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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<title>The pkgsrc guide</title>
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<meta name="description" content="pkgsrc is a centralized package management system for Unix-like operating systems. This guide provides information for users and developers of pkgsrc. It covers installation of binary and source packages, creation of binary and source packages and a high-level overview about the infrastructure.">
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<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="book">
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<div>
<div><h1 class="title">
<a name="the-pkgsrc-guide"></a>The pkgsrc guide</h1></div>
<div><h2 class="subtitle">Documentation on the NetBSD packages system</h2></div>
<div><div class="authorgroup">
<div class="author">
<h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Alistair</span> <span class="surname">Crooks</span>
</h3>
<div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:agc@NetBSD.org">agc@NetBSD.org</a>&gt;</code></p></div></div>
</div>
<div class="author">
<h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Hubert</span> <span class="surname">Feyrer</span>
</h3>
<div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:hubertf@NetBSD.org">hubertf@NetBSD.org</a>&gt;</code></p></div></div>
</div>
<h3 class="corpauthor">
        The pkgsrc Developers
      </h3>
</div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 1994-2022 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc</p></div>
<div><p class="pubdate">$NetBSD: pkgsrc.xml,v 1.41 2022/01/01 06:45:38 jnemeth Exp $</p></div>
<div><div class="abstract">
<p class="title"><b>Abstract</b></p>
<p>pkgsrc is a centralized package management system for
	Unix-like operating systems. This guide provides information for
	users and developers of pkgsrc. It covers installation of binary
	and source packages, creation of binary and source packages and
	a high-level overview about the infrastructure.</p>
</div></div>
</div>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#introduction">1. What is pkgsrc?</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#introduction-section">1.1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#why-pkgsrc">1.1.1. Why pkgsrc?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#intro.platforms">1.1.2. Supported platforms</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#overview">1.2. Overview</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#terminology">1.3. Terminology</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#term.roles">1.3.1. Roles involved in pkgsrc</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#typography">1.4. Typography</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="part"><a href="#users-guide">I. The pkgsrc user's guide</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#help-user">2. Getting help</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#getting">3. Where to get pkgsrc and how to keep it up-to-date</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#getting-first">3.1. Getting pkgsrc for the first time</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#getting-via-tar">3.1.1. As tar archive</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#getting-via-cvs">3.1.2. Via anonymous CVS</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#uptodate">3.2. Keeping pkgsrc up-to-date</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#uptodate-tar">3.2.1. Via tar files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#uptodate-cvs">3.2.2. Via CVS</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#platforms">4. Using pkgsrc on systems other than NetBSD</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#binarydist">4.1. Binary distribution</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bootstrapping-pkgsrc">4.2. Bootstrapping pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#using">5. Using pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#using-pkg">5.1. Using binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#finding-binary-packages">5.1.1. Finding binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#installing-binary-packages">5.1.2. Installing binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkgin_update">5.1.3. Updating packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkg_delete">5.1.4. Deinstalling packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkg_info">5.1.5. Getting information about installed packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#vulnerabilities">5.1.6. Checking for security vulnerabilities in installed packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#pkg_versions">5.1.7. Finding if newer versions of your installed packages are in pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkg_admin">5.1.8. Other administrative functions</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#building-packages-from-source">5.2. Building packages from source</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#requirements">5.2.1. Requirements</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fetching-distfiles">5.2.2. Fetching distfiles</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#how-to-build-and-install">5.2.3. How to build and install</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#configuring">6. Configuring pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#general-configuration">6.1. General configuration</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#variables-affecting-build">6.2. Variables affecting the build process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#variables-affecting-installation">6.3. Variables affecting the installation process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#conf.compiler">6.4. Selecting and configuring the compiler</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#selecting-the-compiler">6.4.1. Selecting the compiler</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf.cflags">6.4.2. Additional flags to the compiler (<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf.ldflags">6.4.3. Additional flags to the linker (<code class="varname">LDFLAGS</code>)</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#developer-advanced-settings">6.5. Developer/advanced settings</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#selecting-build-options">6.6. Selecting Build Options</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#binary">7. Creating binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#building-a-single-binary-package">7.1. Building a single binary package</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#settings-for-creationg-of-binary-packages">7.2. Settings for creation of binary packages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#bulk">8. Creating binary packages for everything in pkgsrc (bulk
builds)</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.pre">8.1. Preparations</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.pbulk">8.2. Running a bulk build</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.pbulk.conf">8.2.1. Configuration</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.req">8.3. Requirements of a full bulk build</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.var">8.4. Bulk build variants</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.confopt">8.4.1. Detect unknown configure options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.comperr">8.4.2. Detect classes of bugs by forcing compiler warnings</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.builderr">8.4.3. Force compiler options only in the build phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.dirs">8.4.4. Use custom directories</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.warn">8.4.5. Turn warnings into errors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.pkglint">8.4.6. Reject packages for which pkglint reports errors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.strings">8.4.7. Reject packages that contain forbidden strings</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.test">8.4.8. Reject packages whose self-test fails</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.shvar">8.4.9. Reject packages that use undefined shell variables</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.quiet">8.4.10. Turn off verbose logging</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating-cdroms">8.5. Creating a multiple CD-ROM packages collection</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#cdpack-example">8.5.1. Example of cdpack</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#files">9. Directory layout of the installed files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files.localbase">9.1. File system layout in <code class="literal">${LOCALBASE}</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files.varbase">9.2. File system layout in <code class="literal">${VARBASE}</code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#faq">10. Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#mailing-list-pointers">10.1. Are there any mailing lists for pkg-related discussion?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq-pkgtools">10.2. Utilities for package management (pkgtools)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#non-root-pkgsrc">10.3. How to use pkgsrc as non-root</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#resume-transfers">10.4. How to resume transfers when fetching distfiles?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#x.org-from-pkgsrc">10.5. How can I install/use modular X.org from pkgsrc?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fetch-behind-firewall">10.6. How to fetch files from behind a firewall</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fetch-https">10.7. How to fetch files from HTTPS sites</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#passive-ftp">10.8. How do I tell <span class="command"><strong>make fetch</strong></span> to do passive FTP?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fetching-all-distfiles">10.9. How to fetch all distfiles at once</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#tmac.andoc-missing">10.10. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Don't know how to make
/usr/share/tmac/tmac.andoc</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bsd.own.mk-missing">10.11. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Could not find bsd.own.mk</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#using-sudo-with-pkgsrc">10.12. Using 'sudo' or `priv` with pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq.conf">10.13. How do I change the location of configuration files?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#audit-packages">10.14. Automated security checks</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ufaq-cflags">10.15. Why do some packages ignore my <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ufaq-fail">10.16. A package does not build.  What shall I do?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq.rcs-conflicts">10.17. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Makefile appears to contain unresolved cvs/rcs/??? merge conflicts</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="part"><a href="#developers-guide">II. The pkgsrc developer's guide</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#help-devel">11. Getting help</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#components">12. Package components - files, directories and contents</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.Makefile">12.1. <code class="filename">Makefile</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.distinfo">12.2. <code class="filename">distinfo</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.patches">12.3. <code class="filename">patches/*</code></a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patch.structure">12.3.1. Structure of a single patch file</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.caveats">12.3.2. Creating patch files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.sources">12.3.3. Sources where the patch files come from</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.guidelines">12.3.4. Patching guidelines</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.feedback">12.3.5. Feedback to the author</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#other-mandatory-files">12.4. Other mandatory files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.optional">12.5. Optional files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.optional.bin">12.5.1. Files affecting the binary package</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.optional.build">12.5.2. Files affecting the build process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.optional.none">12.5.3. Files affecting nothing at all</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#work-dir">12.6. <code class="filename">work*</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files-dir">12.7. <code class="filename">files/*</code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#build">13. The build process</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.intro">13.1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.prefix">13.2. Program location</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.builddirs">13.3. Directories used during the build process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.running">13.4. Running a phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.fetch">13.5. The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#build.fetch.what">13.5.1. What to fetch and where to get it from</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#build.fetch.how">13.5.2. How are the files fetched?</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.checksum">13.6. The <span class="emphasis"><em>checksum</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.extract">13.7. The <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.patch">13.8. The <span class="emphasis"><em>patch</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.tools">13.9. The <span class="emphasis"><em>tools</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.wrapper">13.10. The <span class="emphasis"><em>wrapper</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.configure">13.11. The <span class="emphasis"><em>configure</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.build">13.12. The <span class="emphasis"><em>build</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.test">13.13. The <span class="emphasis"><em>test</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.install">13.14. The <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.package">13.15. The <span class="emphasis"><em>package</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.clean">13.16. Cleaning up</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.helpful-targets">13.17. Other helpful targets</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#creating">14. Creating a new pkgsrc package from scratch</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating.common">14.1. Common types of packages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.python-module">14.1.1. Python modules and programs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.R-package">14.1.2. R packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.TeX-package">14.1.3. TeXlive packages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating.examples">14.2. Examples</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.nvu">14.2.1. How the www/nvu package came into pkgsrc</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#makefile">15. Programming in <code class="filename">Makefile</code>s</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#makefile.style">15.1. Caveats</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#makefile.variables">15.2. <code class="filename">Makefile</code> variables</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#makefile.variables.names">15.2.1. Naming conventions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#makefile.code">15.3. Code snippets</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#adding-to-list">15.3.1. Adding things to a list</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#echo-literal">15.3.2. Echoing a string exactly as-is</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#cflags-gnu-configure">15.3.3. Passing <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> to GNU configure scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#empty-variables">15.3.4. Handling possibly empty variables</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#options">16. Options handling</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#global-default-options">16.1. Global default options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#converting-to-options">16.2. Converting packages to use <code class="filename">bsd.options.mk</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#option-names">16.3. Option Names</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#option-build">16.4. Determining the options of dependencies</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#tools">17. Tools needed for building or running</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#pkgsrc-tools">17.1. Tools for pkgsrc builds</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#package-tools">17.2. Tools needed by packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#platform-tools">17.3. Tools provided by platforms</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#buildlink">18. Buildlink methodology</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#converting-to-buildlink3">18.1. Converting packages to use buildlink3</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating-buildlink3.mk">18.2. Writing <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#anatomy-of-bl3">18.2.1. Anatomy of a buildlink3.mk file</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#updating-buildlink-depends">18.2.2. Updating
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      and
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      in <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#writing-builtin.mk">18.3. Writing <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#anatomy-of-builtin.mk">18.3.1. Anatomy of a <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> file</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#native-or-pkgsrc-preference">18.3.2. Global preferences for native or pkgsrc software</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#plist">19. PLIST issues</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#rcs-id">19.1. RCS ID</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#automatic-plist-generation">19.2. Semi-automatic <code class="filename">PLIST</code> generation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#print-PLIST">19.3. Tweaking output of <span class="command"><strong>make print-PLIST</strong></span></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#plist.misc">19.4. Variable substitution in PLIST</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#manpage-compression">19.5. Man page compression</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#using-PLIST_SRC">19.6. Changing PLIST source with <code class="varname">PLIST_SRC</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#platform-specific-plist">19.7. Platform-specific and differing PLISTs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build-plist">19.8. Build-specific PLISTs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq.common-dirs">19.9. Sharing directories between packages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#pkginstall">20. The pkginstall framework</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files-and-dirs-outside-prefix">20.1. Files and directories outside the installation prefix</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#dirs-outside-prefix">20.1.1. Directory manipulation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#files-outside-prefix">20.1.2. File manipulation</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#conf-files">20.2. Configuration files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-sysconfdir">20.2.1. How <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code> is set</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-configure">20.2.2. Telling the software where configuration files are</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-patching">20.2.3. Patching installations</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-disable">20.2.4. Disabling handling of configuration files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#rcd-scripts">20.3. System startup scripts</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#rcd-scripts-disable">20.3.1. Disabling handling of system startup scripts</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#users-and-groups">20.4. System users and groups</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#shells">20.5. System shells</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#shells-disable">20.5.1. Disabling shell registration</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fonts">20.6. Fonts</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fonts-disable">20.6.1. Disabling automatic update of the fonts databases</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#fixes">21. Making your package work</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#general-operation">21.1. General operation</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#pulling-vars-from-etc-mk.conf">21.1.1. How to pull in user-settable variables from <code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#user-interaction">21.1.2. User interaction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#handling-licenses">21.1.3. Handling licenses</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#restricted-packages">21.1.4. Restricted packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#dependencies">21.1.5. Handling dependencies</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conflicts">21.1.6. Handling conflicts with other packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#not-building-packages">21.1.7. Packages that cannot or should not be built</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#undeletable-packages">21.1.8. Packages which should not be deleted, once installed</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#security-handling">21.1.9. Handling packages with security problems</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bumping-pkgrevision">21.1.10. How to handle incrementing versions when fixing an existing package</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.subst">21.1.11. Substituting variable text in the package files (the SUBST framework)</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.fetch">21.2. The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#no-plain-download">21.2.1. Packages whose distfiles aren't available for plain downloading</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#modified-distfiles-same-name">21.2.2. How to handle modified distfiles with the 'old' name</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#build.fetch.github">21.2.3. Packages hosted on github.com</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.configure">21.3. The <span class="emphasis"><em>configure</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.libtool">21.3.1. Shared libraries - libtool</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using-libtool">21.3.2. Using libtool on GNU packages that already support libtool</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#autoconf-automake">21.3.3. GNU Autoconf/Automake</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#meson">21.3.4. Meson / ninja</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#programming-languages">21.4. Programming languages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#basic-programming-languages">21.4.1. C, C++, and Fortran</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#java-programming-language">21.4.2. Java</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#go-programming-language">21.4.3. Go</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#rust-programming-language">21.4.4. Rust</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#perl-scripts">21.4.5. Packages containing Perl scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#shell-scripts">21.4.6. Packages containing shell scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#other-programming-languages">21.4.7. Other programming languages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.build">21.5. The <span class="emphasis"><em>build</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.build.cpp">21.5.1. Compiling C and C++ code conditionally</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#compiler-bugs">21.5.2. How to handle compiler bugs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.build.header">21.5.3. No such file or directory</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#undefined-reference">21.5.4. Undefined reference to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">...</span>&#8221;</span></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#out-of-memory">21.5.5. Running out of memory</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.install">21.6. The <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#install-scripts">21.6.1. Creating needed directories</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#where-to-install-documentation">21.6.2. Where to install documentation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#installing-score-files">21.6.3. Installing highscore files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#destdir-support">21.6.4. Adding DESTDIR support to packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardcoded-paths">21.6.5. Packages with hardcoded paths to other interpreters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#perl-modules">21.6.6. Packages installing Perl modules</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#faq.info-files">21.6.7. Packages installing info files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#manpages">21.6.8. Packages installing man pages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#x11-fonts">21.6.9. Packages installing X11 fonts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#sgml-xml-data">21.6.10. Packages installing SGML or XML data</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#mime-database">21.6.11. Packages installing extensions to the MIME database</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#intltool">21.6.12. Packages using intltool</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#startup-scripts">21.6.13. Packages installing startup scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#tex-packages">21.6.14. Packages installing TeX modules</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#emulation-packages">21.6.15. Packages supporting running binaries in
    emulation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hicolor-theme">21.6.16. Packages installing hicolor icons</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#desktop-files">21.6.17. Packages installing desktop files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#punting">21.7. Marking packages as having problems</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#gnome">22. GNOME packaging and porting</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#meta-packages">22.1. Meta packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#new-package">22.2. Packaging a GNOME application</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#full-update">22.3. Updating GNOME to a newer version</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#patching">22.4. Patching guidelines</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#submit">23. Submitting and Committing</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#submitting-binary-packages">23.1. Submitting binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#submitting-your-package">23.2. Submitting source packages (for non-NetBSD-developers)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#general-notes-for-changes">23.3. General notes when adding, updating, or removing packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#commit-messages">23.4. Commit Messages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#committing-importing">23.5. Committing: Adding a package to CVS</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#updating-package">23.6. Updating a package to a newer version</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#renaming-package">23.7. Renaming a package in pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#moving-package">23.8. Moving a package in pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#devfaq">24. Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="part"><a href="#infrastructure">III. The pkgsrc infrastructure internals</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#infr.design">25. Design of the pkgsrc infrastructure</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.vardef">25.1. The meaning of variable definitions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.vardef.problems">25.2. Avoiding problems before they arise</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.var">25.3. Variable evaluation</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.var.load">25.3.1. At load time</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.var.run">25.3.2. At runtime</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.varspec">25.4. How can variables be specified?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.design.intf">25.5. Designing interfaces for Makefile fragments</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.design.intf.proc">25.5.1. Procedures with parameters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.design.intf.action">25.5.2. Actions taken on behalf of parameters</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.order">25.6. The order in which files are loaded</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.order.prefs">25.6.1. The order in <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.order.pkg">25.6.2. The order in <code class="filename">bsd.pkg.mk</code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#regression">26. Regression tests</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#regression.run">26.1. Running the regression tests</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#regression.new">26.2. Adding a new regression test</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#regression.fun.override">26.2.1. Overridable functions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#regression.fun.helper">26.2.2. Helper functions</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#porting">27. Porting pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#porting.opsys">27.1. Porting pkgsrc to a new operating system</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#examples">A. A simple example package: bison</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#example-files">A.1. files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#example-Makefile">A.1.1. Makefile</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#example-descr">A.1.2. DESCR</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#example-plist">A.1.3. PLIST</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#checking-package-with-pkglint">A.1.4. Checking a package with pkglint</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#steps-for-b-i-p">A.2. Steps for building, installing, packaging</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#hardening">B. Security hardening</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#hardening.mechanisms">B.1. Mechanisms</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.mechanisms.enabled">B.1.1. Enabled by default</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.mechanisms.disabled">B.1.2. Not enabled by default</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#hardening.caveats">B.2. Caveats</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.caveats.pie">B.2.1. Problems with PKGSRC_MKPIE</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.caveats.fortify">B.2.2. Problems with PKGSRC_USE_FORTIFY</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.caveats.relro">B.2.3. Problems with PKGSRC_USE_RELRO</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.caveats.ssp">B.2.4. Problems with PKGSRC_USE_SSP</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#hardening.audit">B.3. Auditing the system</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.audit.pie">B.3.1. Checking for PIE</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.audit.relropartial">B.3.2. Checking for partial RELRO</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.audit.relrofull">B.3.3. Checking for full RELRO</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.audit.ssp">B.3.4. Checking for SSP</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#logs">C. Build logs</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#logs.building">C.1. Building figlet</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#logs.package">C.2. Packaging figlet</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#ftp-layout">D. Directory layout of the pkgsrc FTP server</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-distfiles">D.1. <code class="filename">distfiles</code>: The distributed source files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-misc">D.2. <code class="filename">misc</code>: Miscellaneous things</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-packages">D.3. <code class="filename">packages</code>: Binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-reports">D.4. <code class="filename">reports</code>: Bulk build reports</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-source">D.5. <code class="filename">current</code>,
<code class="filename">stable</code>,
<code class="filename">pkgsrc-20<em class="replaceable"><code>xx</code></em>Q<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em></code>:
source packages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#help-topics">E. Help topics</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#editing">F. Editing guidelines for the pkgsrc guide</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#targets">F.1. Make targets</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#procedure">F.2. Procedure</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="list-of-tables">
<p><b>List of Tables</b></p>
<dl>
<dt>1.1. <a href="#supported-platforms">Platforms supported by pkgsrc</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.1. <a href="#patch-examples">Patching examples</a>
</dt>
<dt>22.1. <a href="#plist-handling">PLIST handling for GNOME packages</a>
</dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="introduction"></a>Chapter 1. What is pkgsrc?</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#introduction-section">1.1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#why-pkgsrc">1.1.1. Why pkgsrc?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#intro.platforms">1.1.2. Supported platforms</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#overview">1.2. Overview</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#terminology">1.3. Terminology</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#term.roles">1.3.1. Roles involved in pkgsrc</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#typography">1.4. Typography</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="introduction-section"></a>1.1. Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
<p>There is a lot of software freely available for Unix-based
systems, which is usually available in form of the source code. Before
such software can be used, it needs to be configured to the local
system, compiled and installed, and this is exactly what The NetBSD
Packages Collection (pkgsrc) does. pkgsrc also has some basic commands
to handle binary packages, so that not every user has to build the
packages for himself, which is a time-costly task.</p>
<p>pkgsrc currently contains several thousand packages,
      including:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/www/apache24/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">www/apache24</code></a> - The Apache
	  web server</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/www/firefox/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">www/firefox</code></a> - The Firefox
	  web browser</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/gnome/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/gnome</code></a> - The GNOME
	  Desktop Environment</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/kde4/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/kde4</code></a> - The K
	  Desktop Environment</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>&#8230; just to name a few.</p>
<p>pkgsrc has built-in support for handling varying dependencies,
      such as pthreads and X11, and extended features such as IPv6 support on
      a range of platforms.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="why-pkgsrc"></a>1.1.1. Why pkgsrc?</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
pkgsrc provides the following key features:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Easy building of software from source as well as the creation
  and installation of binary packages. The source and latest
  patches are retrieved from a master or mirror download site, checksum
  verified, then built on your system. Support for binary-only
  distributions is available for both native platforms and NetBSD
  emulated platforms.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>All packages are installed in a consistent directory tree,
  including binaries, libraries, man pages and other
  documentation.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Tracking of package dependencies automatically, including when
  performing updates, to ensure required packages are installed. The
  configuration files of various packages are handled automatically during
  updates, so local changes are preserved.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Like NetBSD, pkgsrc is designed with portability in mind and
  consists of highly portable code. This allows the greatest speed of
  development when porting to a new platform. This portability also
  ensures that pkgsrc is <span class="emphasis"><em>consistent across all
  platforms</em></span>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The installation prefix, acceptable software licenses,
  international encryption requirements and build-time options for a
  large number of packages are all set in a simple, central
  configuration file.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The entire source (not including the distribution files) is
  freely available under a BSD license, so you may extend and adapt
  pkgsrc to your needs. Support for local packages and patches is
  available right out of the box, so you can configure it specifically
  for your environment.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>The following principles are basic to pkgsrc:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">It should only work if it's right.</span>&#8221;</span>
&mdash; That means, if a package contains bugs, it's better to find
them and to complain about them rather than to just install the package
and hope that it works. There are numerous checks in pkgsrc that try to
find such bugs: static analysis tools (<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkglint/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkglint</code></a>), build-time checks (portability
of shell scripts), and post-installation checks (installed files,
references to shared libraries, script interpreters).</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">If it works, it should work everywhere</span>&#8221;</span>
&mdash; Like NetBSD has been ported to many hardware architectures,
pkgsrc has been ported to many operating systems. Care is taken that
packages behave the same on all platforms.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="intro.platforms"></a>1.1.2. Supported platforms</h3></div></div></div>
<p>pkgsrc consists of both a source distribution and a binary
distribution for these operating systems. After retrieving the required
source or binaries, you can be up and running with pkgsrc in just
minutes!</p>
<p>pkgsrc was derived from FreeBSD's ports system, and
      initially developed for NetBSD only. Since then, pkgsrc has
      grown a lot, and now supports the following platforms:</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="supported-platforms"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 1.1. Platforms supported by pkgsrc</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Platforms supported by pkgsrc" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>Platform</th>
<th>Date Support Added</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/" target="_top">NetBSD</a></td>
<td align="center">Aug 1997</td>
<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="http://wwws.sun.com/software/solaris/" target="_top">Solaris</a></td>
<td align="center">Mar 1999</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.Solaris" target="_top">README.Solaris</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.kernel.org/" target="_top">Linux</a></td>
<td align="center">Jun 1999</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.Linux" target="_top">README.Linux</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
          <a class="ulink" href="https://developer.apple.com/macos/" target="_top">Darwin / Mac OS X / OS X / macOS</a>
        </td>
<td align="center">Oct 2001</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.macOS" target="_top">README.macOS</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.freebsd.org/" target="_top">FreeBSD</a></td>
<td align="center">Nov 2002</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.FreeBSD" target="_top">README.FreeBSD</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.openbsd.org/" target="_top">OpenBSD</a></td>
<td align="center">Nov 2002</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.OpenBSD" target="_top">README.OpenBSD</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.sgi.com/software/irix/" target="_top">IRIX</a></td>
<td align="center">Dec 2002</td>
<td>
	<a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.IRIX" target="_top">README.IRIX</a>
	<a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.IRIX5.3" target="_top">README.IRIX5.3</a>
	</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BSD/OS</td>
<td align="center">Dec 2003</td>
<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www-1.ibm.com/servers/aix/" target="_top">AIX</a></td>
<td align="center">Dec 2003</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.AIX" target="_top">README.AIX</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
          <a class="ulink" href="https://www.microsoft.com/windows/sfu/" target="_top">Interix</a>
          (Microsoft Windows Services for Unix)
        </td>
<td align="center">Mar 2004</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.Interix" target="_top">README.Interix</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.dragonflybsd.org/" target="_top">DragonFlyBSD</a></td>
<td align="center">Oct 2004</td>
<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="http://www.tru64.org/" target="_top">OSF/1</a></td>
<td align="center">Nov 2004</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.OSF1" target="_top">README.OSF1</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.hp.com/products1/unix/" target="_top">HP-UX</a></td>
<td align="center">Apr 2007</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.HPUX" target="_top">README.HPUX</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.haiku-os.org/" target="_top">Haiku</a></td>
<td align="center">Sep 2010</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.Haiku" target="_top">README.Haiku</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.mirbsd.org/" target="_top">MirBSD</a></td>
<td align="center">Jan 2011</td>
<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.minix3.org/" target="_top">Minix3</a></td>
<td align="center">Nov 2011</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.Minix3" target="_top">README.Minix3</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cygwin.com/" target="_top">Cygwin</a></td>
<td align="center">Mar 2013</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.Cygwin" target="_top">README.Cygwin</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/" target="_top">GNU/kFreeBSD</a></td>
<td align="center">Jul 2013</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.GNUkFreeBSD" target="_top">README.GNUkFreeBSD</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://www.bitrig.org/" target="_top">Bitrig</a></td>
<td align="center">Jun 2014</td>
<td><a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/bootstrap/README.Bitrig" target="_top">README.Bitrig</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="overview"></a>1.2. Overview</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This document is divided into three parts. The first,
	<a class="link" href="#users-guide" title="Part I. The pkgsrc user's guide">The pkgsrc user's guide</a>,
	describes how one can use one of the packages in the Package
	Collection, either by installing a precompiled binary package,
	or by building one's own copy using the NetBSD package system.
	The second part, <a class="link" href="#developers-guide" title="Part II. The pkgsrc developer's guide">The pkgsrc developer's guide</a>, explains how to prepare a
	package so it can be easily built by other NetBSD users without
	knowing about the package's building details. The third part,
	<a class="link" href="#infrastructure" title="Part III. The pkgsrc infrastructure internals">The pkgsrc infrastructure internals</a>
	is intended for those who want to understand how pkgsrc is
	implemented.</p>
<p>This document is available in various formats:
	<span class="simplelist"><a class="ulink" href="index.html" target="_top">HTML</a>, <a class="ulink" href="pkgsrc.pdf" target="_top">PDF</a>, <a class="ulink" href="pkgsrc.ps" target="_top">PS</a>, <a class="ulink" href="pkgsrc.txt" target="_top">TXT</a></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="terminology"></a>1.3. Terminology</h2></div></div></div>
<p>There has been a lot of talk about <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">ports</span>&#8221;</span>,
      <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">packages</span>&#8221;</span>, etc. so far. Here is a description of all the
      terminology used within this document.</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">Package</span></dt>
<dd><p>A set of files and building instructions
	    that describe what's necessary
	    to build a certain piece of software using
            pkgsrc. Packages are traditionally stored under
	    <code class="filename">/usr/pkgsrc</code>,
	    but may be stored in any location,
	    referred to as <code class="varname">PKGSRCDIR</code>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">The NetBSD package system</span></dt>
<dd><p>This is the former name of <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">pkgsrc</span>&#8221;</span>.  It
	  is part of the NetBSD operating system and can be bootstrapped
	  to run on non-NetBSD operating systems as well.  It handles
	  building (compiling), installing, and removing of
	  packages.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Distfile</span></dt>
<dd><p>This term describes the file or files that are
	    provided by the author of the piece of software to
	    distribute his work. All the changes necessary to build on
	    NetBSD are reflected in the corresponding package. Usually
	    the distfile is in the form of a compressed tar-archive,
	    but other types are possible, too. Distfiles are usually
	    stored below
	    <code class="filename">/usr/pkgsrc/distfiles</code>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Port</span></dt>
<dd><p>This is the term used by FreeBSD and OpenBSD people
	    for what we call a package.
	    In NetBSD terminology, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">port</span>&#8221;</span> refers to a different
	    architecture.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Precompiled/binary package</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>A set of binaries built with pkgsrc from a distfile
	    and stuffed together in a single <code class="filename">.tgz</code>
	    file so it can be installed on machines of the same
	    machine architecture without the need to
	    recompile. Packages are usually generated in
	    <code class="filename">/usr/pkgsrc/packages</code>; there is also
	    an archive on <a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/" target="_top">ftp.NetBSD.org</a>.</p>
<p>Sometimes, this is referred to by the term <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">package</span>&#8221;</span> too,
	    especially in the context of precompiled packages.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">Program</span></dt>
<dd><p>The piece of software to be installed which will be
	  constructed from all the files in the distfile by the
	  actions defined in the corresponding package.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="term.roles"></a>1.3.1. Roles involved in pkgsrc</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">pkgsrc users</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The
	pkgsrc users are people who use the packages provided by pkgsrc.
	Typically they are system administrators. The people using the
	software that is inside the packages (maybe called <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">end
	users</span>&#8221;</span>) are not covered by the pkgsrc guide.</p>
<p>There are two kinds of pkgsrc users: Some only want to
	install pre-built binary packages. Others build the pkgsrc
	packages from source, either for installing them directly or for
	building binary packages themselves. For pkgsrc users <a class="xref" href="#users-guide" title="Part I. The pkgsrc user's guide">Part I, &#8220;The pkgsrc user's guide&#8221;</a> should provide all necessary
	documentation.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">package maintainers</span></dt>
<dd><p>A
	package maintainer creates packages as described in <a class="xref" href="#developers-guide" title="Part II. The pkgsrc developer's guide">Part II, &#8220;The pkgsrc developer's guide&#8221;</a>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">infrastructure developers</span></dt>
<dd><p>These people are involved in all those files
	that live in the <code class="filename">mk/</code> directory and below.
	Only these people should need to read through <a class="xref" href="#infrastructure" title="Part III. The pkgsrc infrastructure internals">Part III, &#8220;The pkgsrc infrastructure internals&#8221;</a>, though others might be curious,
	too.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="typography"></a>1.4. Typography</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When giving examples for commands, shell prompts are used to
      show if the command should/can be issued as root, or if
      <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">normal</span>&#8221;</span> user privileges are sufficient. We use a
      <code class="prompt">#</code> for root's shell prompt, a <code class="prompt">%</code> for users'
      shell prompt, assuming they use the C-shell or tcsh and a <code class="prompt">$</code> for
      bourne shell and derivatives.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="part">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="users-guide"></a>Part I. The pkgsrc user's guide</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#help-user">2. Getting help</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#getting">3. Where to get pkgsrc and how to keep it up-to-date</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#getting-first">3.1. Getting pkgsrc for the first time</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#getting-via-tar">3.1.1. As tar archive</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#getting-via-cvs">3.1.2. Via anonymous CVS</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#uptodate">3.2. Keeping pkgsrc up-to-date</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#uptodate-tar">3.2.1. Via tar files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#uptodate-cvs">3.2.2. Via CVS</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#platforms">4. Using pkgsrc on systems other than NetBSD</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#binarydist">4.1. Binary distribution</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bootstrapping-pkgsrc">4.2. Bootstrapping pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#using">5. Using pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#using-pkg">5.1. Using binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#finding-binary-packages">5.1.1. Finding binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#installing-binary-packages">5.1.2. Installing binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkgin_update">5.1.3. Updating packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkg_delete">5.1.4. Deinstalling packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkg_info">5.1.5. Getting information about installed packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#vulnerabilities">5.1.6. Checking for security vulnerabilities in installed packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#pkg_versions">5.1.7. Finding if newer versions of your installed packages are in pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkg_admin">5.1.8. Other administrative functions</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#building-packages-from-source">5.2. Building packages from source</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#requirements">5.2.1. Requirements</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fetching-distfiles">5.2.2. Fetching distfiles</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#how-to-build-and-install">5.2.3. How to build and install</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#configuring">6. Configuring pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#general-configuration">6.1. General configuration</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#variables-affecting-build">6.2. Variables affecting the build process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#variables-affecting-installation">6.3. Variables affecting the installation process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#conf.compiler">6.4. Selecting and configuring the compiler</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#selecting-the-compiler">6.4.1. Selecting the compiler</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf.cflags">6.4.2. Additional flags to the compiler (<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf.ldflags">6.4.3. Additional flags to the linker (<code class="varname">LDFLAGS</code>)</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#developer-advanced-settings">6.5. Developer/advanced settings</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#selecting-build-options">6.6. Selecting Build Options</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#binary">7. Creating binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#building-a-single-binary-package">7.1. Building a single binary package</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#settings-for-creationg-of-binary-packages">7.2. Settings for creation of binary packages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#bulk">8. Creating binary packages for everything in pkgsrc (bulk
builds)</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.pre">8.1. Preparations</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.pbulk">8.2. Running a bulk build</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.pbulk.conf">8.2.1. Configuration</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.req">8.3. Requirements of a full bulk build</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.var">8.4. Bulk build variants</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.confopt">8.4.1. Detect unknown configure options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.comperr">8.4.2. Detect classes of bugs by forcing compiler warnings</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.builderr">8.4.3. Force compiler options only in the build phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.dirs">8.4.4. Use custom directories</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.warn">8.4.5. Turn warnings into errors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.pkglint">8.4.6. Reject packages for which pkglint reports errors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.strings">8.4.7. Reject packages that contain forbidden strings</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.test">8.4.8. Reject packages whose self-test fails</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.shvar">8.4.9. Reject packages that use undefined shell variables</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.quiet">8.4.10. Turn off verbose logging</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating-cdroms">8.5. Creating a multiple CD-ROM packages collection</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#cdpack-example">8.5.1. Example of cdpack</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#files">9. Directory layout of the installed files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files.localbase">9.1. File system layout in <code class="literal">${LOCALBASE}</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files.varbase">9.2. File system layout in <code class="literal">${VARBASE}</code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#faq">10. Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#mailing-list-pointers">10.1. Are there any mailing lists for pkg-related discussion?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq-pkgtools">10.2. Utilities for package management (pkgtools)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#non-root-pkgsrc">10.3. How to use pkgsrc as non-root</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#resume-transfers">10.4. How to resume transfers when fetching distfiles?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#x.org-from-pkgsrc">10.5. How can I install/use modular X.org from pkgsrc?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fetch-behind-firewall">10.6. How to fetch files from behind a firewall</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fetch-https">10.7. How to fetch files from HTTPS sites</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#passive-ftp">10.8. How do I tell <span class="command"><strong>make fetch</strong></span> to do passive FTP?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fetching-all-distfiles">10.9. How to fetch all distfiles at once</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#tmac.andoc-missing">10.10. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Don't know how to make
/usr/share/tmac/tmac.andoc</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bsd.own.mk-missing">10.11. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Could not find bsd.own.mk</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#using-sudo-with-pkgsrc">10.12. Using 'sudo' or `priv` with pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq.conf">10.13. How do I change the location of configuration files?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#audit-packages">10.14. Automated security checks</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ufaq-cflags">10.15. Why do some packages ignore my <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ufaq-fail">10.16. A package does not build.  What shall I do?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq.rcs-conflicts">10.17. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Makefile appears to contain unresolved cvs/rcs/??? merge conflicts</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="help-user"></a>Chapter 2. Getting help</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
	To get help when using pkgsrc, the definitive source is this
	document, the pkgsrc guide. If you don't find anything here,
	there are alternatives:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<p>
	The built-in pkgsrc help, which is available after bootstrapping
	pkgsrc. Run <span class="command"><strong>bmake help topic=&#8230;</strong></span> to get
	help for any topic, such as a variable name like
	<code class="varname">BUILD_DEFS</code>, a make target like
	<span class="command"><strong>do-build</strong></span>, a missing C or C++ function like
	<span class="command"><strong>strcasecmp</strong></span> or any other topic.</p>
<p>The available help topics are listed in <a class="xref" href="#help-topics" title="Appendix E. Help topics">Appendix E, <i>Help topics</i></a>.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>
	To see the value of a single variable, run <span class="command"><strong>bmake
	show-var VARNAME=<em class="replaceable"><code>X</code></em></strong></span>.
</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>
	To see the values of the most common variables, run
	<span class="command"><strong>bmake show-all</strong></span>. These variables are grouped by
	topic. To see the variables for a single topic, run
	<span class="command"><strong>bmake
	show-all-<em class="replaceable"><code>topic</code></em></strong></span>, for example
	<span class="command"><strong>bmake show-all-fetch</strong></span>.
</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>
	The pkgsrc-users mailing list, to which
	<a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/#pkgsrc-users" target="_top">you
	can subscribe</a> and then <a class="ulink" href="mailto:pkgsrc-users@NetBSD.org" target="_top">ask your
	questions</a>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The #pkgsrc IRC channel, which is accessible
	<a class="ulink" href="https://webchat.freenode.net/" target="_top">via a web browser</a>
	or by using a specialized chat program such as
	<a class="ulink" href="http://xchat.org/" target="_top">XChat</a>.
	Pick any user name and join the channel #pkgsrc.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="getting"></a>Chapter 3. Where to get pkgsrc and how to keep it up-to-date</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#getting-first">3.1. Getting pkgsrc for the first time</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#getting-via-tar">3.1.1. As tar archive</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#getting-via-cvs">3.1.2. Via anonymous CVS</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#uptodate">3.2. Keeping pkgsrc up-to-date</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#uptodate-tar">3.2.1. Via tar files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#uptodate-cvs">3.2.2. Via CVS</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Before you download and extract the files, you need to decide
where you want to extract them. When using pkgsrc as root user, pkgsrc
is usually installed in <code class="filename">/usr/pkgsrc</code>. You are though
free to install the sources and binary packages wherever you want in
your filesystem, provided that the pathname does not contain white-space
or other characters that are interpreted specially by the shell and some
other programs. A safe bet is to use only letters, digits, underscores
and dashes.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="getting-first"></a>3.1. Getting pkgsrc for the first time</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Before you download any pkgsrc files, you should decide
	whether you want the <span class="emphasis"><em>current</em></span> branch or the
	<span class="emphasis"><em>stable</em></span> branch. The latter is forked on a
	quarterly basis from the current branch and only gets modified
	for security updates. The names of the stable branches are built
	from the year and the quarter, for example
	<code class="literal">2021Q4</code>.</p>
<p>The second step is to decide <span class="emphasis"><em>how</em></span> you
	want to download pkgsrc. You can get it as a tar file or via CVS.
	Both ways are described here.</p>
<p>Note that tar archive contains CVS working copy.
	Thus you can switch to using CVS at any later time.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="getting-via-tar"></a>3.1.1. As tar archive</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The primary download location for all pkgsrc files is
	<a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/" target="_top">https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/</a> or
	<a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/" target="_top">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/</a>
	(it points to the same location).
	There are a number of subdirectories for different purposes,
	which are described in detail in <a class="xref" href="#ftp-layout" title="Appendix D. Directory layout of the pkgsrc FTP server">Appendix D, <i>Directory layout of the pkgsrc FTP server</i></a>.</p>
<p>The tar archive for the current branch is in the directory
	<code class="filename">current</code> and is called <a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc.tar.gz" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgsrc.tar.gz</code></a>.
	It is autogenerated weekly.</p>
<p>To save download time we provide bzip2- and
	xz-compressed archives which are published at
	<a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc.tar.bz2" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgsrc.tar.bz2</code></a>
	and
	<a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc.tar.xz" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgsrc.tar.xz</code></a>
	respectively.
	</p>
<p>You can fetch the same files using FTP.</p>
<p>The tar file for the stable branch 2021Q4 is in the
	directory <code class="filename">pkgsrc-2021Q4</code> and is also called <a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/pkgsrc-2021Q4/pkgsrc.tar.gz" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgsrc.tar.gz</code></a>.</p>
<p>To download the latest pkgsrc stable tarball, run:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>ftp ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/pkgsrc-2021Q4/pkgsrc.tar.gz</code></strong></pre>
<p>If you prefer, you can also fetch it using "wget", "curl",
	or your web browser.</p>
<p>Then, extract it with:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>tar -xzf pkgsrc.tar.gz -C /usr</code></strong></pre>
<p>This will create the directory <code class="filename">pkgsrc/</code>
	in <code class="filename">/usr/</code> and all the package source will be 
	stored under <code class="filename">/usr/pkgsrc/</code>.</p>
<p>To download pkgsrc-current, run:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>ftp ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc.tar.gz</code></strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="getting-via-cvs"></a>3.1.2. Via anonymous CVS</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To fetch a specific pkgsrc stable branch, run:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /usr &amp;&amp; cvs -q -z2 -d anoncvs@anoncvs.NetBSD.org:/cvsroot checkout -r pkgsrc-2021Q4 -P pkgsrc</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>This will create the directory <code class="filename">pkgsrc/</code> 
	in your <code class="filename">/usr/</code> directory and all the package source 
	will be stored under <code class="filename">/usr/pkgsrc/</code>.</p>
<p>To fetch the pkgsrc current branch, run:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /usr &amp;&amp; cvs -q -z2 -d anoncvs@anoncvs.NetBSD.org:/cvsroot checkout -P pkgsrc</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>Refer to the <a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/#anoncvs" target="_top">list of available mirrors</a> to choose a faster CVS mirror, if needed.</p>
<p>If you get error messages from <code class="literal">rsh</code>, you need to set CVS_RSH variable. E.g.:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /usr &amp;&amp; env CVS_RSH=ssh cvs -q -z2 -d anoncvs@anoncvs.NetBSD.org:/cvsroot checkout -P pkgsrc</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>Refer to documentation on your command shell how to set CVS_RSH=ssh permanently.
	For Bourne shells, you can set it in your <code class="filename">.profile</code>
	or better globally in <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
# set CVS remote shell command
CVS_RSH=ssh
export CVS_RSH
</pre>
<p>By default, CVS doesn't do things like most people would expect it to do.
	But there is a way to convince CVS, by creating a file called <code class="filename">.cvsrc</code>
	in your home directory and saving the following lines to it.
	This file will save you lots of headache and some bug reports, so we strongly recommend it.
	You can find an explanation of this file in the CVS documentation.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
# recommended CVS configuration file from the pkgsrc guide
cvs -q
checkout -P
update -dP
diff -upN
rdiff -u
release -d
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="uptodate"></a>3.2. Keeping pkgsrc up-to-date</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The preferred way to keep pkgsrc up-to-date is via CVS
	(which also works if you have first installed it via a tar
	file). It saves bandwidth and hard disk activity, compared to
	downloading the tar file again.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="uptodate-tar"></a>3.2.1. Via tar files</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>When updating from a tar file, you first need to
	completely remove the old pkgsrc directory. Otherwise those
	files that have been removed from pkgsrc in the mean time will
	not be removed on your local disk, resulting in inconsistencies.
	When removing the old files, any changes that you have done to
	the pkgsrc files will be lost after updating. Therefore updating
	via CVS is strongly recommended.</p>
</div>
<p>Note that by default the distfiles and the binary packages
	are saved in the pkgsrc tree, so don't forget to rescue them
	before updating. You can also configure pkgsrc to store distfiles
        and packages in directories outside the pkgsrc tree by setting the
	<code class="varname">DISTDIR</code> and <code class="varname">PACKAGES</code>
	variables. See <a class="xref" href="#configuring" title="Chapter 6. Configuring pkgsrc">Chapter 6, <i>Configuring pkgsrc</i></a> for the details.</p>
<p>To update pkgsrc from a tar file, download the tar file as
	explained above. Then, make sure that you have not made any
	changes to the files in the pkgsrc directory. Remove the pkgsrc
	directory and extract the new tar file. Done.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="uptodate-cvs"></a>3.2.2. Via CVS</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To update pkgsrc via CVS, change to the <code class="filename">pkgsrc</code> directory and run cvs:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /usr/pkgsrc &amp;&amp; cvs update -dP</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>If you get error messages from <code class="literal">rsh</code>, you need to set CVS_RSH variable as described above. E.g.:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /usr/pkgsrc &amp;&amp; env CVS_RSH=ssh cvs up -dP</code></strong>
</pre>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="uptodate-cvs-switch"></a>3.2.2.1. Switching between different pkgsrc branches</h4></div></div></div>
<p>When updating pkgsrc, the CVS program keeps track of the
	branch you selected. But if you, for whatever reason, want to
	switch from the stable branch to the current one, you can do it
	by adding the option <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-A</span>&#8221;</span> after the
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">update</span>&#8221;</span> keyword. To switch from the current branch
	back to the stable branch, add the
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-rpkgsrc-2021Q4</span>&#8221;</span> option.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="uptodate-cvs-changes"></a>3.2.2.2. What happens to my changes when updating?</h4></div></div></div>
<p>When you update pkgsrc, the CVS program will only touch
	those files that are registered in the CVS repository. That
	means that any packages that you created on your own will stay
	unmodified. If you change files that are managed by CVS, later
	updates will try to merge your changes with those that have been
	done by others. See the CVS manual, chapter
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">update</span>&#8221;</span> for details.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="platforms"></a>Chapter 4. Using pkgsrc on systems other than NetBSD</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#binarydist">4.1. Binary distribution</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bootstrapping-pkgsrc">4.2. Bootstrapping pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="binarydist"></a>4.1. Binary distribution</h2></div></div></div>
<p>See <a class="xref" href="#using-pkg" title="5.1. Using binary packages">Section 5.1, &#8220;Using binary packages&#8221;</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="bootstrapping-pkgsrc"></a>4.2. Bootstrapping pkgsrc</h2></div></div></div>
<p>pkgsrc can be bootstrapped for use in two different modes:
    privileged and unprivileged one. In unprivileged mode in contrast
    to privileged one all programs are installed under one particular user
    and cannot utilise privileged operations (packages don't create
    special users and all special file permissions like setuid are ignored).
    </p>
<p>Installing the bootstrap kit from source should be as simple as:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>env CVS_RSH=ssh cvs -d anoncvs@anoncvs.NetBSD.org:/cvsroot checkout -P pkgsrc</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd pkgsrc/bootstrap</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>./bootstrap</code></strong>
    </pre>
<p>To bootstrap in unprivileged mode pass <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">--unprivileged</span>&#8221;</span> flag to <span class="command"><strong>bootstrap</strong></span></p>
<p>By default, in privileged mode pkgsrc uses
    <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code> for <span class="emphasis"><em>prefix</em></span>
    where programs will be installed in,
    and <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/pkgdb</code> for the package database
    directory where pkgsrc will do its internal bookkeeping,
    <code class="filename">/var</code> is used as <span class="emphasis"><em>varbase</em></span>,
    where packages install their persistent data.
    In unprivileged mode pkgsrc uses
    <code class="filename">~/pkg</code> for <span class="emphasis"><em>prefix</em></span>,
    <code class="filename">~/pkg/pkgdb</code> for the package database,
    and <code class="filename">~/pkg/var</code> for <span class="emphasis"><em>varbase</em></span>.
    </p>
<p>You can change default layout using command-line arguments.
    Run <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">./bootstrap --help</span>&#8221;</span> to get details.
    </p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The bootstrap installs a <span class="command"><strong>bmake</strong></span> tool.
      Use this <span class="command"><strong>bmake</strong></span> when building via pkgsrc.
      For examples in this guide, use <span class="command"><strong>bmake</strong></span>
      instead of <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">make</span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>It is possible to bootstrap multiple instances of pkgsrc
      using non-intersecting directories. Use <span class="command"><strong>bmake</strong></span>
      corresponding to the installation you're working with to build
      and install packages.
      </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="using"></a>Chapter 5. Using pkgsrc</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#using-pkg">5.1. Using binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#finding-binary-packages">5.1.1. Finding binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#installing-binary-packages">5.1.2. Installing binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkgin_update">5.1.3. Updating packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkg_delete">5.1.4. Deinstalling packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkg_info">5.1.5. Getting information about installed packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#vulnerabilities">5.1.6. Checking for security vulnerabilities in installed packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#pkg_versions">5.1.7. Finding if newer versions of your installed packages are in pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using.pkg_admin">5.1.8. Other administrative functions</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#building-packages-from-source">5.2. Building packages from source</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#requirements">5.2.1. Requirements</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fetching-distfiles">5.2.2. Fetching distfiles</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#how-to-build-and-install">5.2.3. How to build and install</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Basically, there are two ways of using pkgsrc. The first
is to only install the package tools and to use binary packages
that someone else has prepared. This is the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">pkg</span>&#8221;</span>
in pkgsrc. The second way is to install the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">src</span>&#8221;</span>
of pkgsrc, too. Then you are able to build your own packages,
and you can still use binary packages from someone else.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="using-pkg"></a>5.1. Using binary packages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>On the <a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/" target="_top">cdn.NetBSD.org</a>
  site and mirrors, there are collections of binary packages,
  ready to be installed. These binary packages have been built using the
  default settings for the directories, that is:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code> for <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>, where most of the files are installed,</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">/usr/pkg/etc</code> for configuration files,</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">/var</code> for <code class="varname">VARBASE</code>, where those files are installed that may change after installation.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>If you cannot use these directories for whatever reasons (maybe
  because you're not root), you cannot use these binary packages, but
  have to build the packages yourself, which is explained in <a class="xref" href="#bootstrapping-pkgsrc" title="4.2. Bootstrapping pkgsrc">Section 4.2, &#8220;Bootstrapping pkgsrc&#8221;</a>.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="finding-binary-packages"></a>5.1.1. Finding binary packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To install binary packages, you first need to know from where
    to get them. The first place where you should look is on the main
    pkgsrc CDN in the directory <a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/" target="_top"><code class="filename">/pub/pkgsrc/packages</code></a>.</p>
<p>This directory contains binary packages for multiple
    platforms. First, select your operating system. Then, select your
    hardware architecture, and in the third step, the OS version and
    the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">version</span>&#8221;</span> of pkgsrc.</p>
<p>In this directory, you may find a file called
    <code class="filename">bootstrap.tar.gz</code> which contains the package
    management tools. If the file is missing, it is likely that your
    operating system already provides those tools. Download the file and
    extract it in the <code class="filename">/</code> directory. It will create
    the directories <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code> (containing the tools
    for managing binary packages and the database of installed packages).</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="installing-binary-packages"></a>5.1.2. Installing binary packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>In the directory from the last section, there is a
    subdirectory called <code class="filename">All/</code>, which contains all the
    binary packages that are available for the platform, excluding those
    that may not be distributed via HTTP or FTP.</p>
<p>To install packages directly from an FTP or HTTP server, run
    the following commands in a Bourne-compatible shell (be sure to
    <span class="command"><strong>su</strong></span> to root first):</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>PATH="/usr/pkg/sbin:/usr/pkg/bin:$PATH"</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>PKG_PATH="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages"</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>PKG_PATH="$PKG_PATH/<em class="replaceable"><code>OPSYS</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>ARCH</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>VERSIONS</code></em>/All/"</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>export PATH PKG_PATH</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pkg_add pkgin</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>Instead of URLs, you can also use local paths, for example if
    you are installing from a set of CDROMs, DVDs or an NFS-mounted
    repository. If you want to install packages from multiple sources,
    you can separate them by a semicolon in
    <code class="varname">PKG_PATH</code>.</p>
<p>After these preparations, installing a package is very
    easy:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pkgin search nginx</code></strong>
nginx-1.19.6         Lightweight HTTP server and mail proxy server
nginx-1.18.0nb8      Lightweight HTTP server and mail proxy server
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pkgin install zsh nginx-1.19.6 vim</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>Note that <span class="command"><strong>pkgin</strong></span> is a user-friendly frontend
    to the <span class="command"><strong>pkg_*</strong></span> tools.</p>
<p>Any prerequisite packages needed to run the
    package in question will be installed, too, assuming they are
    present in the repository.</p>
<p>After you've installed packages, be sure to have
    <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/bin</code> and <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/sbin</code> in your
    <code class="varname">PATH</code> so you can actually start the just
    installed program.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="using.pkgin_update"></a>5.1.3. Updating packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To update binary packages, it is recommended that you use
    <span class="command"><strong>pkgin upgrade</strong></span>.  This will compare the remote
    package repository to your locally installed packages and safely
    replace any older packages.</p>
<p>Note that pkgsrc is released as quarterly branches.
    If you are updating to a newer quarterly branch of pkgsrc, you may
    need to adjust the repository in
    <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="using.pkg_delete"></a>5.1.4. Deinstalling packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To deinstall a package, it does not matter whether it was
    installed from source code or from a binary package. Neither the
    <span class="command"><strong>pkgin</strong></span> or the <span class="command"><strong>pkg_delete</strong></span>
    command need to know.</p>
<p>To delete a package, you can just run <span class="command"><strong>pkgin remove
    <em class="replaceable"><code>package-name</code></em></strong></span>. The package
    name can be given with or without version number.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="using.pkg_info"></a>5.1.5. Getting information about installed packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The <span class="command"><strong>pkg_info</strong></span> shows information about
    installed packages or binary package files.
    As with other management tools, it works with packages installed
    from source or binaries.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="vulnerabilities"></a>5.1.6. Checking for security vulnerabilities in installed packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
      The pkgsrc Security Team and Packages Groups maintain a list of
      known vulnerabilities to packages which are (or have been)
      included in pkgsrc.  The list is available from the NetBSD
      CDN at <a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/vulns/pkg-vulnerabilities" target="_top">https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/vulns/pkg-vulnerabilities</a>.
    </p>
<p>
      Please note that not every "vulnerability" with a CVE assignment is
      exploitable in every configuration.
      Some bugs are marked as active simply because an fix was not
      marked as such.
      Operating system specific hardening and mitigation features may also
      reduce the impact of bugs.
    </p>
<p>
      Through <span class="command"><strong>pkg_admin fetch-pkg-vulnerabilities</strong></span>,
      this list can be downloaded
      automatically, and a security audit of all packages installed on a system
      can take place.
    </p>
<p>
      There are two components to auditing.  The first
      step, <span class="command"><strong>pkg_admin fetch-pkg-vulnerabilities</strong></span>,
      is for downloading
      the list of vulnerabilities from the NetBSD FTP site.  The second
      step, <span class="command"><strong>pkg_admin audit</strong></span>, checks to see if any of your
      installed packages are vulnerable.  If a package is vulnerable, you
      will see output similar to the following:
    </p>
<pre class="screen">Package samba-2.0.9 has a local-root-shell vulnerability, see
    https://www.samba.org/samba/whatsnew/macroexploit.html</pre>
<p>
      You may wish to have the
      <a class="ulink" href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/distfiles/vulnerabilities" target="_top">vulnerabilities</a>
      file downloaded daily so that
      it remains current.  This may be done by adding an appropriate entry
      to the root users <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/crontab.5"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">crontab</span>(5)</span></a> entry.  For example the entry
      </p>
<pre class="screen">
# Download vulnerabilities file
0 3 * * * /usr/pkg/sbin/pkg_admin fetch-pkg-vulnerabilities &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1
# Audit the installed packages and email results to root
9 3 * * * /usr/pkg/sbin/pkg_admin audit |mail -s "Installed package audit result" \
	    root &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1
      </pre>
<p>
      will update the vulnerability list every day at 3AM, followed by an audit
      at 3:09AM. The result of the audit are then emailed to root.

