tar.gz, take a
look at the packages for plan9/sam, which uses a gzipped shell archive
(shar), but the quick solution is to set EXTRACT_SUFX to the name after the
DIST_NAME field, and add the following to your package's Makefile:

> EXTRACT_SUFX=   .msg.gz
> EXTRACT_CMD=            zcat
> EXTRACT_BEFORE_ARGS=
> EXTRACT_AFTER_ARGS=     |sh


 9.3 Packages not creating their own subdirectory
 ================================================

Your package doesn't create a subdirectory for itself (like GNU software
does, for instance), but extracts itself in the current directory: see
plan9/sam again, but the quick answer is:

> NO_WRKSUBDIR=   yes


 9.4 Custom configuration process
 ================================

Your package uses a weird Configure script: See the top package, but the
quick answer is:

> HAS_CONFIGURE=          yes
> CONFIGURE_SCRIPT=       Configure
> CONFIGURE_ARGS=	netbsd13


 9.5 Packages not building in their DIST_NAME directory
 ======================================================

Your package builds in a different directory from its base DIST_NAME - see
tcl and tk packages:

> WRKSRC=         ${WRKDIR}/${DISTNAME}/unix


 9.6 How to fetch all distfiles at once
 ======================================

You would like to download all the distfiles in a single batch from work or
university, where you can't run a "make fetch". But there's no archive of
the distfiles on ftp.netbsd.org and the one on ftp.freebsd.org contains
many distfiles for which there are no ports (yet).

The answer here is to do a "make fetch-list" in /usr/pkgsrc and use the
resulting list.


 9.7 How to fetch files from behind a firewall
 =============================================

If you are sitting behind a firewall, you must specify the relevant proxy
hosts to enable you to talk to other machines on the Internet which are not
behind your firewall. This is an environment variable in the form of a URL
e.g. in Amdahl, the machine orpheus.amdahl.com is one of our firewalls, and
it uses port 80 as the proxy port number. So the proxy environment
variables look like:

	ftp_proxy=ftp://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/
	http_proxy=http://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/


 9.8 If your patch contains an RCS ID
 ====================================

See section 4.3 on how to remove RCS IDs from patch files. 


 9.9 How to pull in variables from /etc/mk.conf
 ==============================================

The problem with package-defined variables that can be overridden via
/etc/mk.conf is that the values of these variables aren't known at the
beginning of the Makefile, and thus can't be used in .if statements. It's
OK to use them like any other variable in expansions ("${VAR}"), but not in
.if-statements, though.

Here's the preferred way to handle things if you want to include variables
in .if statements:

1. in the pkg Makefile, set all the pre-install etc targets.
2. in the pkg Makefile, .include <bsd.port.mk>
3. Then put all the .if defined(USE_SOCKS), .if defined(USE_IDEA) etc


 10 Submitting
 =============

 * precompiled binary packages:
   Please contact us for directions on how to provide your precompiled
   binary packages.
   [XXX - need more info here - do we have a incoming-dir for such things
          on ftp.netbsd.org? - hubertf]

 * packages:
   First, check that your package is complete, compiles and runs well; see
   section 8 and the rest of this document. Then, generate a gzipped
   tar-file of all the files needed for the package, preferably with all
   files in a single directory. Place this tar-file to a place where the
   package maintainers can fetch it using FTP or HTTP (WWW). Finally,
   send-pr with category "pkg", a short description of your package
   (contents of pkg/COMMENT are OK), plus the URL of your tar-file.

   You will be notified if your send-pr has been addressed so you can remove
   the tar-file. 


 11 A simple example of a package: bison
 =======================================

I checked to find a piece of software that isn't in the FreeBSD ports
collection, and picked GNU bison. Quite why someone would want to have
bison when Berkeley yacc is already present in the tree is beyond me, but
it's useful for the purposes of this exercise.


 11.1 files
 ==========

The file contents in this section must be used without the "> " prefix.


 11.1.1 Makefile
 ===============

> # New ports collection makefile for:    bison
> # Version required:     1.25
> # Date created:         1 October 1997
> # Whom:                 agc@netbsd.org
> #
> # <$>NetBSD<$>
> #
>  
> DISTNAME=       bison-1.25
> CATEGORIES=     lang
> MASTER_SITES=   ${MASTER_SITE_GNU}
>  
> GNU_CONFIGURE=  yes
> MAN1=           bison.1
>  
> .include <bsd.port.mk>


 11.1.2 pkg/COMMENT
 ==================

> GNU yacc clone.