      On NetBSD this may be accomplished instead by adding the following
      line to <code class="filename">/etc/daily.conf</code>:
      </p>
<pre class="screen">
fetch_pkg_vulnerabilities=YES
      </pre>
<p>
      to fetch the vulnerability list from the daily security script. The system
      is set to audit the packages by default but can be set explicitly, if
      desired (not required), by adding the following line to
<code class="filename">/etc/security.conf</code>:
      </p>
<pre class="screen">
check_pkg_vulnerabilities=YES
      </pre>
<p>
      see <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/daily.conf.5"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">daily.conf</span>(5)</span></a> and <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/security.conf.5"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">security.conf</span>(5)</span></a> for more details.
    </p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="pkg_versions"></a>5.1.7. Finding if newer versions of your installed packages are in pkgsrc</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
      Install <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/lintpkgsrc/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/lintpkgsrc</code></a> and run
      <span class="command"><strong>lintpkgsrc</strong></span> with the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-i</span>&#8221;</span>
      argument to check if any packages are stale, e.g.
    </p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>lintpkgsrc -i</code></strong>
...
Version mismatch: 'tcsh' 6.09.00 vs 6.10.00
    </pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="using.pkg_admin"></a>5.1.8. Other administrative functions</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The <span class="command"><strong>pkg_admin</strong></span> executes various
    administrative functions on the package system.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="building-packages-from-source"></a>5.2. Building packages from source</h2></div></div></div>
<p>After obtaining pkgsrc, the <code class="filename">pkgsrc</code>
  directory now contains a set of packages, organized into
  categories. You can browse the online index of packages, or run
  <span class="command"><strong>make readme</strong></span> from the <code class="filename">pkgsrc</code>
  directory to build local <code class="filename">README.html</code> files for
  all packages, viewable with any web browser such as <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/www/lynx/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">www/lynx</code></a> or <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/www/firefox/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">www/firefox</code></a>.</p>
<p>The default <span class="emphasis"><em>prefix</em></span> for installed packages
  is <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code>. If you wish to change this, you
  should do so by setting <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code> in
  <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>. You should not try to use multiple
  different <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code> definitions on the same
  system (inside a chroot is an exception). </p>
<p>The rest of this chapter assumes that the package is already
  in pkgsrc. If it is not, see <a class="xref" href="#developers-guide" title="Part II. The pkgsrc developer's guide">Part II, &#8220;The pkgsrc developer's guide&#8221;</a> for
  instructions how to create your own packages.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="requirements"></a>5.2.1. Requirements</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To build packages from source, you need a working C
    compiler. On NetBSD, you need to install the
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">comp</span>&#8221;</span> and the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">text</span>&#8221;</span> distribution
    sets. If you want to build X11-related packages, the
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">xbase</span>&#8221;</span> and <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">xcomp</span>&#8221;</span> distribution
    sets are required, too.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="fetching-distfiles"></a>5.2.2. Fetching distfiles</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The first step for building a package is downloading the
    distfiles (i.e. the unmodified source). If they have not yet been
    downloaded, pkgsrc will fetch them automatically.</p>
<p>If you have all files that you need in the
    <code class="filename">distfiles</code> directory,
    you don't need to connect. If the distfiles are on CD-ROM, you can
    mount the CD-ROM on <code class="filename">/cdrom</code> and add:
    </p>
<pre class="screen">DISTDIR=/cdrom/pkgsrc/distfiles</pre>
<p>
    to your <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
<p>By default a list of distribution sites will be randomly
    intermixed to prevent huge load on servers which holding popular
    packages (for example, SourceForge.net mirrors). Thus, every
    time when you need to fetch yet another distfile all the mirrors
    will be tried in new (random) order. You can turn this feature
    off by setting <code class="varname">MASTER_SORT_RANDOM=NO</code> (for
    <code class="varname">PKG_DEVELOPER</code>s it's already disabled).</p>
<p>You can overwrite some of the major distribution sites to
    fit to sites that are close to your own.  By setting one or two
    variables you can modify the order in which the master sites are
    accessed.  <code class="varname">MASTER_SORT</code> contains a whitespace
    delimited list of domain suffixes.
    <code class="varname">MASTER_SORT_REGEX</code> is even more flexible, it
    contains a whitespace delimited list of regular expressions.  It
    has higher priority than <code class="varname">MASTER_SORT</code>.  Have a
    look at <code class="filename">pkgsrc/mk/defaults/mk.conf</code> to find
    some examples.  This may save some of your bandwidth and
    time.</p>
<p>You can change these settings either in your shell's environment, or,
    if you want to keep the settings, by editing the
    <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> file,
    and adding the definitions there.</p>
<p>
      If a package depends on many other packages (such as
      <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/kde4/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/kde4</code></a>), the build process may
      alternate between periods of
      downloading source, and compiling. To ensure you have all the source
      downloaded initially you can run the command:
      </p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make fetch-list | sh</code></strong></pre>
<p>
      which will output and run a set of shell commands to fetch the
      necessary files into the <code class="filename">distfiles</code> directory.  You can
      also choose to download the files manually.
    </p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="how-to-build-and-install"></a>5.2.3. How to build and install</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
      Once the software has downloaded, any patches will be applied, then it
      will be compiled for you. This may take some time depending on your
      computer, and how many other packages the software depends on and their
      compile time.
    </p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>If using bootstrap or pkgsrc on a non-NetBSD system,
    use the pkgsrc <span class="command"><strong>bmake</strong></span> command instead of
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">make</span>&#8221;</span> in the examples in this guide.</p>
</div>
<p>For example, type</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd misc/figlet</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make</code></strong>
    </pre>
<p>at the shell prompt to build the various components of the
    package.</p>
<p>The next stage is to actually install the newly compiled
    program onto your system. Do this by entering:

    </p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make install</code></strong>
    </pre>
<p>

    while you are still in the directory for whatever package you
    are installing.</p>
<p>Installing the package on your system may require you to
    be root.  However, pkgsrc has a
    <span class="emphasis"><em>just-in-time-su</em></span> feature, which allows you
    to only become root for the actual installation step.</p>
<p>That's it, the software should now be installed and setup for use.
    You can now enter:

    </p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make clean</code></strong>
    </pre>
<p>

    to remove the compiled files in the work directory, as you shouldn't need
    them any more. If other packages were also added to your system
    (dependencies) to allow your program to compile, you can tidy these up
    also with the command:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make clean-depends</code></strong>
    </pre>
<p>Taking the figlet utility as an example, we can install it on our
    system by building as shown in <a class="xref" href="#logs" title="Appendix C. Build logs">Appendix C, <i>Build logs</i></a>.</p>
<p>The program is installed under the default root of the
    packages tree - <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code>. Should this not
    conform to your tastes, set the <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>
    variable in your environment, and it will use that value as the
    root of your packages tree. So, to use
    <code class="filename">/usr/local</code>, set
    <code class="varname">LOCALBASE=/usr/local</code> in your environment.
    Please note that you should use a directory which is dedicated to
    packages and not shared with other programs (i.e., do not try and
    use <code class="varname">LOCALBASE=/usr</code>).  Also, you should not try
    to add any of your own files or directories (such as
    <code class="filename">src/</code>, <code class="filename">obj/</code>, or
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/</code>) below the
    <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code> tree.  This is to prevent possible
    conflicts between programs and other files installed by the
    package system and whatever else may have been installed
    there.</p>
<p>Some packages look in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> to
    alter some configuration options at build time.  Have a look at
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/mk/defaults/mk.conf</code> to get an overview
    of what will be set there by default.  Environment variables such
    as <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code> can be set in
    <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> to save having to remember to
    set them each time you want to use pkgsrc.</p>
<p>Occasionally, people want to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">look under the
    covers</span>&#8221;</span> to see what is going on when a package is building
    or being installed. This may be for debugging purposes, or out of
    simple curiosity. A number of utility values have been added to
    help with this.</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p>If you invoke the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> command with
	<code class="varname">PKG_DEBUG_LEVEL=2</code>, then a huge amount of
	information will be displayed. For example,</p>
<pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make patch PKG_DEBUG_LEVEL=2</code></strong></pre>
<p>will show all the commands that are invoked, up to and
	including the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">patch</span>&#8221;</span> stage.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>If you want to know the value of a certain <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a>
	definition, then the <code class="varname">VARNAME</code> definition
	should be used, in conjunction with the show-var
	target. e.g. to show the expansion of the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a>
	variable <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make show-var VARNAME=LOCALBASE</code></strong>
/usr/pkg
<code class="prompt">%</code>
	</pre>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>If you want to install a binary package that you've either
    created yourself (see next section), that you put into
    pkgsrc/packages manually or that is located on a remote FTP
    server, you can use the "bin-install" target. This target will
    install a binary package - if available - via <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_add.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_add</span>(1)</span></a>,
    else do a <span class="command"><strong>make package</strong></span>.  The list of remote FTP
    sites searched is kept in the variable
    <code class="varname">BINPKG_SITES</code>, which defaults to
    ftp.NetBSD.org. Any flags that should be added to <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_add.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_add</span>(1)</span></a>
    can be put into <code class="varname">BIN_INSTALL_FLAGS</code>.  See
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/mk/defaults/mk.conf</code> for more
    details.</p>
<p>A final word of warning: If you set up a system that has a
    non-standard setting for <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>, be sure to
    set that before any packages are installed, as you cannot use
    several directories for the same purpose. Doing so will result in
    pkgsrc not being able to properly detect your installed packages,
    and fail miserably. Note also that precompiled binary packages are
    usually built with the default <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code> of
    <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code>, and that you should
    <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> install any if you use a non-standard
    <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="configuring"></a>Chapter 6. Configuring pkgsrc</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#general-configuration">6.1. General configuration</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#variables-affecting-build">6.2. Variables affecting the build process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#variables-affecting-installation">6.3. Variables affecting the installation process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#conf.compiler">6.4. Selecting and configuring the compiler</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#selecting-the-compiler">6.4.1. Selecting the compiler</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf.cflags">6.4.2. Additional flags to the compiler (<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf.ldflags">6.4.3. Additional flags to the linker (<code class="varname">LDFLAGS</code>)</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#developer-advanced-settings">6.5. Developer/advanced settings</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#selecting-build-options">6.6. Selecting Build Options</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<a name="mk.conf"></a><p>The whole pkgsrc system is configured in a single file, usually
called <code class="filename">mk.conf</code>. In which directory pkgsrc looks for
that file depends on the installation. On NetBSD, when you use
<a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> from the base system, it is in the directory
<code class="filename">/etc/</code>. In all other cases the default location is
<code class="literal">${PREFIX}/etc/</code>, depending on where you told the
bootstrap program to install the binary packages.</p>
<p>The format of the configuration file is that of the usual
BSD-style <code class="filename">Makefile</code>s. The whole pkgsrc configuration
is done by setting variables in this file. Note that you can define all
kinds of variables, and no special error checking (for example for
spelling mistakes) takes place.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="general-configuration"></a>6.1. General configuration</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The following variables apply to all
    pkgsrc packages. A complete list of the variables that can be
    configured by the user is available in
    <code class="filename">mk/defaults/mk.conf</code>, together with some
    comments that describe each variable's intent.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>: Where
	    packages will be installed. The default is
	    <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code>. Do not mix binary packages
	    with different <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>s!</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">CROSSBASE</code>: Where
	    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">cross</span>&#8221;</span> category packages will be
	    installed. The default is
	    <code class="filename">${LOCALBASE}/cross</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">X11BASE</code>: Where
	    X11 is installed on the system. The default is
	    <code class="filename">/usr/X11R7</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">DISTDIR</code>: Where to store the
	    downloaded copies of the original source distributions used
	    for building pkgsrc packages. The default is
	    <code class="filename">${PKGSRCDIR}/distfiles</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_DBDIR</code>: Where the
	    database about installed packages is stored.  The default is
	    <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/pkgdb</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE</code>:
	    If set, override the packages'
	    <code class="varname">MASTER_SITES</code> with this value.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">MASTER_SITE_BACKUP</code>:
	    Backup location(s) for distribution files and patch files
	    if not found locally or in
	    <code class="filename">${MASTER_SITES}</code> or
	    <code class="filename">${PATCH_SITES}</code> respectively.
	    The defaults is
	    <code class="filename">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BINPKG_SITES</code>:
	    List of sites carrying binary pkgs. <em class="replaceable"><code>rel</code></em> and
	    <em class="replaceable"><code>arch</code></em> are replaced with OS
	    release (<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">2.0</span>&#8221;</span>, etc.) and architecture
	    (<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">mipsel</span>&#8221;</span>, etc.).</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES</code>:
	    List of acceptable licenses. License names are case-sensitive.
	    Whenever you try to build a package whose license is not in this
	    list, you will get an error message. If the license condition is
	    simple enough, the error message will include specific
	    instructions on how to change this variable.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="variables-affecting-build"></a>6.2. Variables affecting the build process</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PACKAGES</code>: The top level
	    directory for the binary packages. The default is
	    <code class="filename">${PKGSRCDIR}/packages</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">WRKOBJDIR</code>:
	    The top level directory where, if defined, the separate
	    working directories will get created, and symbolically
	    linked to from <code class="filename">${WRKDIR}</code> (see below).
	    This is useful for building packages on several
	    architectures, then <code class="filename">${PKGSRCDIR}</code>
	    can be NFS-mounted while <code class="filename">${WRKOBJDIR}</code>
	    is local to every architecture. (It should be noted that
	    <code class="varname">PKGSRCDIR</code> should not be set by the user
	    &mdash; it is an internal definition which refers to the
	    root of the pkgsrc tree. It is possible to have many
	    pkgsrc tree instances.)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">LOCALPATCHES</code>:
	    Directory for local patches that aren't part of pkgsrc.
	    See <a class="xref" href="#components.patches" title="12.3. patches/*">Section 12.3, &#8220;<code class="filename">patches/*</code>&#8221;</a> for more
	    information.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKGMAKECONF</code>: Location of
	    the <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> file used by a package's
	    BSD-style Makefile. If this is not set,
	    <code class="varname">MAKECONF</code> is set to
	    <code class="filename">/dev/null</code> to avoid picking up
	    settings used by builds in <code class="filename">/usr/src</code>.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="variables-affecting-installation"></a>6.3. Variables affecting the installation process</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKGSRC_KEEP_BIN_PKGS</code>:
                By default, binary packages of built packages are
                preserved in <code class="filename">${PACKAGES}/All</code>. Setting
		this variable to "no" prevents this.</p></li></ul></div>
<p>Packages have to support installation into a
    subdirectory of <code class="varname">WRKDIR</code>. This allows a package
    to be built, before the actual filesystem is touched. DESTDIR
    support exists in two variations:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Basic DESTDIR support means that the package
      installation and packaging is still run as root.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Full DESTDIR support can run the complete
      build, installation and packaging as normal user. Root
      privileges are only needed to add packages.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>With basic DESTDIR support, <strong class="userinput"><code>make
    clean</code></strong> needs to be run as root.</p>
<p>Considering the <code class="filename">foo/bar</code> package,
    DESTDIR full support can be tested using the following commands

</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> id
uid=1000(myusername) gid=100(users) groups=100(users),0(wheel)
<code class="prompt">$</code> mkdir $HOME/packages
<code class="prompt">$</code> cd $PKGSRCDIR/foo/bar
</pre>
<p>

    Verify <code class="varname">DESTDIR</code> full support, no root privileges
    should be needed

</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> make stage-install
</pre>
<p>

    Create a package without root privileges

</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> make PACKAGES=$HOME/packages package
</pre>
<p>

    For the following command, you must be able to gain root
    privileges using <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/su.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">su</span>(1)</span></a>

</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> make PACKAGES=$HOME/packages install
</pre>
<p>

    Then, as a simple user

</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> make clean
</pre>
<p>

    </p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="conf.compiler"></a>6.4. Selecting and configuring the compiler</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="selecting-the-compiler"></a>6.4.1. Selecting the compiler</h3></div></div></div>
<p>By default, pkgsrc will use GCC to build packages.  This may be
    overridden by setting the following variables in /etc/mk.conf:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">PKGSRC_COMPILER</code>:</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is a list of values specifying the chain of
	  compilers to invoke when building packages.  Valid values
	  are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">ccc</code>:
	    Compaq C Compilers (Tru64)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">ccache</code>:
	    compiler cache (chainable)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">clang</code>:
	    Clang C and Objective-C compiler</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">distcc</code>:
	    distributed C/C++ (chainable)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">f2c</code>:
	    Fortran 77 to C compiler (chainable)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">icc</code>:
	    Intel C++ Compiler (Linux)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">ido</code>:
	    SGI IRIS Development Option cc (IRIX 5)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">gcc</code>:
	    GNU C/C++ Compiler</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">hp</code>:
	    HP-UX C/aC++ compilers</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">mipspro</code>:
	    Silicon Graphics, Inc. MIPSpro (n32/n64)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">mipspro-ucode</code>:
	    Silicon Graphics, Inc. MIPSpro (o32)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">sunpro</code>:
	    Sun Microsystems, Inc. WorkShip/Forte/Sun ONE Studio</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">xlc</code>:
	    IBM's XL C/C++ compiler suite</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>The default is
	  <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="varname">gcc</code></span>&#8221;</span>.  You can use
	  <code class="varname">ccache</code> and/or
	  <code class="varname">distcc</code> with an appropriate
	  <code class="varname">PKGSRC_COMPILER</code> setting,
	  e.g. <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="varname">ccache gcc</code></span>&#8221;</span>.  This
	  variable should always be terminated with a value for
	  a real compiler.  Note that only one real compiler
	  should be listed (e.g. <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="varname">sunpro gcc</code></span>&#8221;</span>
	  is not allowed).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">GCC_REQD</code>:</span></dt>
<dd><p>This specifies the minimum version of GCC to use
	  when building packages.  If the system GCC doesn't
	  satisfy this requirement, then pkgsrc will build and
	  install one of the GCC packages to use instead.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">PYTHON_VERSION_DEFAULT</code>:</span></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies which version of python to use when several
	  options are available.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">PKGSRC_FORTRAN</code>:</span></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies the Fortran compiler to use.
	  The default is <code class="varname">gfortran</code>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">GFORTRAN_VERSION</code>:</span></dt>
<dd><p>If <code class="varname">PKGSRC_FORTRAN</code><code class="literal">=</code>
	  <code class="varname">gfortran</code> is used, this option specifies which
	  version to use.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="conf.cflags"></a>6.4.2. Additional flags to the compiler (<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>)</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If you wish to set the <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> variable,
	please make sure to use the <code class="literal">+=</code> operator
	instead of the <code class="literal">=</code> operator:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CFLAGS+=        -your -flags
</pre>
<p>Using <code class="varname">CFLAGS=</code> (i.e. without the
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">+</span>&#8221;</span>) may lead to problems with packages that
	need to add their own flags.  You may want to take a look
	at the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/devel/cpuflags/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">devel/cpuflags</code></a>
	package if you're interested in optimization specifically
	for the current CPU. </p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="conf.ldflags"></a>6.4.3. Additional flags to the linker (<code class="varname">LDFLAGS</code>)</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If you want to pass flags to the linker, both in the configure
step and the build step, you can do this in two ways.  Either set
<code class="varname">LDFLAGS</code> or <code class="varname">LIBS</code>.  The difference
between the two is that <code class="varname">LIBS</code> will be appended to
the command line, while <code class="varname">LDFLAGS</code> come earlier.
<code class="varname">LDFLAGS</code> is pre-loaded with rpath settings for ELF
machines depending on the setting of <code class="varname">USE_IMAKE</code> or
the inclusion of <code class="filename">mk/x11.buildlink3.mk</code>.  As with
<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>, if you do not wish to override these
settings, use the <code class="literal">+=</code> operator:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
LDFLAGS+=        -your -linkerflags
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="developer-advanced-settings"></a>6.5. Developer/advanced settings</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">PKG_DEVELOPER</code>:
	    Run some sanity checks that package developers want:
	    </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>make sure patches apply with zero
	      fuzz</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>run check-shlibs to see that all
	      binaries will find their shared libs.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
	</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_DEBUG_LEVEL</code>: The level
	of debugging output which is displayed whilst making and
	installing the package.  The default value for this is 0,
	which will not display the commands as they are executed
	(normal, default, quiet operation); the value 1 will display
	all shell commands before their invocation, and the value 2
	will display both the shell commands before their invocation,
	as well as their actual execution progress with <span class="command"><strong>set
	-x</strong></span>.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
    </p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="selecting-build-options"></a>6.6. Selecting Build Options</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Some packages have build time options, usually to select
    between different dependencies, enable optional support for big
    dependencies or enable experimental features.</p>
<p>To see which options, if any, a package supports, and which
    options are mutually exclusive, run <span class="command"><strong>make
    show-options</strong></span>, for example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
    The following options are supported by this package:
        ssl      Enable SSL support.
    Exactly one of the following gecko options is required:
        firefox  Use firefox as gecko rendering engine.
        mozilla  Use mozilla as gecko rendering engine.
    At most one of the following database options may be selected:
        mysql    Enable support for MySQL database.
        pgsql    Enable support for PostgreSQL database.

    These options are enabled by default: firefox
    These options are currently enabled: mozilla ssl
</pre>
<p>The following variables can be defined in
    <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> to select which options to
    enable for a package: <code class="varname">PKG_DEFAULT_OPTIONS</code>,
    which can be used to select or disable options for all packages
    that support them, and
    <code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkgbase</code></em></code>,
    which can be used to select or disable options specifically for
    package <em class="replaceable"><code>pkgbase</code></em>.  Options listed in
    these variables are selected, options preceded by <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-</span>&#8221;</span>
    are disabled. A few examples:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <span class="command"><strong>grep "PKG.*OPTION" <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a></strong></span>
PKG_DEFAULT_OPTIONS=    -arts -dvdread -esound
PKG_OPTIONS.kdebase=    debug -sasl
PKG_OPTIONS.apache=     suexec </pre>
<p>It is important to note that options that were specifically
    suggested by the package maintainer must be explicitly removed if
    you do not wish to include the option.  If you are unsure you can view
    the current state with <span class="command"><strong>make show-options</strong></span>.</p>
<p>The following settings are consulted in the order given, and
    the last setting that selects or disables an option is
    used:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>the default options as suggested by the package
      maintainer</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>the options implied by the settings of legacy
      variables (see below)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_DEFAULT_OPTIONS</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkgbase</code></em></code></p></li>
</ol></div>
<p>For groups of mutually exclusive options, the last option
    selected is used, all others are automatically disabled.  If an
    option of the group is explicitly disabled, the previously
    selected option, if any, is used.  It is an error if no option
    from a required group of options is selected, and building the
    package will fail.</p>
<p>Before the options framework was introduced, build options
    were selected by setting a variable (often named
    <code class="varname">USE_<em class="replaceable"><code>FOO</code></em></code>) in
    <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> for each option.  To ease
    transition to the options framework for the user, these legacy
    variables are converted to the appropriate options setting
    (<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkgbase</code></em></code>)
    automatically.  A warning is issued to prompt the user to update
    <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> to use the options framework
    directly.  Support for the legacy variables will be removed
    eventually.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="binary"></a>Chapter 7. Creating binary packages</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#building-a-single-binary-package">7.1. Building a single binary package</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#settings-for-creationg-of-binary-packages">7.2. Settings for creation of binary packages</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="building-a-single-binary-package"></a>7.1. Building a single binary package</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Once you have built and installed a package, you can create
    a <span class="emphasis"><em>binary package</em></span> which can be installed on
    another system with <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_add.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_add</span>(1)</span></a>. This saves having to build
    the same package on a group of hosts and wasting CPU time. It also
    provides a simple means for others to install your package, should
    you distribute it.</p>
<p>To create a binary package, change into the appropriate
    directory in pkgsrc, and run <span class="command"><strong>make
    package</strong></span>:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd misc/figlet</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make package</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>This will build and install your package (if not already done),
    and then build a binary package from what was installed. You can
    then use the <span class="command"><strong>pkg_*</strong></span> tools to manipulate
    it. Binary packages are created by default in
    <code class="filename">/usr/pkgsrc/packages</code>, in the form of a
    gzipped tar file. See <a class="xref" href="#logs.package" title="C.2. Packaging figlet">Section C.2, &#8220;Packaging figlet&#8221;</a> for a
    continuation of the above <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/misc/figlet/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">misc/figlet</code></a> example.</p>
<p>See <a class="xref" href="#submit" title="Chapter 23. Submitting and Committing">Chapter 23, <i>Submitting and Committing</i></a> for information on how to submit
    such a binary package.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="settings-for-creationg-of-binary-packages"></a>7.2. Settings for creation of binary packages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>See <a class="xref" href="#build.helpful-targets" title="13.17. Other helpful targets">Section 13.17, &#8220;Other helpful targets&#8221;</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="bulk"></a>Chapter 8. Creating binary packages for everything in pkgsrc (bulk
builds)</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.pre">8.1. Preparations</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.pbulk">8.2. Running a bulk build</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.pbulk.conf">8.2.1. Configuration</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.req">8.3. Requirements of a full bulk build</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bulk.var">8.4. Bulk build variants</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.confopt">8.4.1. Detect unknown configure options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.comperr">8.4.2. Detect classes of bugs by forcing compiler warnings</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.builderr">8.4.3. Force compiler options only in the build phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.dirs">8.4.4. Use custom directories</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.warn">8.4.5. Turn warnings into errors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.pkglint">8.4.6. Reject packages for which pkglint reports errors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.strings">8.4.7. Reject packages that contain forbidden strings</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.test">8.4.8. Reject packages whose self-test fails</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.shvar">8.4.9. Reject packages that use undefined shell variables</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bulk.var.quiet">8.4.10. Turn off verbose logging</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating-cdroms">8.5. Creating a multiple CD-ROM packages collection</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#cdpack-example">8.5.1. Example of cdpack</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>For a number of reasons, you may want to build binary packages
for a large selected set of packages in pkgsrc, or even for all pkgsrc packages.
For instance, when you have multiple machines that should run the same software,
it is wasted time if they all build their packages themselves from source.
Or you may want to build a list of packages you want and check them before
deploying onto production systems.
There is a way of getting a set of binary packages:
the bulk build system, or pbulk ("p" stands for "parallel").
This chapter describes how to set it up.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="bulk.pre"></a>8.1. Preparations</h2></div></div></div>
<p>First of all, you have to decide whether you build all packages
or a limited set of them. Full bulk builds usually consume a lot more resources,
both space and time, than builds for some practical sets of packages.
A number of particularly heavy packages exist that are not actually
interesting to a wide audience. (The approximate resource consumption for a
full bulk build is given in section <a class="xref" href="#bulk.req" title="8.3. Requirements of a full bulk build">Section 8.3, &#8220;Requirements of a full bulk build&#8221;</a>.)
For limited bulk builds you need to make a list of packages you want to build.
Note that all their dependencies will be built, so you don't need to track them manually.
</p>
<p>During bulk builds various packages are installed and deinstalled
in <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code> (or whatever <code class="filename">LOCALBASE</code> is),
so make sure that you don't need any package during the builds.
Essentially, you should provide a fresh system, either a chroot environment
or something even more restrictive, depending on what the operating system provides,
or dedicate the whole physical machine.
As a useful side effect this makes sure that bulk builds cannot
break anything in your system. There have been numerous cases where
certain packages tried to install files outside the
<code class="filename">LOCALBASE</code> or wanted to edit some files in
<code class="filename">/etc</code>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="bulk.pbulk"></a>8.2. Running a bulk build</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Running a bulk build works roughly as follows:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>First, build the pbulk infrastructure in a fresh pkgsrc location.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Then, build each of the packages from a clean installation directory using the infrastructure.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.pbulk.conf"></a>8.2.1. Configuration</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To simplify configuration, we provide the helper script <code class="filename">mk/pbulk/pbulk.sh</code>.</p>
<p>In order to use it, prepare a clear system (real one, chroot environment, jail, zone, virtual machine).
Configure network access to fetch distribution files.
Create a user with name "pbulk".</p>
<p>Fetch and extract pkgsrc. Use a command like one of these:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>(cd /usr &amp;&amp; ftp -o - https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc.tar.gz | tar -zxf-)</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>(cd /usr &amp;&amp; fetch -o - https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc.tar.gz | tar -zxf-)</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>(cd /usr &amp;&amp; cvs -Q -z3 -d anoncvs@anoncvs.NetBSD.org:/cvsroot get -P pkgsrc)</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>Or any other way that fits (e.g., curl, wget).</p>
<p>Deploy and configure pbulk tools, e.g.:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>sh pbulk.sh -n # use native make, no bootstrap kit needed (for use on NetBSD)</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>sh pbulk.sh -n -c mk.conf.frag # native, apply settings from given mk.conf fragment</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>sh pbulk.sh -nlc mk.conf.frag # native, apply settings, configure for limited build</code></strong>
</pre>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p><code class="filename">mk.conf.frag</code> is a fragment of
<code class="filename">mk.conf</code> that contains settings you want to
apply to packages you build. For instance,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PKG_DEVELOPER=          yes     # perform more checks
X11_TYPE=               modular # use pkgsrc X11
SKIP_LICENSE_CHECK=     yes     # accept all licences (useful
                                # when building all packages)
</pre>
</div>
<p>If configured for limited list, replace the list in <code class="filename">/usr/pbulk/etc/pbulk.list</code>
with your list of packages, one per line without empty lines or comments. E.g.:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
www/firefox
mail/thunderbird
misc/libreoffice4
</pre>
<p>At this point you can also review configuration in <code class="filename">/usr/pbulk/etc</code>
and make final amendments, if wanted.</p>
<p>Start it:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>/usr/pbulk/bin/bulkbuild</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>After it finishes, you'll have <code class="filename">/mnt</code> filled with distribution files, binary packages, and reports,
plain text summary in <code class="filename">/mnt/bulklog/meta/report.txt</code>
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The <code class="filename">pbulk.sh</code> script does not cover all possible use cases.
While being ready to run, it serves as a good starting point to understand and build more complex setups.
The script is kept small enough for better understanding.</p>
</div>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The <code class="filename">pbulk.sh</code> script supports running
unprivileged bulk build and helps configuring distributed bulk builds.
Distributed bulk builds support either building in worker chroots
(each node is a path to a different chroot)
that replicate the target system, including the pbulk prefix,
or remote machines (each node is
an IP address that must be accessible over SSH without a password).</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="bulk.req"></a>8.3. Requirements of a full bulk build</h2></div></div></div>
<p>A complete bulk build requires lots of disk space. Some of the
disk space can be read-only, some other must be writable. Some can be on
remote filesystems (such as NFS) and some should be local. Some can be
temporary filesystems, others must survive a sudden reboot.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>70 GB for the distfiles (read-write, remote, temporary)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>60 GB for the binary packages (read-write, remote, permanent)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>1 GB for the pkgsrc tree (read-only, remote, permanent)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>5 GB for <code class="filename">LOCALBASE</code> (read-write, local, temporary)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>10 GB for the log files (read-write, remote, permanent)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>5 GB for temporary files (read-write, local, temporary)</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="bulk.var"></a>8.4. Bulk build variants</h2></div></div></div>
<p>To ensure that pkgsrc packages work in different configurations, it
makes sense to run non-default bulk builds from time to time. This
section lists some ideas for bulk builds that intentionally let packages
fail if they don't follow the pkgsrc style.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.confopt"></a>8.4.1. Detect unknown configure options</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Add the following line to <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
GNU_CONFIGURE_STRICT=   yes
</pre>
<p>When a package fails this additional check, the most common cause
is that the configure option was valid for an older version of the
package but does not apply anymore. In that case, just remove it.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.comperr"></a>8.4.2. Detect classes of bugs by forcing compiler warnings</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The job of a compiler is not restricted to producing executable
code, most compilers also detect typical programming mistakes. The pkgsrc
compiler wrappers make it easy to force compiler options when the package
is built. This can be used to find typical bugs across all packages that
are in pkgsrc. By reporting these bugs upstream, the packages will be
more reliable with the next updates.</p>
<p>Add some of the following lines to <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CFLAGS+=        -Werror=char-subscripts
CFLAGS+=        -Werror=implicit-function-declaration
</pre>
<p>When a package fails to build using these stricter compiler
options, document the circumstances in which the compiler produced the
error message. This includes:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>The platform
(<code class="varname">MACHINE_PLATFORM</code>)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The source file</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>An excerpt of the code. GCC and Clang already do this as
part of the diagnostic.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The exact error message from the compiler.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>If a package produces these error messages, but the package is
fine, record this in your local <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>, like this, to skip this check
in the next builds:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.if ${PKGPATH} == category/package
# Version ${VERSION} failed on ${MACHINE_PLATFORM}:
# error message
# code
# Reason why the code does not need to be fixed.
BUILDLINK_TRANSFORM+=   rm:-Werror=char-subscripts
.endif
</pre>
<p>If the error messages from the compiler are valid and the code
needs to be fixed, prepare a local patch (see
<code class="varname">LOCALPATCHES</code>) and report the bug to the upstream
authors of the package, providing them with the information you collected
above.</p>
<p>Patches that are not essential for the package to work should only
be reported upstream but not committed to pkgsrc, to make future updates
easier.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.builderr"></a>8.4.3. Force compiler options only in the build phase</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When adding custom compiler flags via <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>,
these apply to all phases of the package build process. Especially in the
configure phase, adding <code class="literal">-Werror</code> leads to wrong
decisions. The GNU configure scripts feed many small test programs to the
C compiler to see whether certain headers are available, functions are
defined in a library and programs can be run. In many cases these
programs would not survive a strict compiler run with <code class="literal">-Wall
-Wextra -Werror</code>.</p>
<p>The pkgsrc infrastructure is flexible enough to support compiler
options being added between the <code class="literal">configure</code> and
<code class="literal">build</code> phases. It's a little more complicated than the
other examples in this section but still easy enough.</p>
<p>The basic idea is to use the pkgsrc compiler wrapper to inject the
desired compiler options. The compiler wrapper's original task is to hide
unwanted directories of include files and to normalize compiler options.
It does this by wrapping the compiler command and rewriting the command
line. To see this in action, run <span class="command"><strong>bmake patch</strong></span> in a
package directory and examine the
<code class="filename">work/.cwrappers/config</code> directory. It contains
individual configurations for the C compiler and the related tools. The
plan is to find a hook between the configure and build phases, and to
modify these configuration files at that point.</p>
<p>To find this hook, have a look at
<code class="filename">mk/build/build.mk</code>, which contains among others the
<code class="literal">pre-build-checks-hook</code>. The word
<code class="literal">checks</code> doesn't quite fit, but the
<code class="literal">pre-build-hook</code> sounds good enough.</p>
<p>The code to be included in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
# Just a few example options.
BUILD_ONLY_CFLAGS=      -Wall -Werror -O2 -DTEMPDIR='"/tmp"'

.if ${BUILD_ONLY_CFLAGS:U:M*}
pre-build-checks-hook: add-build-only-cflags

add-build-only-cflags: .PHONY
        ${RUN} cd ${CWRAPPERS_CONFIG_DIR};      \
        ${TEST} ! -f ${.TARGET} || exit 0;      \
        for flag in ${BUILD_ONLY_CFLAGS}; do    \
                ${ECHO} "append=$$flag" &gt;&gt; cc;  \
        done;                                   \
        &gt; ${.TARGET}
.endif
</pre>
<p>(When editing the <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>, make sure that the commands of the
<code class="literal">add-build-only-cflags</code> target are indented with a tab,
not with spaces.)</p>
<p>The condition in the <code class="literal">.if</code> statement contains the
<code class="literal">:U</code> modifier to prevent parse errors if the variable
should be undefined, possibly because it is only defined for a subset of
the packages. The <code class="literal">:M*</code> modifier ensures that there is
at least one compiler option, to prevent a syntax error in the shell
parser.</p>
<p>The code around the <code class="literal">${.TARGET}</code> variable ensures
that the additional compiler options are only appended once, even if
<span class="command"><strong>bmake build</strong></span> is run multiple times. To do this, it
creates a marker file.</p>
<p>To verify that this setup works, run <span class="command"><strong>bmake
configure</strong></span> in a package directory. Up to now, everything works
as usual. Examine the directory
<code class="filename">work/.cwrappers/config</code> to see that the compiler
options from <code class="varname">BUILD_ONLY_CFLAGS</code> are not yet added to
the file <code class="filename">cc</code>. Examine the tail of the
<code class="filename">work/.work.log</code> file to see that the normal compiler
options are used.</p>
<p>Now run <span class="command"><strong>bmake build</strong></span>. This will append the
options to the file <code class="filename">cc</code> and will create the marker
file in the same directory. After that, the build starts as usual, but
with the added compiler options. Examine the tail of the file
<code class="filename">work/.work.log</code> to see that the lines starting with
<code class="literal">[*]</code> don't contain the compiler options, but the
corresponding lines starting with <code class="literal">&lt;.&gt;</code> do end
with these options.</p>
<p>Building packages using this setup variant and fixing the resulting
bugs is the same as in <a class="xref" href="#bulk.var.comperr" title="8.4.2. Detect classes of bugs by forcing compiler warnings">Section 8.4.2, &#8220;Detect classes of bugs by forcing compiler warnings&#8221;</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.dirs"></a>8.4.4. Use custom directories</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Some directories like <code class="varname">PREFIX</code>,
<code class="varname">VARBASE</code>, <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code>,
<code class="varname">PKGMANDIR</code>, <code class="varname">PKG_INFODIR</code> can be
configured in pkgsrc. Set these to arbitrary paths during bootstrap or
afterwards in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PREFIX=         /a-random-uuid
PKG_SYSCONFDIR= /a-random-uuid
VARBASE=        /a-random-uuid
PKGMANDIR=	a-random-uuid
PKG_INFODIR=	a-random-uuid
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.warn"></a>8.4.5. Turn warnings into errors</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When building a package, warnings are typically ignored since they
just flow by and do not cause the build to fail immediately. To find
these warnings, redefine them to errors in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DELAYED_WARNING_MSG=    ${DELAYED_ERROR_MSG} "(was warning)"
WARNING_MSG=            ${FAIL_MSG} "(was warning)"
</pre>
<p>(There are many more classes of warnings in pkgsrc, and most of
them can be redefined with a simple definition like above.</p>
<p>If a package suggests to add <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS+=perl</code> to
the package Makefile, research whether the package actually needs Perl.
If it does, add <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS+=perl</code> to the package
Makefile, and if it doesn't, add
<code class="varname">TOOLS_BROKEN+=perl</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.pkglint"></a>8.4.6. Reject packages for which pkglint reports errors</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Using pkglint as part of the regular build process is mostly a
waste of time. If you want to fix some of the warnings, just run pkglint
recursively on the whole pkgsrc tree. This will take a few minutes (up to
10), which is much faster than a complete bulk build.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.strings"></a>8.4.7. Reject packages that contain forbidden strings</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To ensure that the binary packages don't contain references to the
build directory, there is already <code class="varname">CHECK_WRKREF</code>. If
that variable includes the item <code class="literal">extra</code>, it is
possible to define additional patterns that must not appear in any
installed file. This is specified in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CHECK_WRKREF=                   extra
CHECK_WRKREF_EXTRA_DIRS+=       /usr/local
CHECK_WRKREF_EXTRA_DIRS+=       /usr/pkg
CHECK_WRKREF_EXTRA_DIRS+=	@[A-Z][A-Z]*@
</pre>
<p>The above patterns will probably generate many false positives,
therefore the results need to be taken with a grain of salt.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.test"></a>8.4.8. Reject packages whose self-test fails</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To run the test suites that come with each package, add this line
to <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PKGSRC_RUN_TEST=        yes
</pre>
<p>Be prepared that even the most basic packages fail this test. When
doing a bulk build with this, it will often abort in the early phase
where the packages are scanned for their dependencies since there are
cyclic dependencies. There is still a lot to do in this area.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.shvar"></a>8.4.9. Reject packages that use undefined shell variables</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To catch typos in the shell snippets from the Makefile fragments,
add the <code class="literal">-u</code> flag to most of the commands by adding this
line to <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
RUN=    @set -eu;
</pre>
<p>After that, ensure that none of the bulk build log files (even
those for successfully built packages) contains the string
<code class="literal">parameter not set</code> or whatever error message the
command <span class="command"><strong>sh -ceu '$undefined'</strong></span> outputs.</p>
<p>See <code class="filename">mk/misc/common.mk</code> for the existing
definition.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bulk.var.quiet"></a>8.4.10. Turn off verbose logging</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The build logs of a package are often quite long. This allows error
messages or other interesting details to hide between the noise. To make
the actual error message stand out more, add these lines to
<a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
GNU_CONFIGURE_QUIET=    yes
MAKE_FLAGS+=            -s
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">-s</code> option works for both GNU Make and BSD
Make. On exotic platforms with their own make, it may be a little
different.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="creating-cdroms"></a>8.5. Creating a multiple CD-ROM packages collection</h2></div></div></div>
<p>After your pkgsrc bulk-build has completed, you may wish to
    create a CD-ROM set of the resulting binary packages to assist
    in installing packages on other machines.  The
    <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/cdpack/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/cdpack</code></a> package provides
    a simple tool for creating the ISO 9660 images.
    <span class="command"><strong>cdpack</strong></span> arranges the packages on the CD-ROMs in a
    way that keeps all the dependencies for a given package on the same
    CD as that package.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="cdpack-example"></a>8.5.1. Example of cdpack</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Complete documentation for cdpack is found in the cdpack(1)
      man page. The following short example assumes that the binary
      packages are left in
      <code class="filename">/usr/pkgsrc/packages/All</code> and that
      sufficient disk space exists in <code class="filename">/u2</code> to
      hold the ISO 9660 images.</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mkdir /u2/images</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pkg_add /usr/pkgsrc/packages/All/cdpack</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cdpack /usr/pkgsrc/packages/All /u2/images</code></strong>
      </pre>
<p>If you wish to include a common set of files
      (<code class="filename">COPYRIGHT</code>, <code class="filename">README</code>,
      etc.) on each CD in the collection, then you need to create a
      directory which contains these files, e.g.:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mkdir /tmp/common</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo "This is a README" &gt; /tmp/common/README</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo "Another file" &gt; /tmp/common/COPYING</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mkdir /tmp/common/bin</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo "#!/bin/sh" &gt; /tmp/common/bin/myscript</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo "echo Hello world" &gt;&gt; /tmp/common/bin/myscript</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>chmod 755 /tmp/common/bin/myscript</code></strong>
      </pre>
<p>Now create the images:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cdpack -x /tmp/common /usr/pkgsrc/packages/All /u2/images</code></strong></pre>
<p>Each image will contain <code class="filename">README</code>,
      <code class="filename">COPYING</code>, and <code class="filename">bin/myscript</code>
      in their root directories.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="files"></a>Chapter 9. Directory layout of the installed files</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files.localbase">9.1. File system layout in <code class="literal">${LOCALBASE}</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files.varbase">9.2. File system layout in <code class="literal">${VARBASE}</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The files that are installed by pkgsrc are organized in a way that
is similar to what you find in the <code class="filename">/usr</code> directory
of the base system. But some details are different. This is because
pkgsrc initially came from FreeBSD and had adopted its file system
hierarchy. Later it was largely influenced by NetBSD. But no matter
which operating system you are using pkgsrc with, you can expect the
same layout for pkgsrc.</p>
<p>There are mainly four root directories for pkgsrc, which are all
configurable in the <code class="filename">bootstrap/bootstrap</code> script.
When pkgsrc has been installed as root, the default locations
are:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
LOCALBASE=              /usr/pkg
PKG_SYSCONFBASE=        /usr/pkg/etc
VARBASE=                /var
PKG_DBDIR=              /usr/pkg/pkgdb
</pre>
<p>In unprivileged mode (when pkgsrc has been installed as any other
user), the default locations are:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
LOCALBASE=              ${HOME}/pkg
PKG_SYSCONFBASE=        ${HOME}/pkg/etc
VARBASE=                ${HOME}/pkg/var
PKG_DBDIR=              ${HOME}/pkg/pkgdb
</pre>
<p>What these four directories are for, and what they look like is
explained below.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code> corresponds to the
<code class="filename">/usr</code> directory in the base system. It is the
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">main</span>&#8221;</span> directory where the files are installed and contains
the well-known subdirectories like <code class="filename">bin</code>,
<code class="filename">include</code>, <code class="filename">lib</code>,
<code class="filename">share</code> and
<code class="filename">sbin</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">VARBASE</code> corresponds to
<code class="filename">/var</code> in the base system. Some programs (especially
games, network daemons) need write access to it during normal
operation.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code> corresponds to
<code class="filename">/etc</code> in the base system. It contains configuration
files of the packages, as well as pkgsrc's <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>
itself.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="files.localbase"></a>9.1. File system layout in <code class="literal">${LOCALBASE}</code>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The following directories exist in a typical pkgsrc installation
in <code class="filename">${LOCALBASE}</code>.</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">bin</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains executable programs that are intended to be
directly used by the end user.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">emul</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains files for the emulation layers of various other
operating systems, especially for
NetBSD.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">etc</code> (the usual location of
<code class="filename">${PKG_SYSCONFDIR}</code>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains
the configuration files.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">include</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains headers for the C and C++ programming
languages.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">info</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains GNU info files of various
packages.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">lib</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains shared and static
libraries.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">libdata</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains data files that don't change after
installation. Other data files belong into
<code class="filename">${VARBASE}</code>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">libexec</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains programs that are not intended to be used by
end users, such as helper programs or network
daemons.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">libexec/cgi-bin</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains programs that are intended to be executed as
CGI scripts by a web server.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">man</code> (the usual value of
<code class="filename">${PKGMANDIR}</code>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains brief
documentation in form of manual pages.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">sbin</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains programs that are intended to be used only by
the super-user.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">share</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains platform-independent data files that don't
change after installation.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">share/doc</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains documentation files provided by the
packages.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">share/examples</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains example files provided by the packages. Among
others, the original configuration files are saved here and copied to
<code class="filename">${PKG_SYSCONFDIR}</code> during
installation.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">share/examples/rc.d</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains the original files for rc.d
scripts.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">var</code> (the usual location of
<code class="filename">${VARBASE}</code>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains files
that may be modified after
installation.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="files.varbase"></a>9.2. File system layout in <code class="literal">${VARBASE}</code>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">db/pkg</code> (the usual location of
<code class="filename">${PKG_DBDIR}</code>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains
information about the currently installed
packages.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">games</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains highscore
files.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">log</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains log files.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">run</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains informational files about daemons that are
currently running.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="faq"></a>Chapter 10. Frequently Asked Questions</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#mailing-list-pointers">10.1. Are there any mailing lists for pkg-related discussion?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq-pkgtools">10.2. Utilities for package management (pkgtools)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#non-root-pkgsrc">10.3. How to use pkgsrc as non-root</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#resume-transfers">10.4. How to resume transfers when fetching distfiles?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#x.org-from-pkgsrc">10.5. How can I install/use modular X.org from pkgsrc?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fetch-behind-firewall">10.6. How to fetch files from behind a firewall</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fetch-https">10.7. How to fetch files from HTTPS sites</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#passive-ftp">10.8. How do I tell <span class="command"><strong>make fetch</strong></span> to do passive FTP?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fetching-all-distfiles">10.9. How to fetch all distfiles at once</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#tmac.andoc-missing">10.10. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Don't know how to make
/usr/share/tmac/tmac.andoc</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#bsd.own.mk-missing">10.11. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Could not find bsd.own.mk</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#using-sudo-with-pkgsrc">10.12. Using 'sudo' or `priv` with pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq.conf">10.13. How do I change the location of configuration files?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#audit-packages">10.14. Automated security checks</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ufaq-cflags">10.15. Why do some packages ignore my <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ufaq-fail">10.16. A package does not build.  What shall I do?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq.rcs-conflicts">10.17. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Makefile appears to contain unresolved cvs/rcs/??? merge conflicts</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This section contains hints, tips &amp; tricks on special things in
pkgsrc that we didn't find a better place for in the previous chapters, and
it contains items for both pkgsrc users and developers.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="mailing-list-pointers"></a>10.1. Are there any mailing lists for pkg-related discussion?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The following mailing lists may be of interest to pkgsrc users:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/index.html#pkgsrc-users" target="_top">pkgsrc-users</a>:
	  This is a general purpose list for most issues regarding
	  pkgsrc, regardless of platform, e.g. soliciting user help
	  for pkgsrc configuration, unexpected build failures, using
	  particular packages, upgrading pkgsrc installations,
	  questions regarding the pkgsrc release branches, etc.  General announcements or
	  proposals for changes that impact the pkgsrc user community,
	  e.g. major infrastructure changes, new features, package
	  removals, etc., may also be posted.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/index.html#pkgsrc-bulk" target="_top">pkgsrc-bulk</a>:
	  A list where the results of pkgsrc bulk builds are sent and
	  discussed.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/index.html#pkgsrc-changes" target="_top">pkgsrc-changes</a>:
	  This list is for those who are interested in getting a
	  commit message for every change committed to pkgsrc. It is
	  also available in digest form, meaning one daily message
	  containing all commit messages for changes to the package
	  source tree in that 24 hour period.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>To subscribe, do:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">%</code> echo subscribe <em class="replaceable"><code>listname</code></em> | mail majordomo@NetBSD.org
</pre>
<p>Archives for all these mailing lists are available from
<a class="ulink" href="https://mail-index.NetBSD.org/" target="_top">https://mail-index.NetBSD.org/</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="faq-pkgtools"></a>10.2. Utilities for package management (pkgtools)</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The directory <code class="filename">pkgsrc/pkgtools</code> contains
a number of useful utilities for both users and developers of pkgsrc.  This
section attempts only to make the reader aware of some of the utilities and when
they might be useful, and not to duplicate the documentation that comes
with each package.</p>
<p>Utilities used by pkgsrc (automatically installed when needed):</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/x11-links/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/x11-links</code></a>:
      Symlinks for use by buildlink.</p></li></ul></div>
<p>OS tool augmentation (automatically installed when needed):</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/digest/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/digest</code></a>:
      Calculates various kinds of checksums (including SHA3).</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/libnbcompat/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/libnbcompat</code></a>:
      Compatibility library for pkgsrc tools.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/mtree/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/mtree</code></a>: Installed on
      non-BSD systems due to lack of native mtree.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_install/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_install</code></a>:
      Up-to-date replacement for
      <code class="filename">/usr/sbin/pkg_install</code>, or for use on operating
      systems where pkg_install is not present.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>Utilities used by pkgsrc (not automatically installed):</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_tarup/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_tarup</code></a>:
      Create a binary package from an
      already-installed package.  Used by <span class="command"><strong>make replace</strong></span> to
      save the old package.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/dfdisk/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/dfdisk</code></a>:
      Adds extra functionality to pkgsrc, allowing it to fetch distfiles
      from multiple locations. It currently supports the following
      methods: multiple CD-ROMs and network FTP/HTTP connections.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/devel/cpuflags/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">devel/cpuflags</code></a>: Determine
      the best compiler flags to optimise code for your current
      CPU and compiler. </p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>Utilities for keeping track of installed packages, being up to date,
etc:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgin/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkgin</code></a>: A package
    update tool similar to apt(1). Download, install, and upgrade
    binary packages easily.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_chk/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_chk</code></a>: Reports on
      packages whose installed versions do not match the latest pkgsrc
      entries.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgdep/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkgdep</code></a>: Makes
      dependency graphs of packages, to aid in choosing a strategy for
      updating.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgdepgraph/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkgdepgraph</code></a>: Makes
      graphs from the output of <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgdep/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkgdep</code></a> (uses graphviz).</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkglint/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkglint</code></a>: The
      pkglint(1) program checks a pkgsrc entry for errors.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/lintpkgsrc/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/lintpkgsrc</code></a>: The lintpkgsrc(1) program
      does various checks on the complete pkgsrc system.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgsurvey/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkgsurvey</code></a>: Report what
      packages you have installed.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>Utilities for people maintaining or creating individual packages:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgdiff/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkgdiff</code></a>: Automate
      making and maintaining patches for a package (includes pkgdiff,
      pkgvi, mkpatches, etc.).</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/url2pkg/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/url2pkg</code></a>: Aids in
      converting to pkgsrc.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>Utilities for people maintaining pkgsrc (or: more obscure pkg
utilities)</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_comp/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_comp</code></a>: Build
      packages in a chrooted area.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/libkver/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/libkver</code></a>: Spoof
      kernel version for chrooted cross builds.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="non-root-pkgsrc"></a>10.3. How to use pkgsrc as non-root</h2></div></div></div>
<p>To install packages from source as a non-root user, download
pkgsrc as described in <a class="xref" href="#getting" title="Chapter 3. Where to get pkgsrc and how to keep it up-to-date">Chapter 3, <i>Where to get pkgsrc and how to keep it up-to-date</i></a>, cd into that
directory and run the command <span class="command"><strong>./bootstrap/bootstrap
--unprivileged</strong></span>.</p>
<p>This will install the binary part of pkgsrc to
<code class="filename">~/pkg</code> and put the pkgsrc configuration <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>
into <code class="filename">~/pkg/etc</code>.</p>
<p>For more details, see <code class="filename">mk/unprivileged.mk</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="resume-transfers"></a>10.4. How to resume transfers when fetching distfiles?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>By default, resuming transfers in pkgsrc is disabled, but you can
enable this feature by adding the option
<code class="varname">PKG_RESUME_TRANSFERS=YES</code> into
<a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.  If, during a fetch step, an incomplete
distfile is found, pkgsrc will try to resume it.</p>
<p>You can also
use a different program than the platform default program by changing the
<code class="varname">FETCH_USING</code> variable.  You can specify the program by
using of ftp, fetch, wget or curl.  Alternatively, fetching can be disabled
by using the value manual.  A value of custom disables the system defaults
and dependency tracking for the fetch program.  In that case you have to
provide <code class="varname">FETCH_CMD</code>, <code class="varname">FETCH_BEFORE_ARGS</code>,
<code class="varname">FETCH_RESUME_ARGS</code>, <code class="varname">FETCH_OUTPUT_ARGS</code>,
<code class="varname">FETCH_AFTER_ARGS</code>.</p>
<p>For example, if you want to use
<code class="filename">wget</code> to download, you'll have to use something
like:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
FETCH_USING=    wget
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="x.org-from-pkgsrc"></a>10.5. How can I install/use modular X.org from pkgsrc?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>If you want to use modular X.org from pkgsrc instead of your system's own X11
(<code class="filename">/usr/X11R6</code>, <code class="filename">/usr/openwin</code>, ...)
you will have to add the following line into
<a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
X11_TYPE=modular
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fetch-behind-firewall"></a>10.6. How to fetch files from behind a firewall</h2></div></div></div>
<p>If you are sitting behind a firewall which does not allow direct
connections to Internet hosts (i.e. non-NAT), you may specify the
relevant proxy hosts.  This is done using an environment variable in the
form of a URL, e.g. in Amdahl, the machine
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">orpheus.amdahl.com</span>&#8221;</span> is one of the firewalls, and it uses
port 80 as the proxy port number.  So the proxy environment variables
are:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
ftp_proxy=ftp://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/
http_proxy=http://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fetch-https"></a>10.7. How to fetch files from HTTPS sites</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Some fetch tools are not prepared to support HTTPS by default
(for example, the one in NetBSD 6.0), or the one installed by the
pkgsrc bootstrap (to avoid an openssl dependency that low in the
dependency graph).</p>
<p>Usually you won't notice, because distribution files are
mirrored weekly to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">ftp.NetBSD.org</span>&#8221;</span>, but that might not
be often enough if you are following pkgsrc-current. In that case, set
<code class="varname">FETCH_USING</code> in your <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> file to
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">curl</span>&#8221;</span> or <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">wget</span>&#8221;</span>, which are both compiled
with HTTPS support by default. Of course, these tools need to be
installed before you can use them this way.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="passive-ftp"></a>10.8. How do I tell <span class="command"><strong>make fetch</strong></span> to do passive FTP?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This depends on which utility is used to retrieve distfiles.  From
<code class="filename">bsd.pkg.mk</code>, <code class="varname">FETCH_CMD</code> is assigned
the first available command from the following list:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">${LOCALBASE}/bin/ftp</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">/usr/bin/ftp</code></p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>On a default NetBSD installation, this will be
<code class="filename">/usr/bin/ftp</code>, which automatically tries passive
connections first, and falls back to active connections if the server
refuses to do passive.  For the other tools, add the following to your
<a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> file:
<code class="varname">PASSIVE_FETCH=1</code>.</p>
<p>Having that option present will prevent
<code class="filename">/usr/bin/ftp</code> from falling back to active
transfers.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fetching-all-distfiles"></a>10.9. How to fetch all distfiles at once</h2></div></div></div>
<p>You would like to download all the distfiles in a single batch
from work or university, where you can't run a <span class="command"><strong>make
fetch</strong></span>.  There is an archive of distfiles on <a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/distfiles/" target="_top">ftp.NetBSD.org</a>,
but downloading the entire directory may not be appropriate.</p>
<p>The answer here is to do a <span class="command"><strong>make fetch-list</strong></span> in
<code class="filename">/usr/pkgsrc</code> or one of its subdirectories, carry the
resulting list to your machine at work/school and use it there.  If you
don't have a NetBSD-compatible <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/ftp.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">ftp</span>(1)</span></a> (like tnftp) at work, don't
forget to set <code class="varname">FETCH_CMD</code> to something that fetches a
URL:</p>
<p>At home:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /usr/pkgsrc</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make fetch-list FETCH_CMD=wget DISTDIR=/tmp/distfiles &gt;/tmp/fetch.sh</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>scp /tmp/fetch.sh work:/tmp</code></strong></pre>
<p>At work:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>sh /tmp/fetch.sh</code></strong></pre>
<p>then tar up <code class="filename">/tmp/distfiles</code> and take it
home.</p>
<p>If you have a machine running NetBSD, and you want to get
<span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> distfiles (even ones that aren't for your
machine architecture), you can do so by using the above-mentioned
<span class="command"><strong>make fetch-list</strong></span> approach, or fetch the distfiles
directly by running:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make mirror-distfiles</code></strong></pre>
<p>If you even decide to ignore
<code class="varname">NO_{SRC,BIN}_ON_{FTP,CDROM}</code>, then you can get everything
by running:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make fetch NO_SKIP=yes</code></strong></pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="tmac.andoc-missing"></a>10.10. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Don't know how to make
/usr/share/tmac/tmac.andoc</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When compiling the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_install/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_install</code></a>
package, you get the error from make that it doesn't know how to make
<code class="filename">/usr/share/tmac/tmac.andoc</code>? This indicates that
you don't have installed the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">text</span>&#8221;</span> set (nroff, ...) from
the NetBSD base distribution on your machine.  It is recommended to do
that to format man pages.</p>
<p>In the case of the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_install/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_install</code></a> package, you
can get away with setting <code class="varname">NOMAN=YES</code> either in the
environment or in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="bsd.own.mk-missing"></a>10.11. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Could not find bsd.own.mk</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>You didn't install the compiler set, <code class="filename">comp.tgz</code>,
when you installed your NetBSD machine.  Please get and install it, by
extracting it in <code class="filename">/</code>:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>tar --unlink -zxvpf .../comp.tgz</code></strong></pre>
<p><code class="filename">comp.tgz</code> is part of every NetBSD release.  Get
the one that corresponds to your release (determine via <span class="command"><strong>uname
-r</strong></span>).</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="using-sudo-with-pkgsrc"></a>10.12. Using 'sudo' or `priv` with pkgsrc</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When installing packages as non-root user and using the just-in-time
<a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/su.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">su</span>(1)</span></a> feature of pkgsrc, it can become annoying to type in the root
password for each required package installed.  To avoid this, the sudo
package can be used, which does password caching over a limited time.  To
use it, install <span class="command"><strong>sudo</strong></span> or
<span class="command"><strong>priv</strong></span> (either as binary package, from
<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/security/priv/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">security/priv</code></a>, or
<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/security/sudo/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">security/sudo</code></a>) and then put the
following into your <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>, somewhere
<span class="emphasis"><em>after</em></span> the definition of the
<code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code> variable:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.if exists(${LOCALBASE}/bin/sudo)
SU_CMD=        ${LOCALBASE}/bin/sudo /bin/sh -c
.endif
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="faq.conf"></a>10.13. How do I change the location of configuration files?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>As the system administrator, you can choose where configuration files
are installed.  The default settings make all these files go into
<code class="filename">${PREFIX}/etc</code> or some of its subdirectories; this may
be suboptimal depending on your expectations (e.g., a read-only,
NFS-exported <code class="varname">PREFIX</code> with a need of per-machine
configuration of the provided packages).</p>
<p>In order to change the defaults, you can modify the
<code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFBASE</code> variable (in
<a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>) to point to your preferred configuration
directory; some common examples include <code class="filename">/etc</code> or
<code class="filename">/etc/pkg</code>.</p>
<p>Furthermore, you can change this value on a per-package basis by
setting the <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR.${PKG_SYSCONFVAR}</code> variable.
<code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFVAR</code>'s value usually matches the name of the
package you would like to modify, that is, the contents of
<code class="varname">PKGBASE</code>.</p>
<p>Note that after changing these settings, you must rebuild and
reinstall any affected packages.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="audit-packages"></a>10.14. Automated security checks</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Please be aware that there can often be bugs in third-party software,
and some of these bugs can leave a machine vulnerable to exploitation by
attackers.  In an effort to lessen the exposure, the NetBSD packages team
maintains a database of known-exploits to packages which have at one time
been included in pkgsrc.  The database can be downloaded automatically, and
a security audit of all packages installed on a system can take place.  To
do this, refer to the following two tools (installed as part of the
<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_install/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_install</code></a> package):</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p><span class="command"><strong>pkg_admin fetch-pkg-vulnerabilities</strong></span>, an easy way to
    download a list of the security vulnerabilities information.  This list
    is kept up to date by the pkgsrc security team, and is distributed
    from the NetBSD ftp server:</p>
<p><a class="ulink" href="https://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/vulns/pkg-vulnerabilities" target="_top">https://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/vulns/pkg-vulnerabilities</a></p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>pkg_admin audit</strong></span>, an easy way to audit the
    current machine, checking each known vulnerability.  If a
    vulnerable package is installed, it will be shown by output to stdout,
    including a description of the type of vulnerability, and a URL
    containing more information.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<p>Use of these tools is strongly recommended!
See <a class="xref" href="#vulnerabilities" title="5.1.6. Checking for security vulnerabilities in installed packages">Section 5.1.6, &#8220;Checking for security vulnerabilities in installed packages&#8221;</a> for instructions on how to automate checking and
reporting.</p>
<p>If this database is installed, pkgsrc builds will use it to
perform a security check before building any package.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="ufaq-cflags"></a>10.15. Why do some packages ignore my <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When you add your own preferences to the
	<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> variable in your
	<a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>, these flags are passed in
	environment variables to the <code class="filename">./configure</code>
	scripts and to <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a>. Some package authors ignore the
	<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> from the environment variable by
	overriding them in the <code class="filename">Makefile</code>s of their
	package.</p>
<p>Currently there is no solution to this problem. If you
	really need the package to use your <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>
	you should run <span class="command"><strong>make patch</strong></span> in the package
	directory and then inspect any <code class="filename">Makefile</code> and
	<code class="filename">Makefile.in</code> for whether they define
	<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> explicitly. Usually you can remove
	these lines. But be aware that some <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">smart</span>&#8221;</span>
	programmers write so bad code that it only works for the
	specific combination of <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> they have
	chosen.</p>
<p>To find out where the CFLAGS are ignored, add the following lines to <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CPPFLAGS+=              -Dpkgsrc___CPPFLAGS
CFLAGS+=                -Dpkgsrc___CFLAGS
CXXFLAGS+=              -Dpkgsrc___CXXFLAGS
</pre>
<p>Then run <span class="command"><strong>bmake show-all-configure show-all-build</strong></span>
to see whether the above flags are passed to the actual build
commands in general.</p>
<p>To find out whether the flags are passed to individual compiler
commands, have a look at the file <code class="filename">work/.work.log</code>. In
most cases, the flags from the original command lines (the lines starting
with <code class="literal">[*]</code>) are passed unmodified to the actual compiler
(the lines starting with <code class="literal">&lt;.&gt;</code>). If the flag is
missing from the actual compiler command, it must have been removed by
the <a class="link" href="#build.wrapper" title="13.10. The wrapper phase">pkgsrc compiler wrappers</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="ufaq-fail"></a>10.16. A package does not build.  What shall I do?</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="procedure"><ol class="procedure" type="1">
<li class="step"><p>Make sure that your copy of pkgsrc is consistent. A
	case that occurs often is that people only update pkgsrc in
	parts, because of performance reasons. Since pkgsrc is one large
	system, not a collection of many small systems, there are
	sometimes changes that only work when the whole pkgsrc tree is
	updated.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Make sure that you don't have any CVS conflicts.
	Search for <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;</span>&#8221;</span> or
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>&#8221;</span> in all your pkgsrc
	files.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Make sure that you don't have old copies of the packages
	extracted. Run <span class="command"><strong>make clean clean-depends</strong></span> to
	verify this.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>If you are a package developer who wants to invest
	some work, have a look at <a class="xref" href="#fixes" title="Chapter 21. Making your package work">Chapter 21, <i>Making your package work</i></a>.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>If the problem still exists, write a mail to the
	<code class="literal">pkgsrc-users</code> mailing list.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="faq.rcs-conflicts"></a>10.17. What does <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Makefile appears to contain unresolved cvs/rcs/??? merge conflicts</span>&#8221;</span> mean?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>You have modified a file from pkgsrc, and someone else has
modified that same file afterwards in the CVS repository. Both changes
are in the same region of the file, so when you updated pkgsrc, the
<code class="literal">cvs</code> command marked the conflicting changes in the
file. Because of these markers, the file is no longer a valid
<code class="filename">Makefile</code>.</p>
<p>Have a look at that file, and if you don't need your local changes
anymore, you can remove that file and run <span class="command"><strong>cvs -q update
-dP</strong></span> in that directory to download the current version.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="part">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="developers-guide"></a>Part II. The pkgsrc developer's guide</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="partintro">
<div></div>
<p>This part of the book deals with creating and
	modifying packages. It starts with a <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">HOWTO</span>&#8221;</span>-like
	guide on creating a new package. The remaining chapters are more
	like a reference manual for pkgsrc.</p>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#help-devel">11. Getting help</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#components">12. Package components - files, directories and contents</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.Makefile">12.1. <code class="filename">Makefile</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.distinfo">12.2. <code class="filename">distinfo</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.patches">12.3. <code class="filename">patches/*</code></a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patch.structure">12.3.1. Structure of a single patch file</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.caveats">12.3.2. Creating patch files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.sources">12.3.3. Sources where the patch files come from</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.guidelines">12.3.4. Patching guidelines</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.feedback">12.3.5. Feedback to the author</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#other-mandatory-files">12.4. Other mandatory files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.optional">12.5. Optional files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.optional.bin">12.5.1. Files affecting the binary package</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.optional.build">12.5.2. Files affecting the build process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.optional.none">12.5.3. Files affecting nothing at all</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#work-dir">12.6. <code class="filename">work*</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files-dir">12.7. <code class="filename">files/*</code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#build">13. The build process</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.intro">13.1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.prefix">13.2. Program location</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.builddirs">13.3. Directories used during the build process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.running">13.4. Running a phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.fetch">13.5. The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#build.fetch.what">13.5.1. What to fetch and where to get it from</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#build.fetch.how">13.5.2. How are the files fetched?</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.checksum">13.6. The <span class="emphasis"><em>checksum</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.extract">13.7. The <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.patch">13.8. The <span class="emphasis"><em>patch</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.tools">13.9. The <span class="emphasis"><em>tools</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.wrapper">13.10. The <span class="emphasis"><em>wrapper</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.configure">13.11. The <span class="emphasis"><em>configure</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.build">13.12. The <span class="emphasis"><em>build</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.test">13.13. The <span class="emphasis"><em>test</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.install">13.14. The <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.package">13.15. The <span class="emphasis"><em>package</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.clean">13.16. Cleaning up</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.helpful-targets">13.17. Other helpful targets</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#creating">14. Creating a new pkgsrc package from scratch</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating.common">14.1. Common types of packages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.python-module">14.1.1. Python modules and programs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.R-package">14.1.2. R packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.TeX-package">14.1.3. TeXlive packages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating.examples">14.2. Examples</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.nvu">14.2.1. How the www/nvu package came into pkgsrc</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#makefile">15. Programming in <code class="filename">Makefile</code>s</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#makefile.style">15.1. Caveats</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#makefile.variables">15.2. <code class="filename">Makefile</code> variables</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#makefile.variables.names">15.2.1. Naming conventions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#makefile.code">15.3. Code snippets</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#adding-to-list">15.3.1. Adding things to a list</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#echo-literal">15.3.2. Echoing a string exactly as-is</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#cflags-gnu-configure">15.3.3. Passing <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> to GNU configure scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#empty-variables">15.3.4. Handling possibly empty variables</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#options">16. Options handling</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#global-default-options">16.1. Global default options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#converting-to-options">16.2. Converting packages to use <code class="filename">bsd.options.mk</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#option-names">16.3. Option Names</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#option-build">16.4. Determining the options of dependencies</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#tools">17. Tools needed for building or running</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#pkgsrc-tools">17.1. Tools for pkgsrc builds</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#package-tools">17.2. Tools needed by packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#platform-tools">17.3. Tools provided by platforms</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#buildlink">18. Buildlink methodology</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#converting-to-buildlink3">18.1. Converting packages to use buildlink3</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating-buildlink3.mk">18.2. Writing <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#anatomy-of-bl3">18.2.1. Anatomy of a buildlink3.mk file</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#updating-buildlink-depends">18.2.2. Updating
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      and
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      in <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#writing-builtin.mk">18.3. Writing <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#anatomy-of-builtin.mk">18.3.1. Anatomy of a <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> file</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#native-or-pkgsrc-preference">18.3.2. Global preferences for native or pkgsrc software</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#plist">19. PLIST issues</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#rcs-id">19.1. RCS ID</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#automatic-plist-generation">19.2. Semi-automatic <code class="filename">PLIST</code> generation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#print-PLIST">19.3. Tweaking output of <span class="command"><strong>make print-PLIST</strong></span></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#plist.misc">19.4. Variable substitution in PLIST</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#manpage-compression">19.5. Man page compression</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#using-PLIST_SRC">19.6. Changing PLIST source with <code class="varname">PLIST_SRC</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#platform-specific-plist">19.7. Platform-specific and differing PLISTs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build-plist">19.8. Build-specific PLISTs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq.common-dirs">19.9. Sharing directories between packages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#pkginstall">20. The pkginstall framework</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files-and-dirs-outside-prefix">20.1. Files and directories outside the installation prefix</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#dirs-outside-prefix">20.1.1. Directory manipulation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#files-outside-prefix">20.1.2. File manipulation</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#conf-files">20.2. Configuration files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-sysconfdir">20.2.1. How <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code> is set</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-configure">20.2.2. Telling the software where configuration files are</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-patching">20.2.3. Patching installations</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-disable">20.2.4. Disabling handling of configuration files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#rcd-scripts">20.3. System startup scripts</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#rcd-scripts-disable">20.3.1. Disabling handling of system startup scripts</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#users-and-groups">20.4. System users and groups</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#shells">20.5. System shells</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#shells-disable">20.5.1. Disabling shell registration</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fonts">20.6. Fonts</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fonts-disable">20.6.1. Disabling automatic update of the fonts databases</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#fixes">21. Making your package work</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#general-operation">21.1. General operation</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#pulling-vars-from-etc-mk.conf">21.1.1. How to pull in user-settable variables from <code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#user-interaction">21.1.2. User interaction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#handling-licenses">21.1.3. Handling licenses</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#restricted-packages">21.1.4. Restricted packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#dependencies">21.1.5. Handling dependencies</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conflicts">21.1.6. Handling conflicts with other packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#not-building-packages">21.1.7. Packages that cannot or should not be built</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#undeletable-packages">21.1.8. Packages which should not be deleted, once installed</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#security-handling">21.1.9. Handling packages with security problems</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bumping-pkgrevision">21.1.10. How to handle incrementing versions when fixing an existing package</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.subst">21.1.11. Substituting variable text in the package files (the SUBST framework)</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.fetch">21.2. The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#no-plain-download">21.2.1. Packages whose distfiles aren't available for plain downloading</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#modified-distfiles-same-name">21.2.2. How to handle modified distfiles with the 'old' name</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#build.fetch.github">21.2.3. Packages hosted on github.com</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.configure">21.3. The <span class="emphasis"><em>configure</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.libtool">21.3.1. Shared libraries - libtool</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using-libtool">21.3.2. Using libtool on GNU packages that already support libtool</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#autoconf-automake">21.3.3. GNU Autoconf/Automake</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#meson">21.3.4. Meson / ninja</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#programming-languages">21.4. Programming languages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#basic-programming-languages">21.4.1. C, C++, and Fortran</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#java-programming-language">21.4.2. Java</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#go-programming-language">21.4.3. Go</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#rust-programming-language">21.4.4. Rust</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#perl-scripts">21.4.5. Packages containing Perl scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#shell-scripts">21.4.6. Packages containing shell scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#other-programming-languages">21.4.7. Other programming languages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.build">21.5. The <span class="emphasis"><em>build</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.build.cpp">21.5.1. Compiling C and C++ code conditionally</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#compiler-bugs">21.5.2. How to handle compiler bugs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.build.header">21.5.3. No such file or directory</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#undefined-reference">21.5.4. Undefined reference to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">...</span>&#8221;</span></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#out-of-memory">21.5.5. Running out of memory</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.install">21.6. The <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#install-scripts">21.6.1. Creating needed directories</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#where-to-install-documentation">21.6.2. Where to install documentation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#installing-score-files">21.6.3. Installing highscore files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#destdir-support">21.6.4. Adding DESTDIR support to packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardcoded-paths">21.6.5. Packages with hardcoded paths to other interpreters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#perl-modules">21.6.6. Packages installing Perl modules</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#faq.info-files">21.6.7. Packages installing info files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#manpages">21.6.8. Packages installing man pages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#x11-fonts">21.6.9. Packages installing X11 fonts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#sgml-xml-data">21.6.10. Packages installing SGML or XML data</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#mime-database">21.6.11. Packages installing extensions to the MIME database</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#intltool">21.6.12. Packages using intltool</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#startup-scripts">21.6.13. Packages installing startup scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#tex-packages">21.6.14. Packages installing TeX modules</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#emulation-packages">21.6.15. Packages supporting running binaries in
    emulation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hicolor-theme">21.6.16. Packages installing hicolor icons</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#desktop-files">21.6.17. Packages installing desktop files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#punting">21.7. Marking packages as having problems</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#gnome">22. GNOME packaging and porting</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#meta-packages">22.1. Meta packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#new-package">22.2. Packaging a GNOME application</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#full-update">22.3. Updating GNOME to a newer version</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#patching">22.4. Patching guidelines</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#submit">23. Submitting and Committing</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#submitting-binary-packages">23.1. Submitting binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#submitting-your-package">23.2. Submitting source packages (for non-NetBSD-developers)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#general-notes-for-changes">23.3. General notes when adding, updating, or removing packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#commit-messages">23.4. Commit Messages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#committing-importing">23.5. Committing: Adding a package to CVS</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#updating-package">23.6. Updating a package to a newer version</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#renaming-package">23.7. Renaming a package in pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#moving-package">23.8. Moving a package in pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#devfaq">24. Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="help-devel"></a>Chapter 11. Getting help</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
	To get help when developing pkgsrc, the definitive source is this
	document, the pkgsrc guide. If you don't find anything here,
	there are alternatives:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<p>
	The built-in pkgsrc help, which is available after bootstrapping
	pkgsrc. Run <span class="command"><strong>bmake help topic=&#8230;</strong></span> to get
	help for any topic, such as a variable name like
	<code class="varname">BUILD_DEFS</code>, a make target like
	<span class="command"><strong>do-build</strong></span>, a missing C or C++ function like
	<span class="command"><strong>strcasecmp</strong></span> or any other topic.</p>
<p>The available help topics are listed in <a class="xref" href="#help-topics" title="Appendix E. Help topics">Appendix E, <i>Help topics</i></a>.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>
	To see the value of a single variable, run <span class="command"><strong>bmake
	show-var VARNAME=<em class="replaceable"><code>X</code></em></strong></span>.
</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>
	To see the values of the most common variables, run
	<span class="command"><strong>bmake show-all</strong></span>. These variables are grouped by
	topic. To see the variables for a single topic, run
	<span class="command"><strong>bmake
	show-all-<em class="replaceable"><code>topic</code></em></strong></span>, for example
	<span class="command"><strong>bmake show-all-fetch</strong></span>.
</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>
	The tech-pkg mailing list, to which
	<a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/#tech-pkg" target="_top">you
	can subscribe</a> and then <a class="ulink" href="mailto:tech-pkg@NetBSD.org" target="_top">ask your
	questions</a>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The #pkgsrc IRC channel, which is accessible
	<a class="ulink" href="https://webchat.freenode.net/" target="_top">via a web browser</a>
	or by using a specialized chat program such as
	<a class="ulink" href="http://xchat.org/" target="_top">XChat</a>.
	Pick any user name and join the channel #pkgsrc.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="components"></a>Chapter 12. Package components - files, directories and contents</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.Makefile">12.1. <code class="filename">Makefile</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.distinfo">12.2. <code class="filename">distinfo</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.patches">12.3. <code class="filename">patches/*</code></a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patch.structure">12.3.1. Structure of a single patch file</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.caveats">12.3.2. Creating patch files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.sources">12.3.3. Sources where the patch files come from</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.guidelines">12.3.4. Patching guidelines</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.patches.feedback">12.3.5. Feedback to the author</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#other-mandatory-files">12.4. Other mandatory files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#components.optional">12.5. Optional files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.optional.bin">12.5.1. Files affecting the binary package</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.optional.build">12.5.2. Files affecting the build process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#components.optional.none">12.5.3. Files affecting nothing at all</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#work-dir">12.6. <code class="filename">work*</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files-dir">12.7. <code class="filename">files/*</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Whenever you're preparing a package, there are a number of
files involved which are described in the following
sections.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="components.Makefile"></a>12.1. <code class="filename">Makefile</code>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Building, installation and creation of a binary package are all
  controlled by the package's <code class="filename">Makefile</code>.
  The <code class="filename">Makefile</code> describes various things about
  a package, for example from where to get it, how to configure,
  build, and install it.</p>
<p>A package <code class="filename">Makefile</code> contains several
  sections that describe the package.</p>
<p>In the first section there are the following variables, which
  should appear exactly in the order given here.  The order and
  grouping of the variables is mostly historical and has no further
  meaning.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">DISTNAME</code> is the basename of the
    distribution file to be downloaded from the package's
    website.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKGNAME</code> is the name of the
    package, as used by pkgsrc. You need to provide it if
    <code class="varname">DISTNAME</code> (which is the default) is not a good
    name for the package in pkgsrc or <code class="varname">DISTNAME</code> is not
    provided (no distribution file is required).  Usually it is the pkgsrc
    directory name together with the version number. It must match the
    regular expression
    <code class="varname">^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9-_.+]*$</code>, that is, it
    starts with a letter or digit, and contains only letters, digits,
    dashes, underscores, dots and plus signs.
    New packages should have entirely lower-case names, with the exception
    of some that must follow pre-existing conventions
    (e.g. R packages begin with <code class="varname">R-</code>).
    You can use the <code class="code">:tl</code> variable modifier to lower-case
    the package name.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">CATEGORIES</code> is a list of categories
    which the package fits in. You can choose any of the top-level
    directories of pkgsrc for it.</p>
<p>Currently the following values are available for
    <code class="varname">CATEGORIES</code>. If more than
    one is used, they need to be separated by spaces:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
archivers     cross         geography     meta-pkgs     security
audio         databases     graphics      misc          shells
benchmarks    devel         ham           multimedia    sysutils
biology       editors       inputmethod   net           textproc
cad           emulators     lang          news          time
chat          finance       mail          parallel      wm
comms         fonts         math          pkgtools      www
converters    games         mbone         print         x11
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">MASTER_SITES</code>,
    <code class="varname">DYNAMIC_MASTER_SITES</code>,
    <code class="varname">DIST_SUBDIR</code>, <code class="varname">EXTRACT_SUFX</code>
    and <code class="varname">DISTFILES</code> are discussed in detail in
    <a class="xref" href="#build.fetch" title="13.5. The fetch phase">Section 13.5, &#8220;The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase&#8221;</a>.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>The second section contains information about separately
  downloaded patches, if any.
  </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PATCHFILES</code>:
    Name(s) of additional files that contain distribution patches.
    There is no default. pkgsrc will look for them at
    <code class="varname">PATCH_SITES</code>.
    They will automatically be uncompressed before patching if
    the names end with <code class="filename">.gz</code> or
    <code class="filename">.Z</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PATCH_SITES</code>:
    Primary location(s) for distribution patch files (see
    <code class="varname">PATCHFILES</code> above) if not found locally.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PATCH_DIST_STRIP</code>:
    an argument to <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/patch.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">patch</span>(1)</span></a> that sets the pathname strip count to
    help find the correct files to patch. It defaults to
    <span class="command"><strong>-p0</strong></span>.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>The third section contains the following variables.
  </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">MAINTAINER</code> is the email
    address of the person who feels responsible for this package,
    and who is most likely to look at problems or questions regarding
    this package which have been reported with <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/send-pr.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">send-pr</span>(1)</span></a>.
    Other developers may contact the <code class="varname">MAINTAINER</code>
    before making changes to the package, but are not required to
    do so. When packaging a new program, set <code class="varname">MAINTAINER</code>
    to yourself. If you really can't maintain the package for future
    updates, set it to
    <code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:pkgsrc-users@NetBSD.org">pkgsrc-users@NetBSD.org</a>&gt;</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">OWNER</code> should be used instead
    of <code class="varname">MAINTAINER</code> when you do not want other
    developers to update or change the package without contacting
    you first. A package Makefile should contain one of
    <code class="varname">MAINTAINER</code> or <code class="varname">OWNER</code>, but
    not both.  </p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">HOMEPAGE</code> is a URL where users can
    find more information about the package.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">COMMENT</code> is a one-line
    description of the package (should not include the package
    name).</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">LICENSE</code> indicates the license(s)
    applicable for the package. See <a class="xref" href="#handling-licenses" title="21.1.3. Handling licenses">Section 21.1.3, &#8220;Handling licenses&#8221;</a> for further details.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>Other variables that affect the build:
  </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">WRKSRC</code>: The directory where the
      interesting distribution files of the package are found. The
      default is <code class="filename">${WRKDIR}/${DISTNAME}</code>, which
      works for most packages.</p>
<p>If a package doesn't create a subdirectory for itself
      (most GNU software does, for instance), but extracts itself in
      the current directory, you should set
      <code class="varname">WRKSRC=${WRKDIR}</code>.</p>
<p>If a package doesn't create a subdirectory with the
      name of <code class="varname">DISTNAME</code> but some different name,
      set <code class="varname">WRKSRC</code> to point to the proper name in
      <code class="filename">${WRKDIR}</code>, for example
      <code class="varname">WRKSRC=${WRKDIR}/${DISTNAME}/unix</code>. See
      <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/lang/tcl/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">lang/tcl</code></a> and <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/x11/tk/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">x11/tk</code></a> for other examples.</p>
<p>The name of the working directory created by pkgsrc is
      taken from the <code class="varname">WRKDIR_BASENAME</code>
      variable. By default, its value is
      <code class="filename">work</code>. If you want to use the same
      pkgsrc tree for building different kinds of binary packages,
      you can change the variable according to your needs. Two
      other variables handle common cases of setting
      <code class="varname">WRKDIR_BASENAME</code> individually. If
      <code class="varname">OBJHOSTNAME</code> is defined in
      <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>, the first component of
      the host's name is attached to the directory name. If
      <code class="varname">OBJMACHINE</code> is defined, the platform name
      is attached, which might look like
      <code class="filename">work.i386</code> or
      <code class="filename">work.sparc</code>.</p>
</li></ul></div>
<p>Please pay attention to the following gotchas:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Add <code class="varname">MANCOMPRESSED</code> if man pages are
      installed in compressed form by the package.  For packages using
      BSD-style makefiles which honor MANZ, there is
      <code class="varname">MANCOMPRESSED_IF_MANZ</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Replace <code class="filename">/usr/local</code> with
      <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${PREFIX}</span>&#8221;</span> in all files (see patches,
      below).</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>If the package installs any info files, see <a class="xref" href="#faq.info-files" title="21.6.7. Packages installing info files">Section 21.6.7, &#8220;Packages installing info files&#8221;</a>.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="components.distinfo"></a>12.2. <code class="filename">distinfo</code>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The <code class="filename">distinfo</code> file contains the message
  digest, or checksum, of each distfile needed for the package. This
  ensures that the distfiles retrieved from the Internet have not been
  corrupted during transfer or altered by a malign force to introduce
  a security hole. To provide maximum security, all distfiles are
  protected using three different message digest algorithms (SHA1,
  RMD160, SHA512), as well as the file size.</p>
<p>The <code class="filename">distinfo</code> file also contains the
  checksums for all the patches found in the
  <code class="filename">patches</code> directory (see <a class="xref" href="#components.patches" title="12.3. patches/*">Section 12.3, &#8220;<code class="filename">patches/*</code>&#8221;</a>). These checksums ensure that patches
  are only applied intentionally and that they don't accidentally change,
  e.g. when merging different changes together. They also make sure that
  new patches are actually added to CVS and old ones are removed.
  Too see whether the patches and the <code class="filename">distinfo</code> file
  match, run <span class="command"><strong>pkglint</strong></span> after changing the patches.</p>
<p>To regenerate the <code class="filename">distinfo</code> file, use the
  <span class="command"><strong>make distinfo</strong></span> command.</p>
<p>Some packages have different sets of distfiles depending on
  the platform, for example <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/lang/openjdk8/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">lang/openjdk8</code></a>. These are kept in the same
  <code class="filename">distinfo</code> file and care should be taken when
  upgrading such a package to ensure distfile information is not
  lost.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="components.patches"></a>12.3. <code class="filename">patches/*</code>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Some packages don't work out-of-the box on the various
  platforms that are supported by pkgsrc. These packages need
  to be patched to make them work. The patch files can be
  found in the <code class="filename">patches/</code> directory.</p>
<p>In the <span class="emphasis"><em>patch</em></span> phase, these patches are
  applied to the files in <code class="varname">WRKSRC</code> directory after
  extracting them, in alphabetic order.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="components.patch.structure"></a>12.3.1. Structure of a single patch file</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The <code class="filename">patch-*</code> files should be in
  <span class="command"><strong>diff -bu</strong></span> format, and apply without a fuzz to avoid
  problems. (To force patches to apply with fuzz you can set
  <code class="varname">PATCH_FUZZ_FACTOR=-F2</code>). Furthermore, each patch
  should contain only changes for a single file, and no file should be
  patched by more than one patch file. This helps to keep future
  modifications simple.</p>
<p>Each patch file is structured as follows: In the first line,
  there is the RCS Id of the patch itself. The second line should be
  empty for aesthetic reasons. After that, there should be a comment for
  each change that the patch does. There are a number of standard
  cases:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Patches for commonly known vulnerabilities should
  mention the vulnerability ID (CAN, CVE).</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Patches that change source code should mention the
  platform and other environment (for example, the compiler) that the
  patch is needed for.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>The patch should be commented so that any
  developer who knows the code of the application can make some use of
  the patch. Special care should be taken for the upstream developers,
  since we generally want that they accept our patches, so we have less
  work in the future.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="components.patches.caveats"></a>12.3.2. Creating patch files</h3></div></div></div>
<p>One important thing to mention is to pay attention that no RCS
  IDs get stored in the patch files, as these will cause problems when
  later checked into the NetBSD CVS tree. Use the
  <span class="command"><strong>pkgdiff</strong></span> command from the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgdiff/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkgdiff</code></a> package to avoid these
  problems.</p>
<p>For even more automation, we recommend using
  <span class="command"><strong>mkpatches</strong></span> from the same package to make a
  whole set of patches. You just have to back up files before you
  edit them to <code class="filename">filename.orig</code>, e.g., with
  <span class="command"><strong>cp -p filename filename.orig</strong></span> or, easier, by
  using <span class="command"><strong>pkgvi</strong></span> again from the same package. If
  you upgrade a package this way, you can easily compare the new
  set of patches with the previously existing one with
  <span class="command"><strong>patchdiff</strong></span>. The files in <code class="filename">patches</code>
  are replaced by new files, so carefully check if you want to take all