 11.1.3 pkg/DESCR
 ================

> GNU version of yacc.  Can make re-entrant parsers, and numerous other
> improvements.  Why you would want this when Berkeley yacc(1) is part
> of the NetBSD source tree is beyond me.
>  
> Alistair Crooks (agc@netbsd.org)


 11.1.4 pkg/PLIST
 ================

> bin/bison


 11.2 Steps for building, installing, packaging
 ==============================================

Create the directory where the package lives, plus any auxiliary directories:

> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang(1765)# cd /usr/pkgsrc/lang
> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang(1765)# mkdir bison
> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang(1766)# cd bison
> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang/bison(1768)# mkdir files patches pkg

Create Makefile, pkg/COMMENT, pkg/DESCR and pkg/PLIST as in section 11.1,
then continue with fetching the distfile:

> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang/bison(1769)# make fetch
> >> bison-1.25.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system.
> >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu//.
> Requesting ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu//bison-1.25.tar.gz (via ftp://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/)
> ftp: Error retrieving file: 500 Internal error
>  
> >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/systems/gnu//.
> Requesting ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/systems/gnu//bison-1.25.tar.gz (via ftp://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/)
> ftp: Error retrieving file: 500 Internal error
>  
> >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles//.
> Requesting ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles//bison-1.25.tar.gz (via ftp://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/)
> Successfully retrieved file.

Generate the checksum of the distfile into files/md5:

> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang/bison(1770)# make makesum

Now compile:

> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang/bison(1777)# make
> >> Checksum OK for bison-1.25.tar.gz.
> ===>  Extracting for bison-1.25
> ===>  Patching for bison-1.25
> ===>   Ignoring empty patch directory
> ===>  Configuring for bison-1.25
> creating cache ./config.cache
> checking for gcc... cc
> checking whether we are using GNU C... yes
> checking for a BSD compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin
> checking how to run the C preprocessor... cc -E
> checking for minix/config.h... no
> checking for POSIXized ISC... no
> checking whether cross-compiling... no
> checking for ANSI C header files... yes
> checking for string.h... yes
> checking for stdlib.h... yes
> checking for memory.h... yes
> checking for working const... yes
> checking for working alloca.h... no
> checking for alloca... yes
> checking for strerror... yes
> updating cache ./config.cache
> creating ./config.status
> creating Makefile
> ===>  Building for bison-1.25
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g LR0.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g allocate.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g closure.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g conflicts.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g derives.c
> cc -c -DXPFILE=\"/usr/pkg/share/bison.simple\"  -DXPFILE1=\"/usr/pkg/share/bison.hairy\" -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1  -g  ./files.c 
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g getargs.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g gram.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g lalr.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g lex.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g main.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g nullable.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g output.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g print.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g reader.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g reduce.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g symtab.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g warshall.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g version.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g getopt.c
> cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g getopt1.c
> cc  -g -o bison LR0.o allocate.o closure.o conflicts.o derives.o files.o         getargs.o gram.o lalr.o lex.o                                   main.o nullable.o output.o print.o reader.o reduce.o symtab.o   warshall.o version.o                                            getopt.o getopt1.o  
> ./files.c:240: warning: mktemp() possibly used unsafely, consider using mkstemp()
> rm -f bison.s1
> sed -e "/^#line/ s|bison|/usr/pkg/share/bison|" < ./bison.simple > bison.s1

Everything seems OK, so install the files:

> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang/bison(1785)# make install
> >> Checksum OK for bison-1.25.tar.gz.
> ===>  Installing for bison-1.25
> sh ./mkinstalldirs /usr/pkg/bin /usr/pkg/share  /usr/pkg/info /usr/pkg/man/man1
> rm -f /usr/pkg/bin/bison
> cd /usr/pkg/share; rm -f bison.simple bison.hairy
> rm -f /usr/pkg/man/man1/bison.1 /usr/pkg/info/bison.info*
> install -c  -o bin -g bin -m 555 bison /usr/pkg/bin/bison
> /usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin -m 644 bison.s1 /usr/pkg/share/bison.simple
> /usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin -m 644 ./bison.hairy /usr/pkg/share/bison.hairy
> cd .; for f in bison.info*;  do /usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin -m 644 $f /usr/pkg/info/$f; done
> /usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin -m 644 ./bison.1 /usr/pkg/man/man1/bison.1
> ===>  Registering installation for bison-1.25

You can now use bison, and also - if you decide so - remove it with
"pkg_delete bison-1.25". Should you decide that you want a binary package,
do this now:

> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang/bison(1786)# make package
> >> Checksum OK for bison-1.25.tar.gz.
> ===>  Building package for bison-1.25
> Creating package bison-1.25.tgz
> Registering depends:.
> Creating gzip'd tar ball in '/u/pkgsrc/lang/bison/bison-1.25.tgz'

Now that you don't need the source and object files any more, clean up:

> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/lang/bison(1787)# make clean
> ===>  Cleaning for bison-1.25