  the changes.</p>
<p>When you have finished a package, remember to generate
  the checksums for the patch files by using the <span class="command"><strong>make
  makepatchsum</strong></span> command, see <a class="xref" href="#components.distinfo" title="12.2. distinfo">Section 12.2, &#8220;<code class="filename">distinfo</code>&#8221;</a>.</p>
<p>When adding a patch that corrects a problem in the
  distfile (rather than e.g. enforcing pkgsrc's view of where
  man pages should go), send the patch as a bug report to the
  maintainer.  This benefits non-pkgsrc users of the package,
  and usually makes it possible to remove the patch in future
  version.</p>
<p>The file names of the patch files are usually of the form
  <code class="filename">patch-<em class="replaceable"><code>path_to_file__with__underscores.c</code></em></code>.
  Many packages still use the previous convention
  <code class="filename">patch-<em class="replaceable"><code>[a-z][a-z]</code></em></code>,
  but new patches should be of the form containing the filename.
  <span class="command"><strong>mkpatches</strong></span> included in <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgdiff/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkgdiff</code></a> takes care of the name
  automatically.</p>
<p>When updating pre-existing patch files, if a file uses the old
  <code class="filename">patch-<em class="replaceable"><code>[a-z][a-z]</code></em></code>
  convention, it's best not to change it to the new form, as that will
  just cause churn that makes it harder to track changes to patching
  over time. Similarly, if a patch now applies at different line offsets,
  but still applies cleanly as-is, there's no need to update it, as that
  also unnecessarily complicates the patch history.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="components.patches.sources"></a>12.3.3. Sources where the patch files come from</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If you want to share patches between multiple packages
  in pkgsrc, e.g. because they use the same distfiles, set
  <code class="varname">PATCHDIR</code> to the path where the patch files
  can be found, e.g.:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PATCHDIR=       ../../editors/xemacs/patches
</pre>
<p>Patch files that are distributed by the author or other
    maintainers can be listed in
    <code class="varname">PATCHFILES</code>.</p>
<p>If it is desired to store any patches that should not be
    committed into pkgsrc, they can be kept outside the pkgsrc
    tree in the <code class="filename">$LOCALPATCHES</code> directory. The
    directory tree there is expected to have the same
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">category/package</span>&#8221;</span> structure as pkgsrc, and
    patches are expected to be stored inside these dirs (also
    known as <code class="filename">$LOCALPATCHES/$PKGPATH</code>). For
    example, if you want to keep a private patch for
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/graphics/png</code>, keep it in
    <code class="filename">$LOCALPATCHES/graphics/png/mypatch</code>. All
    files in the named directory are expected to be patch files,
    and <span class="emphasis"><em>they are applied after pkgsrc patches are
    applied</em></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="components.patches.guidelines"></a>12.3.4. Patching guidelines</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When fixing a portability issue in the code do not use
      preprocessor magic to check for the current operating system nor
      platform.  Doing so hurts portability to other platforms because
      the OS-specific details are not abstracted appropriately.</p>
<p>The general rule to follow is: instead of checking for the
      operating system the application is being built on, check for the
      specific <span class="emphasis"><em>features</em></span> you need.  For example,
      instead of assuming that kqueue is available under NetBSD and
      using the <code class="varname">__NetBSD__</code> macro to conditionalize
      kqueue support, add a check that detects kqueue itself &mdash;
      yes, this generally involves patching the
      <span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script.  There is absolutely nothing
      that prevents some OSes from adopting interfaces from other OSes
      (e.g. Linux implementing kqueue), something that the above checks
      cannot take into account.</p>
<p>Of course, checking for features generally involves more
      work on the developer's side, but the resulting changes are
      cleaner and there are chances they will work on many other
      platforms.  Not to mention that there are higher chances of being
      later integrated into the mainstream sources.  Remember:
      <span class="emphasis"><em>It doesn't work unless it is right!</em></span></p>
<p>Some typical examples:</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="patch-examples"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 12.1. Patching examples</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Patching examples" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>Where</th>
<th>Incorrect</th>
<th>Correct</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>configure script</td>
<td>
<pre class="programlisting">
case ${target_os} in
netbsd*) have_kvm=yes ;;
*)       have_kvm=no  ;;
esac
</pre>
	      </td>
<td>
<pre class="programlisting">
AC_CHECK_LIB(kvm, kvm_open, have_kvm=yes, have_kvm=no)
</pre>
	      </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C source file</td>
<td>
<pre class="programlisting">
#if defined(__NetBSD__)
#  include &lt;sys/event.h&gt;
#endif
</pre>
	      </td>
<td>
<pre class="programlisting">
#if defined(HAVE_SYS_EVENT_H)
#  include &lt;sys/event.h&gt;
#endif
</pre>
	      </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C source file</td>
<td>
<pre class="programlisting">
int
monitor_file(...)
{
#if defined(__NetBSD__)
        int fd = kqueue();
        ...
#else
        ...
#endif
}
</pre>
	      </td>
<td>
<pre class="programlisting">
int
monitor_file(...)
{
#if defined(HAVE_KQUEUE)
        int fd = kqueue();
        ...
#else
        ...
#endif
}
</pre>
	      </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="components.patches.feedback"></a>12.3.5. Feedback to the author</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Always, always, <span class="strong"><strong>always</strong></span>
      feed back any <span class="emphasis"><em>portability fixes</em></span> or
      improvements you do to a package to the mainstream developers.
      This is the only way to get their attention on portability issues
      and to ensure that future versions can be built out-of-the box on
      NetBSD.  Furthermore, any user that gets newer distfiles will get
      the fixes straight from the packaged code.</p>
<p>This generally involves cleaning up the patches
      (because sometimes the patches that are
      added to pkgsrc are quick hacks), filing bug reports in the
      appropriate trackers for the projects and working with the
      mainstream authors to accept your changes.  It is
      <span class="emphasis"><em>extremely important</em></span> that you do it so that
      the packages in pkgsrc are kept simple and thus further changes
      can be done without much hassle.</p>
<p>When you have done this, please add a URL to the upstream
      bug report to the patch comment.</p>
<p>Support the idea of free software!</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="other-mandatory-files"></a>12.4. Other mandatory files</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">DESCR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A multi-line description of the piece of software.  This should include
	  any credits where they are due.  Please bear in mind that others do not
	  share your sense of humour (or spelling idiosyncrasies), and that others
	  will read everything that you write here.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">PLIST</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This file governs the files that are installed on your
	  system: all the binaries, manual pages, etc. There are other
	  directives which may be entered in this file, to control the
	  creation and deletion of directories, and the location of
	  inserted files.  See <a class="xref" href="#plist" title="Chapter 19. PLIST issues">Chapter 19, <i>PLIST issues</i></a> for more
	  information.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="components.optional"></a>12.5. Optional files</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="components.optional.bin"></a>12.5.1. Files affecting the binary package</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">INSTALL</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This shell script is invoked twice by <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_add.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_add</span>(1)</span></a>.
	    First time after package extraction and before files are
	    moved in place, the second time after the files to install
	    are moved in place. This can be used to do any custom
	    procedures not possible with @exec commands in
	    <code class="filename">PLIST</code>. See <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_add.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_add</span>(1)</span></a> and
	    <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_create.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_create</span>(1)</span></a> for more information.  See also <a class="xref" href="#files-and-dirs-outside-prefix" title="20.1. Files and directories outside the installation prefix">Section 20.1, &#8220;Files and directories outside the installation prefix&#8221;</a>.
	    Please note that you can modify variables in it easily by using
	    <code class="varname">FILES_SUBST</code> in the package's
	    <code class="filename">Makefile</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
FILES_SUBST+=  SOMEVAR="somevalue"
</pre>
<p>replaces "@SOMEVAR@" with <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">somevalue</span>&#8221;</span> in the
	    <code class="filename">INSTALL</code>.  By default, substitution is
	    performed for <code class="varname">PREFIX</code>,
	    <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>, <code class="varname">X11BASE</code>,
	    <code class="varname">VARBASE</code>, and a few others, type
	    <span class="command"><strong>make help topic=FILES_SUBST</strong></span> for a
	    complete list.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">DEINSTALL</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This script is executed before and after any files are removed.  It is
	    this script's responsibility to clean up any additional messy details
	    around the package's installation, since all pkg_delete knows is how to
	    delete the files created in the original distribution.
	    See <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_delete.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_delete</span>(1)</span></a>
	    and <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_create.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_create</span>(1)</span></a> for more information.
	    The same methods to replace variables can be used as for
	    the <code class="filename">INSTALL</code> file.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">MESSAGE</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This file is displayed after installation of the package.
	    While this was used often in the past, it has two
	    problems: the display will be missed if many packages are
	    intalled at once, and the person installing the package
	    and the one using or configuring it may be different.  It
	    should therefore be used only in exceptional circumstances
	    where lasting negative consequences would result from
	    someone not reading it.</p>
<p>MESSAGE should not be used for:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>exhortations to read the documentation</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>reminders to install rc.d files and set variables</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>anything that should be explained in the
	      installation/configuration documentation that should
	      come with the package</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>If the documentation provided by upstream needs
	    enhancing, create e.g. files/README.pkgsrc and install it
	    in the package's documentation directory.
	    </p>
<p>Note that MESSAGE is shown for all operating
	    systems and all init systems.  If a MESSAGE is necessary,
	    it should be narrowed to only those operating systems and
	    init systems to which it applies.</p>
<p>Note that you can modify variables in it easily by using
	    <code class="varname">MESSAGE_SUBST</code> in the package's
	    <code class="filename">Makefile</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MESSAGE_SUBST+=  SOMEVAR="somevalue"
</pre>
<p>replaces "${SOMEVAR}" with <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">somevalue</span>&#8221;</span> in
	    <code class="filename">MESSAGE</code>.  By default, substitution is
	    performed for <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code>,
	    <code class="varname">PKGBASE</code>, <code class="varname">PREFIX</code>,
	    <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>, <code class="varname">X11BASE</code>,
	    <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code>,
	    <code class="varname">ROOT_GROUP</code>, and
	    <code class="varname">ROOT_USER</code>.</p>
<p>You can display a different or additional files by
	    setting the <code class="varname">MESSAGE_SRC</code> variable.  Its
	    default is <code class="filename">MESSAGE</code>, if the file
	    exists.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">ALTERNATIVES</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This file is used by the alternatives framework.
	    It creates, configures, and destroys generic wrappers used to
	    run programs with similar interfaces.
	    See pkg_alternatives(8) from pkgtools/pkg_alternatives
            for more information.</p>
<p>Each line of the file contains two filenames, first
	    the wrapper and then the alternative provided by the package.
	    Both paths are relative to <code class="varname">PREFIX</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="components.optional.build"></a>12.5.2. Files affecting the build process</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">Makefile.common</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This file contains arbitrary things that could
	also go into a <code class="filename">Makefile</code>, but its purpose is
	to be used by more than one package. This file should only be
	used when the packages that will use the file are known in
	advance. For other purposes it is often better to write a
	<code class="filename">*.mk</code> file and give it a good name that
	describes what it does.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This file contains the dependency information
	for the buildlink3 framework (see <a class="xref" href="#buildlink" title="Chapter 18. Buildlink methodology">Chapter 18, <i>Buildlink methodology</i></a>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">hacks.mk</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This file contains workarounds for compiler bugs
	and similar things. It is included automatically by the pkgsrc
	infrastructure, so you don't need an extra
	<code class="literal">.include</code> line for
	it.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">options.mk</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This file contains the code for the
	package-specific options (see <a class="xref" href="#options" title="Chapter 16. Options handling">Chapter 16, <i>Options handling</i></a>) that can be
	selected by the user. If a package has only one or two options,
	it is equally acceptable to put the code directly into the
	<code class="filename">Makefile</code>.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="components.optional.none"></a>12.5.3. Files affecting nothing at all</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">README*</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>These files do not take place in the creation of
	a package and thus are purely informative to the package
	developer.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">TODO</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This file contains things that need to be done
	to make the package even
	better.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="work-dir"></a>12.6. <code class="filename">work*</code>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When you type <span class="command"><strong>make</strong></span>, the distribution files are
    unpacked into the directory denoted by
    <code class="varname">WRKDIR</code>. It can be removed by running
    <span class="command"><strong>make clean</strong></span>. Besides the sources, this
    directory is also used to keep various timestamp files.
    The directory gets <span class="emphasis"><em>removed completely</em></span> on clean.
    The default is <code class="filename">${.CURDIR}/work</code>
    or <code class="filename">${.CURDIR}/work.${MACHINE_ARCH}</code>
    if <code class="varname">OBJMACHINE</code> is set.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="files-dir"></a>12.7. <code class="filename">files/*</code>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>If you have any files that you wish to be placed in the package
    prior to configuration or building, you can place these files here
    and use a <span class="command"><strong>${CP}</strong></span> command in the
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">post-extract</span>&#8221;</span> target to achieve this.</p>
<p>If you want to share files in this way with other
    packages, set the <code class="varname">FILESDIR</code> variable to point
    to the other package's <code class="filename">files</code> directory,
    e.g.:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
FILESDIR=       ../../editors/xemacs/files
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="build"></a>Chapter 13. The build process</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.intro">13.1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.prefix">13.2. Program location</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.builddirs">13.3. Directories used during the build process</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.running">13.4. Running a phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.fetch">13.5. The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#build.fetch.what">13.5.1. What to fetch and where to get it from</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#build.fetch.how">13.5.2. How are the files fetched?</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.checksum">13.6. The <span class="emphasis"><em>checksum</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.extract">13.7. The <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.patch">13.8. The <span class="emphasis"><em>patch</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.tools">13.9. The <span class="emphasis"><em>tools</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.wrapper">13.10. The <span class="emphasis"><em>wrapper</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.configure">13.11. The <span class="emphasis"><em>configure</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.build">13.12. The <span class="emphasis"><em>build</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.test">13.13. The <span class="emphasis"><em>test</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.install">13.14. The <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.package">13.15. The <span class="emphasis"><em>package</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.clean">13.16. Cleaning up</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build.helpful-targets">13.17. Other helpful targets</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.intro"></a>13.1. Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This chapter gives a detailed description on how a package is
    built. Building a package is separated into different
    <span class="emphasis"><em>phases</em></span> (for example <code class="varname">fetch</code>,
    <code class="varname">build</code>, <code class="varname">install</code>), all of which are
    described in the following sections. Each phase is split into
    so-called <span class="emphasis"><em>stages</em></span>, which take the name of the
    containing phase, prefixed by one of <code class="varname">pre-</code>,
    <code class="varname">do-</code> or <code class="varname">post-</code>. (Examples are
    <code class="varname">pre-configure</code>, <code class="varname">post-build</code>.) Most
    of the actual work is done in the <code class="varname">do-*</code> stages.</p>
<p>Never override the regular targets (like
    <code class="varname">fetch</code>), if you have to, override the
    <code class="varname">do-*</code> ones instead.</p>
<p>The basic steps for building a program are always the same.  First
    the program's source (<span class="emphasis"><em>distfile</em></span>) must be brought to
    the local system and then extracted. After any pkgsrc-specific patches
    to compile properly are applied, the software can be configured, then
    built (usually by compiling), and finally the generated binaries, etc.
    can be put into place on the system.</p>
<p>To get more details about what is happening at each step,
    you can set the <code class="varname">PKG_VERBOSE</code> variable, or the
    <code class="varname">PATCH_DEBUG</code> variable if you are just interested
    in more details about the <span class="emphasis"><em>patch</em></span> step.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.prefix"></a>13.2. Program location</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Before outlining the process performed by the NetBSD package system in
    the next section, here's a brief discussion on where programs are
    installed, and which variables influence this.</p>
<p>The automatic variable <code class="varname">PREFIX</code> indicates
    where all files of the final program shall be installed. It is
    usually set to <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>
    (<code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code>), or <code class="varname">CROSSBASE</code>
    for pkgs in the <code class="filename">cross</code> category.  The value of
    <code class="varname">PREFIX</code> needs to be put
    into the various places in the program's source where paths to
    these files are encoded.  See <a class="xref" href="#components.patches" title="12.3. patches/*">Section 12.3, &#8220;<code class="filename">patches/*</code>&#8221;</a> and <a class="xref" href="#fixes.libtool" title="21.3.1. Shared libraries - libtool">Section 21.3.1, &#8220;Shared libraries - libtool&#8221;</a> for more details.</p>
<p>When choosing which of these variables to use,
    follow the following rules:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PREFIX</code> always points to the location
	where the current pkg will be installed.  When referring to a
	pkg's own installation path, use
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${PREFIX}</span>&#8221;</span>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code> is where all pkgs
	are installed.  If you need to construct a -I or -L argument
	to the compiler to find includes and libraries installed by
	another pkg, use <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${LOCALBASE}</span>&#8221;</span>. The name
	<code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code> stems from FreeBSD, which
	installed all packages in <code class="filename">/usr/local</code>. As
	pkgsrc leaves <code class="filename">/usr/local</code> for the system
	administrator, this variable is a misnomer.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">X11BASE</code> is where the actual X11
	distribution (from xsrc, etc.) is installed. When looking for
	<span class="emphasis"><em>standard</em></span> X11 includes (not those
	installed by a package), use <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${X11BASE}</span>&#8221;</span>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>X11-based packages using imake must set
	<code class="varname">USE_IMAKE</code> to be installed correctly under
	<code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Within <code class="filename">${PREFIX}</code>, packages should
	install files according to <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/hier.7"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">hier</span>(7)</span></a>, with the exception that
	manual pages go into <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/man</code>, not
	<code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/man</code>.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.builddirs"></a>13.3. Directories used during the build process</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When building a package, various directories are used to store
    source files, temporary files, pkgsrc-internal files, and so on. These
    directories are explained here.</p>
<p>Some of the directory variables contain relative pathnames. There
    are two common base directories for these relative directories:
    <code class="varname">PKGSRCDIR/PKGPATH</code> is used for directories that are
    pkgsrc-specific. <code class="varname">WRKSRC</code> is used for directories
    inside the package itself.</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">PKGSRCDIR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This is an absolute pathname that points to the pkgsrc
      root directory. Generally, you don't need
      it.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">PKGDIR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This is an absolute pathname that points to the
      current package.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">PKGPATH</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is a pathname relative to
      <code class="varname">PKGSRCDIR</code> that points to the current package.
      It is defined after including <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code>
      and can be used in makefile fragments that are used by several
      packages to distinguish between these packages. Other variables
      that would serve the same purpose are <code class="varname">PKGBASE</code>
      and <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code>, but these are only defined after
      including <code class="filename">bsd.pkg.mk</code>, which is too
      late.</p>
<p>In <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>, the pkgsrc user can use
      <code class="varname">PKGPATH</code> to tweak variables like
      <code class="varname">MAKE_JOBS</code> and
      <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">WRKDIR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This is an absolute pathname pointing to the directory
      where all work takes place. The distfiles are extracted to this
      directory. It also contains temporary directories and log files used by
      the various pkgsrc frameworks, like <span class="emphasis"><em>buildlink</em></span> or
      the <span class="emphasis"><em>wrappers</em></span>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">WRKSRC</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This is an absolute pathname pointing to the directory
      where the distfiles are extracted. It is usually a direct subdirectory
      of <code class="varname">WRKDIR</code>, and often it's the only directory entry
      that isn't hidden. This variable may be changed by a package
      <code class="filename">Makefile</code>.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>The <code class="varname">CREATE_WRKDIR_SYMLINK</code> definition takes either
    the value <span class="emphasis"><em>yes</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>no</em></span> and defaults
    to <span class="emphasis"><em>no</em></span>. It indicates whether a symbolic link to the
    <code class="varname">WRKDIR</code> is to be created in the pkgsrc entry's directory.
    If users would like to have their pkgsrc trees behave in a
    read-only manner, then the value of
    <code class="varname">CREATE_WRKDIR_SYMLINK</code> should be set to
    <span class="emphasis"><em>no</em></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.running"></a>13.4. Running a phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>You can run a particular phase by typing <span class="command"><strong>make
    <em class="replaceable"><code>phase</code></em></strong></span>, where
    <em class="replaceable"><code>phase</code></em> is the name of the phase. This will
    automatically run all phases that are required for this phase. The
    default phase is <code class="varname">build</code>, that is, when you run
    <span class="command"><strong>make</strong></span> without parameters in a package directory,
    the package will be built, but not installed.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.fetch"></a>13.5. The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The first step in building a package is to fetch the
    distribution files (distfiles) from the sites that are providing
    them. This is the task of the <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span>
    phase.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="build.fetch.what"></a>13.5.1. What to fetch and where to get it from</h3></div></div></div>
<p>In simple cases, <code class="varname">MASTER_SITES</code>
      defines all URLs from where the distfile, whose name is
      derived from the <code class="varname">DISTNAME</code> variable, is
      fetched. The more complicated cases are described
      below.</p>
<p>The variable <code class="varname">DISTFILES</code> specifies
      the list of distfiles that have to be fetched. Its value
      defaults to <code class="literal">${DEFAULT_DISTFILES}</code> and
      its value is <code class="literal">${DISTNAME}${EXTRACT_SUFX}</code>,
      so that most packages don't need to define it at all.
      <code class="varname">EXTRACT_SUFX</code> is
      <code class="literal">.tar.gz</code> by default, but can be changed
      freely. Note that if your package requires additional
      distfiles to the default one, you cannot just append the
      additional filenames using the <code class="literal">+=</code>
      operator, but you have write for example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTFILES=      ${DEFAULT_DISTFILES} additional-files.tar.gz
</pre>
<p>Each distfile is fetched from a list of sites, usually
      <code class="varname">MASTER_SITES</code>. If the package has multiple
      <code class="varname">DISTFILES</code> or multiple
      <code class="varname">PATCHFILES</code> from different sites, you can
      set
      <code class="varname">SITES.<em class="replaceable"><code>distfile</code></em></code>
      to the list of URLs where the file
      <code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>distfile</code></em></code>
      (including the suffix) can be found.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTFILES=      ${DISTNAME}${EXTRACT_SUFX}
DISTFILES+=     foo-file.tar.gz
SITES.foo-file.tar.gz= \
https://www.somewhere.com/somehow/ \
https://www.somewhereelse.com/mirror/somehow/
</pre>
<p>When actually fetching the distfiles, each item from
      <code class="varname">MASTER_SITES</code> or
      <code class="varname">SITES.*</code> gets the name of each distfile
      appended to it, without an intermediate slash. Therefore,
      all site values have to end with a slash or other separator
      character. This allows for example to set
      <code class="varname">MASTER_SITES</code> to a URL of a CGI script
      that gets the name of the distfile as a parameter. In this
      case, the definition would look like:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MASTER_SITES=   https://www.example.com/download.cgi?file=
</pre>
<p> The exception to this rule are URLs starting with a dash.
      In that case the URL is taken as is, fetched and the result
      stored under the name of the distfile. You can use this style
      for the case when the download URL style does not match the
      above common case. For example, if permanent download URL is a
      redirector to the real download URL, or the download file name
      is offered by an HTTP Content-Disposition header. In the
      following example, <code class="filename">foo-1.0.0.tar.gz</code> will be
      created instead of the default
      <code class="filename">v1.0.0.tar.gz</code>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTNAME=       foo-1.0.0
MASTER_SITES=   -https://www.example.com/archive/v1.0.0.tar.gz
</pre>
<p>There are some predefined values for
      <code class="varname">MASTER_SITES</code>, which can be used in
      packages.  The names of the variables should speak for
      themselves.</p>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_APACHE</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_BACKUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_CRATESIO</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_CYGWIN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_DEBIAN</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_FREEBSD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_FREEBSD_LOCAL</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_GENTOO</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_GITHUB</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_GITLAB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_GNOME</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_GNU</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_GNUSTEP</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_HASKELL_HACKAGE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_IFARCHIVE</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_KDE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_MOZILLA</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_MOZILLA_ALL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_MYSQL</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_NETLIB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_OPENBSD</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_OPENOFFICE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_OSDN</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_PERL_CPAN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_PGSQL</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_PYPI</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_RUBYGEMS</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_R_CRAN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_SUSE</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_TEX_CTAN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_XEMACS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_XORG</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Some explanations for the less self-explaining ones:
      <code class="varname">MASTER_SITE_BACKUP</code> contains backup sites
      for packages that are maintained in <a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/distfiles/%24%7BDIST_SUBDIR%7D" target="_top">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}</a>.  <code class="varname">MASTER_SITE_LOCAL</code> contains local
      package source distributions that are maintained in <a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/distfiles/LOCAL_PORTS/" target="_top">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/distfiles/LOCAL_PORTS/</a>.</p>
<p>If you choose one of these predefined sites, you may
      want to specify a subdirectory of that site. Since these
      macros may expand to more than one actual site, you
      <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> use the following construct to
      specify a subdirectory:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MASTER_SITES=   ${MASTER_SITE_GNU:=subdirectory/name/}
MASTER_SITES=   ${MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE:=project_name/}
</pre>
<p>Note the trailing slash after the subdirectory
      name.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="build.fetch.how"></a>13.5.2. How are the files fetched?</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase makes sure that
      all the distfiles exist in a local directory
      (<code class="varname">DISTDIR</code>, which can be set by the pkgsrc
      user). If the files do not exist, they are fetched using
      commands of the form</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
${FETCH_CMD} ${FETCH_BEFORE_ARGS} ${site}${file} ${FETCH_AFTER_ARGS}
</pre>
<p>where <code class="literal">${site}</code> varies through
      several possibilities in turn: first,
      <code class="varname">MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE</code> is tried, then the
      sites specified in either <code class="varname">SITES.file</code> if
      defined, else <code class="varname">MASTER_SITES</code> or
      <code class="varname">PATCH_SITES</code>, as applies, then finally the
      value of <code class="varname">MASTER_SITE_BACKUP</code>. The order of
      all except the first and the last can be optionally sorted
      by the user, via setting either
      <code class="varname">MASTER_SORT_RANDOM</code>, and
      <code class="varname">MASTER_SORT_AWK</code> or
      <code class="varname">MASTER_SORT_REGEX</code>.</p>
<p> The specific command and arguments used depend on the
      <code class="varname">FETCH_USING</code> parameter. The example above is
      for <code class="literal">FETCH_USING=custom</code>.</p>
<p>The distfiles mirror run by the NetBSD Foundation uses the
      <span class="emphasis"><em>mirror-distfiles</em></span> target to mirror the
      distfiles, if they are freely distributable.  Packages setting
      <code class="varname">NO_SRC_ON_FTP</code> (usually to
      <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${RESTRICTED}</span>&#8221;</span>) will not have their distfiles
      mirrored.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.checksum"></a>13.6. The <span class="emphasis"><em>checksum</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>After the distfile(s) are fetched, their checksum is
    generated and compared with the checksums stored in the
    distinfo file. If the checksums don't match, the build is
    aborted. This is to ensure the same distfile is used for
    building, and that the distfile wasn't changed, e.g. by some
    malign force, deliberately changed distfiles on the master
    distribution site or network lossage.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.extract"></a>13.7. The <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When the distfiles are present on the local system, they
    need to be extracted, as they usually come in the form of some
    compressed archive format.</p>
<p>By default, all <code class="varname">DISTFILES</code> are
    extracted. If you only need some of them, you can set the
    <code class="varname">EXTRACT_ONLY</code> variable to the list of those
    files.</p>
<p>Extracting the files is usually done by a little
    program, <code class="filename">mk/extract/extract</code>, which
    already knows how to extract various archive formats, so most
    likely you will not need to change anything here. But if you
    need, the following variables may help you:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">EXTRACT_OPTS_{BIN,LHA,PAX,RAR,TAR,ZIP,ZOO}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use these variables to override the default
      options for an extract command, which are defined in
      <code class="filename">mk/extract/extract</code>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">EXTRACT_USING</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable can be set to
      <code class="literal">bsdtar</code>, <code class="literal">gtar</code>, <code class="literal">nbtar</code>
      (which is the default value), <code class="literal">pax</code>, or an
      absolute pathname pointing to the command with which tar
      archives should be extracted.  It is preferred to choose bsdtar over gtar
      if NetBSD's pax-as-tar is not good enough.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>If the <code class="filename">extract</code> program doesn't
    serve your needs, you can also override the
    <code class="varname">EXTRACT_CMD</code> variable, which holds the
    command used for extracting the files. This command is
    executed in the <code class="filename">${WRKSRC}</code>
    directory. During execution of this command, the shell
    variable <code class="varname">extract_file</code> holds the absolute
    pathname of the file that is going to be extracted.</p>
<p>And if that still does not suffice, you can override the
    <code class="varname">do-extract</code> target in the package
    Makefile.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.patch"></a>13.8. The <span class="emphasis"><em>patch</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>After extraction, all the patches named by the
    <code class="varname">PATCHFILES</code>, those present in the patches
    subdirectory of the package as well as in
    $LOCALPATCHES/$PKGPATH (e.g.
    <code class="filename">/usr/local/patches/graphics/png</code>) are
    applied.  Patchfiles ending in <code class="filename">.Z</code> or
    <code class="filename">.gz</code> are uncompressed before they are
    applied, files ending in <code class="filename">.orig</code> or
    <code class="filename">.rej</code> are ignored. Any special options to
    <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/patch.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">patch</span>(1)</span></a> can be handed in
    <code class="varname">PATCH_DIST_ARGS</code>.  See <a class="xref" href="#components.patches" title="12.3. patches/*">Section 12.3, &#8220;<code class="filename">patches/*</code>&#8221;</a> for more details.</p>
<p>By default <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/patch.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">patch</span>(1)</span></a> is given special arguments to make it
    fail if the expected text from the patch context is not found in the
    patched file. If that happens, fix the patch file by comparing it
    with the actual text in the file to be patched.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.tools"></a>13.9. The <span class="emphasis"><em>tools</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This is covered in <a class="xref" href="#tools" title="Chapter 17. Tools needed for building or running">Chapter 17, <i>Tools needed for building or running</i></a>.
    </p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.wrapper"></a>13.10. The <span class="emphasis"><em>wrapper</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This phase creates wrapper programs for the compilers and
    linkers. The following variables can be used to tweak the
    wrappers.</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">ECHO_WRAPPER_MSG</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The command used to print progress
      messages. Does nothing by default. Set to
      <code class="literal">${ECHO}</code> to see the progress
      messages.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">WRAPPER_DEBUG</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable can be set to
      <code class="literal">yes</code> (default) or <code class="literal">no</code>,
      depending on whether you want additional information in the
      wrapper log file.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">WRAPPER_UPDATE_CACHE</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable can be set to
      <code class="literal">yes</code> or <code class="literal">no</code>, depending
      on whether the wrapper should use its cache, which will
      improve the speed. The default value is
      <code class="literal">yes</code>, but is forced to
      <code class="literal">no</code> if the platform does not support
      it.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">WRAPPER_REORDER_CMDS</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A list of reordering commands. A reordering
      command has the form
      <code class="literal">reorder:l:<em class="replaceable"><code>lib1</code></em>:<em class="replaceable"><code>lib2</code></em></code>.
      It ensures that that
      <code class="literal">-l<em class="replaceable"><code>lib1</code></em></code> occurs
      before <code class="literal">-l<em class="replaceable"><code>lib2</code></em></code>.
      </p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.configure"></a>13.11. The <span class="emphasis"><em>configure</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Most pieces of software need information on the header
    files, system calls, and library routines which are available
    on the platform they run on. The process of determining this
    information is known as configuration, and is usually
    automated. In most cases, a script is supplied with the
    distfiles, and its invocation results in generation of header
    files, Makefiles, etc.</p>
<p>If the package contains a configure script, this can be
    invoked by setting <code class="varname">HAS_CONFIGURE</code> to
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>. If the configure script is a GNU autoconf
    script, you should set <code class="varname">GNU_CONFIGURE</code> to
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span> instead.</p>
<p>In the <code class="literal">do-configure</code> stage, a rough
    equivalent of the following command is run. See
    <code class="filename">mk/configure/configure.mk</code>, target
    <code class="literal">do-configure-script</code> for the exact
    definition.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.for dir in ${CONFIGURE_DIRS}
        cd ${WRKSRC} &amp;&amp; cd ${dir} \
        &amp;&amp; env ${CONFIGURE_ENV} \
            ${CONFIG_SHELL} ${CONFIGURE_SCRIPT} ${CONFIGURE_ARGS}
.endfor
</pre>
<p><code class="varname">CONFIGURE_DIRS</code> (default:
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">.</span>&#8221;</span>) is a list of pathnames relative to
    <code class="varname">WRKSRC</code>. In each of these directories, the
    configure script is run with the environment
    <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ENV</code> and arguments
    <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ARGS</code>. The variables
    <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ENV</code>,
    <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_SCRIPT</code> (default:
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">./configure</span>&#8221;</span>) and
    <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ARGS</code> may all be changed by the
    package.</p>
<p>If the program uses the Perl way of configuration (mainly Perl
    modules, but not only), i.e. a file called
    <code class="filename">Makefile.PL</code>, it should include
    <code class="filename">../../lang/perl5/module.mk</code>. To set any parameter for
    <code class="filename">Makefile.PL</code> use the <code class="varname">MAKE_PARAMS</code>
    variable (e.g., <code class="literal">MAKE_PARAMS+=foo=bar</code></p>
<p>If the program uses an <code class="filename">Imakefile</code>
    for configuration, the appropriate steps can be invoked by
    setting <code class="varname">USE_IMAKE</code> to
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>.  If you only need xmkmf, add it to <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code>.
    You can add variables to xmkmf's environment by adding them to the
    <code class="varname">SCRIPTS_ENV</code> variable.</p>
<p>If the program uses <code class="filename">cmake</code>
    for configuration, the appropriate steps can be invoked by
    setting <code class="varname">USE_CMAKE</code> to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>.
    You can add variables to cmake's environment by adding them to the
    <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ENV</code> variable and arguments to cmake
    by adding them to the <code class="varname">CMAKE_ARGS</code> variable.
    The top directory argument is given by the
    <code class="varname">CMAKE_ARG_PATH</code> variable, that defaults to
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">.</span>&#8221;</span> (relative to <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_DIRS</code>)</p>
<p>If there is no configure step at all, set
    <code class="varname">NO_CONFIGURE</code> to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.build"></a>13.12. The <span class="emphasis"><em>build</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>For building a package, a rough equivalent of the following
    code is executed; see <code class="filename">mk/build/build.mk</code>, target
    <code class="literal">do-build</code> for the exact definition.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.for dir in ${BUILD_DIRS}
        cd ${WRKSRC} &amp;&amp; cd ${dir} \
        &amp;&amp; env ${MAKE_ENV} \
            ${MAKE_PROGRAM} ${MAKE_FLAGS} ${BUILD_MAKE_FLAGS} \
                -f ${MAKE_FILE} \
                ${BUILD_TARGET}
.endfor
</pre>
<p><code class="varname">BUILD_DIRS</code> (default:
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">.</span>&#8221;</span>) is a list of pathnames relative to
    <code class="varname">WRKSRC</code>. In each of these directories,
    <code class="varname">MAKE_PROGRAM</code> is run with the environment
    <code class="varname">MAKE_ENV</code> and arguments
    <code class="varname">BUILD_MAKE_FLAGS</code>. The variables
    <code class="varname">MAKE_ENV</code>,
    <code class="varname">BUILD_MAKE_FLAGS</code>,
    <code class="varname">MAKE_FILE</code> and
    <code class="varname">BUILD_TARGET</code> may all be changed by the
    package.</p>
<p>The default value of <code class="varname">MAKE_PROGRAM</code> is
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">gmake</span>&#8221;</span> if <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code> contains
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">gmake</span>&#8221;</span>, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">make</span>&#8221;</span> otherwise. The
    default value of <code class="varname">MAKE_FILE</code> is
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Makefile</span>&#8221;</span>, and <code class="varname">BUILD_TARGET</code>
    defaults to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">all</span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
<p>If there is no build step at all, set
    <code class="varname">NO_BUILD</code> to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.test"></a>13.13. The <span class="emphasis"><em>test</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>[TODO]</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.install"></a>13.14. The <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Once the build stage has completed, the final step is to
    install the software in public directories, so users can
    access the programs and files.</p>
<p>In the <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase, a rough equivalent
    of the following code is executed; see
    <code class="filename">mk/install/install.mk</code>, target
    <code class="literal">do-install</code> for the exact definition. Additionally,
    before and after this code, several consistency checks are run
    against the files-to-be-installed, see
    <code class="filename">mk/check/*.mk</code> for details.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.for dir in ${INSTALL_DIRS}
        cd ${WRKSRC} &amp;&amp; cd ${dir} \
        &amp;&amp; env ${INSTALL_ENV} ${MAKE_ENV} \
            ${MAKE_PROGRAM} ${MAKE_FLAGS} ${INSTALL_MAKE_FLAGS} \
                -f ${MAKE_FILE} ${INSTALL_TARGET}
.endfor
</pre>
<p>The variable's meanings are analogous to the ones in the
    <span class="emphasis"><em>build</em></span> phase.
    <code class="varname">INSTALL_DIRS</code> defaults to
    <code class="varname">BUILD_DIRS</code>. <code class="varname">INSTALL_TARGET</code>
    is <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">install</span>&#8221;</span> by default, plus
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">install.man</span>&#8221;</span> if <code class="varname">USE_IMAKE</code> is
    defined and <code class="varname">NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES</code> is not
    defined.</p>
<p>In the <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase, the following
    variables are useful. They are all variations of the
    <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/install.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">install</span>(1)</span></a> command that have the owner, group and
    permissions preset. <code class="varname">INSTALL</code> is the plain
    install command. The specialized variants, together with their
    intended use, are:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_PROGRAM_DIR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>directories that contain
      binaries</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_SCRIPT_DIR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>directories that contain
      scripts</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_LIB_DIR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>directories that contain shared and static
      libraries</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_DATA_DIR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>directories that contain data
      files</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_MAN_DIR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>directories that contain man
      pages</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_GAME_DIR</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>directories that contain data files for games
      </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_PROGRAM</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>binaries that can be stripped from debugging
      symbols</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_SCRIPT</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>binaries that cannot be
      stripped</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_GAME</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>game
      binaries</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_LIB</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>shared and static
      libraries</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_DATA</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>data files</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_GAME_DATA</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>data files for
      games</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_MAN</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>man pages</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>Some other variables are:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALL_UNSTRIPPED</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">yes</code>, do not run <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/strip.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">strip</span>(1)</span></a>
      when installing binaries. Any debugging sections and symbols present in
      binaries will be preserved.
      </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">INSTALLATION_DIRS</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A list of directories relative to
      <code class="varname">PREFIX</code> that are created by pkgsrc at the
      beginning of the <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase.
      The package is supposed to create all needed directories itself
      before installing files to it and list all other directories here.
      </p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>In the rare cases that a package shouldn't install anything,
    set <code class="varname">NO_INSTALL</code> to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>. This is
    mostly relevant for packages in the <code class="filename">regress</code>
    category.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.package"></a>13.15. The <span class="emphasis"><em>package</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Once the install stage has completed, a binary package of
    the installed files can be built.  These binary packages can be
    used for quick installation without previous compilation, e.g. by
    the <span class="command"><strong>make bin-install</strong></span> or by using
    <span class="command"><strong>pkg_add</strong></span>.</p>
<p>By default, the binary packages are created in
    <code class="filename">${PACKAGES}/All</code> and symlinks are created in
    <code class="filename">${PACKAGES}/<em class="replaceable"><code>category</code></em></code>,
    one for each category in the <code class="varname">CATEGORIES</code>
    variable.  <code class="varname">PACKAGES</code> defaults to
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/packages</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.clean"></a>13.16. Cleaning up</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Once you're finished with a package, you can clean the work
    directory by running <span class="command"><strong>make clean</strong></span>.  If you want
    to clean the work directories of all dependencies too, use
    <span class="command"><strong>make clean-depends</strong></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build.helpful-targets"></a>13.17. Other helpful targets</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">pre/post-*</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>For any of the main targets described in the previous
	  section (configure, build, install, etc.), two auxiliary
	  targets exist with
	  <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">pre-</span>&#8221;</span> and <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">post-</span>&#8221;</span> used as a
	  prefix for the main target's name.  These targets are
	  invoked before and after the main target is called,
	  allowing extra configuration or installation steps be
	  performed from a package's Makefile, for example, which
	  a program's configure script or install target
	  omitted.</p>
<p>About 5% of the pkgsrc packages define their custom
	  post-extract target, another 5% define pre-configure, and 10%
	  define post-install. The other pre/post-* targets are defined
	  even less often.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">do-*</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Should one of the main targets do the wrong thing,
	  and should there be no variable to fix this, you can
	  redefine it with the do-* target.  (Note that redefining
	  the target itself instead of the do-* target is a bad
	  idea, as the pre-* and post-* targets won't be called
	  anymore, etc.)</p>
<p>About 15% of the pkgsrc packages override the default
	  do-install, the other do-* targets are overridden even less
	  often.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">reinstall</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>If you did a <span class="command"><strong>make install</strong></span> and
	  you noticed some file was not installed properly, you
	  can repeat the installation with this target, which will
	  ignore the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">already installed</span>&#8221;</span> flag.</p>
<p>This is the default value of
	  <code class="varname">DEPENDS_TARGET</code> except in the case of
	  <span class="command"><strong>make update</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>make
	  package</strong></span>, where the defaults are
	  <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">package</span>&#8221;</span> and <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">update</span>&#8221;</span>,
	  respectively.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">deinstall</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This target does a <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_delete.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_delete</span>(1)</span></a> in the
	  current directory, effectively de-installing the
	  package. The following variables can be used to tune the
	  behaviour:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">PKG_VERBOSE</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Add a "-v" to the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_delete.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_delete</span>(1)</span></a> command.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">DEINSTALLDEPENDS</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Remove all packages that require (depend on)
		the given package.  This can be used to remove any
		packages that may have been pulled in by a given
		package, e.g. if <span class="command"><strong>make deinstall
		DEINSTALLDEPENDS=1</strong></span> is done in
		<code class="filename">pkgsrc/x11/kde</code>, this is
		likely to remove whole KDE. Works by adding
		<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-R</span>&#8221;</span> to the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_delete.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_delete</span>(1)</span></a>
		command line.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">bin-install</span></dt>
<dd><p>Install a binary package from local disk and via FTP
	  from a list of sites (see the
	  <code class="varname">BINPKG_SITES</code> variable), and do a
	  <span class="command"><strong>make package</strong></span> if no binary package is
	  available anywhere.  The arguments given to
	  <span class="command"><strong>pkg_add</strong></span> can be set via
	  <code class="varname">BIN_INSTALL_FLAGS</code> e.g., to do verbose
	  operation, etc.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">install-clean</span></dt>
<dd><p>This target removes the state files for the "install" and later
	  phases so that the "install" target may be re-invoked. This can be
	  used after editing the PLIST to install the package without
	  rebuilding it.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">build-clean</span></dt>
<dd><p>This target removes the state files for the "build" and later
	  phases so that the "build" target may be re-invoked.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">update</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This target causes the current package to be
	  updated to the latest version.  The package and all
	  depending packages first get de-installed, then current
	  versions of the corresponding packages get compiled and
	  installed.  This is similar to manually noting which
	  packages are currently installed, then performing a
	  series of <span class="command"><strong>make deinstall</strong></span> and
	  <span class="command"><strong>make install</strong></span> (or whatever
	  <code class="varname">UPDATE_TARGET</code> is set to) for these
	  packages.</p>
<p>You can use the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">update</span>&#8221;</span> target to
	  resume package updating in case a previous <span class="command"><strong>make
	  update</strong></span> was interrupted for some reason.
	  However, in this case, make sure you don't call
	  <span class="command"><strong>make clean</strong></span> or otherwise remove the
	  list of dependent packages in <code class="varname">WRKDIR</code>.
	  Otherwise, you lose the ability to automatically update
	  the current package along with the dependent packages
	  you have installed.</p>
<p>Resuming an interrupted <span class="command"><strong>make
	  update</strong></span> will only work as long as the package
	  tree remains unchanged.  If the source code for one of
	  the packages to be updated has been changed, resuming
	  <span class="command"><strong>make update</strong></span> will most certainly
	  fail!</p>
<p>The following variables can be used either on the
	  command line or in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> to
	  alter the behaviour of <span class="command"><strong>make
	  update</strong></span>:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">UPDATE_TARGET</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Install target to recursively use for the
		updated package and the dependent packages.
		Defaults to <code class="varname">DEPENDS_TARGET</code> if
		set, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">install</span>&#8221;</span> otherwise for
		<span class="command"><strong>make update</strong></span>.  Other good
		targets are <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">package</span>&#8221;</span> or
		<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">bin-install</span>&#8221;</span>.  Do not set this to
		<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">update</span>&#8221;</span> or you will get stuck in an
		endless loop!</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">NOCLEAN</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Don't clean up after updating.  Useful if
		you want to leave the work sources of the updated
		packages around for inspection or other purposes.
		Be sure you eventually clean up the source tree
		(see the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">clean-update</span>&#8221;</span> target below)
		or you may run into troubles with old source code
		still lying around on your next
		<span class="command"><strong>make</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>make
		update</strong></span>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">REINSTALL</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Deinstall each package before installing
		(making <code class="varname">DEPENDS_TARGET</code>). This
		may be necessary if the
		<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">clean-update</span>&#8221;</span> target (see below) was
		called after interrupting a running <span class="command"><strong>make
		update</strong></span>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">DEPENDS_TARGET</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Allows you to disable recursion and hardcode
		the target for packages.  The default is
		<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">update</span>&#8221;</span> for the update target,
		facilitating a recursive update of prerequisite
		packages.  Only set
		<code class="varname">DEPENDS_TARGET</code> if you want to
		disable recursive updates. Use
		<code class="varname">UPDATE_TARGET</code> instead to just
		set a specific target for each package to be
		installed during <span class="command"><strong>make update</strong></span>
		(see above).</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">clean-update</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Clean the source tree for all packages that would
	  get updated if <span class="command"><strong>make update</strong></span> was called
	  from the current directory.  This target should not be
	  used if the current package (or any of its depending
	  packages) have already been de-installed (e.g., after
	  calling <span class="command"><strong>make update</strong></span>) or you may lose
	  some packages you intended to update. As a rule of
	  thumb: only use this target <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span>
	  the first time you run <span class="command"><strong>make update</strong></span>
	  and only if you have a dirty package tree (e.g., if you
	  used <code class="varname">NOCLEAN</code>).</p>
<p>If you are unsure about whether your tree is
	  clean, you can either perform a <span class="command"><strong>make
	  clean</strong></span> at the top of the tree, or use the
	  following sequence of commands from the directory of the
	  package you want to update (<span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span>
	  running <span class="command"><strong>make update</strong></span> for the first
	  time, otherwise you lose all the packages you wanted to
	  update!):</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make clean-update</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make clean CLEANDEPENDS=YES</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make update</code></strong>
	  </pre>
<p>The following variables can be used either on the
	  command line or in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> to alter the behaviour of
	  <span class="command"><strong>make clean-update</strong></span>:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">CLEAR_DIRLIST</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>After <span class="command"><strong>make clean</strong></span>, do not
		reconstruct the list of directories to update for
		this package.  Only use this if <span class="command"><strong>make
		update</strong></span> successfully installed all
		packages you wanted to update.  Normally, this is
		done automatically on <span class="command"><strong>make
		update</strong></span>, but may have been suppressed by
		the <code class="varname">NOCLEAN</code> variable (see
		above).</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">replace</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Update the installation of the current package.  This
	  differs from update in that it does not replace dependent
	  packages.  You will need to install <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_tarup/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_tarup</code></a> for this
	  target to work.</p>
<p><span class="emphasis"><em>Be careful when using this
	  target!</em></span> There are no guarantees that dependent
	  packages will still work, in particular they will most
	  certainly break if you <span class="command"><strong>make replace</strong></span> a
	  library package whose shared library major version changed
	  between your installed version and the new one.  For this
	  reason, this target is not officially supported and only
	  recommended for advanced users.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">info</span></dt>
<dd><p>This target invokes <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_info.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_info</span>(1)</span></a> for the current
	  package. You can use this to check which version of a
	  package is installed.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">index</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is a top-level command, i.e. it should be used in
	  the <code class="filename">pkgsrc</code> directory.  It creates a
	  database of all packages in the local pkgsrc tree, including
	  dependencies, comment, maintainer, and some other useful
	  information.  Individual entries are created by running
	  <span class="command"><strong>make describe</strong></span> in the packages'
	  directories.  This index file is saved as
	  <code class="filename">pkgsrc/INDEX</code>.  It can be displayed in
	  verbose format by running <span class="command"><strong>make
	  print-index</strong></span>.  You can search in it with
	  <span class="command"><strong>make search
	  key=<em class="replaceable"><code>something</code></em></strong></span>.  You can
	  extract a list of all packages that depend on a particular
	  one by running <span class="command"><strong>make show-deps
	  PKG=<em class="replaceable"><code>somepackage</code></em></strong></span>.</p>
<p>Running this command takes a very long time, some
	  hours even on fast machines!</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">readme</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This target generates a
	  <code class="filename">index.html</code> file, which can be
	  viewed using a browser such as <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/www/firefox/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">www/firefox</code></a> or <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/www/links/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">www/links</code></a>.  The generated files
	  contain references to any packages which are in the
	  <code class="varname">PACKAGES</code> directory on the local
	  host. The generated files can be made to refer to URLs
	  based on <code class="varname">FTP_PKG_URL_HOST</code> and
	  <code class="varname">FTP_PKG_URL_DIR</code>. For example, if I
	  wanted to generate <code class="filename">index.html</code>
	  files which pointed to binary packages on the local
	  machine, in the directory
	  <code class="filename">/usr/packages</code>, set
	  <code class="varname">FTP_PKG_URL_HOST=file://localhost</code> and
	  <code class="varname">FTP_PKG_URL_DIR=/usr/packages</code>. The
	  <code class="varname">${PACKAGES}</code> directory and its
	  subdirectories will be searched for all the binary
	  packages.</p>
<p>The target can be run at the toplevel or in category
	  directories, in which case it descends recursively.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">readme-all</span></dt>
<dd><p>This is a top-level command, run it in
	  <code class="filename">pkgsrc</code>.  Use this target to create a
	  file <code class="filename">README-all.html</code> which contains a
	  list of all packages currently available in the NetBSD
	  Packages Collection, together with the category they belong
	  to and a short description. This file is compiled from the
	  <code class="filename">pkgsrc/*/index.html</code> files, so be sure
	  to run this <span class="emphasis"><em>after</em></span> a <span class="command"><strong>make
	  readme</strong></span>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">cdrom-readme</span></dt>
<dd><p>This is very much the same as the
	  <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">readme</span>&#8221;</span> target (see above), but is to be
	  used when generating a pkgsrc tree to be written to a
	  CD-ROM.  This target also produces
	  <code class="filename">index.html</code> files, and can be made
	  to refer to URLs based on
	  <code class="varname">CDROM_PKG_URL_HOST</code> and
	  <code class="varname">CDROM_PKG_URL_DIR</code>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">show-distfiles</span></dt>
<dd><p>This target shows which distfiles and patchfiles
	  are needed to build the package
	  (<code class="varname">ALLFILES</code>, which contains all
	  <code class="varname">DISTFILES</code> and
	  <code class="varname">PATCHFILES</code>, but not
	  <code class="filename">patches/*</code>).</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">show-downlevel</span></dt>
<dd><p>This target shows nothing if the package is not
	  installed. If a version of this package is installed,
	  but is not the version provided in this version of
	  pkgsrc, then a warning message is displayed. This target
	  can be used to show which of your installed packages are
	  downlevel, and so the old versions can be deleted, and
	  the current ones added.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">show-pkgsrc-dir</span></dt>
<dd><p>This target shows the directory in the pkgsrc
	  hierarchy from which the package can be built and
	  installed. This may not be the same directory as the one
	  from which the package was installed. This target is
	  intended to be used by people who may wish to upgrade
	  many packages on a single host, and can be invoked from
	  the top-level pkgsrc Makefile by using the
	  <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">show-host-specific-pkgs</span>&#8221;</span> target.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">show-installed-depends</span></dt>
<dd><p>This target shows which installed packages match
	  the current package's <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code>. Useful
	  if out of date dependencies are causing build
	  problems.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">print-build-depends-list</span></dt>
<dd><p>This target shows the list of packages that the current package
	    depends on for building.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">print-run-depends-list</span></dt>
<dd><p>This target shows the list of packages that the current package
	    depends on for running.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">check-shlibs</span></dt>
<dd><p>After a package is installed, check all its
	  binaries and (on ELF platforms) shared libraries to see
	  if they find the shared libs they need.  Run by default
	  if <code class="varname">PKG_DEVELOPER</code> is set in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">print-PLIST</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>After a <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">make install</span>&#8221;</span> from a new or
	  upgraded pkg, this prints out an attempt to generate a
	  new <code class="filename">PLIST</code> from a <span class="command"><strong>find
	  -newer work/.extract_done</strong></span>.  An attempt is made
	  to care for shared libs etc., but it is
	  <span class="emphasis"><em>strongly</em></span> recommended to review the
	  result before putting it into
	  <code class="filename">PLIST</code>. On upgrades, it's useful to
	  diff the output of this command against an already
	  existing <code class="filename">PLIST</code> file.</p>
<p>If the package installs files via <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/tar.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">tar</span>(1)</span></a> or
	  other methods that don't update file access times, be
	  sure to add these files manually to your
	  <code class="filename">PLIST</code>, as the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">find
	  -newer</span>&#8221;</span> command used by this target won't catch
	  them!</p>
<p>See <a class="xref" href="#print-PLIST" title="19.3. Tweaking output of make print-PLIST">Section 19.3, &#8220;Tweaking output of <span class="command"><strong>make print-PLIST</strong></span>&#8221;</a> for more
	  information on this target.</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="creating"></a>Chapter 14. Creating a new pkgsrc package from scratch</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating.common">14.1. Common types of packages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.python-module">14.1.1. Python modules and programs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.R-package">14.1.2. R packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.TeX-package">14.1.3. TeXlive packages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating.examples">14.2. Examples</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#creating.nvu">14.2.1. How the www/nvu package came into pkgsrc</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>When you find a package that is not yet in pkgsrc, you
most likely have a URL from where you can download the source
code. Starting with this URL, creating a package involves only a
few steps.</p>
<div class="procedure"><ol class="procedure" type="1">
<li class="step"><p>In your <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>, set <code class="code">PKG_DEVELOPER=yes</code> to
enable the basic quality checks.</p></li>
<li class="step">
<p>Install the package <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/pkg_developer/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/pkg_developer</code></a>, which among others will
install the utilities <span class="command"><strong>url2pkg</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>pkglint</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>pkgvi</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>mkpatches</strong></span>:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /usr/pkgsrc</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>(cd meta-pkgs/pkg_developer &amp;&amp; bmake update)</code></strong></pre>
</li>
<li class="step">
<p>Choose one of the top-level directories as the category in
which you want to place your package. You can also create a directory of
your own (maybe called <code class="filename">local</code>). Change into that
category directory:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd <em class="replaceable"><code>category</code></em></code></strong></pre>
</li>
<li class="step">
<p>Run the program <span class="command"><strong>url2pkg</strong></span>, passing as
argument the URL of the distribution file (in most cases a
<code class="filename">.tar.gz</code> file). This will download the distribution
file and create the necessary files of the package, based on what's in
the distribution file:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>url2pkg <em class="replaceable"><code>https://www.example.org/packages/package-1.0.tar.gz</code></em></code></strong></pre>
</li>
<li class="step">
<p>Examine the extracted files to determine the dependencies of
your package. Ideally, this is mentioned in some
<code class="filename">README</code> file, but things may differ. For each of
these dependencies, look where it exists in pkgsrc, and if there is a
file called <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> in that directory, add a
line to your package <code class="filename">Makefile</code> which includes that
file just before the last line. If the
<code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file does not exist, it must be
created first. The <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file makes sure
that the package's include files and libraries are provided.</p>
<p>If you just need binaries from a dependent package, add a
<code class="varname">DEPENDS</code> line to the Makefile, which specifies the
version of the dependency and where it can be found in pkgsrc. This line
should be placed in the third paragraph. If the dependency is only
needed for building the package, but not when using it, use
<code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code> or <code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code>
instead of <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code>.
The difference between <code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code> and
<code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code> occurs when cross-compiling:
<code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code> are <span class="emphasis"><em>native</em></span>
packages, i.e. packages for the platform where the package is built;
<code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code> are <span class="emphasis"><em>target</em></span>
packages, i.e. packages for the platform for which the package
is built. There is also <code class="varname">TEST_DEPENDS</code>, which
specifies a dependency used only for testing the resulting package
built, using the upstream project's included test suite, on the native
platform.
Your package may then look like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
[...]

TOOL_DEPENDS+=  libxslt-[0-9]*:../../textproc/libxslt
DEPENDS+=       screen-[0-9]*:../../misc/screen
DEPENDS+=       screen&gt;=4.0:../../misc/screen

[...]

.include "../../<em class="replaceable"><code>category</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>package</code></em>/buildlink3.mk"
.include "../../devel/glib2/buildlink3.mk"
.include "../../mk/bsd.pkg.mk"
</pre>
</li>
<li class="step"><p>Run <span class="command"><strong>pkglint</strong></span> to see what things still need
to be done to make your package a <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">good</span>&#8221;</span> one. If you don't
know what pkglint's warnings want to tell you, try <span class="command"><strong>pkglint
--explain</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>pkglint -e</strong></span>, which outputs
additional explanations.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>In many cases the package is not yet ready to build. You can
find instructions for the most common cases in the next section, <a class="xref" href="#creating.common" title="14.1. Common types of packages">Section 14.1, &#8220;Common types of packages&#8221;</a>. After you have followed the instructions
over there, you can hopefully continue here.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Run <span class="command"><strong>bmake clean</strong></span> to clean the working
directory from the extracted files. Besides these files, a lot of cache
files and other system information have been saved in the working
directory, which may have become outdated after you edited the
<code class="filename">Makefile</code>.</p></li>
<li class="step">
<p>Now, run <span class="command"><strong>bmake</strong></span> to build the package. For
the various things that can go wrong in this phase, consult <a class="xref" href="#fixes" title="Chapter 21. Making your package work">Chapter 21, <i>Making your package work</i></a>.</p>
<p>If the extracted files from the package need to be fixed, run
multiple rounds of these commands:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>bmake</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pkgvi ${WRKSRC}/some/file/that/does/not/compile</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mkpatches</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>bmake mps</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>bmake clean</code></strong></pre>
</li>
<li class="step"><p>When the package builds fine, the next step is to install
the package. Run <span class="command"><strong>bmake install</strong></span> and hope that
everything works.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Up to now, the file <code class="filename">PLIST</code>, which
contains a list of the files that are installed by the package, is
nearly empty. Run <span class="command"><strong>bmake print-PLIST
&gt;PLIST</strong></span> to generate a probably correct list. Check
the file using your preferred text editor to see if the list of
files looks plausible.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Run <span class="command"><strong>pkglint</strong></span> again to see if the generated
<code class="filename">PLIST</code> contains garbage or not.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>When you ran <span class="command"><strong>bmake install</strong></span>, the package
had been registered in the database of installed files, but with an
empty list of files. To fix this, run <span class="command"><strong>bmake deinstall</strong></span>
and <span class="command"><strong>bmake install</strong></span> again. Now the package is
registered with the list of files from
<code class="filename">PLIST</code>.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Run <span class="command"><strong>bmake clean update</strong></span> to run everything
from above again in a single step, making sure that the PLIST is correct
and the whole package is created as intended.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Run <span class="command"><strong>pkglint</strong></span> to see if there's anything
left to do.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Commit the package to pkgsrc-wip or main pkgsrc; see <a class="xref" href="#submit" title="Chapter 23. Submitting and Committing">Chapter 23, <i>Submitting and Committing</i></a>.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="creating.common"></a>14.1. Common types of packages</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="creating.python-module"></a>14.1.1. Python modules and programs</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Python modules and programs packages are easily created using a
set of predefined variables.</p>
<p>
If some Python versions are not supported by the software, set the
<code class="varname">PYTHON_VERSIONS_INCOMPATIBLE</code> variable to the Python versions
that are not supported, e.g.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PYTHON_VERSIONS_INCOMPATIBLE=       27
</pre>
<p>
If the packaged software is a Python module, include one of
<code class="filename">../../lang/python/egg.mk</code> or
<code class="filename">../../lang/python/extension.mk</code>.</p>
<p>Most Python packages use setuptools (<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">eggs</span>&#8221;</span>).
If the packaged software is using setuptools, you only need
to include <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="filename">../../lang/python/egg.mk</code></span>&#8221;</span>.
</p>
<p>Either way, the package directory should be called
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">py-software</span>&#8221;</span> and <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code> should be set to
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${PYPKGPREFIX}-${DISTNAME}</span>&#8221;</span>, e.g.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTNAME=   foopymodule-1.2.10
PKGNAME=    ${PYPKGPREFIX}-${DISTNAME}
</pre>
<p>
For software in PyPi, the name should match what PyPi specifies for
"pip install software".
</p>
<p>If it is an application, include
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="filename">../../lang/python/application.mk</code></span>&#8221;</span>.
In order to correctly set the path to the Python interpreter, use the
<code class="varname">REPLACE_PYTHON</code> variable and set it to the list of files
(paths relative to <code class="varname">WRKSRC</code>) that must be corrected.
For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
REPLACE_PYTHON=   *.py
</pre>
<p>Some Python modules have separate distributions for Python-2.x
and Python-3.x support. In pkgsrc this is handled by the
<code class="filename">versioned_dependencies.mk</code> file. Set
<code class="varname">PYTHON_VERSIONED_DEPENDENCIES</code> to the list of
packages that should be depended upon and include
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="filename">../../lang/python/versioned_dependencies.mk</code></span>&#8221;</span>,
then the pkgsrc infrastructure will depend on the appropriate package
version. For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PYTHON_VERSIONED_DEPENDENCIES=dialog
</pre>
<p>
Look inside <code class="filename">versioned_dependencies.mk</code> for a list
of supported packages.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="creating.R-package"></a>14.1.2. R packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Simple R packages from <a class="ulink" href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.html" target="_top">CRAN</a>
are handled automatically by <span class="command"><strong>R2pkg</strong></span>, which is
available in <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/R2pkg/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/R2pkg</code></a>.
Individual packages (and optionally their dependencies) may be created
and updated.  R packages generally follow the same form, and most of
the relevant information needed is contained in a
<code class="filename">DESCRIPTION</code> file as part of each R package on
<a class="ulink" href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.html" target="_top">CRAN</a>.
Consequently, <span class="command"><strong>R2pkg</strong></span> downloads that information and
creates or updates a package in the canonical form.  The resulting
package should be reviewed for correctness.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="creating.TeX-package"></a>14.1.3. TeXlive packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>TeXlive packages from <a class="ulink" href="https://www.ctan.org/" target="_top">CTAN</a> are handled automatically by
<span class="command"><strong>texlive2pkg</strong></span>, which is available in <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/texlive2pkg/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/texlive2pkg</code></a>.</p>
<p>If the TeXlive package name is not known, it may be useful to
search <a class="ulink" href="https://www.ctan.org/" target="_top">CTAN</a>.  A
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Contained in</span>&#8221;</span> field on the package page typically
identifies the basename of the package file in the <a class="ulink" href="https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/archive" target="_top">TeXlive
archive</a>.</p>
<p>If the TeXlive package name is known, download the files from
the <a class="ulink" href="https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/archive" target="_top">TeXlive
archive</a>.  For package <code class="filename">foo</code>, you will need
to download <code class="filename">foo.tar.xz</code>.  Most TeXlive packages
also have associated documentation packages, so download
<code class="filename">foo.doc.tar.xz</code> at the same time.  These files
should be placed in the appropriate category directory, which is often
but not always <code class="filename">print</code>.  Then run the following
command in the category directory.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
texlive2pkg foo.tar.xz foo.doc.tar.xz
</pre>
<p>This will create two packages, <code class="filename">tex-foo</code> and
<code class="filename">tex-foo-doc</code>.  Be sure to check that both packages
are correct.</p>
<p>Finally, <a class="ulink" href="https://www.ctan.org/" target="_top">CTAN</a>
currently does not include version information in package filenames
and changes their contents periodically when updates occur.
Consequently, pkgsrc avoids downloading distfiles directly from <a class="ulink" href="https://www.ctan.org/" target="_top">CTAN</a> and instead relies on the
pkgsrc archives.  For each new or updated TeXlive package, e.g., the
main one and the corresponding documentation, upload the distfiles
with the following command in each package directory.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
make upload-distfiles
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="creating.examples"></a>14.2. Examples</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="creating.nvu"></a>14.2.1. How the www/nvu package came into pkgsrc</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="creating.nvu.init"></a>14.2.1.1. The initial package</h4></div></div></div>
<p>Looking at the file <code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/TODO</code>, I saw
that the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">nvu</span>&#8221;</span> package has not yet been imported into
pkgsrc. As the description says it has to do with the web, the obvious
choice for the category is <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">www</span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> mkdir www/nvu
<code class="prompt">$</code> cd www/nvu
</pre>
<p>The web site says that the sources are available as a tar file, so
I fed that URL to the <span class="command"><strong>url2pkg</strong></span> program:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> url2pkg http://cvs.nvu.com/download/nvu-1.0-sources.tar.bz2
</pre>
<p>My editor popped up, and I added a <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code> line
below the <code class="varname">DISTNAME</code> line, as the package name should
not have the word <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">sources</span>&#8221;</span> in it. I also filled in the
<code class="varname">MAINTAINER</code>, <code class="varname">HOMEPAGE</code> and
<code class="varname">COMMENT</code> fields. Then the package
<code class="filename">Makefile</code> looked like that:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
# $NetBSD $
#

DISTNAME=       nvu-1.0-sources
PKGNAME=        nvu-1.0
CATEGORIES=     www
MASTER_SITES=   http://cvs.nvu.com/download/
EXTRACT_SUFX=   .tar.bz2

MAINTAINER=     rillig@NetBSD.org
HOMEPAGE=       http://cvs.nvu.com/
COMMENT=        Web Authoring System

# url2pkg-marker (please do not remove this line.)
.include "../../mk/bsd.pkg.mk"
</pre>
<p>On the first line of output above, an artificial space has been added between NetBSD and $,
this is a workaround to prevent CVS expanding to the filename of the
guide.</p>
<p>Then, I quit the editor and watched pkgsrc downloading a large
source archive:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
url2pkg&gt; Running "make makesum" ...
=&gt; Required installed package digest&gt;=20010302: digest-20060826 found
=&gt; Fetching nvu-1.0-sources.tar.bz2
Requesting http://cvs.nvu.com/download/nvu-1.0-sources.tar.bz2
100% |*************************************| 28992 KB  150.77 KB/s00:00 ETA
29687976 bytes retrieved in 03:12 (150.77 KB/s)
url2pkg&gt; Running "make extract" ...
=&gt; Required installed package digest&gt;=20010302: digest-20060826 found
=&gt; Checksum SHA1 OK for nvu-1.0-sources.tar.bz2
=&gt; Checksum RMD160 OK for nvu-1.0-sources.tar.bz2
work.bacc -&gt; /tmp/roland/pkgsrc/www/nvu/work.bacc
===&gt; Installing dependencies for nvu-1.0
===&gt; Overriding tools for nvu-1.0
===&gt; Extracting for nvu-1.0
url2pkg&gt; Adjusting the Makefile.

Remember to correct CATEGORIES, HOMEPAGE, COMMENT, and DESCR when you're done!

Good luck! (See pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt for some more help :-)
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="creating.nvu.problems"></a>14.2.1.2. Fixing all kinds of problems to make the package work</h4></div></div></div>
<p>Now that the package has been extracted, let's see what's inside
it. The package has a <code class="filename">README.txt</code>, but that only
says something about mozilla, so it's probably useless for seeing what
dependencies this package has. But since there is a GNU configure script
in the package, let's hope that it will complain about everything it
needs.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> bmake
=&gt; Required installed package digest&gt;=20010302: digest-20060826 found
=&gt; Checksum SHA1 OK for nvu-1.0-sources.tar.bz2
=&gt; Checksum RMD160 OK for nvu-1.0-sources.tar.bz2
===&gt; Patching for nvu-1.0
===&gt; Creating toolchain wrappers for nvu-1.0
===&gt; Configuring for nvu-1.0
[...]
configure: error: Perl 5.004 or higher is required.
[...]
WARNING: Please add USE_TOOLS+=perl to the package Makefile.
[...]
</pre>
<p>That worked quite well. So I opened the package Makefile in my
editor, and since it already has a <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code> line, I
just appended <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">perl</span>&#8221;</span> to it. Since the dependencies of the
package have changed now, and since a perl wrapper is automatically
installed in the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">tools</span>&#8221;</span> phase, I need to build the package
from scratch.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> bmake clean
===&gt; Cleaning for nvu-1.0
<code class="prompt">$</code> bmake
[...]
*** /tmp/roland/pkgsrc/www/nvu/work.bacc/.tools/bin/make is not \
GNU Make.  You will not be able to build Mozilla without GNU Make.
[...]
</pre>
<p>So I added <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">gmake</span>&#8221;</span> to the
<code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code> line and tried again (from scratch).</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
[...]
checking for GTK - version &gt;= 1.2.0... no
*** Could not run GTK test program, checking why...
[...]
</pre>
<p>Now to the other dependencies. The first question is: Where is the
GTK package hidden in pkgsrc?</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> echo ../../*/gtk*
[many packages ...]
<code class="prompt">$</code> echo ../../*/gtk
../../x11/gtk
<code class="prompt">$</code> echo ../../*/gtk2
../../x11/gtk2
<code class="prompt">$</code> echo ../../*/gtk2/bui*
../../x11/gtk2/buildlink3.mk
</pre>
<p>The first try was definitely too broad. The second one had exactly
one result, which is very good. But there is one pitfall with GNOME
packages. Before GNOME 2 had been released, there were already many
GNOME 1 packages in pkgsrc. To be able to continue to use these
packages, the GNOME 2 packages were imported as separate packages, and
their names usually have a <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">2</span>&#8221;</span> appended. So I checked
whether this was the case here, and indeed it was.</p>
<p>Since the GTK2 package has a <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code>
file, adding the dependency is very easy. I just inserted an
<code class="literal">.include</code> line before the last line of the package
<code class="filename">Makefile</code>, so that it now looks like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
[...]
.include "../../x11/gtk2/buildlink3.mk"
.include "../../mk/bsd.pkg.mk
</pre>
<p>After another <span class="command"><strong>bmake clean &amp;&amp; bmake</strong></span>, the answer
was:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
[...]
checking for gtk-config... /home/roland/pkg/bin/gtk-config
checking for GTK - version &gt;= 1.2.0... no
*** Could not run GTK test program, checking why...
*** The test program failed to compile or link. See the file config.log for the
*** exact error that occured. This usually means GTK was incorrectly installed
*** or that you have moved GTK since it was installed. In the latter case, you
*** may want to edit the gtk-config script: /home/roland/pkg/bin/gtk-config
configure: error: Test for GTK failed.
[...]
</pre>
<p>In this particular case, the assumption that <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">every package
prefers GNOME 2</span>&#8221;</span> had been wrong. The first of the lines above
told me that this package really wanted to have the GNOME 1 version of
GTK. If the package had looked for GTK2, it would have looked for
<span class="command"><strong>pkg-config</strong></span> instead of <span class="command"><strong>gtk-config</strong></span>.
So I changed the <code class="literal">x11/gtk2</code> to
<code class="literal">x11/gtk</code> in the package <code class="filename">Makefile</code>,
and tried again.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
[...]
cc -o xpidl.o -c -DOSTYPE=\"NetBSD3\" -DOSARCH=\"NetBSD\"  [...]
In file included from xpidl.c:42:
xpidl.h:53:24: libIDL/IDL.h: No such file or directory
In file included from xpidl.c:42:
xpidl.h:132: error: parse error before "IDL_ns"
[...]
</pre>
<p>The package still does not find all of its dependencies. Now the
question is: Which package provides the
<code class="filename">libIDL/IDL.h</code> header file?</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> echo ../../*/*idl*
../../devel/py-idle ../../wip/idled ../../x11/acidlaunch
<code class="prompt">$</code> echo ../../*/*IDL*
../../net/libIDL
</pre>
<p>Let's take the one from the second try. So I included the
<code class="filename">../../net/libIDL/buildlink3.mk</code> file and tried
again. But the error didn't change. After digging through some of the
code, I concluded that the build process of the package was broken and
couldn't have ever worked, but since the Mozilla source tree is quite
large, I didn't want to fix it. So I added the following to the package
<code class="filename">Makefile</code> and tried again:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CPPFLAGS+=              -I${BUILDLINK_PREFIX.libIDL}/include/libIDL-2.0
BUILDLINK_TRANSFORM+=   l:IDL:IDL-2
</pre>
<p>The latter line is needed because the package expects the library
<code class="filename">libIDL.so</code>, but only
<code class="filename">libIDL-2.so</code> is available. So I told the compiler
wrapper to rewrite that on the fly.</p>
<p>The next problem was related to a recent change of the FreeType
interface. I looked up in <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/www/seamonkey/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">www/seamonkey</code></a>
which patch files were relevant for this issue and copied them to the
<code class="filename">patches</code> directory. Then I retried, fixed the
patches so that they applied cleanly and retried again. This time,
everything worked.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="creating.nvu.inst"></a>14.2.1.3. Installing the package</h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> bmake CHECK_FILES=no install
[...]
<code class="prompt">$</code> bmake print-PLIST &gt;PLIST
<code class="prompt">$</code> bmake deinstall
<code class="prompt">$</code> bmake install
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="makefile"></a>Chapter 15. Programming in <code class="filename">Makefile</code>s</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#makefile.style">15.1. Caveats</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#makefile.variables">15.2. <code class="filename">Makefile</code> variables</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#makefile.variables.names">15.2.1. Naming conventions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#makefile.code">15.3. Code snippets</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#adding-to-list">15.3.1. Adding things to a list</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#echo-literal">15.3.2. Echoing a string exactly as-is</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#cflags-gnu-configure">15.3.3. Passing <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> to GNU configure scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#empty-variables">15.3.4. Handling possibly empty variables</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Pkgsrc consists of many <code class="filename">Makefile</code> fragments,
  each of which forms a well-defined part of the pkgsrc system. Using
  the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> system as a programming language for a big system
  like pkgsrc requires some discipline to keep the code correct and
  understandable.</p>
<p>The basic ingredients for <code class="filename">Makefile</code>
  programming are variables and shell
  commands. Among these shell commands may even be more complex ones
  like <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/awk.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">awk</span>(1)</span></a> programs. To make sure that every shell command runs
  as intended it is necessary to quote all variables correctly when they
  are used.</p>
<p>This chapter describes some patterns that appear quite often in
  <code class="filename">Makefile</code>s, including the pitfalls that come along
  with them.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="makefile.style"></a>15.1. Caveats</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem">
<p>When you are creating a file as a
    target of a rule, always write the data to a temporary file first
    and finally rename that file. Otherwise there might occur an error
    in the middle of generating the file, and when the user runs
    <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> for the second time, the file exists and will not be
    regenerated properly. Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
wrong:
        @echo "line 1" &gt; ${.TARGET}
        @echo "line 2" &gt;&gt; ${.TARGET}
        @false

correct:
        @echo "line 1" &gt; ${.TARGET}.tmp
        @echo "line 2" &gt;&gt; ${.TARGET}.tmp
        @false
        @mv ${.TARGET}.tmp ${.TARGET}
</pre>
<p>When you run <span class="command"><strong>make wrong</strong></span> twice, the file
    <code class="filename">wrong</code> will exist, although there was an error
    message in the first run. On the other hand, running <span class="command"><strong>make
    correct</strong></span> gives an error message twice, as expected.</p>
<p>You might remember that <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> sometimes removes
    <code class="literal">${.TARGET}</code> in case of error, but this only
    happens when it is interrupted, for example by pressing
    <code class="literal">Ctrl+C</code>. This does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> happen
    when one of the commands fails (like <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/false.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">false</span>(1)</span></a> above).</p>
</li></ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="makefile.variables"></a>15.2. <code class="filename">Makefile</code> variables</h2></div></div></div>
<p><code class="filename">Makefile</code> variables contain strings that
    can be processed using the five operators <code class="code">=</code>,
    <code class="code">+=</code>, <code class="code">?=</code>, <code class="code">:=</code> and
    <code class="code">!=</code>, which are described in the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> man
    page.</p>
<p>When a variable's value is parsed from a
    <code class="filename">Makefile</code>, the hash character <code class="code">#</code> and
    the backslash character <code class="code">\</code> are handled specially. If a
    backslash is the last character in a line, that backslash is removed
    from the line and the line continues with the next line of the file.</p>
<p>The <code class="code">#</code> character starts a comment that reaches
    until the end of the line. To get an actual <code class="code">#</code> character,
    such as in a URL, write <code class="code">\#</code> instead.</p>
<p>The evaluation of variables either happens immediately or lazy.
    It happens immediately when the variable occurs on the right-hand
    side of the <code class="code">:=</code> or the <code class="code">!=</code> operator, in a
    <code class="varname">.if</code> condition or a <code class="varname">.for</code> loop.
    In the other cases, it is evaluated lazily.</p>
<p>Some of the modifiers split the string into words and then
    operate on the words, others operate on the string as a whole. When a
    string is split into words, double quotes and single quotes are
    interpreted as delimiters, just like in <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/sh.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">sh</span>(1)</span></a>.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="makefile.variables.names"></a>15.2.1. Naming conventions</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>All variable names starting with an underscore
	are reserved for use by the pkgsrc infrastructure. They shall
	not be used by packages.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>In <span class="command"><strong>.for</strong></span> loops you should use
	lowercase variable names for the iteration
	variables.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>All list variables should have a plural name,
	such as <code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS</code> or
	<code class="varname">DISTFILES</code>.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="makefile.code"></a>15.3. Code snippets</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="adding-to-list"></a>15.3.1. Adding things to a list</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When adding a string that possibly contains whitespace or quotes to
a list (example 1), it must be quoted using the <code class="code">:Q</code>
modifier.</p>
<p>When adding another list to a list (example 2), it must not be
quoted, since its elements are already quoted.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
STRING=         foo * bar `date`
LIST=           # empty
ANOTHER_LIST=   a=b c=d

LIST+=          ${STRING:Q}       # 1
LIST+=          ${ANOTHER_LIST}   # 2
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="echo-literal"></a>15.3.2. Echoing a string exactly as-is</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Echoing a string containing special characters needs special
work.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
STRING=         foo bar &lt;    &gt; * `date` $$HOME ' "
EXAMPLE_ENV=    string=${STRING:Q} x=multiple\ quoted\ words

all:
        echo ${STRING}                  # 1
        echo ${STRING:Q}                # 2
        printf '%s\n' ${STRING:Q}''     # 3
        env ${EXAMPLE_ENV} sh -c 'echo "$$string"; echo "$$x"'   # 4
</pre>
<p>Example 1 leads to a syntax error in the shell, as the characters
are just copied.</p>
<p>Example 2 quotes the string so that the shell interprets it
correctly. But the echo command may additionally interpret strings with a
leading dash or those containing backslashes.</p>
<p>Example 3 can handle arbitrary strings, since <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/printf.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">printf</span>(1)</span></a> only
interprets the format string, but not the next argument. The trailing
single quotes handle the case when the string is empty. In that case, the
:Q modifier would result in an empty string too, which would then be
skipped by the shell. For <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/printf.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">printf</span>(1)</span></a> this doesn't make a difference,
but other programs may care.</p>
<p>In example 4, the <code class="varname">EXAMPLE_ENV</code> does not
need to be quoted because the quoting has already been done
when adding elements to the list.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="cflags-gnu-configure"></a>15.3.3. Passing <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> to GNU configure scripts</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When passing <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> or similar variables to a
GNU-style configure script (especially those that call other configure
scripts), it must not have leading or trailing whitespace, since
otherwise the configure script gets confused. To trim leading and
trailing whitespace, use the <code class="code">:M</code> modifier, as in the
following example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CPPFLAGS=               # empty
CPPFLAGS+=              -Wundef -DPREFIX=\"${PREFIX}\"
CPPFLAGS+=              ${MY_CPPFLAGS}

CONFIGURE_ARGS+=        CPPFLAGS=${CPPFLAGS:M*:Q}

all:
        echo x${CPPFLAGS:Q}x            # leading and trailing whitespace
        echo x${CONFIGURE_ARGS:Q}x      # properly trimmed
</pre>
<p>In this example, <code class="varname">CPPFLAGS</code> has both leading and
trailing whitespace because the <code class="code">+=</code> operator always adds a
space.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="empty-variables"></a>15.3.4. Handling possibly empty variables</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When a possibly empty variable is used in a shell program, it may
lead to a syntax error.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
EGFILES=        # empty

install-examples:   # produces a syntax error in the shell
        for egfile in ${EGFILES}; do            \
                echo "Installing $$egfile";     \
        done
</pre>
<p>The shell only sees the text <code class="code">for egfile in ; do</code>, since
<code class="code">${EGFILES}</code> is replaced with an empty string by <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a>.
To fix this syntax error, use one of the snippets below.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
EMPTY=          # empty

install-examples:
        for egfile in ${EGFILES} ""; do         \
                [ -n "$$egfile" ] || continue;  \
                echo "Installing $$egfile";     \
        done
</pre>
<p>In this case, an empty string is appended to the iteration list (to
prevent the syntax error) and filtered out later.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
EGFILES=        # empty

install-examples:
.for egfile in ${EGFILES}
        echo "Installing ${egfile}"
.endfor
</pre>
<p>If one of the filenames contains special characters, it should be
enclosed in single or double quotes.</p>
<p>To have a shell command test whether a make variable is empty, use
the following code: <code class="code">${TEST} -z ${POSSIBLY_EMPTY:Q}""</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="options"></a>Chapter 16. Options handling</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#global-default-options">16.1. Global default options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#converting-to-options">16.2. Converting packages to use <code class="filename">bsd.options.mk</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#option-names">16.3. Option Names</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#option-build">16.4. Determining the options of dependencies</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Many packages have the ability to be built to support different
sets of features.  <code class="filename">bsd.options.mk</code> is a framework
in pkgsrc that provides generic handling of those options that
determine different ways in which the packages can be built.  It's
possible for the user to specify exactly which sets of options will be
built into a package or to allow a set of global default options
apply.</p>
<p>There are two broad classes of behaviors that one might want to
control via options.  One is whether some particular feature is
enabled in a program that will be built anyway, often by including or
not including a dependency on some other package.  The other is
whether or not an additional program will be built as part of the
package.  Generally, it is better to make a split package for such
additional programs instead of using options, because it enables
binary packages to be built which can then be added separately.  For
example, the foo package might have minimal dependencies (those
packages without which foo doesn't make sense), and then the foo-gfoo
package might include the GTK frontend program gfoo.  This is better
than including a gtk option to foo that adds gfoo, because either that
option is default, in which case binary users can't get foo without
gfoo, or not default, in which case they can't get gfoo.  With split
packages, they can install foo without having GTK, and later decide to
install gfoo (pulling in GTK at that time).  This is an advantage to
source users too, avoiding the need for rebuilds.</p>
<p>Plugins with widely varying dependencies should usually be split
instead of options.</p>
<p>It is often more work to maintain split packages, especially if
the upstream package does not support this.  The decision of split
vs. option should be made based on the likelihood that users will want
or object to the various pieces, the size of the dependencies that are
included, and the amount of work.</p>
<p>A further consideration is licensing.  Non-free parts, or parts
that depend on non-free dependencies (especially plugins) should
almost always be split if feasible.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="global-default-options"></a>16.1. Global default options</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Global default options are listed in
<code class="varname">PKG_DEFAULT_OPTIONS</code>, which is a list of the options
that should be built into every package if that option is supported.
This variable should be set in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="converting-to-options"></a>16.2. Converting packages to use <code class="filename">bsd.options.mk</code>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The following example shows how
<code class="filename">bsd.options.mk</code> should be used
by the hypothetical ``wibble'' package, either in the package
<code class="filename">Makefile</code>, or in a file,
e.g. <code class="filename">options.mk</code>, that is included by the
main package <code class="filename">Makefile</code>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PKG_OPTIONS_VAR=                PKG_OPTIONS.wibble
PKG_SUPPORTED_OPTIONS=          wibble-foo ldap
PKG_OPTIONS_OPTIONAL_GROUPS=    database
PKG_OPTIONS_GROUP.database=     mysql pgsql
PKG_SUGGESTED_OPTIONS=          wibble-foo
PKG_OPTIONS_LEGACY_VARS+=       WIBBLE_USE_OPENLDAP:ldap
PKG_OPTIONS_LEGACY_OPTS+=       foo:wibble-foo

.include "../../mk/bsd.prefs.mk"

# this package was previously named wibble2
.if defined(PKG_OPTIONS.wibble2)
PKG_LEGACY_OPTIONS+=            ${PKG_OPTIONS.wibble2}
PKG_OPTIONS_DEPRECATED_WARNINGS+= \
        "Deprecated variable PKG_OPTIONS.wibble2 used, use ${PKG_OPTIONS_VAR} instead."
.endif

.include "../../mk/bsd.options.mk"

# Package-specific option-handling

###
### FOO support
###
.if !empty(PKG_OPTIONS:Mwibble-foo)
CONFIGURE_ARGS+=    --enable-foo
.endif

###
### LDAP support
###
.if !empty(PKG_OPTIONS:Mldap)
.  include "../../databases/openldap-client/buildlink3.mk"
CONFIGURE_ARGS+=    --enable-ldap=${BUILDLINK_PREFIX.openldap-client}
.endif

###
### database support
###
.if !empty(PKG_OPTIONS:Mmysql)
.  include "../../mk/mysql.buildlink3.mk"
.endif
.if !empty(PKG_OPTIONS:Mpgsql)
.  include "../../mk/pgsql.buildlink3.mk"
.endif
</pre>
<p>The first section contains the information about which build
options are supported by the package, and any default options settings
if needed.</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_VAR</code> is the name of the
<a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> variable that the user can set to override the default
options.  It should be set to
PKG_OPTIONS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkgbase</code></em>. Do not set it to
PKG_OPTIONS.${PKGBASE}, since <code class="varname">PKGBASE</code> is not defined
at the point where the options are processed.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_SUPPORTED_OPTIONS</code> is a list of
build options supported by the package.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_OPTIONAL_GROUPS</code> is a
list of names of groups of mutually exclusive options.  The options in
each group are listed in
<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_GROUP.<em class="replaceable"><code>groupname</code></em></code>.
The most specific setting of any option from the group takes
precedence over all other options in the group.  Options from the
groups will be automatically added to
<code class="varname">PKG_SUPPORTED_OPTIONS</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_REQUIRED_GROUPS</code> is like
<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_OPTIONAL_GROUPS</code>, but building the
packages will fail if no option from the group is
selected.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_NONEMPTY_SETS</code> is a list
of names of sets of options.  At least one option from each set must
be selected.  The options in each set are listed in
<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_SET.<em class="replaceable"><code>setname</code></em></code>.
Options from the sets will be automatically added to
<code class="varname">PKG_SUPPORTED_OPTIONS</code>.  Building the package will
fail if no option from the set is selected.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_SUGGESTED_OPTIONS</code> is a list of
build options which are enabled by default.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_LEGACY_VARS</code> is a list
of
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><em class="replaceable"><code>USE_VARIABLE</code></em>:<em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em></span>&#8221;</span>
pairs that map legacy <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> variables to
their option counterparts.  Pairs should be added with
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">+=</span>&#8221;</span> to keep the listing of global legacy variables.  A
warning will be issued if the user uses a legacy
variable.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_LEGACY_OPTS</code> is a list
of
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><em class="replaceable"><code>old-option</code></em>:<em class="replaceable"><code>new-option</code></em></span>&#8221;</span>
pairs that map options that have been renamed to their new
counterparts.  Pairs should be added with <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">+=</span>&#8221;</span> to keep
the listing of global legacy options.  A warning will be issued if
the user uses a legacy option.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_LEGACY_OPTIONS</code> is a list of
options implied by deprecated variables used.  This can be used for
cases that neither <code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_LEGACY_VARS</code> nor
<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_LEGACY_OPTS</code> can handle, e. g. when
<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_VAR</code> is renamed.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_DEPRECATED_WARNINGS</code> is
a list of warnings about deprecated variables or options used, and
what to use instead.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<p>A package should never modify
<code class="varname">PKG_DEFAULT_OPTIONS</code> or the variable named in
<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_VAR</code>.  These are strictly user-settable.
To suggest a default set of options, use
<code class="varname">PKG_SUGGESTED_OPTIONS</code>.</p>
<p><code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_VAR</code> must be defined before
including <code class="filename">bsd.options.mk</code>.  If none of
<code class="varname">PKG_SUPPORTED_OPTIONS</code>,
<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_OPTIONAL_GROUPS</code>, and
<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS_REQUIRED_GROUPS</code> are defined (as can
happen with platform-specific options if none of them is supported on
the current platform), <code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS</code> is set to the
empty list and the package is otherwise treated as not using the
options framework.</p>
<p>After the inclusion of <code class="filename">bsd.options.mk</code>, the
variable <code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS</code> contains the list of selected
build options, properly filtered to remove unsupported and duplicate
options.</p>
<p>The remaining sections contain the logic that is specific to
each option.  The correct way to check for an option is to check
whether it is listed in <code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.if !empty(PKG_OPTIONS:M<em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em>)
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="option-names"></a>16.3. Option Names</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Options that enable similar features in different packages (like
optional support for a library) should use a common name in all
packages that support it (like the name of the library).  If another
package already has an option with the same meaning, use the same
name.</p>
<p>Options that enable features specific to one package, where it's
unlikely that another (unrelated) package has the same (or a similar)
optional feature, should use a name prefixed with
<code class="varname"><em class="replaceable"><code>pkgname</code></em>-</code>.</p>
<p>If a group of related packages share an optional feature
specific to that group, prefix it with the name of the
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">main</span>&#8221;</span> package
(e. g. <code class="varname">djbware-errno-hack</code>).</p>
<p>For new options, add a line to
<code class="filename">mk/defaults/options.description</code>.  Lines have two
fields, separated by tab.  The first field is the option name, the
second its description.  The description should be a whole sentence
(starting with an uppercase letter and ending with a period) that
describes what enabling the option does.  E. g. <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Enable ispell
support.</span>&#8221;</span> The file is sorted by option names.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="option-build"></a>16.4. Determining the options of dependencies</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When writing <a class="link" href="#buildlink3.mk"><code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code></a> files, it is often necessary to list
different dependencies based on the options with which the package was
built. For querying these options, the file
<code class="filename">pkgsrc/mk/pkg-build-options.mk</code> should be used. A
typical example looks like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
pkgbase := libpurple
.include "../../mk/pkg-build-options.mk"

.if !empty(PKG_BUILD_OPTIONS.libpurple:Mdbus)
...
.endif
</pre>
<p>Including <code class="filename">pkg-build-options.mk</code> here will set
the variable <code class="varname">PKG_BUILD_OPTIONS.libpurple</code> to the build
options of the libpurple package, which can then be queried like
<code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS</code> in the <code class="filename">options.mk</code>
file. See the file <code class="filename">pkg-build-options.mk</code> for more
details.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="tools"></a>Chapter 17. Tools needed for building or running</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#pkgsrc-tools">17.1. Tools for pkgsrc builds</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#package-tools">17.2. Tools needed by packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#platform-tools">17.3. Tools provided by platforms</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code> definition is used both internally
by pkgsrc and also for individual packages to define what commands
are needed for building a package (like <code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code>)
or for later run-time of an installed packaged (such as
<code class="varname">DEPENDS</code>).
If the native system provides an adequate tool, then in many cases, a pkgsrc
package will not be used.</p>
<p>When building a package, the replacement tools are
made available in a directory (as symlinks or wrapper scripts)
that is early in the executable search path. Just like the buildlink
system, this helps with consistent builds.</p>
<p>A tool may be needed to help build a specific package. For example,
perl, GNU make (gmake) or yacc may be needed.</p>
<p>Also a tool may be needed, for example, because the native system's supplied
tool may be inefficient for building a package with pkgsrc.
For example, a package may need GNU awk, bison (instead of
yacc) or a better sed.</p>
<p>The tools used by a package can be listed by running
<span class="command"><strong>make show-tools</strong></span>.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="pkgsrc-tools"></a>17.1. Tools for pkgsrc builds</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The default set of tools used by pkgsrc is defined in
<code class="filename">bsd.pkg.mk</code>. This includes standard Unix tools,
such as: <span class="command"><strong>cat</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>awk</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>chmod</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>test</strong></span>, and so on.
These can be seen by running:
<span class="command"><strong>make show-var VARNAME=USE_TOOLS</strong></span>.</p>
<p>If a package needs a specific program to build
then the <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code> variable can be used
to define the tools needed.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="package-tools"></a>17.2. Tools needed by packages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>In the following examples, the :run means that it is needed at
run-time (and becomes a DEPENDS).
The default is a build dependency which can be set with
:build. (So in this example, it is the same as gmake:build
and pkg-config:build.)</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
USE_TOOLS+=     gmake perl:run pkg-config
</pre>
<p>When using the tools framework, a
<code class="varname">TOOLS_PATH.foo</code> variable is defined
which contains the full path to the appropriate tool. For example,
<code class="varname">TOOLS_PATH.bash</code> could be <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">/bin/bash</span>&#8221;</span>
on Linux systems.</p>
<p>If you always need a pkgsrc version of the
tool at run-time, then just use <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code> instead.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="platform-tools"></a>17.3. Tools provided by platforms</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When improving or porting pkgsrc to a new platform, have a look
at (or create) the corresponding platform specific make file fragment under
<code class="filename">pkgsrc/mk/tools/tools.${OPSYS}.mk</code> which defines
the name of the common tools. For example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.if exists(/usr/bin/bzcat)
TOOLS_PLATFORM.bzcat?=          /usr/bin/bzcat
.elif exists(/usr/bin/bzip2)
TOOLS_PLATFORM.bzcat?=          /usr/bin/bzip2 -cd
.endif