======================
Appendix A: build logs
======================

 A.1 Building top
 ================

> Script started on Fri Oct  3 13:22:31 1997
> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/sysutils/top(1342)# make
> >> top-3.5beta5.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system.
> >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.groupsys.com/pub/top/.
> Requesting ftp://ftp.groupsys.com/pub/top/top-3.5beta5.tar.gz (via ftp://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/)
> Successfully retrieved file.
> >> Checksum OK for top-3.5beta5.tar.gz.
> ===>  Extracting for top-3.5beta5
> ===>  Patching for top-3.5beta5
> ===>  Applying NetBSD patches for top-3.5beta5
> ===>  Configuring for top-3.5beta5
> /bin/cp /u/pkgsrc/sysutils/top/files/defaults /u/pkgsrc/sysutils/top/work/top-3.5beta5/.defaults
> chmod a-x /u/pkgsrc/sysutils/top/work/top-3.5beta5/install
> 
> Reading configuration from last time...
> 
> Using these settings:
>         Bourne Shell   /bin/sh
>           C compiler   cc
>     Compiler options   -DHAVE_GETOPT -O
>          Awk command   awk
>      Install command   /usr/bin/install
> 
>               Module   netbsd13
>              LoadMax   5.0
>         Default TOPN   -1
>         Nominal TOPN   18
>        Default Delay   2
> Random passwd access   yes
>           Table Size   47
>                Owner   root
>          Group Owner   kmem
>                 Mode   2755
>        bin directory   $(PREFIX)/bin
>        man directory   $(PREFIX)/man/man1
>        man extension   1
>        man style       man
> 
> Building Makefile...
> Building top.local.h...
> Building top.1...
> Doing a "make clean".
> rm -f *.o top core core.* sigdesc.h
> To create the executable, type "make".
> To install the executable, type "make install".
> ===>  Building for top-3.5beta5
> cc -DHAVE_GETOPT -DORDER -DHAVE_GETOPT -O  -c top.c
> awk -f sigconv.awk /usr/include/sys/signal.h >sigdesc.h
> cc -DHAVE_GETOPT -DORDER -DHAVE_GETOPT -O  -c commands.c
> cc -DHAVE_GETOPT -DORDER -DHAVE_GETOPT -O  -c display.c
> cc -DHAVE_GETOPT -DORDER -DHAVE_GETOPT -O  -c screen.c
> cc -DHAVE_GETOPT -DORDER -DHAVE_GETOPT -O  -c username.c
> cc -DHAVE_GETOPT -DORDER -DHAVE_GETOPT -O  -c utils.c
> utils.c: In function `errmsg':
> utils.c:348: warning: return discards `const' from pointer target type
> cc -DHAVE_GETOPT -DORDER -DHAVE_GETOPT -O  -c version.c
> cc -DHAVE_GETOPT -DORDER -DHAVE_GETOPT -O  -c getopt.c
> cc "-DOSREV=12G" -DHAVE_GETOPT -DORDER -DHAVE_GETOPT -O -c machine.c
> rm -f top
> cc -o top top.o commands.o display.o screen.o username.o  utils.o version.o getopt.o machine.o -ltermcap -lm -lkvm
> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/sysutils/top(1343)# make install
> >> Checksum OK for top-3.5beta5.tar.gz.
> ===>  Installing for top-3.5beta5
> /usr/bin/install -o root -m 2755 -g kmem top /usr/pkg/bin
> /usr/bin/install top.1 /usr/pkg/man/man1/top.1
> strip /usr/pkg/bin/top
> ===>  Registering installation for top-3.5beta5
> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/sysutils/top(1344)# 


 A.2 Packaging top
 =================

> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/sysutils/top(1344)# make package
 > >> Checksum OK for top-3.5beta5.tar.gz.
> ===>  Building package for top-3.5beta5
> Creating package top-3.5beta5.tgz
> Registering depends:.
> Creating gzip'd tar ball in '/u/pkgsrc/sysutils/top/top-3.5beta5.tgz'
> root@pumpy:/u/pkgsrc/sysutils/top(1345)#


======================================================
Appendix B: Layout of the FTP server's package archive
======================================================

Layout for precompiled binary packages on ftp.netbsd.org:

/pub/NetBSD/packages/
                README
                distfiles/
		pkgsrc -> /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-current/pkgsrc
                1.3/
                        i386/
                                All/
                                archivers/
                                        foo -> ../All/foo
                                ...
                        m68k/
                                All/
                                archivers/
                                        foo -> ../All/foo
                                ...
                        amiga -> m68k
                        atari -> m68k
                        ...


To create:
 - cd /usr/pkgsrc ; make install ; make package
 - upload /usr/pkgsrc/packages to
   ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/`uname -r`/`sysctl -n hw.machine_arch`
 - if necessary ln -s `sysctl -n hw.machine` `sysctl -n hw.machine_arch`

Disk space needed: unknown.


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