TOOLS_PLATFORM.true?=           true                    # shell builtin
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="buildlink"></a>Chapter 18. Buildlink methodology</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#converting-to-buildlink3">18.1. Converting packages to use buildlink3</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#creating-buildlink3.mk">18.2. Writing <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#anatomy-of-bl3">18.2.1. Anatomy of a buildlink3.mk file</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#updating-buildlink-depends">18.2.2. Updating
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      and
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      in <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#writing-builtin.mk">18.3. Writing <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#anatomy-of-builtin.mk">18.3.1. Anatomy of a <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> file</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#native-or-pkgsrc-preference">18.3.2. Global preferences for native or pkgsrc software</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Buildlink is a framework in pkgsrc that controls what headers and libraries
  are seen by a package's configure and build processes.  This is implemented
  in a two step process:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Symlink headers and libraries for dependencies into
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_DIR</code>, which by default is a subdirectory
      of <code class="varname">WRKDIR</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Create wrapper scripts that are used in place of the normal compiler
      tools that translate <code class="option">-I${LOCALBASE}/include</code> and
      <code class="option">-L${LOCALBASE}/lib</code> into references to
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_DIR</code>. The wrapper scripts also make
      native compiler on some operating systems look like GCC, so that
      packages that expect GCC won't require modifications to build with
      those native compilers.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<p>This normalizes the environment in which a package is built so that the
  package may be built consistently despite what other software may be
  installed. Please note that the normal system header and library paths,
  e.g. <code class="filename">/usr/include</code>,
  <code class="filename">/usr/lib</code>, etc., are always searched -- buildlink3 is
  designed to insulate the package build from non-system-supplied
  software.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="converting-to-buildlink3"></a>18.1. Converting packages to use buildlink3</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The process of converting packages to use the buildlink3
    framework (<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">bl3ifying</span>&#8221;</span>) is fairly straightforward.
    The things to keep in mind are:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Ensure that the build always calls the wrapper scripts
	instead of the actual toolchain.  Some packages are tricky,
	and the only way to know for sure is the check
	<code class="filename">${WRKDIR}/.work.log</code> to see if the
	wrappers are being invoked.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Don't override <code class="varname">PREFIX</code> from within
	the package Makefile, e.g. Java VMs, standalone shells,
	etc., because the code to symlink files into
	<code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_DIR}</code> looks for files
	relative to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">pkg_info -qp <em class="replaceable"><code>pkgname</code></em></span>&#8221;</span>.
	</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Remember that <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span> the
	<code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files that you list in a
	package's Makefile are added as dependencies for that package.
	</p></li>
</ol></div>
<p>If a dependency on a particular package is required for its libraries and
    headers, then we replace:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DEPENDS+=       foo&gt;=1.1.0:../../category/foo
</pre>
<p>with</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.include "../../category/foo/buildlink3.mk"
</pre>
<p>The buildlink3.mk files usually define the required dependencies.
    If you need a newer version of the dependency when using buildlink3.mk
    files, then you can define it in your Makefile; for example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.foo+=   foo&gt;=1.1.0
.include "../../category/foo/buildlink3.mk"
</pre>
<p>There are several <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code>
    files in <code class="filename">pkgsrc/mk</code>
    that handle special package issues:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">bdb.buildlink3.mk</code> chooses either
	the native or a pkgsrc Berkeley DB implementation based on
	the values of <code class="varname">BDB_ACCEPTED</code> and
	<code class="varname">BDB_DEFAULT</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">curses.buildlink3.mk</code>: If the system
	comes with neither Curses nor NCurses, this will take care
	to install the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/devel/ncurses/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">devel/ncurses</code></a> package.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">krb5.buildlink3.mk</code> uses the value
	of <code class="varname">KRB5_ACCEPTED</code> to choose between
	adding a dependency on Heimdal or MIT-krb5 for packages that
	require a Kerberos 5 implementation.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">motif.buildlink3.mk</code> checks for a
	system-provided Motif installation or adds a dependency on
	<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/x11/lesstif/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">x11/lesstif</code></a> or <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/x11/motif/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">x11/motif</code></a>. The user can set
	<code class="varname">MOTIF_TYPE</code> to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">dt</span>&#8221;</span>,
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">lesstif</span>&#8221;</span> or <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">motif</span>&#8221;</span>
	to choose which Motif version will be used.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">readline.buildlink3.mk</code> checks for a
	system-provided GNU readline or editline (libedit) installation,
	or adds a dependency on <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/devel/readline/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">devel/readline</code></a>,
	<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/devel/editline/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">devel/editline</code></a>. The user can set
	<code class="varname">READLINE_DEFAULT</code> to choose readline implementation.
	If your package really needs GNU readline library, its Makefile
	should include <code class="filename">devel/readline/buildlink3.mk</code>
	instead of <code class="filename">readline.buildlink3.mk</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">oss.buildlink3.mk</code> defines several
	variables that may be used by packages that use the
	Open Sound System (OSS) API.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">pgsql.buildlink3.mk</code> will accept
	any of the Postgres versions in the variable
	<code class="varname">PGSQL_VERSIONS_ACCEPTED</code> and default to
	the version <code class="varname">PGSQL_VERSION_DEFAULT</code>. See
	the file for more information.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">pthread.buildlink3.mk</code> uses the value of
	<code class="varname">PTHREAD_OPTS</code> and checks for native pthreads or adds
	a dependency on <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/devel/pth/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">devel/pth</code></a> as needed.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">xaw.buildlink3.mk</code> uses the value of
	<code class="varname">XAW_TYPE</code> to choose a particular Athena widgets
	library.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>The comments in those <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code>
    files provide a more complete
    description of how to use them properly.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="creating-buildlink3.mk"></a>18.2. Writing <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="buildlink3.mk"></a><p>A package's <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file is
    included by Makefiles to indicate the need to compile and link
    against header files and libraries provided by the package.  A
    <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file should always provide
    enough information to add the correct type of dependency
    relationship and include any other
    <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files that it needs to find
    headers and libraries that it needs in turn.</p>
<p>To generate an initial <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code>
    file for further editing, Rene Hexel's <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/createbuildlink/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/createbuildlink</code></a>
    package is highly recommended.  For most packages, the following
    command will generate a good starting point for
    <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd pkgsrc/<em class="replaceable"><code>category</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>pkgdir</code></em>
<code class="prompt">%</code> createbuildlink &gt;buildlink3.mk</code></strong>
    </pre>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="anatomy-of-bl3"></a>18.2.1. Anatomy of a buildlink3.mk file</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The following real-life example
      <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> is taken
      from <code class="filename">pkgsrc/graphics/tiff</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
# $NetBSD: buildlink3.mk,v 1.16 2009/03/20 19:24:45 joerg Exp $

BUILDLINK_TREE+=        tiff

.if !defined(TIFF_BUILDLINK3_MK)
TIFF_BUILDLINK3_MK:=

BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.tiff+=    tiff&gt;=3.6.1
BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.tiff+=    tiff&gt;=3.7.2nb1
BUILDLINK_PKGSRCDIR.tiff?=      ../../graphics/tiff

.include "../../devel/zlib/buildlink3.mk"
.include "../../graphics/jpeg/buildlink3.mk"
.endif # TIFF_BUILDLINK3_MK

BUILDLINK_TREE+=        -tiff
</pre>
<p>The header and footer manipulate
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_TREE</code>, which is common across all
      <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files and is used to track
      the dependency tree.</p>
<p>The main section is protected from multiple inclusion
      and controls how the dependency on <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em> is
      added.  Several important variables are set in the section:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	  is the dependency version recorded in the installed
	  package; this should always be set using
	  <span class="command"><strong>+=</strong></span> to ensure that
	  we're appending to any pre-existing list of values.  This
	  variable should be set to the last version of the
	  package that had an backwards-incompatible API change.
	  </p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BUILDLINK_PKGSRCDIR.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	  is the location of the <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>
	  pkgsrc directory.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BUILDLINK_DEPMETHOD.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	  (not shown above) controls whether we use
	  <code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code> or
	  <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code> to add the dependency on
	  <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>.  The build dependency is
	  selected by setting
	  <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_DEPMETHOD.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	  to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">build</span>&#8221;</span>.  By default, the full dependency is
	  used.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BUILDLINK_INCDIRS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	    and
	    <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_LIBDIRS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	    (not shown above) are lists of subdirectories of
	    <code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_PREFIX.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>}</code>
	    to add to the header and library search paths.  These
	    default to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">include</span>&#8221;</span> and <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">lib</span>&#8221;</span>
	  respectively.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BUILDLINK_CPPFLAGS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	    (not shown above) is the list of preprocessor flags to add
	    to <code class="varname">CPPFLAGS</code>, which are passed on to the
	    configure and build phases.  The <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-I</span>&#8221;</span> option
	    should be avoided and instead be handled using
	    <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_INCDIRS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code> as
	  above.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>The following variables are all optionally defined within
      this second section (protected against multiple inclusion) and
      control which package files are symlinked into
      <code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_DIR}</code> and how their names are
      transformed during the symlinking:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BUILDLINK_FILES.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	    (not shown above) is a shell glob pattern relative to
	    <code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_PREFIX.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>}</code>
	    to be symlinked into
	    <code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_DIR}</code>,
	  e.g. <code class="filename">include/*.h</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BUILDLINK_FILES_CMD.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	    (not shown above) is a shell pipeline that
	    outputs to stdout a list of files relative to
	    <code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_PREFIX.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>}</code>.
	    The resulting files are to be symlinked
	    into <code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_DIR}</code>.  By default,
	    this takes the <code class="filename">+CONTENTS</code> of a
	    <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em> and filters it through
	    <code class="varname">${BUILDLINK_CONTENTS_FILTER.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>}</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BUILDLINK_CONTENTS_FILTER.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	    (not shown above) is a filter command that filters
	    <code class="filename">+CONTENTS</code> input into a list of files
	    relative to
	    <code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_PREFIX.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>}</code>
	    on stdout.  By default,
	    <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_CONTENTS_FILTER.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	    outputs the contents of the <code class="filename">include</code>
	    and <code class="filename">lib</code> directories in the package
	    <code class="filename">+CONTENTS</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">BUILDLINK_FNAME_TRANSFORM.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	    (not shown above) is a list of sed arguments used to
	    transform the name of the source filename into a
	    destination filename, e.g. <span class="command"><strong>-e
	    "s|/curses.h|/ncurses.h|g"</strong></span>.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>This section can additionally include any
      <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> needed for
      <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>'s library dependencies.
      Including these <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files
      means that the headers and libraries for these
      dependencies are also symlinked into
      <code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_DIR}</code>
      whenever the <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>
      <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code>
      file is included. Dependencies are only added for directly
      include <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files.</p>
<p>When providing a <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> and
      including other <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files in it,
      please only add necessary ones, i.e., those whose libraries or
      header files are automatically exposed when the package is
      use.</p>
<p>In particular, if only an executable
      (<code class="filename">bin/foo</code>) is linked against a library, that
      library does not need to be propagated in the
      <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file.</p>
<p>The following steps should help you decide if a
      <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file needs to be included:
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Look at the installed header files: What
	headers do they include? The packages providing these files
	must be buildlinked.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Run <code class="filename">ldd</code> on all installed
	libraries and look against what other libraries they link.
	Some of the packages providing these probably need to be
	buildlinked; however, it's not automatic, since e.g. GTK on
	some systems pulls in the X libraries, so they will show up in
	the <code class="filename">ldd</code> output, while on others (like OS
	X) it won't. <code class="filename">ldd</code> output can thus only be
	used as a hint.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
      </p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="updating-buildlink-depends"></a>18.2.2. Updating
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      and
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      in <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Both variables set lower bounds for a version of this package.
      The two variables differ in that one describes source
      compatibility (API) and the other binary compatibility (ABI).
      The difference is that a change in the API breaks compilation of
      programs while changes in the ABI stop compiled programs from
      running.</p>
<p>The
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      variable in a <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> should be
      changed very rarely.  (One possible scenario: If all packages
      using this package need a higher version than defined in the
      <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code>,
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      could be updated to that higher version.)</p>
<p>On the other hand, changes to
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      are more common.  The variable will need to be updated every
      time the major version of one of its shared libraries is changed,
      or any other change where a binary built against the previous
      version of the package will not run against the new version any
      longer.</p>
<p>In such a case, the package's
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      must be increased to require the new package version.  Then the
      <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> of all packages
      <em class="replaceable"><code>foo</code></em> that depend on this package need
      to be increased, and if they have
      <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files,
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>foo</code></em></code>
      in their <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files must be
      increased to the new version as well. This is required so that a
      package will pull in the versions of the packages that use the
      new ABI and that the packages' <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code>s
      uniquely identify the packages built against the new ABI. The
      <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/revbump/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/revbump</code></a> package can
      help with these updates.</p>
<p>See <a class="xref" href="#dependencies" title="21.1.5. Handling dependencies">Section 21.1.5, &#8220;Handling dependencies&#8221;</a> for more information
      about dependencies on other packages, including the
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS</code> definitions.</p>
<p>Please take careful consideration before adjusting
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      or
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      in a <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file as we don't want to
      cause unneeded package deletions and rebuilds.  In many cases,
      new versions of packages work just fine with older
      dependencies.</p>
<p>Also, it is not needed to set
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_ABI_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      when it is identical to
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>.</p>
<p>Note there is also the distinction that users are able to disable
      enforcement of ABI dependencies using the <code class="varname">USE_ABI_DEPENDS</code>
      variable, but there is no equivalent option for API dependencies.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="writing-builtin.mk"></a>18.3. Writing <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> files</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Some packages in pkgsrc install headers and libraries that
      coincide with headers and libraries present in the base system.
      Aside from a <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file, these
      packages should also include a <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code>
      file that includes the necessary checks to decide whether using
      the built-in software or the pkgsrc software is
    appropriate.</p>
<p>The only requirements of a builtin.mk file for
    <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em> are:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>It should set
	<code class="varname">USE_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	to either <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span> or <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">no</span>&#8221;</span>
	after it is included.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>It should <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> override any
	<code class="varname">USE_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	which is already set before the
	<code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> file is included.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>It should be written to allow multiple inclusion.  This
	is <span class="emphasis"><em>very</em></span> important and takes careful
	attention to <code class="filename">Makefile</code> coding.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="anatomy-of-builtin.mk"></a>18.3.1. Anatomy of a <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> file</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The following is the recommended template for builtin.mk
      files:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.if !defined(IS_BUILTIN.foo)
#
# IS_BUILTIN.foo is set to "yes" or "no" depending on whether "foo"
# genuinely exists in the system or not.
#
IS_BUILTIN.foo?=        no

# BUILTIN_PKG.foo should be set here if "foo" is built-in and its package
# version can be determined.
#
.  if !empty(IS_BUILTIN.foo:M[yY][eE][sS])
BUILTIN_PKG.foo?=       foo-1.0
.  endif
.endif  # IS_BUILTIN.foo

.if !defined(USE_BUILTIN.foo)
USE_BUILTIN.foo?=       ${IS_BUILTIN.foo}
.  if defined(BUILTIN_PKG.foo)
.    for _depend_ in ${BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.foo}
.      if !empty(USE_BUILTIN.foo:M[yY][eE][sS])
USE_BUILTIN.foo!=                                                       \
        ${PKG_ADMIN} pmatch '${_depend_}' ${BUILTIN_PKG.foo}            \
        &amp;&amp; ${ECHO} "yes" || ${ECHO} "no"
.      endif
.    endfor
.  endif
.endif  # USE_BUILTIN.foo

CHECK_BUILTIN.foo?=     no
.if !empty(CHECK_BUILTIN.foo:M[nN][oO])
#
# Here we place code that depends on whether USE_BUILTIN.foo is set to
# "yes" or "no".
#
.endif  # CHECK_BUILTIN.foo
</pre>
<p>The first section sets
      <code class="varname">IS_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      depending on if <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em> really exists
      in the base system.  This should not be a base system software
      with similar functionality to <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>;
      it should only be <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span> if the actual package is
      included as part of the base system.  This variable is only
      used internally within the <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code>
      file.</p>
<p>The second section sets
      <code class="varname">BUILTIN_PKG.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      to the version of <em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em> in the base
      system if it exists (if
      <code class="varname">IS_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      is <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>).  This variable is only used internally
      within the <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> file.</p>
<p>The third section sets
      <code class="varname">USE_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      and is <span class="emphasis"><em>required</em></span> in all
      <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> files.  The code in this
      section must make the determination whether the built-in
      software is adequate to satisfy the dependencies listed in
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>.
      This is typically done by comparing
      <code class="varname">BUILTIN_PKG.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      against each of the dependencies in
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>.
      <code class="varname">USE_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> be set to the correct value by the
      end of the <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code> file.  Note that
      <code class="varname">USE_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      may be <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span> even if
      <code class="varname">IS_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      is <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">no</span>&#8221;</span> because we may make the determination
      that the built-in version of the software is similar enough to
      be used as a replacement.</p>
<p>The last section is guarded by
      <code class="varname">CHECK_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>,
      and includes code that uses the value of
      <code class="varname">USE_BUILTIN.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
      set in the previous section.  This typically includes, e.g.,
      adding additional dependency restrictions and listing additional
      files to symlink into <code class="filename">${BUILDLINK_DIR}</code> (via
      <code class="varname">BUILDLINK_FILES.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>).</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="native-or-pkgsrc-preference"></a>18.3.2. Global preferences for native or pkgsrc software</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When building packages, it's possible to choose whether to set
	a global preference for using either the built-in (native)
	version or the pkgsrc version of software to satisfy a
	dependency.  This is controlled by setting
	<code class="varname">PREFER_PKGSRC</code> and
	<code class="varname">PREFER_NATIVE</code>.  These variables take values
	of either <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">no</span>&#8221;</span>, or a list of
	packages.  <code class="varname">PREFER_PKGSRC</code> tells pkgsrc to
	use the pkgsrc versions of software, while
	<code class="varname">PREFER_NATIVE</code> tells pkgsrc to use the
	built-in versions.  Preferences are determined by the most
	specific instance of the package in either
	<code class="varname">PREFER_PKGSRC</code> or
	<code class="varname">PREFER_NATIVE</code>.  If a package is specified
	in neither or in both variables, then
	<code class="varname">PREFER_PKGSRC</code> has precedence over
	<code class="varname">PREFER_NATIVE</code>.  For example, to require
	using pkgsrc versions of software for all but the most basic
      bits on a NetBSD system, you can set:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PREFER_PKGSRC=  yes
PREFER_NATIVE=  getopt skey tcp_wrappers
</pre>
<p>A package <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> have a
      <code class="filename">builtin.mk</code>
      file to be listed in <code class="varname">PREFER_NATIVE</code>,
      otherwise it is simply ignored in that list.</p>
<p><code class="varname">PREFER_PKGSRC</code> and
      <code class="varname">PREFER_NATIVE</code> should be set during bootstrap
      to ensure that the bootstrap process does not use inapropriate
      native tools as dependencies for core packages.

</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>./bootstrap --prefer-pkgsrc yes --prefer-native openssl</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>

      Switching between settings globally at a later date can introduce
      complications with dependency resolution. This is caused by packages
      built with the opposite preference being installed alongside each
      other.  Hence, any changes to these variables after bootstrap will
      necessitate rebuilding all packages depending on one whose preference
      has been changed.  This is not trivial and should be avoided.</p>
<p>When using pkgsrc on Linux systems, there is high risk of
      "leakage", where programs installed by pkgsrc may inadvertently use a
      command or library not installed by pkgsrc, e.g. those installed by
      yum or apt.  Such foreign dependencies may be installed, removed, or
      upgraded to a version incompatible with the pkgsrc package at any
      time, causing pkgsrc packages to subsequently malfunction.  Pkgsrc
      cannot prevent this, as it has no control over other package managers.
      Another potential problem is that under Redhat Enterprise and related
      Linux systems, yum packages are only patched and never upgraded, so
      eventually they may become too outdated for use by pkgsrc.  Even
      intentionally using foreign dependencies, not considered leakage, can
      lead to these problems, so it is generally discouraged.  In order to
      minimize such problems, PREFER_PKGSRC defaults to "yes" on Linux systems.
      This ensures that pkgsrc is aware of any changes to dependency packages
      and can rebuild or upgrade the entire dependency tree as needed.  This
      default can be overridden by setting --prefer-pkgsrc to "no" or a list of
      packages, or by setting --prefer-native to "yes".</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="plist"></a>Chapter 19. PLIST issues</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#rcs-id">19.1. RCS ID</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#automatic-plist-generation">19.2. Semi-automatic <code class="filename">PLIST</code> generation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#print-PLIST">19.3. Tweaking output of <span class="command"><strong>make print-PLIST</strong></span></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#plist.misc">19.4. Variable substitution in PLIST</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#manpage-compression">19.5. Man page compression</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#using-PLIST_SRC">19.6. Changing PLIST source with <code class="varname">PLIST_SRC</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#platform-specific-plist">19.7. Platform-specific and differing PLISTs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#build-plist">19.8. Build-specific PLISTs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#faq.common-dirs">19.9. Sharing directories between packages</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The <code class="filename">PLIST</code> file contains a package's
  <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">packing list</span>&#8221;</span>, i.e. a list of files that belong to
  the package (relative to the <code class="filename">${PREFIX}</code>
  directory it's been installed in) plus some additional statements
  - see the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_create.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_create</span>(1)</span></a> man page for a full list.
  This chapter addresses some issues that need attention when
  dealing with the <code class="filename">PLIST</code> file (or files, see
  below!).</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="rcs-id"></a>19.1. RCS ID</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Be sure to add a RCS ID line as the first thing in any
    <code class="filename">PLIST</code> file you write:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@comment $NetBSD $
</pre>
<p>An artificial space has been added between NetBSD and $, this is a
workaround here to prevent CVS expanding to the filename of the guide. When
adding the RCS ID the space should be omitted.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="automatic-plist-generation"></a>19.2. Semi-automatic <code class="filename">PLIST</code> generation</h2></div></div></div>
<p>You can use the <span class="command"><strong>make print-PLIST</strong></span> command
    to output a PLIST that matches any new files since the package
    was extracted.  See <a class="xref" href="#build.helpful-targets" title="13.17. Other helpful targets">Section 13.17, &#8220;Other helpful targets&#8221;</a> for
    more information on this target.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="print-PLIST"></a>19.3. Tweaking output of <span class="command"><strong>make print-PLIST</strong></span>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The <code class="varname">PRINT_PLIST_AWK</code> variable takes a set
    of AWK patterns and actions that are used to filter the output of
    print-PLIST.  You can <span class="emphasis"><em>append</em></span> any chunk of AWK
    scripting you like to it, but be careful with quoting.</p>
<p>For example, to get all files inside the
    <code class="filename">libdata/foo</code> directory removed from the
    resulting PLIST:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PRINT_PLIST_AWK+=       /^libdata\/foo/ { next; }
</pre>
<p>The <code class="varname">PRINT_PLIST_AWK</code> transformations are
    evaluated after the file list and directory list are sorted.
    <code class="varname">EARLY_PRINT_PLIST_AWK</code> is like
    <code class="varname">PRINT_PLIST_AWK</code> except it operates before the file
    list and directory list are sorted.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="plist.misc"></a>19.4. Variable substitution in PLIST</h2></div></div></div>
<p>A number of variables are substituted automatically in
    PLISTs when a package is installed on a system. This includes the
    following variables:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">${MACHINE_ARCH}</code>, <code class="varname">${MACHINE_GNU_ARCH}</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Some packages like emacs and perl embed information
	  about which architecture they were built on into the
	  pathnames where they install their files. To handle this
	  case, PLIST will be preprocessed before actually used, and
	  the symbol
	  <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="varname">${MACHINE_ARCH}</code></span>&#8221;</span> will be
	  replaced by what <span class="command"><strong>uname -p</strong></span> gives. The
	  same is done if the string
	  <code class="varname">${MACHINE_GNU_ARCH}</code> is embedded in
	  PLIST somewhere - use this on packages that have GNU
	  autoconf-created configure scripts.</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Legacy note</h3>
<p>There used to be a symbol
	    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="varname">$ARCH</code></span>&#8221;</span> that
	    was replaced by the output of <span class="command"><strong>uname
	    -m</strong></span>, but that's no longer supported and has
	    been removed.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">${OPSYS}</code>, <code class="varname">${LOWER_OPSYS}</code>, <code class="varname">${OS_VERSION}</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Some packages want to embed the OS name and version
	  into some paths.  To do this, use these variables in the
	  <code class="filename">PLIST</code>:
	  </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">${OPSYS}</code> - output of <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="command"><strong>uname -s</strong></span></span>&#8221;</span></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">${LOWER_OPSYS}</code> - lowercase common name (eg. <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">solaris</span>&#8221;</span>)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">${OS_VERSION}</code> - <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><span class="command"><strong>uname -r</strong></span></span>&#8221;</span></p></li>
</ul></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<p>For a list of values which are replaced by
    default, the output of <span class="command"><strong>make help topic=PLIST_SUBST</strong></span> as
well as searching the <code class="filename">pkgsrc/mk</code> directory with <span class="command"><strong>grep</strong></span> for
<code class="varname">PLIST_SUBST</code> should help.</p>
<p>If you want to change other variables not listed above, you
    can add variables and their expansions to this variable in the
    following way, similar to <code class="varname">MESSAGE_SUBST</code> (see <a class="xref" href="#components.optional" title="12.5. Optional files">Section 12.5, &#8220;Optional files&#8221;</a>):</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PLIST_SUBST+=   SOMEVAR="somevalue"
</pre>
<p>This replaces all occurrences of <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${SOMEVAR}</span>&#8221;</span>
    in the <code class="filename">PLIST</code> with
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">somevalue</span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
<p>The <code class="varname">PLIST_VARS</code> variable can be used to simplify
    the common case of conditionally including some
    <code class="filename">PLIST</code> entries. It can be done by adding
    <code class="literal"><code class="varname">PLIST_VARS</code>+=foo</code> and
    setting the corresponding <code class="varname">PLIST.foo</code> variable
    to <code class="literal">yes</code> if the entry should be included.
    This will substitute <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="varname">${PLIST.foo}</code></span>&#8221;</span>
    in the <code class="filename">PLIST</code> with either
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="literal">""</code></span>&#8221;</span> or
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="literal">"@comment "</code></span>&#8221;</span>.
    For example, in <code class="filename">Makefile</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PLIST_VARS+=    foo
.if <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em>
PLIST.foo=      yes
.else
</pre>
<p>And then in <code class="filename">PLIST</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@comment $NetBSD $
bin/bar
man/man1/bar.1
${PLIST.foo}bin/foo
${PLIST.foo}man/man1/foo.1
${PLIST.foo}share/bar/foo.data
</pre>
<p>An artificial space has been added between NetBSD and $, this is a
workaround here to prevent CVS expanding to the filename of the guide. When
adding the RCS ID the space should be omitted.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="manpage-compression"></a>19.5. Man page compression</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Man pages should be installed in compressed form if
    <code class="varname">MANZ</code> is set (in <code class="filename">bsd.own.mk</code>),
    and uncompressed otherwise. To handle this in the
    <code class="filename">PLIST</code> file, the suffix <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">.gz</span>&#8221;</span> is
    appended/removed automatically for man pages according to
    <code class="varname">MANZ</code> and <code class="varname">MANCOMPRESSED</code> being set
    or not, see above for details. This modification of the
    <code class="filename">PLIST</code> file is done on a copy of it, not
    <code class="filename">PLIST</code> itself.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="using-PLIST_SRC"></a>19.6. Changing PLIST source with <code class="varname">PLIST_SRC</code>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>To use one or more files as source for the <code class="filename">PLIST</code> used
    in generating the binary package, set the variable
    <code class="varname">PLIST_SRC</code> to the names of that file(s).
    The files are later concatenated using <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/cat.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">cat</span>(1)</span></a>, and the order of things is
    important. The default for <code class="varname">PLIST_SRC</code> is
    <code class="filename">${PKGDIR}/PLIST</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="platform-specific-plist"></a>19.7. Platform-specific and differing PLISTs</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Some packages decide to install a different set of files based on
    the operating system being used. These differences can be
    automatically handled by using the following files:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">PLIST.common</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">PLIST.${OPSYS}</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">PLIST.${MACHINE_ARCH}</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">PLIST.${OPSYS}-${MACHINE_ARCH}</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">PLIST.common_end</code></p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="build-plist"></a>19.8. Build-specific PLISTs</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Some packages decide to generate hard-to-guess file names
    during installation that are hard to wire down.</p>
<p>In such cases, you can set the
    <code class="varname">GENERATE_PLIST</code> variable to shell code
    terminated (with a semicolon) that will output PLIST entries which
    will be appended to the PLIST</p>
<p>You can find one example in editors/xemacs:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
GENERATE_PLIST+=        ${ECHO} bin/${DISTNAME}-`${WRKSRC}/src/xemacs -sd`.dmp ;
</pre>
<p>which will append something like
    <code class="filename">bin/xemacs-21.4.23-54e8ea71.dmp</code> to the
    <code class="filename">PLIST</code>.
    </p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="faq.common-dirs"></a>19.9. Sharing directories between packages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>A <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">shared directory</span>&#8221;</span> is a directory where
    multiple (and unrelated) packages install files.  These
    directories were problematic because you had to add special
    tricks in the PLIST to conditionally remove them, or have some
    centralized package handle them.</p>
<p>In pkgsrc, it is now easy: Each package should create
    directories and install files as needed; <span class="command"><strong>pkg_delete</strong></span>
    will remove any directories left empty after uninstalling a
    package.</p>
<p>If a package needs an empty directory to work, create
    the directory during installation as usual, and also add an
    entry to the PLIST:

</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@pkgdir path/to/empty/directory
</pre>
<p>

    or take a look at <code class="varname">MAKE_DIRS</code> and
    <code class="varname">OWN_DIRS</code>.
    </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="pkginstall"></a>Chapter 20. The pkginstall framework</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#files-and-dirs-outside-prefix">20.1. Files and directories outside the installation prefix</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#dirs-outside-prefix">20.1.1. Directory manipulation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#files-outside-prefix">20.1.2. File manipulation</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#conf-files">20.2. Configuration files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-sysconfdir">20.2.1. How <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code> is set</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-configure">20.2.2. Telling the software where configuration files are</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-patching">20.2.3. Patching installations</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conf-files-disable">20.2.4. Disabling handling of configuration files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#rcd-scripts">20.3. System startup scripts</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#rcd-scripts-disable">20.3.1. Disabling handling of system startup scripts</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#users-and-groups">20.4. System users and groups</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#shells">20.5. System shells</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#shells-disable">20.5.1. Disabling shell registration</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fonts">20.6. Fonts</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fonts-disable">20.6.1. Disabling automatic update of the fonts databases</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This chapter describes the framework known as
<code class="literal">pkginstall</code>, whose key features are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Generic installation and manipulation of directories and files
    outside the pkgsrc-handled tree, <code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Automatic handling of configuration files during installation,
    provided that packages are correctly designed.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Generation and installation of system startup scripts.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Registration of system users and groups.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Registration of system shells.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Automatic updating of fonts databases.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>The following sections inspect each of the above points in detail.</p>
<p>You may be thinking that many of the things described here could be
easily done with simple code in the package's post-installation target
(<code class="literal">post-install</code>).  <span class="emphasis"><em>This is incorrect</em></span>,
as the code in them is only executed when building from source.  Machines
using binary packages could not benefit from it at all (as the code itself
could be unavailable).  Therefore, the only way to achieve any of the items
described above is by means of the installation scripts, which are
automatically generated by pkginstall.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="files-and-dirs-outside-prefix"></a>20.1. Files and directories outside the installation prefix</h2></div></div></div>
<p>As you already know, the <code class="filename">PLIST</code> file holds a list
of files and directories that belong to a package.  The names used in it
are relative to the installation prefix (<code class="filename">${PREFIX}</code>),
which means that it cannot register files outside this directory (absolute
path names are not allowed).  Despite this restriction, some packages need
to install files outside this location; e.g., under
<code class="filename">${VARBASE}</code> or
<code class="filename">${PKG_SYSCONFDIR}</code>.  The only way to achieve this
is to create such files during installation time by using
installation scripts.</p>
<p>The generic installation scripts are shell scripts that can
contain arbitrary code.  The list of scripts to execute is taken from
the <code class="varname">INSTALL_FILE</code> variable, which defaults to
<code class="filename">INSTALL</code>.  A similar variable exists for package
removal (<code class="varname">DEINSTALL_FILE</code>, whose default is
<code class="filename">DEINSTALL</code>).  These scripts can run arbitrary
commands, so they have the potential to create and manage files
anywhere in the file system.</p>
<p>Using these general installation files is not recommended, but
may be needed in some special cases.  One reason for avoiding them is
that the user has to trust the packager that there is no unwanted or
simply erroneous code included in the installation script. Also,
previously there were many similar scripts for the same functionality,
and fixing a common error involved finding and changing all of
them.</p>
<p>The pkginstall framework offers another, standardized way.  It
provides generic scripts to abstract the manipulation of such files
and directories based on variables set in the package's
<code class="filename">Makefile</code>.  The rest of this section describes
these variables.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="dirs-outside-prefix"></a>20.1.1. Directory manipulation</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The following variables can be set to request the creation of
directories anywhere in the file system:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">MAKE_DIRS</code> and <code class="varname">OWN_DIRS</code>
    contain a list of directories that should be created and should attempt
    to be destroyed by the installation scripts.  The difference between
    the two is that the latter prompts the administrator to remove any
    directories that may be left after deinstallation (because they were
    not empty), while the former does not.  Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MAKE_DIRS+=             ${VARBASE}/foo/private
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">MAKE_DIRS_PERMS</code> and
    <code class="varname">OWN_DIRS_PERMS</code> contain a list of tuples describing
    which directories should be created and should attempt to be destroyed
    by the installation scripts.  Each tuple holds the following values,
    separated by spaces: the directory name, its owner, its group and its
    numerical mode.  For example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MAKE_DIRS_PERMS+=       ${VARBASE}/foo/private \
                        ${REAL_ROOT_USER} ${REAL_ROOT_GROUP} 0700
</pre>
<p>The difference between the two is exactly the same as their
    non-<code class="varname">PERMS</code> counterparts.</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="files-outside-prefix"></a>20.1.2. File manipulation</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Creating non-empty files outside the installation prefix is tricky
because the <code class="filename">PLIST</code> forces all files to be inside it.
To overcome this problem, the only solution is to extract the file in the
known place (i.e., inside the installation prefix) and copy it to the
appropriate location during installation (done by the installation scripts
generated by pkginstall).  We will call the former the <span class="emphasis"><em>master
file</em></span> in the following paragraphs, which describe the variables
that can be used to automatically and consistently handle files outside the
installation prefix:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">CONF_FILES</code> and
    <code class="varname">REQD_FILES</code> are pairs of master and target files.
    During installation time, the master file is copied to the target one
    if and only if the latter does not exist.  Upon deinstallation, the
    target file is removed provided that it was not modified by the
    installation.</p>
<p>The difference between the two is that the latter prompts the
    administrator to remove any files that may be left after
    deinstallation (because they were not empty), while the former does
    not.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">CONF_FILES_PERMS</code> and
    <code class="varname">REQD_FILES_PERMS</code> contain tuples describing master
    files as well as their target locations.  For each of them, it also
    specifies their owner, their group and their numeric permissions, in
    this order.  For example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
REQD_FILES_PERMS+=      ${PREFIX}/share/somefile ${VARBASE}/somefile \
                        ${REAL_ROOT_USER} ${REAL_ROOT_GROUP} 0700
</pre>
<p>The difference between the two is exactly the same as their
    non-<code class="varname">PERMS</code> counterparts.</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="conf-files"></a>20.2. Configuration files</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Configuration files are special in the sense that they are installed
in their own specific directory, <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code>, and
need special treatment during installation (most of which is automated by
pkginstall).  The main concept you must bear in mind is that files marked
as configuration files are automatically copied to the right place (somewhere
inside <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code>) during installation <span class="emphasis"><em>if
and only if</em></span> they didn't exist before.  Similarly, they will not
be removed if they have local modifications.  This ensures that
administrators never lose any custom changes they may have made.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="conf-files-sysconfdir"></a>20.2.1. How <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code> is set</h3></div></div></div>
<p>As said before, the <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code> variable
specifies where configuration files shall be installed.  Its contents are
set based upon the following variables:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFBASE</code>: The configuration's root
    directory.  Defaults to <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/etc</code> although it may
    be overridden by the user to point to his preferred location (e.g.,
    <code class="filename">/etc</code>, <code class="filename">/etc/pkg</code>, etc.).
    Packages must not use it directly.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFSUBDIR</code>: A subdirectory of
    <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFBASE</code> under which the configuration files
    for the package being built shall be installed.  The definition of this
    variable only makes sense in the package's
    <code class="filename">Makefile</code> (i.e., it is not user-customizable).</p>
<p>As an example, consider the Apache package,
    <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/www/apache24/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">www/apache24</code></a>, which places its
    configuration files under the
    <code class="filename">httpd/</code> subdirectory of
    <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFBASE</code>.  This should be set in the package
    Makefile.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFVAR</code>: Specifies the name of the
    variable that holds this package's configuration directory (if
    different from <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFBASE</code>).  It defaults to
    <code class="varname">PKGBASE</code>'s value, and is always prefixed with
    <code class="literal">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR.${PKG_SYSCONFVAR}</code>: Holds the
    directory where the configuration files for the package identified by
    <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFVAR</code>'s shall be placed.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>Based on the above variables, pkginstall determines the value of
<code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR</code>, which is the <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span>
variable that can be used within a package to refer to its configuration
directory.  The algorithm used to set its value is basically the
following:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>If <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFDIR.${PKG_SYSCONFVAR}</code> is set,
    its value is used.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>If the previous variable is not defined but
    <code class="varname">PKG_SYSCONFSUBDIR</code> is set in the package's
    <code class="filename">Makefile</code>, the resulting value is
    <code class="filename">${PKG_SYSCONFBASE}/${PKG_SYSCONFSUBDIR}</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Otherwise, it is set to
    <code class="filename">${PKG_SYSCONFBASE}</code>.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<p>It is worth mentioning that <code class="filename">${PKG_SYSCONFDIR}</code> is
automatically added to <code class="filename">OWN_DIRS</code>.  See <a class="xref" href="#dirs-outside-prefix" title="20.1.1. Directory manipulation">Section 20.1.1, &#8220;Directory manipulation&#8221;</a> what this means.  This does not apply to
subdirectories of <code class="filename">${PKG_SYSCONFDIR}</code>, they still have to
be created with OWN_DIRS or MAKE_DIRS.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="conf-files-configure"></a>20.2.2. Telling the software where configuration files are</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Given that pkgsrc (and users!) expect configuration files to be in a
known place, you need to teach each package where it shall install its
files.  In some cases you will have to patch the package Makefiles to
achieve it.  If you are lucky, though, it may be as easy as passing an
extra flag to the configuration script; this is the case of GNU Autoconf-
generated files:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CONFIGURE_ARGS+= --sysconfdir=${PKG_SYSCONFDIR}
</pre>
<p>Note that this specifies where the package has to <span class="emphasis"><em>look
for</em></span> its configuration files, not where they will be originally
installed (although the difference is never explicit,
unfortunately).</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="conf-files-patching"></a>20.2.3. Patching installations</h3></div></div></div>
<p>As said before, pkginstall automatically handles configuration files.
This means that <span class="strong"><strong>the packages themselves must not
touch the contents of <code class="filename">${PKG_SYSCONFDIR}</code>
directly</strong></span>.  Bad news is that many software installation scripts
will, out of the box, mess with the contents of that directory.  So what is
the correct procedure to fix this issue?</p>
<p>You must teach the package (usually by manually patching it) to
install any configuration files under the examples hierarchy,
<code class="filename">share/examples/${PKGBASE}/</code>.  This way, the
<code class="filename">PLIST</code> registers them and the administrator always
has the original copies available.</p>
<p>Once the required configuration files are in place (i.e., under the
examples hierarchy), the pkginstall framework can use them as master copies
during the package installation to update what is in
<code class="filename">${PKG_SYSCONFDIR}</code>.  To achieve this, the variables
<code class="varname">CONF_FILES</code> and <code class="varname">CONF_FILES_PERMS</code> are
used.  Check out <a class="xref" href="#files-outside-prefix" title="20.1.2. File manipulation">Section 20.1.2, &#8220;File manipulation&#8221;</a> for information
about their syntax and their purpose.  Here is an example, taken from the
<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/mail/mutt/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">mail/mutt</code></a> package:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
EGDIR=        ${PREFIX}/share/doc/mutt/samples
CONF_FILES=   ${EGDIR}/Muttrc ${PKG_SYSCONFDIR}/Muttrc
</pre>
<p>Note that the <code class="varname">EGDIR</code> variable is specific to that
package and has no meaning outside it.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="conf-files-disable"></a>20.2.4. Disabling handling of configuration files</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The automatic copying of config files can be toggled by setting the
environment variable <code class="varname">PKG_CONFIG</code> prior to package
installation.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="rcd-scripts"></a>20.3. System startup scripts</h2></div></div></div>
<p>System startup scripts are special files because they must be
installed in a place known by the underlying OS, usually outside the
installation prefix.  Therefore, the same rules described in <a class="xref" href="#files-and-dirs-outside-prefix" title="20.1. Files and directories outside the installation prefix">Section 20.1, &#8220;Files and directories outside the installation prefix&#8221;</a> apply, and the same solutions
can be used.  However, pkginstall provides a special mechanism to handle
these files.</p>
<p>In order to provide system startup scripts, the package has
to:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Store the script inside <code class="filename">${FILESDIR}</code>, with
    the <code class="literal">.sh</code> suffix appended.  Considering the
    <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/print/cups-base/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">print/cups-base</code></a> package as an example, it
    has a <code class="filename">cupsd.sh</code> in its files directory.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>Tell pkginstall to handle it, appending the name of the script,
    without its extension, to the <code class="varname">RCD_SCRIPTS</code> variable.
    Continuing the previous example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
RCD_SCRIPTS+=   cupsd
</pre>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>Once this is done, pkginstall will do the following steps for each
script in an automated fashion:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Process the file found in the files directory applying all the
    substitutions described in the <code class="filename">FILES_SUBST</code>
    variable.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Copy the script from the files directory to the examples
    hierarchy, <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/examples/rc.d/</code>.  Note
    that this master file must be explicitly registered in the
    <code class="filename">PLIST</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Add code to the installation scripts to copy the startup script
    from the examples hierarchy into the system-wide startup scripts
    directory.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="rcd-scripts-disable"></a>20.3.1. Disabling handling of system startup scripts</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The automatic copying of config files can be toggled by setting the
environment variable <code class="varname">PKG_RCD_SCRIPTS</code> prior to package
installation.  Note that the scripts will be always copied inside the
examples hierarchy, <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/examples/rc.d/</code>, no
matter what the value of this variable is.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="users-and-groups"></a>20.4. System users and groups</h2></div></div></div>
<p>If a package needs to create special users and/or groups during
installation, it can do so by using the pkginstall framework.</p>
<p>Users can be created by adding entries to the
<code class="varname">PKG_USERS</code> variable.  Each entry has the following
syntax:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
user:group
</pre>
<p>Further specification of user details may be done by setting
per-user variables.
<code class="varname">PKG_UID.<em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code> is the
numeric UID for the user.
<code class="varname">PKG_GECOS.<em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code> is the
user's description or comment.
<code class="varname">PKG_HOME.<em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code> is the
user's home directory, and defaults to
<code class="filename">/nonexistent</code> if not specified.
<code class="varname">PKG_SHELL.<em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code> is the
user's shell, and defaults to <code class="filename">/sbin/nologin</code> if
not specified.</p>
<p>Similarly, groups can be created by adding entries to the
<code class="varname">PKG_GROUPS</code> variable, whose syntax is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
group
</pre>
<p>The numeric GID of the group may be set by defining
<code class="varname">PKG_GID.<em class="replaceable"><code>group</code></em></code>.</p>
<p>If a package needs to create the users and groups at an earlier
stage, then it can set <code class="varname">USERGROUP_PHASE</code> to either
<code class="literal">configure</code>,<code class="literal">build</code>, or
<code class="literal">pre-install</code> to indicate the phase before which the
users and groups are created. In this case, the numeric UIDs and GIDs
of the created users and groups are automatically hardcoded into the
final installation scripts.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="shells"></a>20.5. System shells</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Packages that install system shells should register them in the shell
database, <code class="filename">/etc/shells</code>, to make things easier to the
administrator.  This must be done from the installation scripts to keep
binary packages working on any system.  pkginstall provides an easy way to
accomplish this task.</p>
<p>When a package provides a shell interpreter, it has to set the
<code class="varname">PKG_SHELL</code> variable to its absolute file name.  This will
add some hooks to the installation scripts to handle it.  Consider the
following example, taken from <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/shells/zsh/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">shells/zsh</code></a>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PKG_SHELL=      ${PREFIX}/bin/zsh
</pre>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="shells-disable"></a>20.5.1. Disabling shell registration</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The automatic registration of shell interpreters can be disabled by
the administrator by setting the <code class="filename">PKG_REGISTER_SHELLS</code>
environment variable to <code class="literal">NO</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fonts"></a>20.6. Fonts</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Packages that install X11 fonts should update the database files
that index the fonts within each fonts directory.  This can easily be
accomplished within the pkginstall framework.</p>
<p>When a package installs X11 fonts, it must list the directories in
which fonts are installed in the
<code class="varname">FONTS_DIRS.<em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></code> variables,
where <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> can be one of <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">ttf</span>&#8221;</span>,
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">type1</span>&#8221;</span> or <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">x11</span>&#8221;</span>.  This will add hooks to the
installation scripts to run the appropriate commands to update the fonts
database files within each of those directories.  For convenience, if the
directory path is relative, it is taken to be relative to the package's
installation prefix.  Consider the following example, taken from <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/fonts/dbz-ttf/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">fonts/dbz-ttf</code></a>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
FONTS_DIRS.ttf= ${PREFIX}/share/fonts/X11/TTF
</pre>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="fonts-disable"></a>20.6.1. Disabling automatic update of the fonts databases</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The automatic update of fonts databases can be disabled by
the administrator by setting the <code class="filename">PKG_UPDATE_FONTS_DB</code>
environment variable to <code class="literal">NO</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="fixes"></a>Chapter 21. Making your package work</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#general-operation">21.1. General operation</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#pulling-vars-from-etc-mk.conf">21.1.1. How to pull in user-settable variables from <code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#user-interaction">21.1.2. User interaction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#handling-licenses">21.1.3. Handling licenses</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#restricted-packages">21.1.4. Restricted packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#dependencies">21.1.5. Handling dependencies</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#conflicts">21.1.6. Handling conflicts with other packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#not-building-packages">21.1.7. Packages that cannot or should not be built</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#undeletable-packages">21.1.8. Packages which should not be deleted, once installed</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#security-handling">21.1.9. Handling packages with security problems</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bumping-pkgrevision">21.1.10. How to handle incrementing versions when fixing an existing package</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.subst">21.1.11. Substituting variable text in the package files (the SUBST framework)</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.fetch">21.2. The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#no-plain-download">21.2.1. Packages whose distfiles aren't available for plain downloading</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#modified-distfiles-same-name">21.2.2. How to handle modified distfiles with the 'old' name</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#build.fetch.github">21.2.3. Packages hosted on github.com</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.configure">21.3. The <span class="emphasis"><em>configure</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.libtool">21.3.1. Shared libraries - libtool</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#using-libtool">21.3.2. Using libtool on GNU packages that already support libtool</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#autoconf-automake">21.3.3. GNU Autoconf/Automake</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#meson">21.3.4. Meson / ninja</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#programming-languages">21.4. Programming languages</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#basic-programming-languages">21.4.1. C, C++, and Fortran</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#java-programming-language">21.4.2. Java</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#go-programming-language">21.4.3. Go</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#rust-programming-language">21.4.4. Rust</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#perl-scripts">21.4.5. Packages containing Perl scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#shell-scripts">21.4.6. Packages containing shell scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#other-programming-languages">21.4.7. Other programming languages</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.build">21.5. The <span class="emphasis"><em>build</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.build.cpp">21.5.1. Compiling C and C++ code conditionally</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#compiler-bugs">21.5.2. How to handle compiler bugs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#fixes.build.header">21.5.3. No such file or directory</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#undefined-reference">21.5.4. Undefined reference to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">...</span>&#8221;</span></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#out-of-memory">21.5.5. Running out of memory</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#fixes.install">21.6. The <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#install-scripts">21.6.1. Creating needed directories</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#where-to-install-documentation">21.6.2. Where to install documentation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#installing-score-files">21.6.3. Installing highscore files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#destdir-support">21.6.4. Adding DESTDIR support to packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardcoded-paths">21.6.5. Packages with hardcoded paths to other interpreters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#perl-modules">21.6.6. Packages installing Perl modules</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#faq.info-files">21.6.7. Packages installing info files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#manpages">21.6.8. Packages installing man pages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#x11-fonts">21.6.9. Packages installing X11 fonts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#sgml-xml-data">21.6.10. Packages installing SGML or XML data</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#mime-database">21.6.11. Packages installing extensions to the MIME database</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#intltool">21.6.12. Packages using intltool</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#startup-scripts">21.6.13. Packages installing startup scripts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#tex-packages">21.6.14. Packages installing TeX modules</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#emulation-packages">21.6.15. Packages supporting running binaries in
    emulation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hicolor-theme">21.6.16. Packages installing hicolor icons</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#desktop-files">21.6.17. Packages installing desktop files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#punting">21.7. Marking packages as having problems</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="general-operation"></a>21.1. General operation</h2></div></div></div>
<p>One appealing feature of pkgsrc is that it runs on many
  different platforms. As a result, it is important to ensure,
  where possible, that packages in pkgsrc are portable. This
  chapter mentions some particular details you should pay
  attention to while working on pkgsrc.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="pulling-vars-from-etc-mk.conf"></a>21.1.1. How to pull in user-settable variables from <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The pkgsrc user can configure pkgsrc by overriding several
    variables in the file pointed to by <code class="varname">MAKECONF</code>,
    which is <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> by default. When you
    want to use those variables in the preprocessor directives of
    <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> (for example <code class="literal">.if</code> or
    <code class="literal">.for</code>), you need to include the file
    <code class="filename">../../mk/bsd.prefs.mk</code> before, which in turn
    loads the user preferences.</p>
<p>But note that some variables may not be completely defined
    after <code class="filename">../../mk/bsd.prefs.mk</code> has been
    included, as they may contain references to variables that are
    not yet defined. In shell commands (the lines in
    <code class="filename">Makefile</code> that are indented with a tab) this
    is no problem, since variables are only expanded when they are
    used. But in the preprocessor directives mentioned above and in
    dependency lines (of the form <code class="literal">target:
    dependencies</code>) the variables are expanded at load
    time.</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>To check whether a variable can be used at load time,
    run <span class="command"><strong>pkglint -Wall</strong></span> on your package.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="user-interaction"></a>21.1.2. User interaction</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Occasionally, packages require interaction from the user,
    and this can be in a number of ways:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>When fetching the distfiles, some packages require user
	interaction such as entering username/password or accepting a
	license on a web page.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>When extracting the distfiles, some packages may ask for
	passwords.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>help to configure the package before it is built</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>help during the build process</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>help during the installation of a package</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>A package can set the <code class="varname">INTERACTIVE_STAGE</code>
    variable to define which stages need interaction. This should be
    done in the package's <code class="filename">Makefile</code>, e.g.:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
INTERACTIVE_STAGE=      configure install
</pre>
<p>The user can then decide to skip this package by setting the
    <code class="varname">BATCH</code> variable. Packages that require interaction
    are also excluded from bulk builds.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="handling-licenses"></a>21.1.3. Handling licenses</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Authors of software can choose the licence under which software
    can be copied.  The Free Software Foundation has declared some
    licenses "Free", and the Open Source Initiative has a definition of
    "Open Source".</p>
<p>By default, pkgsrc allows packages with Free or Open Source
    licenses to be built.  To allow packages with other licenses to be
    built as well, the pkgsrc user needs to add these licenses to the
    <code class="varname">ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES</code> variable in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.  Note
    that this variable only affects which packages may be
    <span class="emphasis"><em>built</em></span>, while the license terms often also
    restrict the actual use of the package and its redistribution.</p>
<p>One might want to only install packages with a BSD license,
    or the GPL, and not the other.  The free licenses are added to the
    default <code class="varname">ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES</code> variable.  The pkgsrc
    user can override the default by setting the
    <code class="varname">ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES</code> variable with "=" instead
    of "+=".  The licenses accepted by default are defined in the
    <code class="varname">DEFAULT_ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES</code> variable in the file
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/mk/license.mk</code>.</p>
<p>The license tag mechanism is intended to address
    copyright-related issues surrounding building, installing and
    using a package, and not to address redistribution issues (see
    <code class="varname">RESTRICTED</code> and
    <code class="varname">NO_SRC_ON_FTP</code>, etc.).
    Packages with redistribution restrictions should set these
    tags.</p>
<p>Denoting that a package may be copied according to a
    particular license is done by placing the license in
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/licenses</code> and setting the
    <code class="varname">LICENSE</code> variable to a string identifying the
    license, e.g. in <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/graphics/xv/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">graphics/xv</code></a>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
LICENSE=        xv-license
</pre>
<p>When trying to build, the user will get a notice that the
    package is covered by a license which has not been placed in the
    <code class="varname">ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES</code> variable:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make</code></strong>
===&gt; xv-3.10anb9 has an unacceptable license: xv-license.
===&gt;     To view the license, enter "/usr/bin/make show-license".
===&gt;     To indicate acceptance, add this line to your /etc/mk.conf:
===&gt;     ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES+=xv-license
*** Error code 1
</pre>
<p>The license can be viewed with <span class="command"><strong>make
    show-license</strong></span>, and if the user so chooses, the line
    printed above can be added to <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> to
    convey to pkgsrc that it should not in the future fail because of
    that license:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES+=xv-license
</pre>
<p>The use of <code class="varname">LICENSE=shareware</code>,
    <code class="varname">LICENSE=no-commercial-use</code>, and similar language
    is deprecated because it does not crisply refer to a particular
    license text.  Another problem with such usage is that it does not
    enable a user to tell pkgsrc to proceed for a single package
    without also telling pkgsrc to proceed for all packages with that
    tag.</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="new-license"></a>21.1.3.1. Adding a package with a new license</h4></div></div></div>
<p>When adding a package with a new license, the following steps
    are required:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p>Check whether the license qualifies as Free or Open Source by
    referencing <a class="ulink" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.en.html" target="_top">Various
    Licenses and Comments about Them</a> and <a class="ulink" href="https://opensource.org/licenses/alphabetical" target="_top">Licenses by Name |
    Open Source Initiative</a>.  If this is the case, the filename in
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/licenses/</code> does not need the
    <code class="filename">-license</code> suffix, and the license name should be
    added to:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>DEFAULT_ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES in
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/mk/license.mk</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>default_acceptable_licenses in
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_install/files/lib/license.c</code></p></li>
</ul></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The license text should be added to
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/licenses</code> for displaying.  A list of known
    licenses can be seen in this directory.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="change-license"></a>21.1.3.2. Change to the license</h4></div></div></div>
<p>When the license changes (in a way other than formatting),
    make sure that the new license has a different name (e.g.,
    append the version number if it exists, or the date).  Just
    because a user told pkgsrc to build programs under a previous
    version of a license does not mean that pkgsrc should build
    programs under the new licenses.  The higher-level point is that
    pkgsrc does not evaluate licenses for reasonableness; the only
    test is a mechanistic test of whether a particular text has been
    approved by either of two bodies (FSF or OSI).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="restricted-packages"></a>21.1.4. Restricted packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Some licenses restrict how software may be re-distributed.
    By declaring the restrictions, package tools can
    automatically refrain from e.g. placing binary packages on FTP
    sites.</p>
<p>There are four possible restrictions, which are
    the cross product of sources (distfiles) and binaries not being
    placed on FTP sites and CD-ROMs.  Because this is rarely the exact
    language in any license, and because non-Free licenses tend to be
    different from each other, pkgsrc adopts a definition of FTP and
    CD-ROM.

    "FTP" means making the source or binary file available over the
    Internet at no charge.

    "CD-ROM" means making the source or binary available on some kind of
    media, together with other source and binary packages, which is sold
    for a distribution charge.
    </p>
<p>In order to encode these restrictions, the package system
    defines five make variables that can be set to note these
    restrictions:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">RESTRICTED</code></p>
<p>This variable should be set whenever a restriction
	exists (regardless of its kind).  Set this variable to a
	string containing the reason for the restriction.  It should
	be understood that those wanting to understand the restriction
	will have to read the license, and perhaps seek advice of
	counsel.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">NO_BIN_ON_CDROM</code></p>
<p>Binaries may not be placed on CD-ROM containing other
	binary packages, for which a distribution charge may be made.
	In this case, set this variable to
	<code class="varname">${RESTRICTED}</code>.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">NO_BIN_ON_FTP</code></p>
<p>Binaries may not made available on the Internet without
	charge.  In this case, set this variable to
	<code class="varname">${RESTRICTED}</code>.  If this variable is set,
	binary packages will not be included on ftp.NetBSD.org.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">NO_SRC_ON_CDROM</code></p>
<p>Distfiles may not be placed on CD-ROM, together with
	other distfiles, for which a fee may be charged.  In this
	case, set this variable to <code class="varname">${RESTRICTED}</code>.
	</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="varname">NO_SRC_ON_FTP</code></p>
<p>Distfiles may not made available via FTP at no charge.
	In this case, set this variable to
	<code class="varname">${RESTRICTED}</code>.  If this variable is set,
	the distfile(s) will not be mirrored on ftp.NetBSD.org.</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>Please note that packages will be removed from pkgsrc when the
    distfiles are not distributable and cannot be obtained for a period
    of one full quarter branch. Packages with manual/interactive fetch
    must have a maintainer and it is his/her responsibility to ensure
    this.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="dependencies"></a>21.1.5. Handling dependencies</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Your package may depend on some other package being present,
    and there are various ways of expressing this dependency.
    pkgsrc supports the <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code>,
    <code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code>,
    <code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code>, and
    <code class="varname">TEST_DEPENDS</code> definitions, the
    <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code> definition, as well as dependencies
    via <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code>, which is the preferred way
    to handle dependencies, and which uses the variables named above.
    See <a class="xref" href="#buildlink" title="Chapter 18. Buildlink methodology">Chapter 18, <i>Buildlink methodology</i></a> for more information.</p>
<p>The basic difference is that the <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code>
    definition registers that pre-requisite in the binary package so it
    will be pulled in when the binary package is later installed, whilst
    the <code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code>, <code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code>,
    and <code class="varname">TEST_DEPENDS</code> definitions do not, marking a
    dependency that is only needed for building or testing the resulting
    package. See also <a class="xref" href="#creating" title="Chapter 14. Creating a new pkgsrc package from scratch">Chapter 14, <i>Creating a new pkgsrc package from scratch</i></a> for more information.</p>
<p>This means that if you only need a package present whilst
    you are building or testing, it should be noted as a
    <code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code>,
    <code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code>, or
    <code class="varname">TEST_DEPENDS</code>.  When cross-compiling,
    <code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code> are <span class="emphasis"><em>native</em></span>
    packages, i.e. packages for the architecture where the package
    is built;
    <code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code> are <span class="emphasis"><em>target</em></span>
    packages, i.e., packages for the architecture for which the package
    is built.</p>
<p>The format for a <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code>,
    <code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code>, <code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code>,
    and <code class="varname">TEST_DEPENDS</code> definition is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
&lt;pre-req-package-name&gt;:../../&lt;category&gt;/&lt;pre-req-package&gt;
</pre>
<p>Please note that the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">pre-req-package-name</span>&#8221;</span>
    may include any of the wildcard version numbers recognized by
    <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_info.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_info</span>(1)</span></a>.</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p>If your package needs another package's binaries or
	libraries to build and run, and if that package has a
	<code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file available, use it:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.include "../../graphics/jpeg/buildlink3.mk"
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>If your package needs another package's binaries or
	libraries only for building, and if that package has a
	<code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file available, use it:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.include "../../graphics/jpeg/buildlink3.mk"
</pre>
<p>but set
	<code class="varname">BUILDLINK_DEPMETHOD.<em class="replaceable"><code>jpeg</code></em>?=build</code>
	to make it a build dependency only. This case is rather
	rare.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>If your package needs binaries from another package to build,
	use the <code class="varname">TOOL_DEPENDS</code> definition:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
TOOL_DEPENDS+= itstool-[0-9]*:../../textproc/itstool
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>If your package needs static libraries to link against, header
	files to include, etc. from another package to build,
	use the <code class="varname">BUILD_DEPENDS</code> definition.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>If your package needs a library with which to link and
	there is no <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file
	available, create one. Using
	<code class="varname">DEPENDS</code> won't be sufficient because the
	include files and libraries will be hidden from the compiler.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>If your package needs some executable to be able to run
	correctly and if there's no
	<code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file, this is specified
	using the <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code> variable. The
	<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/print/lyx/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">print/lyx</code></a> package needs to
	be able to execute the latex binary from the tex-latex-bin package
	when it runs, and that is specified:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DEPENDS+=        tex-latex-bin-[0-9]*:../../print/tex-latex-bin
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>If your package includes a test suite that has extra
        dependencies only required for this purpose (frequently this
        can be run as a <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">make test</span>&#8221;</span> target), use the
        <code class="varname">TEST_DEPENDS</code> variable.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>You can use wildcards in package dependencies. Note that
	such wildcard dependencies are retained when creating binary
	packages. The dependency is checked when installing the binary
	package and any package which matches the pattern will be
	used. Wildcard dependencies should be used with care.</p>
<p>The <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-[0-9]*</span>&#8221;</span> should be used instead of
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-*</span>&#8221;</span> to avoid potentially ambiguous matches
	such as <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">tk-postgresql</span>&#8221;</span> matching a
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">tk-*</span>&#8221;</span> <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code>.</p>
<p>Wildcards can also be used to specify that a package
	will only build against a certain minimum version of a
	pre-requisite:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DEPENDS+=       ImageMagick&gt;=6.0:../../graphics/ImageMagick
</pre>
<p>This means that the package will build using version 6.0
	of ImageMagick or newer. Such a dependency may be warranted
	if, for example, the command line options of an executable
	have changed.</p>
<p>If you need to depend on minimum versions of libraries,
	set
	<code class="varname">BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.<em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em></code>
	to the appropriate pattern before including its
	<code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file, e.g.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
BUILDLINK_API_DEPENDS.jpeg+=    jpeg&gt;=9.0
.include "../../graphics/jpeg/buildlink3.mk"
</pre>
<p>For security fixes, please update the package
	vulnerabilities file. See <a class="xref" href="#security-handling" title="21.1.9. Handling packages with security problems">Section 21.1.9, &#8220;Handling packages with security problems&#8221;</a> for more
	information.</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>If your package needs files from another package to build,
    add the relevant distribution files to
    <code class="varname">DISTFILES</code>, so they will be extracted
    automatically. See the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/print/ghostscript/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">print/ghostscript</code></a> package for an example.
    (It relies on the jpeg sources being present in source form
    during the build.)</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="conflicts"></a>21.1.6. Handling conflicts with other packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Your package may conflict with other packages users might
    already have installed on their system, e.g., if your package
    installs the same set of files as another package in the pkgsrc
    tree.</p>
<p>For example, <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/x11/libXaw3d/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">x11/libXaw3d</code></a>
    and <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/x11/Xaw-Xpm/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">x11/Xaw-Xpm</code></a>
    install the same shared library, thus you set in
    <code class="filename">pkgsrc/x11/libXaw3d/Makefile</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CONFLICTS=      Xaw-Xpm-[0-9]*
    </pre>
<p>and in <code class="filename">pkgsrc/x11/Xaw-Xpm/Makefile</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CONFLICTS=      libXaw3d-[0-9]*
    </pre>
<p><a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_add.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_add</span>(1)</span></a> is able to detect attempts to install packages
    that conflict with existing packages and abort. However, in many
    situations this is too late in the process. Binary package managers
    will not know about the conflict until they attempt to install the
    package after already downloading it and all its dependencies.
    Users may also waste time building a package and its dependencies
    only to find out at the end that it conflicts with another package
    they have installed.</p>
<p>To avoid these issues <code class="varname">CONFLICTS</code> entries
    should be added in all cases where it is known that packages conflict
    with each other.  These <code class="varname">CONFLICTS</code> entries are
    exported in <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_summary.5"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_summary</span>(5)</span></a> files and consumed by binary package
    managers to inform users that packages cannot be installed onto
    the target system.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="not-building-packages"></a>21.1.7. Packages that cannot or should not be built</h3></div></div></div>
<p>There are several reasons why a package might be
    instructed to not build under certain circumstances.  If the
    package builds and runs on most platforms, the exceptions
    should be noted with <code class="varname">BROKEN_ON_PLATFORM</code>.  If
    the package builds and runs on a small handful of platforms,
    set <code class="varname">BROKEN_EXCEPT_ON_PLATFORM</code> instead.
    Both <code class="varname">BROKEN_ON_PLATFORM</code> and
    <code class="varname">BROKEN_EXCEPT_ON_PLATFORM</code> are OS triples
    (OS-version-platform) that can use glob-style
    wildcards.</p>
<p>If a package is not appropriate for some platforms (as
    opposed to merely broken), a different set of variables should be
    used as this affects failure reporting and statistics.
    If the package is appropriate for most platforms, the exceptions
    should be noted with <code class="varname">NOT_FOR_PLATFORM</code>.  If
    the package is appropriate for only a small handful of platforms
    (often exactly one), set <code class="varname">ONLY_FOR_PLATFORM</code> instead.
    Both <code class="varname">ONLY_FOR_PLATFORM</code> and
    <code class="varname">NOT_FOR_PLATFORM</code> are OS triples
    (OS-version-platform) that can use glob-style
    wildcards.</p>
<p>Some packages are tightly bound to a specific version of an
    operating system, e.g. LKMs or <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/lsof/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">sysutils/lsof</code></a>.  Such binary packages are not
    backwards compatible with other versions of the OS, and should be
    uploaded to a version specific directory on the FTP server.  Mark
    these packages by setting <code class="varname">OSVERSION_SPECIFIC</code> to
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>.  This variable is not currently used by any of
    the package system internals, but may be used in the
    future.</p>
<p>If the package should be skipped (for example, because it
    provides functionality already provided by the system), set
    <code class="varname">PKG_SKIP_REASON</code> to a descriptive message.  If
    the package should fail because some preconditions are not met,
    set <code class="varname">PKG_FAIL_REASON</code> to a descriptive
    message.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="undeletable-packages"></a>21.1.8. Packages which should not be deleted, once installed</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To ensure that a package may not be deleted, once it has been
    installed, the <code class="varname">PKG_PRESERVE</code> definition should
    be set in the package Makefile. This will be carried into any
    binary package that is made from this pkgsrc entry. A
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">preserved</span>&#8221;</span> package will
    not be deleted using <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_delete.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_delete</span>(1)</span></a> unless the
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-f</span>&#8221;</span> option is used.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="security-handling"></a>21.1.9. Handling packages with security problems</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When a vulnerability is found, this should be noted in
    <code class="filename">localsrc/security/advisories/pkg-vulnerabilities</code>.
    Entries in that file consist of three parts:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>package version pattern</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>type of vulnerability (please cut'n'paste an existing one where possible)</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>URL providing additional information about the issue</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>For the package version pattern please always use `&lt;' to
    mark an upper bound (not `&lt;='!). This will avoid possible
    problems due unrelated <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> bumps not
    related to security fixes. Lower bounds can be added too, using
    '&gt;' or '&gt;='. For example,
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="literal">foo&gt;=1&lt;1.2</code></span>&#8221;</span> would mark
    versions 1.0 (included) to 1.2 (excluded) of
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="literal">foo</code></span>&#8221;</span> as affected by the security
    issue.</p>
<p>Entries should always be added at the bottom of the file.</p>
<p>When fixing packages, please modify the upper bound of the
    corresponding entry. To continue the previous example, if a fix
    was backported to version 1.1nb2, change the previous pattern to
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="literal">foo&gt;=1&lt;1.1nb2</code></span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
<p>To locally test a package version pattern against a
    <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code> you can use the <span class="command"><strong>pkg_admin
    pmatch</strong></span> command.</p>
<p>The URL should be as permanent as possible and provide as
    much information about the issue as possible.  CVE entries are
    preferred.</p>
<p>After committing that file, ask pkgsrc-security@NetBSD.org to
    update the file on ftp.NetBSD.org.</p>
<p>After fixing the vulnerability by a patch, its
    <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> should be increased (this is of
    course not necessary if the problem is fixed by using a newer
    release of the software), and the pattern in the
    pkg-vulnerabilities file must be updated.</p>
<p>Also, if the fix should be applied to the stable pkgsrc
    branch, be sure to submit a pullup request!</p>
<p>Binary packages already on ftp.NetBSD.org will be handled
    semi-automatically by a weekly cron job.</p>
<p>In case a security issue is disputed, please contact
    pkgsrc-security@NetBSD.org.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="bumping-pkgrevision"></a>21.1.10. How to handle incrementing versions when fixing an existing package</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When making fixes to an existing package it can be useful
    to change the version number in <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code>. To
    avoid conflicting with future versions by the original author, a
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">nb1</span>&#8221;</span>, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">nb2</span>&#8221;</span>, ... suffix can be used
    on package versions by setting <code class="varname">PKGREVISION=1</code>
    (2, ...). The <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">nb</span>&#8221;</span> is treated like a
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">.</span>&#8221;</span> by the package tools. e.g.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTNAME=       foo-17.42
PKGREVISION=    9
</pre>
<p>will result in a <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code> of
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">foo-17.42nb9</span>&#8221;</span>. If you want to use the original
    value of <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code> without the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">nbX</span>&#8221;</span>
    suffix, e.g. for setting <code class="varname">DIST_SUBDIR</code>, use
    <code class="varname">PKGNAME_NOREV</code>.</p>
<p>When a new release of the package is released, the
    <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> should be removed, e.g. on a new
    minor release of the above package, things should be like:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTNAME=       foo-17.43
</pre>
<p><code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> should be incremented for any
    non-trivial change in the resulting binary package.  Without a
    <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> bump, someone with the previous
    version installed has no way of knowing that their package is out
    of date.  Thus, changes without increasing
    <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> are essentially labeled "this is so
    trivial that no reasonable person would want to upgrade", and this
    is the rough test for when increasing
    <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> is appropriate.  Examples of
    changes that do not merit increasing
    <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Changing <code class="varname">HOMEPAGE</code>,
      <code class="varname">MAINTAINER</code>, <code class="varname">OWNER</code>, or
      comments in Makefile.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Changing build variables if the resulting binary
      package is the same.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Changing
      <code class="filename">DESCR</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Adding <code class="varname">PKG_OPTIONS</code> if the
      default options don't change.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>Examples of changes that do merit an increase to
    <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> include:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Security fixes</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Changes or additions to a patch
      file</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Changes to the
      <code class="filename">PLIST</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>A dependency is changed or
      renamed.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>PKGREVISION must also be incremented when dependencies have ABI
    changes.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="fixes.subst"></a>21.1.11. Substituting variable text in the package files (the SUBST framework)</h3></div></div></div>
<p>When you want to replace the same text in multiple files, or
multiple times in the same file, it is cumbersome to maintain a patch
file for this. This is where the SUBST framework steps in. It provides an
easy-to-use interface for replacing text in files. It just needs the
following information:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>In which phase of the package build cycle should the
replacement happen?</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>In which files should the replacement
happen?</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Which text should be replaced with
what?</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>This information is encoded in a block of <code class="varname">SUBST</code>
variables. A minimal example is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SUBST_CLASSES+=         paths
SUBST_STAGE.paths=      pre-configure
SUBST_FILES.paths=      src/*.c
SUBST_SED.paths=        -e 's,/usr/local,${PREFIX},g'
</pre>
<p>Translated into English, it means: In the pre-configure stage (that
is, after applying the patches from the patches/ directory and before
running the configure script and the portability check), replace the text
<code class="literal">/usr/local</code> with the content of the variable
<code class="varname">PREFIX</code>.</p>
<p>Each SUBST block starts by appending an identifier to
<code class="varname">SUBST_CLASSES</code> (note the <code class="literal">+=</code>). This
identifier can be chosen freely by the package. If there should ever be
duplicate identifiers, the pkgsrc infrastructure will catch this and fail
early, so don't worry about name collisions.</p>
<p>Except for <code class="varname">SUBST_CLASSES</code>, all variables in a
SUBST block are parameterized using this identifier. In the remainder of
this section, these parameterized variables are written as
<code class="varname">SUBST_STAGE.*</code>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SUBST_CLASSES+=         paths
SUBST_STAGE.paths=      pre-configure
SUBST_MESSAGE.paths=    Fixing absolute paths.
SUBST_FILES.paths=      src/*.c
SUBST_FILES.paths+=     scripts/*.sh
SUBST_SED.paths=        -e 's,"/usr/local,"${PREFIX},g'
SUBST_SED.paths+=       -e 's,"/var/log,"${VARBASE}/log,g'
SUBST_VARS.paths=       LOCALBASE PREFIX PKGVERSION
</pre>
<p>To get a complete picture about the SUBST substitutions, run
<span class="command"><strong>bmake show-all-subst</strong></span>. If something doesn't work as
expected, run pkglint on the package, which detects several typical
mistakes surrounding the SUBST blocks. For any questions that might
remain after this, have a look at
<code class="filename">mk/subst.mk</code>.</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.subst.when"></a>21.1.11.1. Choosing the time where the substitutions happen</h4></div></div></div>
<p>The <code class="varname">SUBST_STAGE.*</code> is one of
{pre,do,post}-{extract,patch,configure,build,test,install}. Of these,
<code class="literal">pre-configure</code> is used most often, by far. The most
popular stages are, in chronological order:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">post-extract</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The substitutions are applied immediately after the
distfiles are extracted. Running <span class="command"><strong>bmake extract</strong></span> on the
package will leave no traces of the original files.</p>
<p>When the substitution applies to files for which there is also a
patch in the <code class="filename">patches/</code> directory, this means that the
patches will be computed based on the result of the substitution. When
these patches are sent to the upstream maintainer later, to be fixed in
the upstream package, these patches may no longer match what the upstream
author is used to. Because of this, <code class="literal">pre-configure</code> is
often a better choice.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">pre-configure</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The substitutions are applied after the patches from the
<code class="filename">patches/</code> directory. This makes it possible to run
<span class="command"><strong>bmake patch</strong></span> on the package, after which the patches
can be edited using the tools pkgvi and mkpatches from the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgdiff/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkgdiff</code></a> package.</p>
<p>When updating the patches, it is helpful to explicitly separate the
<span class="command"><strong>bmake patch</strong></span> from the <span class="command"><strong>bmake
configure</strong></span>, and to only edit the patches between these commands.
Otherwise the substitutions from the SUBST block will end up in the patch
file. When this happens in really obvious ways, pkglint will complain
about patches that contain a hard-coded <code class="literal">/usr/pkg</code>
instead of the correct and intended <code class="literal">@PREFIX@</code>, but it
can only detect these really obvious
cases.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">do-configure</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This stage should only be used if the package defines a
<code class="literal">pre-configure</code> action itself, and the substitution must
happen after that. Typical examples are packages that use the
<code class="literal">pre-configure</code> stage to regenerate the GNU configure
script from
<code class="filename">configure.ac</code>.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">post-configure</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This stage is used to fix up any mistakes by the
configure stage.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">pre-build</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This stage should only be used for substitutions that are
clearly related to building the package, not for fixing the
configuration. Substitutions for pathnames (such as replacing
<code class="filename">/usr/local</code> with <code class="literal">${PREFIX}</code>) or
user names (such as replacing <code class="literal">@MY_USER@</code> with the
actual username) belong in pre-configure or post-configure
instead.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">post-build</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Just as with pre-build, this stage should only be used
for substitutions that are clearly related to building the package, not
for fixing the configuration. Substitutions for pathnames (such as
replacing <code class="filename">/usr/local</code> with
<code class="literal">${PREFIX}</code>) or user names (such as replacing
<code class="literal">@MY_USER@</code> with the actual username) belong in
pre-configure or post-configure instead.</p>
<p>A typical use is to update pkg-config files to include the rpath
compiler options.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">pre-install</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>In general, the install phase should be as simple as
possible. As with the pre-build and post-build stages, it should not be
used to fix pathnames or user names, these belong in pre-configure
instead. There are only few legitimate use cases for applying
substitutions in this stage.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.subst.where"></a>21.1.11.2. Choosing the files where the substitutions happen</h4></div></div></div>
<p>The <code class="varname">SUBST_FILES.*</code> variable contains a list of
filename patterns. These patterns are relative to
<code class="varname">WRKSRC</code> since that is where most substitutions happen.
A typical example is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SUBST_FILES.path=       Makefile */Makefile */*/Makefile *.[ch]
</pre>
<p>The above patterns, especially the last, are quite broad. The SUBST
implementation checks that each filename pattern that is mentioned here
has an effect. For example, if none of the
<code class="filename">*/*/Makefile</code> files contains the patterns to be found
and substituted, that filename pattern is redundant and should be left
out. By default, the SUBST framework will complain with an error message.
If the text to be substituted occurs in some of the files from a single
pattern, but not in all of them, that is totally ok, and the SUBST
framework will only print an INFO message for those files.</p>
<p>If there is a good reason for having redundant filename patterns,
set <code class="varname">SUBST_NOOP_OK.*</code> to <code class="literal">yes</code>.</p>
<p>Another popular way of choosing the files for the substitutions is
via a shell command, like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
C_FILES_CMD=            cd ${WRKSRC} &amp;&amp; ${FIND} . -name '*.c'
SUBST_FILES.path=       ${C_FILES_CMD:sh}
</pre>
<p>The variable name <code class="varname">C_FILES_CMD</code> in this example is
freely chosen and independent of the SUBST framework.</p>
<p>In this variant, the <code class="varname">SUBST_FILES.*</code> variable
lists each file individually. Thereby chances are higher that there are
filename patterns in which no substitution happens. Since the SUBST
framework cannot know whether the filename patterns in
<code class="varname">SUBST_FILES.*</code> have been explicitly listed in the
Makefile (where any redundant filename pattern would be suspicious) or
been generated by a shell command (in which redundant filename patterns
are more likely and to be expected), it will complain about these
redundant filename patterns. Therefore, SUBST blocks that use a shell
command to generate the list of filename patterns often need to set
<code class="varname">SUBST_NOOP_OK.*</code> to <code class="literal">yes</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.subst.what"></a>21.1.11.3. Choosing what to substitute</h4></div></div></div>
<p>In most cases, the substitutions are given using one or more
<a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/sed.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">sed</span>(1)</span></a> commands, like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SUBST_SED.path=         -e 's|/usr/local|${PREFIX}|g'
</pre>
<p>Each of the sed commands needs to be preceded by the
<code class="literal">-e</code> option and should be specified on a line of its
own, to avoid hiding short sed commands at the end of a line.</p>
<p>Since the sed commands often contain shell metacharacters as the
separator (the <code class="literal">|</code> in the above example), it is common
to enclose them in single quotes.</p>
<p>A common substitution is to replace placeholders of the form
<code class="literal">@VARNAME@</code> with their pkgsrc counterpart variable
<code class="literal">${VARNAME}</code>. A typical example is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SUBST_VARS.path=        PREFIX
</pre>
<p>This type of substitutions is typically done by the GNU configure
scripts during the do-configure stage, but in some cases these need to be
overridden. The same pattern is also used when a package defines patches
that replace previously hard-coded paths like
<code class="literal">/usr/local</code> with a <code class="literal">@PREFIX@</code>
placeholder first, which then gets substituted by the actual
<code class="literal">${PREFIX}</code> in the pre-configure stage. In many of these
cases, it works equally well to just use the SUBST framework to directly
replace <code class="literal">/usr/local</code> with <code class="literal">${PREFIX}</code>,
thereby omitting the intermediate patch file.</p>
<p>If the above is not flexible enough, it is possible to not use sed
at all for the substitution but to specify an entirely different command,
like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SUBST_FILTER_CMD.path=  LC_ALL=C ${TR} -d '\r'
</pre>
<p>This is used for the few remaining packages in which the
distributed files use Windows-style line endings that need to be
converted to UNIX-style line endings.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.subst.other"></a>21.1.11.4. Other SUBST variables</h4></div></div></div>
<p>When a SUBST block is applied during a package build, a message is
logged. The default message is fine for most purposes but can be
overridden by setting <code class="literal">SUBST_MESSAGE.*</code> to an individual
message.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fixes.fetch"></a>21.2. The <span class="emphasis"><em>fetch</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="no-plain-download"></a>21.2.1. Packages whose distfiles aren't available for plain downloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If you need to download from a dynamic URL you can set
    <code class="varname">DYNAMIC_MASTER_SITES</code> and a <span class="command"><strong>make
    fetch</strong></span> will call <code class="filename">files/getsite.sh</code>
    with the name of each file to download as an argument, expecting
    it to output the URL of the directory from which to download
    it. <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/graphics/ns-cult3d/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">graphics/ns-cult3d</code></a> is an
    example of this usage.</p>
<p>If the download can't be automated, because the user must
    submit personal information to apply for a password, or must pay
    for the source, or whatever, you can set
    <code class="varname">FETCH_MESSAGE</code> to a list of lines that are
    displayed to the user before aborting the build. Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
FETCH_MESSAGE=  "Please download the files"
FETCH_MESSAGE+= "    "${DISTFILES:Q}
FETCH_MESSAGE+= "manually from "${MASTER_SITES:Q}"."
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="modified-distfiles-same-name"></a>21.2.2. How to handle modified distfiles with the 'old' name</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Sometimes authors of a software package make some
    modifications after the software was released, and they put up a
    new distfile without changing the package's version number. If a
    package is already in pkgsrc at that time, the checksum will
    no longer match. The contents of the new distfile should be
    compared against the old one before changing anything, to make
    sure the distfile was really updated on purpose, and that
    no trojan horse or so crept in.
    Please mention that the distfiles were compared and what was found
    in your commit message.</p>
<p>Then, the correct way to work around this is to set
    <code class="varname">DIST_SUBDIR</code> to a unique directory name, usually
    based on <code class="varname">PKGNAME_NOREV</code> (but take care with
    python or ruby packages, where <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code> includes
    a variable prefix). All <code class="varname">DISTFILES</code> and
    <code class="varname">PATCHFILES</code> for this package will be put in that
    subdirectory of the local distfiles directory. (See <a class="xref" href="#bumping-pkgrevision" title="21.1.10. How to handle incrementing versions when fixing an existing package">Section 21.1.10, &#8220;How to handle incrementing versions when fixing an existing package&#8221;</a> for more details.) In case this
    happens more often, <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code> can be used (thus
    including the <code class="filename">nbX</code> suffix) or a date stamp can
    be appended, like
    <code class="varname">${PKGNAME_NOREV}-YYYYMMDD</code>.</p>
<p><code class="varname">DIST_SUBDIR</code> is also used when a distfile's
    name does not contain a version and the distfile is apt to change. In
    cases where the likelihood of this is very small,
    <code class="varname">DIST_SUBDIR</code> might not be required. Additionally,
    <code class="varname">DIST_SUBDIR</code> must not be removed unless the
    distfile name changes, even if a package is being moved or
    renamed.</p>
<p>Do not forget regenerating the <code class="filename">distinfo</code> file
    after that, since it contains the <code class="varname">DIST_SUBDIR</code>
    path in the filenames.
    Also, increase the PKGREVISION if the installed package is different.
    Furthermore, a mail to the package's authors seems appropriate
    telling them that changing distfiles after releases without
    changing the file names is not good practice.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="build.fetch.github"></a>21.2.3. Packages hosted on github.com</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Helper methods exist for packages hosted on github.com which
    will often have distfile names that clash with other packages, for
    example <code class="filename">1.0.tar.gz</code>. Use one of the three recipes
    from below:</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="build.fetch.github.tag"></a>21.2.3.1. Fetch based on a tagged release</h4></div></div></div>
<p>If your distfile URL looks similar to
      <code class="literal">https://github.com/username/example/archive/v1.0.zip</code>,
      then you are packaging a tagged release.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTNAME=       example-1.0
MASTER_SITES=   ${MASTER_SITE_GITHUB:=username/}
#GITHUB_PROJECT= example    # can be omitted if same as DISTNAME
GITHUB_TAG=     v${PKGVERSION_NOREV}
EXTRACT_SUFX=   .zip
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="build.fetch.github.commit.prerelease"></a>21.2.3.2. Fetch based on a specific commit before the first release</h4></div></div></div>
<p>If your distfile looks similar to
      <code class="literal">https://github.com/username/example/archive/988881adc9fc3655077dc2d4d757d480b5ea0e11</code> and is from a commit before the first
      release, then set the package version to 0.0.0.N, where N is the number
      of commits to the repository, and set GITHUB_TAG to the commit hash.
      This will (almost) ensure that the first tagged release will have a
      version greater than this one so that package upgrades will function
      properly.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTNAME=       example-0.0.0.347
MASTER_SITES=   ${MASTER_SITE_GITHUB:=username/}
#GITHUB_PROJECT= example    # can be omitted if same as DISTNAME
GITHUB_TAG=     988881adc9fc3655077dc2d4d757d480b5ea0e11
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="build.fetch.github.commit.postrelease"></a>21.2.3.3. Fetch based on a specific commit after a release</h4></div></div></div>
<p>If your distfile looks similar to
      <code class="literal">https://github.com/username/example/archive/988881adc9fc3655077dc2d4d757d480b5ea0e11</code> and is from a commit after a release,
      then include the last release version and the commit count since that
      release in the package version and set GITHUB_TAG to the commit hash.
      The latest release and commit count are shown in the output of
      "git describe --tags":
      </p>
<pre class="screen">
# git clone https://github.com/username/example
# cd example
# git describe --tags
1.2.3-5-g988881a
</pre>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTNAME=       example-1.2.3.5
MASTER_SITES=   ${MASTER_SITE_GITHUB:=username/}
#GITHUB_PROJECT= example    # can be omitted if same as DISTNAME
GITHUB_TAG=     988881adc9fc3655077dc2d4d757d480b5ea0e11
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="build.fetch.github.release"></a>21.2.3.4. Fetch based on release</h4></div></div></div>
<p>If your distfile URL looks similar to
      <code class="literal">https://github.com/username/example/releases/download/rel-1.6/offensive-1.6.zip</code>,
      then you are packaging a release.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTNAME=       offensive-1.6
PKGNAME=        ${DISTNAME:S/offensive/proper/}
MASTER_SITES=   ${MASTER_SITE_GITHUB:=username/}
GITHUB_PROJECT= example
GITHUB_RELEASE= rel-${PKGVERSION_NOREV} # usually just set this to ${DISTNAME}
EXTRACT_SUFX=   .zip
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fixes.configure"></a>21.3. The <span class="emphasis"><em>configure</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="fixes.libtool"></a>21.3.1. Shared libraries - libtool</h3></div></div></div>
<p>pkgsrc supports many different machines, with different
    object formats like a.out and ELF, and varying abilities to do
    shared library and dynamic loading at all. To accompany this,
    varying commands and options have to be passed to the
    compiler, linker, etc. to get the Right Thing, which can be
    pretty annoying especially if you don't have all the machines
    at your hand to test things.  The
    <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/devel/libtool/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">devel/libtool</code></a> pkg
    can help here, as it just <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">knows</span>&#8221;</span> how to build
    both static and dynamic libraries from a set of source files,
    thus being platform-independent.</p>
<p>Here's how to use libtool in a package in seven simple
    steps:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Add <code class="varname">USE_LIBTOOL=yes</code> to the package
	Makefile.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>For library objects, use <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${LIBTOOL} --mode=compile
	${CC}</span>&#8221;</span> in place of <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${CC}</span>&#8221;</span>. You could even
	add it to the definition of <code class="varname">CC</code>, if only
	libraries are being built in a given Makefile. This one command
	will build both PIC and non-PIC library objects, so you need not
	have separate shared and non-shared library rules.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>For the linking of the library, remove any
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">ar</span>&#8221;</span>, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">ranlib</span>&#8221;</span>, and <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">ld
	-Bshareable</span>&#8221;</span> commands, and instead use:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
${LIBTOOL} --mode=link \
    ${CC} -o ${.TARGET:.a=.la} \
        ${OBJS:.o=.lo} \
        -rpath ${PREFIX}/lib \
        -version-info major:minor
</pre>
<p>Note that the library is changed to have a
	<code class="filename">.la</code> extension, and the objects are
	changed to have a <code class="filename">.lo</code>
	extension. Change <code class="varname">OBJS</code> as
	necessary. This automatically creates all of the
	<code class="filename">.a</code>,
	<code class="filename">.so.major.minor</code>, and ELF symlinks (if
	necessary) in the build directory. Be sure to include
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-version-info</span>&#8221;</span>, especially when major and
	minor are zero, as libtool will otherwise strip off the
	shared library version.</p>
<p>From the libtool manual:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
So, libtool library versions are described by three integers:

CURRENT
The most recent interface number that this library implements.

REVISION
The implementation number of the CURRENT interface.

AGE
The difference between the newest and oldest interfaces that
this library implements.  In other words, the library implements
all the interface numbers in the range from number `CURRENT -
AGE' to `CURRENT'.

If two libraries have identical CURRENT and AGE numbers, then the
dynamic linker chooses the library with the greater REVISION number.
</pre>
<p>The <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-release</span>&#8221;</span> option will produce
	different results for a.out and ELF (excluding symlinks)
	in only one case. An ELF library of the form
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">libfoo-release.so.<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>.<span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span></span>&#8221;</span>
	will have a symlink of
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">libfoo.so.<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>.<span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span></span>&#8221;</span>
	on an a.out platform. This is handled
	automatically.</p>
<p>The <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-rpath argument</span>&#8221;</span> is the install
	directory of the library being built.</p>
<p>In the <code class="filename">PLIST</code>, include only the
	<code class="filename">.la</code> file, the other files will be
	added automatically.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>When linking shared object (<code class="filename">.so</code>)
	files, i.e. files that are loaded via <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/dlopen.3"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dlopen</span>(3)</span></a>, NOT
	shared libraries, use <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-module
	-avoid-version</span>&#8221;</span> to prevent them getting version
	tacked on.</p>
<p>The <code class="filename">PLIST</code> file gets the
	<code class="filename">foo.so</code> entry.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>When linking programs that depend on these libraries
	<span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> they are installed, preface
	the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/cc.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">cc</span>(1)</span></a> or <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/ld.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">ld</span>(1)</span></a> line with <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${LIBTOOL}
	--mode=link</span>&#8221;</span>, and it will find the correct
	libraries (static or shared), but please be aware that
	libtool will not allow you to specify a relative path in
	-L (such as <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">-L../somelib</span>&#8221;</span>), because it
	expects you to change that argument to be the
	<code class="filename">.la</code> file. e.g.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
${LIBTOOL} --mode=link ${CC} -o someprog -L../somelib -lsomelib
</pre>
<p>should be changed to:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
${LIBTOOL} --mode=link ${CC} -o <em class="replaceable"><code>someprog</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>../somelib/somelib.la</code></em>
</pre>
<p>and it will do the right thing with the libraries.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>When installing libraries, preface the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/install.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">install</span>(1)</span></a>
	or <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/cp.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">cp</span>(1)</span></a> command with <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">${LIBTOOL}
	--mode=install</span>&#8221;</span>, and change the library name to
	<code class="filename">.la</code>. e.g.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
${LIBTOOL} --mode=install ${BSD_INSTALL_LIB} ${SOMELIB:.a=.la} ${PREFIX}/lib
</pre>
<p>This will install the static <code class="filename">.a</code>,
	shared library, any needed symlinks, and run
	<a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/ldconfig.8"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">ldconfig</span>(8)</span></a>.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>In your <code class="filename">PLIST</code>, include only
	the <code class="filename">.la</code>
	file (this is a change from previous behaviour).</p></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="using-libtool"></a>21.3.2. Using libtool on GNU packages that already support libtool</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Add <code class="varname">USE_LIBTOOL=yes</code> to the
    package Makefile. This will override the package's own libtool
    in most cases.  For older libtool using packages,  libtool is
    made by ltconfig script during the do-configure step; you can
    check the libtool script location by doing <span class="command"><strong>make
    configure; find work*/ -name libtool</strong></span>.</p>
<p><code class="varname">LIBTOOL_OVERRIDE</code> specifies which libtool
    scripts, relative to <code class="varname">WRKSRC</code>, to override.  By
    default, it is set to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">libtool */libtool
    */*/libtool</span>&#8221;</span>.  If this does not match the location of the
    package's libtool script(s), set it as appropriate.</p>
<p>If you do not need <code class="filename">*.a</code> static
    libraries built and installed, then use
    <code class="varname">SHLIBTOOL_OVERRIDE</code> instead.</p>
<p>If your package makes use of the platform-independent library
    for loading dynamic shared objects, that comes with libtool
    (libltdl), you should include devel/libltdl/buildlink3.mk.</p>
<p>Some packages use libtool incorrectly so that the package
    may not work or build in some circumstances. Some of the more
    common errors are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<p>The inclusion of a shared object (-module) as a dependent library in an
	executable or library. This in itself isn't a problem if one of two things
	has been done:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>The shared object is named correctly, i.e.
	    <code class="filename">libfoo.la</code>, not
	    <code class="filename">foo.la</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The -dlopen option is used when linking an executable.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The use of libltdl without the correct calls to initialisation routines.
	The function lt_dlinit() should be called and the macro
	<code class="varname">LTDL_SET_PRELOADED_SYMBOLS</code> included in
	executables.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="autoconf-automake"></a>21.3.3. GNU Autoconf/Automake</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package needs GNU autoconf or automake to be executed
    to regenerate the
    <code class="filename">configure</code>
    script and <code class="filename">Makefile.in</code> makefile
    templates from <code class="filename">configure.ac</code> and
    <code class="filename">Makefile.am</code>,
    then they should be executed in a pre-configure target:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
USE_TOOLS+=	autoconf automake autoreconf
GNU_CONFIGURE=	yes
...

pre-configure:
        set -e; cd ${WRKSRC} &amp;&amp; autoreconf -fi
...
</pre>
<p>Packages which use GNU Automake will sometimes
    require GNU Make (<code class="literal">gmake</code> in
    <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code>),
    but not always.  Note that autoreconf
    only needs to be executed if <code class="filename">configure.ac</code>
    or Makefiles are modified, or <code class="filename">configure</code>
    is not present.</p>
<p>There are times when the configure process makes
    additional changes to the generated files, which then causes
    the build process to try to re-execute the automake sequence.
    This is prevented by touching various files in the configure
    stage. If this causes problems with your package you can set
    <code class="varname">AUTOMAKE_OVERRIDE=NO</code> in the package
    Makefile.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="meson"></a>21.3.4. Meson / ninja</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Packages using Meson to configure need to include:

</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.include "../../devel/meson/build.mk"
</pre>
<p>In nearly all cases (any program with dependencies),
    pkg-config needs to be added to
    <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code>.  If the package installs
    translation files for non-English languages, also
    add msgfmt and xgettext:

</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
USE_TOOLS+=	pkg-config msgfmt xgettext
</pre>
<p>If any options need to be passed to Meson, use
    <code class="varname">MESON_ARGS</code> instead of
    <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ARGS</code>:

</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MESON_ARGS+=	-Dx11=false
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="programming-languages"></a>21.4. Programming languages</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="basic-programming-languages"></a>21.4.1. C, C++, and Fortran</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Compilers for the C and C++ languages comes with
    the NetBSD base system.  By default, pkgsrc assumes that a package
    is written in C and will hide all other compilers (via the wrapper
    framework, see <a class="xref" href="#buildlink" title="Chapter 18. Buildlink methodology">Chapter 18, <i>Buildlink methodology</i></a>).</p>
<p>To declare which language's compiler a package needs, set
    the <code class="varname">USE_LANGUAGES</code> variable. Allowed values
    currently are:
    </p>
<pre class="programlisting">
	c99, c++, c++03, gnu++03, c++0x, gnu++0x, c++11, gnu++11,
	c++14, gnu++14, c++17, gnu++17, c++20, gnu++20, fortran,
	fortran77, java, objc, obj-c++, and ada.
    </pre>
<p>
    (and any combination).  The default is
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">c</span>&#8221;</span>.  Packages using GNU configure scripts, even if
    written in C++, usually need a C compiler for the configure
    phase.</p>
<p>To express a general requirement on a specific C or C++
    version, normally only <code class="varname">GCC_REQD</code> needs to be set.
    For example, GCC 7 includes support for C++17, so if the package uses
    C++17 it should specify:

    </p>
<pre class="programlisting">
	GCC_REQD+=	7
    </pre>
<p>Language variants like <code class="literal">c++11</code> for
    <code class="varname">USE_LANGUAGES</code> should only be specified
    if the package does not explicitly set <code class="literal">-std=...</code>
    when compiling (i.e. the package assumes the compiler defaults to
    C++11 or some other standard).  This is usually a bug in the
    upstream build system.</p>
<p>GCC version 5 includes support for C++14, while GCC 4.7 includes
    more-or-less complete support for C++11.  For more information, consult
    <a class="ulink" href="https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx-status.html" target="_top">GCC's own documentation on programming language support.</a></p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="java-programming-language"></a>21.4.2. Java</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a program is written in Java, use the Java framework in
    pkgsrc.  The package must include
    <code class="filename">../../mk/java-vm.mk</code>.  This Makefile fragment
    provides the following variables:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">USE_JAVA</code> defines if a build
      dependency on the JDK is added.  If
      <code class="varname">USE_JAVA</code> is set to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">run</span>&#8221;</span>, then
      there is only a runtime dependency on the JDK.  The default is
      <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>, which also adds a build dependency on the
      JDK.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Set <code class="varname">USE_JAVA2</code> to declare that
      a package needs a Java2 implementation.  The supported values
      are <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">1.4</span>&#8221;</span>, and
      <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">1.5</span>&#8221;</span>.  <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span> accepts any Java2
      implementation, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">1.4</span>&#8221;</span> insists on versions 1.4 or
      above, and <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">1.5</span>&#8221;</span> only accepts versions 1.5 or
      above. This variable is not set by default.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_JAVA_HOME</code> is
      automatically set to the runtime location of the used Java
      implementation dependency. It may be used to set
      <code class="varname">JAVA_HOME</code> to a good value if the program
      needs this variable to be defined.
      </p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="go-programming-language"></a>21.4.3. Go</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a program is written in Go and has any dependencies on
    other Go modules, have the package include
    <code class="filename">../../lang/go/go-module.mk</code>.</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Generate a list of those dependencies with
      <span class="command"><strong>make clean &amp;&amp; make patch &amp;&amp; make show-go-modules &gt;
      go-modules.mk</strong></span>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Prepend
      <code class="literal">.include "go-modules.mk"</code> to any other
      <code class="literal">.include</code>s.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Incorporate these modules in
      <code class="filename">distinfo</code> with <span class="command"><strong>make
      makesum</strong></span>.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="rust-programming-language"></a>21.4.4. Rust</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a program is written in Rust and uses Cargo to build,
    have the package include
    <code class="filename">../../lang/rust/cargo.mk</code>.</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Generate a list of those dependencies with
      <span class="command"><strong>make CARGO_ARGS="build --release" build &amp;&amp;
      make print-cargo-depends &gt; cargo-depends.mk</strong></span>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Prepend
      <code class="literal">.include "cargo-depends.mk"</code> to any other
      <code class="literal">.include</code>s.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Incorporate these modules in
      <code class="filename">distinfo</code> with <span class="command"><strong>make
      makesum</strong></span>.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="perl-scripts"></a>21.4.5. Packages containing Perl scripts</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If your package contains interpreted Perl scripts, add
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">perl</span>&#8221;</span> to the <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code> variable
    and set <code class="varname">REPLACE_PERL</code> to ensure that the proper
    interpreter path is set. <code class="varname">REPLACE_PERL</code> should
    contain a list of scripts, relative to <code class="varname">WRKSRC</code>,
    that you want adjusted. Every occurrence of
    <code class="filename">*/bin/perl</code> in a she-bang line will be
    replaced with the full path to the Perl executable.</p>
<p>If a particular version of Perl is needed, set the
    <code class="varname">PERL5_REQD</code> variable to the version number.  The
    default is <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">5.0</span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
<p>See <a class="xref" href="#perl-modules" title="21.6.6. Packages installing Perl modules">Section 21.6.6, &#8220;Packages installing Perl modules&#8221;</a> for information
    about handling Perl modules.</p>
<p>There is also the <code class="varname">REPLACE_PERL6</code> variable
    for the language now known as Raku.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="shell-scripts"></a>21.4.6. Packages containing shell scripts</h3></div></div></div>
<p><code class="varname">REPLACE_SH</code>,
    <code class="varname">REPLACE_BASH</code>, <code class="varname">REPLACE_CSH</code>,
    and <code class="varname">REPLACE_KSH</code> can be used to replace shell
    she-bangs in files. Please use the appropriate one, preferring
    <code class="varname">REPLACE_SH</code> when this shell is sufficient.
    Each should contain a list of scripts, relative to
    <code class="varname">WRKSRC</code>, that you want adjusted. Every
    occurrence of the matching shell in a she-bang line will be
    replaced with the full path to the shell executable.
    When using <code class="varname">REPLACE_BASH</code>, don't forget to add
    <code class="filename">bash</code> to <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="other-programming-languages"></a>21.4.7. Other programming languages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>There are further similar REPLACE variables available, e.g.,
    <code class="varname">REPLACE_AWK</code> for packages containing awk scripts,
    and <code class="varname">REPLACE_R</code> for R. These two, like the others
    noted above, have their actions defined centrally in
    <code class="filename">mk/configure/replace-interpreter.mk</code>. Other
    languages define the actions of these variables within their own
    dedicated part of the tree, e.g., <code class="varname">REPLACE_PHP</code> is
    actioned in <code class="filename">lang/php/phpversion.mk</code>, and
    <code class="varname">REPLACE_PYTHON</code> is actioned in
    <code class="filename">lang/python/application.mk</code>. For other languages,
    consult the mk files found within their specific directories (the
    naming convention varies), or check the list found in
    <a class="xref" href="#help-topics" title="Appendix E. Help topics">Appendix E, <i>Help topics</i></a>.</p>
<p>Currently, special handling for other languages varies
    in pkgsrc.  If a compiler package provides a
    <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file, include that, otherwise
    just add a (build) dependency on the appropriate compiler
    package.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fixes.build"></a>21.5. The <span class="emphasis"><em>build</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The most common failures when building a package are that
	some platforms do not provide certain header files, functions or
	libraries, or they provide the functions in a library that the
	original package author didn't know. To work around this, you
	can rewrite the source code in most cases so that it does not
	use the missing functions or provides a replacement function.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.cpp"></a>21.5.1. Compiling C and C++ code conditionally</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package already comes with a GNU configure script, the
	preferred way to fix the build failure is to change the
	configure script, not the code. In the other cases, you can
	utilize the C preprocessor, which defines certain macros
	depending on the operating system and hardware architecture it
	compiles for. These macros can be queried using for example
	<code class="varname">#if defined(__i386)</code>. Almost every operating
	system, hardware architecture and compiler has its own macro.
	For example, if the macros <code class="varname">__GNUC__</code>,
	<code class="varname">__i386__</code> and <code class="varname">__NetBSD__</code>
	are all defined, you know that you are using NetBSD on an i386
	compatible CPU, and your compiler is GCC.</p>
<p>The list of the following macros for hardware and
	operating system depends on the compiler that is used. For
	example, if you want to conditionally compile code on Solaris,
	don't use <code class="varname">__sun__</code>, as the SunPro compiler
	does not define it. Use <code class="varname">__sun</code> instead.</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.cpp.os"></a>21.5.1.1. C preprocessor macros to identify the operating system</h4></div></div></div>
<p>To distinguish between specific NetBSD versions,
        you should use the following code.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
#ifdef __NetBSD__
#include &lt;sys/param.h&gt;
#if __NetBSD_Prereq__(9,99,17)
/* use a newer feature */
#else
/* older code */
#endif
#endif

#ifndef _WIN32
/* Unix-like specific code */
#endif
</pre>
<p>To distinguish between 4.4 BSD-derived systems and the
        rest of the world, you should use the following code.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;sys/param.h&gt;
#if (defined(BSD) &amp;&amp; BSD &gt;= 199306)
/* BSD-specific code goes here */
#else
/* non-BSD-specific code goes here */
#endif
</pre>
<p>You can also test for the following macros:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Cygwin      __CYGWIN__
DragonFly   __DragonFly__
FreeBSD     __FreeBSD__
Haiku       __HAIKU__
Interix     __INTERIX
IRIX        __sgi (TODO: get a definite source for this)
Linux       __linux
Mac OS X    __APPLE__
MirBSD      __MirBSD__ (__OpenBSD__ is also defined)
Minix3      __minix
NetBSD      __NetBSD__
OpenBSD     __OpenBSD__
Solaris     sun, __sun
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.cpp.arch"></a>21.5.1.2. C preprocessor macros to identify the hardware architecture</h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
i386        i386, __i386, __i386__
x86-64      __amd64__, __x86_64__
ARM         __arm__
MIPS        __mips
SPARC       sparc, __sparc
PowerPC     __powerpc
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.cpp.compiler"></a>21.5.1.3. C preprocessor macros to identify the compiler</h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
GCC         __GNUC__ (major version), __GNUC_MINOR__
MIPSpro     _COMPILER_VERSION (0x741 for MIPSpro 7.41)
SunPro      __SUNPRO_C (0x570 for Sun C 5.7)
SunPro C++  __SUNPRO_CC (0x580 for Sun C++ 5.8)
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="compiler-bugs"></a>21.5.2. How to handle compiler bugs</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Some source files trigger bugs in the compiler, based on
        combinations of compiler version and architecture and almost
        always relation to optimisation being enabled.  Common symptoms
        are gcc internal errors or never finishing compiling a
	file.</p>
<p>Typically, a workaround involves testing the
        <code class="varname">MACHINE_ARCH</code> and compiler version, disabling
        optimisation for that combination of file,
	<code class="varname">MACHINE_ARCH</code> and compiler.</p>
<p>This used to be a big problem in the past, but is rarely
	needed now as compiler technology has matured. If you still need
	to add a compiler specific workaround, please do so in the file
	<code class="filename">hacks.mk</code> and describe the symptom and
	compiler version as detailed as possible.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.header"></a>21.5.3. No such file or directory</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Compilation sometimes fails with an error message like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
.../x11/gtk3/work/gtk+-3.24.12/gdk/gdktypes.h:35:10:
    fatal error: pango/pango.h: No such file or directory
</pre>
<p>The proper way to fix this problem depends on the type of the
header, which is described in the following sections.</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.header.bl3"></a>21.5.3.1. Headers from other packages</h4></div></div></div>
<p>If the header name looks like it comes from a different package,
that other package should be included via the buildlink3
framework.</p>
<p>First, look whether the header is somewhere in the buildlink3
directory below <code class="varname">WRKDIR</code>. In the above case of
the missing Pango header:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> find work/.buildlink/ -print | grep -F pango/pango.h
</pre>
<p>In the case of Pango, the output is:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
work/.buildlink/include/pango-1.0/pango/pango.h
</pre>
<p>If the <code class="filename">pango/pango.h</code> file were placed directly
in the <code class="filename">.buildlink</code> directory, it would have been
found automatically. There is an extra <code class="filename">pango-1.0</code>
path component though, which means that the compiler command line must
contain an option of the form
<code class="literal">-I${BUILDLINK3_PREFIX.pango}/include/pango-1.0</code>. In
most cases this option is generated by the configure script, which can be examined using:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> $ grep -o '[-]I[^[:space:]]*/pango[^[:space:]]*' work/*/Makefile
-I/usr/pkg/include/pango-1.0
-I/usr/pkg/include/pango-1.0
-I/usr/pkg/include/pango-1.0
-I/usr/pkg/include/pango-1.0
-I/usr/pkg/include/pango-1.0
</pre>
<p>This looks good. These options are transformed by the buildlink
wrapper to refer to the correct path inside
<code class="filename">work/.buildlink</code>.</p>
<p>Since the compilation fails though, examine the compiler command
lines in <code class="filename">work/.work.log</code> to see whether the
<code class="literal">-I</code> option is included in the particular command
line.</p>
<p>To further analyze the situation, run <span class="command"><strong>bmake
build-env</strong></span>, which sets up an interactive, realistic environment
including all the pkgsrc wrapper commands and environment variables. From
there, try to compile some simple example programs that use the
header.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.header.gen"></a>21.5.3.2. Headers generated during the build</h4></div></div></div>
<p>If the name of the header seems to come from the package itself,
and if the build is run with parallel jobs, the package may have some
undeclared dependencies between the <code class="filename">.c</code> and the
<code class="filename">.h</code> files, and a C file is compiled before its
required header is generated.</p>
<p>To see whether the build runs with parallel jobs, run
<span class="command"><strong>bmake show-all-build | grep JOBS</strong></span>. Its output looks
like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
  usr   MAKE_JOBS=              7
  pkg   MAKE_JOBS_SAFE          # undefined
  def   _MAKE_JOBS_N=           7
</pre>
<p>In this case the pkgsrc user has asked pkgsrc to build packages
with 7 jobs in parallel (<code class="varname">MAKE_JOBS</code>). The
package could have disabled parallel builds by setting
<code class="varname">MAKE_JOBS_SAFE</code> to <code class="literal">no</code>, but
in this case it hasn't.</p>
<p>To see whether the build failure is caused by parallel builds,
first save the exact error message and a bit of context, maybe you need
it later for reporting a bug. Next, run:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MAKE_JOBS_SAFE=no bmake clean build
</pre>
<p>If that succeeds, <a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/cgi-bin/sendpr.cgi?gndb=netbsd" target="_top">file a bug
report</a> against the pkgsrc package, including the exact error
message and the contents of your <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> file.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.header.symlink"></a>21.5.3.3. Symlinks</h4></div></div></div>
<p>Pkgsrc does not work reliably if any of
<code class="varname">LOCALBASE</code>, <code class="varname">VARBASE</code> or
<code class="varname">WRKDIR</code> contains a symlink. Since 2019Q2, the pkgsrc
bootstrap program prevents installing pkgsrc in symlink-based
directories. Existing pkgsrc installations are not checked for symlinks
though.</p>
<p>The "No such file or directory" error messages are a typical
symptom of symlinks, and it's quite difficult to find out that this is
the actual cause.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.header.stale"></a>21.5.3.4. Stale working directories</h4></div></div></div>
<p>When building a hierarchy of packages, it may happen that one
package is built and then pkgsrc is updated. This situation can provoke
various hard to diagnose build errors. To clean up the situation:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> (cd ../../ &amp;&amp; cat mk/bsd.pkg.mk &gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp; rm -rf */*/work)
</pre>
<p>(The only purpose of the <code class="filename">bsd.pkg.mk</code> is to
prevent running this command in the wrong directory.)</p>
<p>If you have set <code class="varname">WRKOBJDIR</code> in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>, remove
that directory as well.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="fixes.build.header.misc"></a>21.5.3.5. Other possible reasons</h4></div></div></div>
<p>On platforms other than BSD, third-party packages are installed in
<code class="filename">/usr/include</code>, together with the base system. This
means that pkgsrc cannot distinguish between headers provided by the base
system (which it needs) and headers from third-party packages (which are
often included in pkgsrc as well). This can lead to subtle version
mismatches.</p>
<p>In pkgsrc installations that have been active for several years, it
may happen that some files are manually deleted. To exclude this unlikely
reason, run <span class="command"><strong>pkg_admin check</strong></span>.</p>
<p>It may help to run <span class="command"><strong>pkg_admin rebuild-tree</strong></span> to
check/fix dependencies.</p>
<p>If all of the above doesn't help, see <a class="xref" href="#help-user" title="Chapter 2. Getting help">Chapter 2, <i>Getting help</i></a>
for contact information. Be prepared to describe what you have tried so
far and what any error messages were.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="undefined-reference"></a>21.5.4. Undefined reference to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">...</span>&#8221;</span>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>This error message often means that a package did not
	link to a shared library it needs. The following functions are
	known to cause this error message over and over.</p>
<div class="informaltable">
<a name="undefined-reference-functions"></a><table class="informaltable" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>Function</th>
<th>Library</th>
<th>Affected platforms</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>accept, bind, connect</td>
<td>-lsocket</td>
<td>Solaris</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>crypt</td>
<td>-lcrypt</td>
<td>DragonFly, NetBSD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dlopen, dlsym</td>
<td>-ldl</td>
<td>Linux</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gethost*</td>
<td>-lnsl</td>
<td>Solaris</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>inet_aton</td>
<td>-lresolv</td>
<td>Solaris</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>nanosleep, sem_*, timer_*</td>
<td>-lrt</td>
<td>Solaris</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>openpty</td>
<td>-lutil</td>
<td>Linux</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>To fix these linker errors, it is often sufficient to add
    <code class="literal">LIBS.<em class="replaceable"><code>OperatingSystem</code></em>+=
    -l<em class="replaceable"><code>foo</code></em></code> to the package
    <code class="filename">Makefile</code> and then run <span class="command"><strong>bmake clean;
    bmake</strong></span>.</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="undefined-reference-sunpro"></a>21.5.4.1. The SunPro compiler and inline functions</h4></div></div></div>
<p>When you are using the SunPro compiler, there is another
possibility. That compiler cannot handle the following code:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
extern int extern_func(int);

static inline int
inline_func(int x)
{
        return extern_func(x);
}

int main(void)
{
        return 0;
}
</pre>
<p>It generates the code for <code class="function">inline_func</code> even if
that function is never used. This code then refers to
<code class="function">extern_func</code>, which can usually not be resolved. To
solve this problem you can try to tell the package to disable inlining
of functions.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="undefined-reference-atomic"></a>21.5.4.2. Missing atomic functions</h4></div></div></div>
<p>When building for older machine architectures (e.g., i386, PowerPC),
  builds may fail because the package expects modern 64-bit atomic functions
  which the underlying hardware either doesn't support, or will only support
  with specific compiler flags. This is generally handled via inclusion of
  mk/atomic64.mk.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="out-of-memory"></a>21.5.5. Running out of memory</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Sometimes packages fail to build because the compiler runs
    into an operating system specific soft limit.  With the
    <code class="varname">UNLIMIT_RESOURCES</code> variable pkgsrc can be told
    to unlimit the resources.  The allowed values are any combination of
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">cputime</span>&#8221;</span>,
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">datasize</span>&#8221;</span>,
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">memorysize</span>&#8221;</span>,
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">stacksize</span>&#8221;</span> and
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">virtualsize</span>&#8221;</span>.
    Setting this variable is similar to running the shell builtin
    <span class="command"><strong>ulimit</strong></span> command to raise the maximum data
    segment size or maximum stack size of a process, respectively, to
    their hard limits.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fixes.install"></a>21.6. The <span class="emphasis"><em>install</em></span> phase</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="install-scripts"></a>21.6.1. Creating needed directories</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The BSD-compatible <span class="command"><strong>install</strong></span> supplied
    with some operating systems cannot create more than one
    directory at a time. As such, you should call
    <code class="literal">${INSTALL_*_DIR}</code> like this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
${INSTALL_DATA_DIR} ${PREFIX}/dir1
${INSTALL_DATA_DIR} ${PREFIX}/dir2
</pre>
<p>Instead of running the <span class="command"><strong>install</strong></span> commands
    directly, you can also append <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="literal">dir1
    dir2</code></span>&#8221;</span> to the <code class="varname">INSTALLATION_DIRS</code>
    variable, which will automatically do the right thing.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="where-to-install-documentation"></a>21.6.2. Where to install documentation</h3></div></div></div>
<p>In general, documentation should be installed into
    <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/doc/${PKGBASE}</code> or
    <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/doc/${PKGNAME_NOREV}</code> (the latter
    includes the version number of the package).</p>
<p>Many modern packages using GNU autoconf allow to set the
    directory where HTML documentation is installed with the
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">--with-html-dir</span>&#8221;</span> option. Sometimes using this flag is
    needed because otherwise the documentation ends up in
    <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/doc/html</code> or other places. In
    pkgsrc, the HTML documentation should go into the package-specific
    directory, just like any other documentation.</p>
<p>An exception to the above is that library API documentation
    generated with the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/textproc/gtk-doc/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">textproc/gtk-doc</code></a> tools, for use by special
    browsers (devhelp) should be left at their default location, which
    is <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/gtk-doc</code>.  Such
    documentation can be recognized from files ending in
    <code class="filename">.devhelp</code> or <code class="filename">.devhelp2</code>.
    (It is also acceptable to install such files in
    <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/doc/${PKGBASE}</code> or
    <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/doc/${PKGNAME}</code>; the
    <code class="filename">.devhelp*</code> file must be directly in that
    directory then, no additional subdirectory level is allowed in
    this case. This is usually achieved by using
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">--with-html-dir=${PREFIX}/share/doc</span>&#8221;</span>.
    <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/gtk-doc</code> is preferred
    though.)</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="installing-score-files"></a>21.6.3. Installing highscore files</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Certain packages, most of them in the games category, install
    a score file that allows all users on the system to record their
    highscores.  In order for this to work, the binaries need to be
    installed setgid and the score files owned by the appropriate
    group and/or owner (traditionally the "games" user/group).  Set
    <code class="varname">USE_GAMESGROUP</code> to yes to support this. The
    following variables, documented in more detail in
    <code class="filename">mk/defaults/mk.conf</code>, control this
    behaviour: <code class="varname">GAMEDATAMODE</code>,
    <code class="varname">GAMEDIRMODE</code>, <code class="varname">GAMES_GROUP</code>,
    <code class="varname">GAMEMODE</code>, <code class="varname">GAME_USER</code>.
    Other useful variables are: <code class="varname">GAMEDIR_PERMS</code>,
    <code class="varname">GAMEDATA_PERMS</code> and
    <code class="varname">SETGID_GAMES_PERMS</code>.</p>
<p>An example that illustrates some of the variables described above is
    <code class="filename">games/moon-buggy</code>. <code class="varname">OWN_DIRS_PERMS</code> is
    used to properly set directory permissions of the directory where the
    scorefile is saved, <code class="varname">REQD_FILES_PERMS</code> is used to create a
    dummy scorefile (<code class="filename">mbscore</code>) with the proper permissions
    and <code class="varname">SPECIAL_PERMS</code> is used to install setgid the game
    binary:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
USE_GAMESGROUP=         yes

BUILD_DEFS+=            VARBASE

OWN_DIRS_PERMS+=        ${VARBASE}/games/moon-buggy ${GAMEDIR_PERMS}
REQD_FILES_PERMS+=      /dev/null ${VARBASE}/games/moon-buggy/mbscore ${GAMEDATA_PERMS}
SPECIAL_PERMS+=         ${PREFIX}/bin/moon-buggy ${SETGID_GAMES_PERMS}
</pre>
<p>Various <code class="varname">INSTALL_*</code> variables are also available:
    <code class="varname">INSTALL_GAME</code> to install setgid game binaries,
    <code class="varname">INSTALL_GAME_DIR</code> to install game directories that are
    needed to be accessed by setgid games and
    <code class="varname">INSTALL_GAME_DATA</code> to install scorefiles.</p>
<p>A package should therefore never hard code file ownership or
    access permissions but rely on <code class="varname">*_PERMS</code> as described above
    or alternatively on <code class="varname">INSTALL_GAME</code>,
    <code class="varname">INSTALL_GAME_DATA</code> and
    <code class="varname">INSTALL_GAME_DIR</code> to set these correctly.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="destdir-support"></a>21.6.4. Adding DESTDIR support to packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p><code class="varname">DESTDIR</code> support means that a package
    installs into a staging directory, not the final location of the
    files. Then a binary package is created which can be used for
    installation as usual. There are two ways: Either the package must
    install as root (<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">destdir</span>&#8221;</span>) or the package can
    install as non-root user (<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">user-destdir</span>&#8221;</span>).</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">PKG_DESTDIR_SUPPORT</code> has to be
      set to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">destdir</span>&#8221;</span> or <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">user-destdir</span>&#8221;</span>.
      By default <code class="varname">PKG_DESTDIR_SUPPORT</code>
      is set to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">user-destdir</span>&#8221;</span> to help catching more
      potential packaging problems. If bsd.prefs.mk is included in the Makefile,
      <code class="varname">PKG_DESTDIR_SUPPORT</code> needs to be set before
      the inclusion.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>All installation operations have to be prefixed with
      <code class="filename">${DESTDIR}</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>automake gets this DESTDIR mostly right
      automatically. Many manual rules and pre/post-install often are
      incorrect; fix them.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>If files are installed with special owner/group
      use <code class="varname">SPECIAL_PERMS</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>In general, packages should support
      <code class="varname">UNPRIVILEGED</code> to be able to use
      DESTDIR.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardcoded-paths"></a>21.6.5. Packages with hardcoded paths to other interpreters</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Your package may also contain scripts with hardcoded paths to
      other interpreters besides (or as well as) Perl.  To correct the
      full pathname to the script interpreter, you need to set the
      following definitions in your <code class="filename">Makefile</code> (we
    shall use <span class="command"><strong>tclsh</strong></span> in this example):</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
REPLACE_INTERPRETER+=   tcl
REPLACE.tcl.old=        .*/bin/tclsh
REPLACE.tcl.new=        ${PREFIX}/bin/tclsh
REPLACE_FILES.tcl=      # list of tcl scripts which need to be fixed,
# relative to ${WRKSRC}, just as in REPLACE_PERL
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="perl-modules"></a>21.6.6. Packages installing Perl modules</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Makefiles of packages providing perl5 modules should include
    the Makefile fragment
    <code class="filename">../../lang/perl5/module.mk</code>.  It provides a
    <span class="command"><strong>do-configure</strong></span> target for the standard perl
    configuration for such modules as well as various hooks to tune
    this configuration.  See comments in this file for
    details.</p>
<p>Perl5 modules will install into different places depending
    on the version of perl used during the build process.  To
    address this, pkgsrc will append lines to the
    <code class="filename">PLIST</code> corresponding to the files listed in
    the installed <code class="filename">.packlist</code> file generated by
    most perl5 modules.  This is invoked by defining
    <code class="varname">PERL5_PACKLIST</code> to a space-separated list of
    packlist files relative to <code class="varname">PERL5_PACKLIST_DIR</code>
    (<code class="varname">PERL5_INSTALLVENDORARCH</code> by default),
    e.g.:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PERL5_PACKLIST= auto/Pg/.packlist
</pre>
<p>The perl5 config variables
    <code class="varname">installarchlib</code>,
    <code class="varname">installscript</code>,
    <code class="varname">installvendorbin</code>,
    <code class="varname">installvendorscript</code>,
    <code class="varname">installvendorarch</code>,
    <code class="varname">installvendorlib</code>,
    <code class="varname">installvendorman1dir</code>, and
    <code class="varname">installvendorman3dir</code> represent those
    locations in which components of perl5 modules may be installed,
    provided as variable with uppercase and prefixed with
    <code class="varname">PERL5_</code>, e.g. <code class="varname">PERL5_INSTALLARCHLIB</code>
    and may be used by perl5 packages that don't have a packlist.
    These variables are also substituted for in the
    <code class="filename">PLIST</code> as uppercase prefixed with
    <code class="varname">PERL5_SUB_</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="faq.info-files"></a>21.6.7. Packages installing info files</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Some packages install info files or use the
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">makeinfo</span>&#8221;</span>  or <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">install-info</span>&#8221;</span>
    commands.  <code class="varname">INFO_FILES</code> should be defined in
    the package Makefile so that <code class="filename">INSTALL</code> and
    <code class="filename">DEINSTALL</code> scripts will be generated to
    handle registration of the info files in the Info directory
    file. The <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">install-info</span>&#8221;</span> command used for the info
    files registration is either provided by the system, or by a
    special purpose package automatically added as dependency if
    needed.</p>
<p><code class="varname">PKGINFODIR</code> is the directory under
    <code class="filename">${PREFIX}</code> where info files are primarily
    located. <code class="varname">PKGINFODIR</code> defaults to
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">info</span>&#8221;</span> and can be overridden by the user.</p>
<p>The info files for the package should be listed in the
    package <code class="filename">PLIST</code>; however any split info files
    need not be listed.</p>
<p>A package which needs the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">makeinfo</span>&#8221;</span> command
    at build time must add <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">makeinfo</span>&#8221;</span> to
    <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code> in its Makefile. If a minimum
    version of the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">makeinfo</span>&#8221;</span> command is needed it
    should be noted with the <code class="varname">TEXINFO_REQD</code>
    variable in the package <code class="filename">Makefile</code>. By
    default, a minimum version of 3.12 is required. If the system
    does not provide a <span class="command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span> command or if it
    does not match the required minimum, a build dependency on the
    <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/devel/gtexinfo/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">devel/gtexinfo</code></a> package will
    be added automatically.</p>
<p>The build and installation process of the software provided
    by the package should not use the
    <span class="command"><strong>install-info</strong></span> command as the registration of
    info files is the task of the package
    <code class="filename">INSTALL</code> script, and it must use the
    appropriate <span class="command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span> command.</p>
<p>To achieve this goal, the pkgsrc infrastructure creates
    overriding scripts for the <span class="command"><strong>install-info</strong></span> and
    <span class="command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span> commands in a directory listed early
    in <code class="varname">PATH</code>.</p>
<p>The script overriding <span class="command"><strong>install-info</strong></span> has
    no effect except the logging of a message. The script overriding
    <span class="command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span> logs a message and according to the
    value of <code class="varname">TEXINFO_REQD</code> either runs the appropriate
    <span class="command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span> command or exit on error.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="manpages"></a>21.6.8. Packages installing man pages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>All packages that install manual pages should install them
    into the same directory, so that there is one common place to look
    for them. In pkgsrc, this place is
    <code class="literal">${PREFIX}/${PKGMANDIR}</code>, and this expression
    should be used in packages. The default for
    <code class="varname">PKGMANDIR</code> is
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="filename">man</code></span>&#8221;</span>. Another often-used value
    is <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="filename">share/man</code></span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The support for a custom <code class="varname">PKGMANDIR</code>
    is far from complete.</p>
</div>
<p>The <code class="filename">PLIST</code> files can just use
    <code class="filename">man/</code> as the top level directory for the man
    page file entries, and the pkgsrc framework will convert as
    needed. In all other places, the correct
    <code class="varname">PKGMANDIR</code> must be used.</p>
<p>Packages that are
    configured with <code class="varname">GNU_CONFIGURE</code> set as
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>, by default will use the
    <code class="filename">./configure</code>
    --mandir switch to set where the man pages should be installed.
    The path is <code class="varname">GNU_CONFIGURE_MANDIR</code> which defaults
    to <code class="varname">${PREFIX}/${PKGMANDIR}</code>.</p>
<p>Packages that use <code class="varname">GNU_CONFIGURE</code> but do not
    use --mandir, can set <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_HAS_MANDIR</code>
    to <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">no</span>&#8221;</span>.
    Or if the <code class="filename">./configure</code> script uses
    a non-standard use of --mandir, you can set
    <code class="varname">GNU_CONFIGURE_MANDIR</code> as needed.</p>
<p>See <a class="xref" href="#manpage-compression" title="19.5. Man page compression">Section 19.5, &#8220;Man page compression&#8221;</a> for
    information on installation of compressed manual pages.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="x11-fonts"></a>21.6.9. Packages installing X11 fonts</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package installs font files, you will need to rebuild
    the fonts database in the directory where they get installed at
    installation and deinstallation time.  This can be automatically
    done by using the pkginstall framework.</p>
<p>You can list the directories where fonts are installed in the
    <code class="varname">FONTS_DIRS.<em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></code>
    variables, where <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> can be one of
    <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">ttf</span>&#8221;</span>, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">type1</span>&#8221;</span> or <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">x11</span>&#8221;</span>.
    Also make sure that the database file
    <code class="filename">fonts.dir</code> is not listed in the PLIST.</p>
<p>Note that you should not create new directories for fonts;
    instead use the standard ones to avoid that the user needs to
    manually configure his X server to find them.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="sgml-xml-data"></a>21.6.10. Packages installing SGML or XML data</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package installs SGML or XML data files that need to be
    registered in system-wide catalogs (like DTDs, sub-catalogs,
    etc.), you need to take some extra steps:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Include
	<code class="filename">../../textproc/xmlcatmgr/catalogs.mk</code> in
	your <code class="filename">Makefile</code>, which takes care of
	registering those files in system-wide catalogs at
	installation and deinstallation time.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Set <code class="varname">SGML_CATALOGS</code> to the full path of
	any SGML catalogs installed by the package.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Set <code class="varname">XML_CATALOGS</code> to the full path of
	any XML catalogs installed by the package.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Set <code class="varname">SGML_ENTRIES</code> to individual entries
	to be added to the SGML catalog.  These come in groups of
	three strings; see xmlcatmgr(1) for more information
	(specifically, arguments recognized by the 'add' action).
	Note that you will normally not use this variable.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Set <code class="varname">XML_ENTRIES</code> to individual entries
	to be added to the XML catalog.  These come in groups of three
	strings; see xmlcatmgr(1) for more information (specifically,
	arguments recognized by the 'add' action).  Note that you will
	normally not use this variable.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="mime-database"></a>21.6.11. Packages installing extensions to the MIME database</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package provides extensions to the MIME database by
    installing <code class="filename">.xml</code> files inside
    <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/mime/packages</code>, you
    need to take some extra steps to ensure that the database is kept
    consistent with respect to these new files:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Include
	<code class="filename">../../databases/shared-mime-info/mimedb.mk</code>
	(avoid using the <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> file from
	this same directory, which is reserved for inclusion from
	other <code class="filename">buildlink3.mk</code> files).  It takes
	care of rebuilding the MIME database at installation and
	deinstallation time, and disallows any access to it directly
	from the package.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Check the PLIST and remove any entries under the
	<code class="filename">share/mime</code> directory,
	<span class="emphasis"><em>except</em></span> for files saved under
	<code class="filename">share/mime/packages</code>.  The former are
	handled automatically by
	the update-mime-database program, but the latter are
	package-dependent and must be removed by the package that
	installed them in the first place.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Remove any <code class="filename">share/mime/*</code> directories
	from the PLIST.  They will be handled by the shared-mime-info
	package.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="intltool"></a>21.6.12. Packages using intltool</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package uses intltool during its build, add
    <code class="literal">intltool</code> to the <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code>,
    which forces it to use the intltool package provided by pkgsrc,
    instead of the one bundled with the distribution file.</p>
<p>This tracks intltool's build-time dependencies and uses the
    latest available version; this way, the package benefits of any
    bug fixes that may have appeared since it was released.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="startup-scripts"></a>21.6.13. Packages installing startup scripts</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package contains a rc.d script, it won't be copied into
    the startup directory by default, but you can enable it, by adding
    the option <code class="varname">PKG_RCD_SCRIPTS=YES</code> in
    <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>. This option will copy the scripts
    into <code class="filename">/etc/rc.d</code> when a package is installed, and
    it will automatically remove the scripts when the package is
    deinstalled.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="tex-packages"></a>21.6.14. Packages installing TeX modules</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package installs TeX packages into the texmf tree,
    the <code class="filename">ls-R</code> database of the tree needs to be
    updated.</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>Except the main TeX packages such as kpathsea,
    packages should install files
    into <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/texmf-dist</code>,
    not <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/texmf</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Include
      <code class="filename">../../print/kpathsea/texmf.mk</code>.  This
      takes care of rebuilding the <code class="filename">ls-R</code>
      database at installation and deinstallation time.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>If your package installs files into a texmf
      tree other than the one
      at <code class="filename">${PREFIX}/share/texmf-dist</code>,
      set <code class="varname">TEX_TEXMF_DIRS</code> to the list of all texmf
      trees that need database update.</p>
<p>If your package also installs font map files that need
      to be registered using <span class="command"><strong>updmap</strong></span>,
      include <code class="filename">../../print/tex-tetex/map.mk</code> and
      set <code class="varname">TEX_MAP_FILES</code> and/or
      <code class="varname">TEX_MIXEDMAP_FILES</code> to the list of all
      such font map files.  Then <span class="command"><strong>updmap</strong></span> will
      be run automatically at installation/deinstallation to
      enable/disable font map files for TeX output
      drivers.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Make sure that none of <code class="filename">ls-R</code>
      databases are included in <code class="filename">PLIST</code>, as
      they will be removed only by the kpathsea package.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="emulation-packages"></a>21.6.15. Packages supporting running binaries in
    emulation</h3></div></div></div>
<p>There are some packages that provide libraries and
    executables for running binaries from a one operating system
    on a different one (if the latter supports it).  One example
    is running Linux binaries on NetBSD.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/rpm2pkg/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/rpm2pkg</code></a>
    helps in extracting and packaging Linux rpm packages.</p>
<p>The <code class="varname">CHECK_SHLIBS</code> can be set to no to
    avoid the <span class="command"><strong>check-shlibs</strong></span> target, which tests
    if all libraries for each installed executable can be found by
    the dynamic linker.  Since the standard dynamic linker is run,
    this fails for emulation packages, because the libraries used
    by the emulation are not in the standard directories.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hicolor-theme"></a>21.6.16. Packages installing hicolor icons</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package installs images under the
    <code class="filename">share/icons/hicolor</code> and/or updates the
    <code class="filename">share/icons/hicolor/icon-theme.cache</code>
    database, you need to take some extra steps to make sure that the
    shared theme directory is handled appropriately and that the cache
    database is rebuilt:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Include
	<code class="filename">../../graphics/hicolor-icon-theme/buildlink3.mk</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Check the <code class="filename">PLIST</code> and remove the
	entry that refers to the theme cache.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Ensure that the PLIST does not remove the shared icon
	  directories from the <code class="filename">share/icons/hicolor</code>
	  hierarchy because they will be handled automatically.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<p>The best way to verify that the PLIST is correct with
      respect to the last two points is to regenerate it using
      <span class="command"><strong>make print-PLIST</strong></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="desktop-files"></a>21.6.17. Packages installing desktop files</h3></div></div></div>
<p>If a package installs <code class="filename">.desktop</code> files
      under <code class="filename">share/applications</code> and these include
      MIME information (MimeType key), you need to take extra steps to
      ensure that they are registered into the MIME database:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Include
	  <code class="filename">../../sysutils/desktop-file-utils/desktopdb.mk</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Check the PLIST and remove the entry that refers to the
	  <code class="filename">share/applications/mimeinfo.cache</code> file.
	  It will be handled automatically.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<p>The best way to verify that the PLIST is correct with
      respect to the last point is to regenerate it using <span class="command"><strong>make
      print-PLIST</strong></span>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="punting"></a>21.7. Marking packages as having problems</h2></div></div></div>
<p>In some cases one does not have the time to solve a problem
  immediately. In this case, one can plainly mark a package as broken.  For
  this, one just sets the variable <code class="varname">BROKEN</code> to the
  reason why the package is broken (similar to the
  <code class="varname">PKG_FAIL_REASON</code> variable).  A user trying to build
  the package will immediately be shown this message, and the build
  will not be even tried.</p>
<p><code class="varname">BROKEN</code> packages are removed from pkgsrc in irregular
  intervals.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="gnome"></a>Chapter 22. GNOME packaging and porting</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#meta-packages">22.1. Meta packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#new-package">22.2. Packaging a GNOME application</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#full-update">22.3. Updating GNOME to a newer version</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#patching">22.4. Patching guidelines</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Quoting <a class="ulink" href="https://www.gnome.org/" target="_top">GNOME's web
site</a>:</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>The GNOME project provides two things: The GNOME desktop
  environment, an intuitive and attractive desktop for users, and the
  GNOME development platform, an extensive framework for building
  applications that integrate into the rest of the desktop.</p></blockquote></div>
<p>pkgsrc provides a seamless way to automatically build and install
a complete GNOME environment <span class="emphasis"><em>under many different
platforms</em></span>.  We can say with confidence that pkgsrc is one of
the most advanced build and packaging systems for GNOME due to its
included technologies buildlink3, the wrappers and tools framework and
automatic configuration file management.  Lots of efforts are put into
achieving a completely clean deinstallation of installed software
components.</p>
<p>Given that pkgsrc is <a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/" target="_top">NetBSD</a>'s official packaging system,
the above also means that great efforts are put into making GNOME work
under this operating system.</p>
<p>This chapter is aimed at pkgsrc developers and other people
interested in helping our GNOME porting and packaging efforts.  It
provides instructions on how to manage the existing packages and some
important information regarding their internals.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="meta-packages"></a>22.1. Meta packages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>pkgsrc includes three GNOME-related meta packages:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/gnome-base/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/gnome-base</code></a>: Provides
    the core GNOME desktop environment.  It only includes the necessary
    bits to get it to boot correctly, although it may lack important
    functionality for daily operation.  The idea behind this package is
    to let end users build their own configurations on top of this one,
    first installing this meta package to achieve a functional setup and
    then adding individual applications.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/gnome/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/gnome</code></a>: Provides a
    complete installation of the GNOME platform and desktop as defined
    by the GNOME project; this is based on the components distributed in
    the <code class="filename">platform/x.y/x.y.z/sources</code> and
    <code class="filename">desktop/x.y/x.y.z/sources</code> directories of the
    official FTP server.  Developer-only tools found in those
    directories are not installed unless required by some other
    component to work properly.  Similarly, packages from the bindings
    set (<code class="filename">bindings/x.y/x.y.z/sources</code>) are not pulled
    in unless required as a dependency for an end-user component.  This
    package "extends" <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/gnome-base/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/gnome-base</code></a>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/gnome-devel/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/gnome-devel</code></a>:
    Installs all the tools required to build a GNOME component when
    fetched from the CVS repository.  These are required to let the
    <span class="command"><strong>autogen.sh</strong></span> scripts work appropriately.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>In all these packages, the <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code> lines are
sorted in a way that eases updates: a package may depend on other
packages listed before it but not on any listed after it.  It is very
important to keep this order to ease updates so... <span class="emphasis"><em>do not
change it to alphabetical sorting!</em></span></p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="new-package"></a>22.2. Packaging a GNOME application</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Almost all GNOME applications are written in C and use a common
set of tools as their build system.  Things get different with the new
bindings to other languages (such as Python), but the following will
give you a general idea on the minimum required tools:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<p>Almost all GNOME applications use the GNU Autotools as their
    build system.  As a general rule you will need to tell this to your
    package:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
GNU_CONFIGURE=  yes
USE_LIBTOOL=    yes
USE_TOOLS+=     gmake
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>If the package uses pkg-config to detect dependencies, add this
    tool to the list of required utilities:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
USE_TOOLS+=     pkg-config
</pre>
<p>Also use <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/verifypc/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/verifypc</code></a> at
    the end of the build process to ensure that you did not miss to
    specify any dependency in your package and that the version
    requirements are all correct.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>If the package uses intltool, be sure to add
    <code class="literal">intltool</code> to the <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS</code>
    to handle dependencies and to force the package to use the latest
    available version.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>If the package uses gtk-doc (a documentation generation
    utility), do <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> add a dependency on it.  The
    tool is rather big and the distfile should come with pregenerated
    documentation anyway; if it does not, it is a bug that you ought to
    report.  For such packages you should disable gtk-doc (unless it is
    the default):</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CONFIGURE_ARGS+=        --disable-gtk-doc
</pre>
<p>The default location of installed HTML files
    (<code class="filename">share/gtk-doc/&lt;package-name&gt;</code>) is correct
    and should not be changed unless the package insists on installing
    them somewhere else.  Otherwise programs as
    <span class="command"><strong>devhelp</strong></span> will not be able to open them.  You can
    do that with an entry similar to:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CONFIGURE_ARGS+=        --with-html-dir=${PREFIX}/share/gtk-doc/...
</pre>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>GNOME uses multiple <span class="emphasis"><em>shared</em></span> directories and
files under the installation prefix to maintain databases.  In this
context, shared means that those exact same directories and files are
used among several different packages, leading to conflicts in the
<code class="filename">PLIST</code>.  pkgsrc currently includes functionality to
handle the most common cases, so you have to forget about using
<code class="literal">@unexec ${RMDIR}</code> lines in your file lists and
omitting shared files from them.  If you find yourself doing those,
<span class="emphasis"><em>your package is most likely incorrect</em></span>.</p>
<p>The following table lists the common situations that result in
using shared directories or files.  For each of them, the appropriate
solution is given.  After applying the solution be sure to
<span class="emphasis"><em>regenerate the package's file list</em></span> with
<span class="command"><strong>make print-PLIST</strong></span> and ensure it is correct.</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="plist-handling"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 22.1. PLIST handling for GNOME packages</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="PLIST handling for GNOME packages" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>If the package...</th>
<th>Then...</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Installs icons under the
        <code class="filename">share/icons/hicolor</code> hierarchy or updates
        <code class="filename">share/icons/hicolor/icon-theme.cache</code>.</td>
<td>See <a class="xref" href="#hicolor-theme" title="21.6.16. Packages installing hicolor icons">Section 21.6.16, &#8220;Packages installing hicolor icons&#8221;</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Installs files under
        <code class="filename">share/mime/packages</code>.</td>
<td>See <a class="xref" href="#mime-database" title="21.6.11. Packages installing extensions to the MIME database">Section 21.6.11, &#8220;Packages installing extensions to the MIME database&#8221;</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Installs <code class="filename">.desktop</code> files under
        <code class="filename">share/applications</code> and these include MIME
        information.</td>
<td>See <a class="xref" href="#desktop-files" title="21.6.17. Packages installing desktop files">Section 21.6.17, &#8220;Packages installing desktop files&#8221;</a>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="full-update"></a>22.3. Updating GNOME to a newer version</h2></div></div></div>
<p>When seeing GNOME as a whole, there are two kinds of
updates:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">Major update</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Given that there is still a very long way for GNOME 3 (if it
      ever appears), we consider a major update one that goes from a
      <code class="literal">2.X</code> version to a <code class="literal">2.Y</code> one,
      where <code class="literal">Y</code> is even and greater than
      <code class="literal">X</code>.  These are hard to achieve because they
      introduce lots of changes in the components' code and almost all
      GNOME distfiles are updated to newer versions.  Some of them can
      even break API and ABI compatibility with the previous major
      version series.  As a result, the update needs to be done all at
      once to minimize breakage.</p>
<p>A major update typically consists of around 80 package
      updates and the addition of some new ones.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">Minor update</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>We consider a minor update one that goes from a
      <code class="literal">2.A.X</code> version to a <code class="literal">2.A.Y</code>
      one where <code class="literal">Y</code> is greater than
      <code class="literal">X</code>.  These are easy to achieve because they do
      not update all GNOME components, can be done in an incremental way
      and do not break API nor ABI compatibility.</p>
<p>A minor update typically consists of around 50 package
      updates, although the numbers here may vary a lot.</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<p>In order to update the GNOME components in pkgsrc to a new stable
release (either major or minor), the following steps should be
followed:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p>Get a list of all the tarballs that form the new release by
    using the following commands.  These will leave the full list of the
    components' distfiles into the <code class="filename">list.txt</code>
    file:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo ls "*.tar.bz2" | \
    ftp -V ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/platform/x.y/x.y.z/sources/ | \
    awk '{ print $9 }' &gt;list.txt</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo ls "*.tar.bz2" | \
    ftp -V ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/desktop/x.y/x.y.z/sources/ | \
    awk '{ print $9 }' &gt;&gt;list.txt</code></strong></pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Open each meta package's <code class="filename">Makefile</code> and
    bump their version to the release you are updating them to.  The
    three meta packages should be always consistent with versioning.
    Obviously remove any <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code>s that might be
    in them.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>For each meta package, update all its
    <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code> lines to match the latest versions as
    shown by the above commands.  Do <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> list any
    newer version (even if found in the FTP) because the meta packages
    are supposed to list the exact versions that form a specific GNOME
    release.  Exceptions are permitted here if a newer version solves a
    serious issue in the overall desktop experience; these typically
    come in the form of a revision bump in pkgsrc, not in newer versions
    from the developers.</p>
<p>Packages not listed in the <code class="filename">list.txt</code> file
    should be updated to the latest version available (if found in
    pkgsrc).  This is the case, for example, of the dependencies on the
    GNU Autotools in the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/gnome-devel/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/gnome-devel</code></a> meta package.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>Generate a patch from the modified meta packages and extract the
    list of "new" lines.  This will provide you an outline on what
    packages need to be updated in pkgsrc and in what order:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cvs diff -u gnome-devel gnome-base gnome | grep '^+D' &gt;todo.txt</code></strong></pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>For major desktop updates it is recommended to zap all your
    installed packages and start over from scratch at this point.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Now comes the longest step by far: iterate over the contents
    of <code class="filename">todo.txt</code> and update the packages listed in
    it in order.  For major desktop updates none of these should be
    committed until the entire set is completed because there are chances
    of breaking not-yet-updated packages.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Once the packages are up to date and working, commit them to
    the tree one by one with appropriate log messages.  At the end,
    commit the three meta package updates and all the corresponding
    changes to the <code class="filename">doc/CHANGES-&lt;YEAR&gt;</code> and
    <a href="http://cvsweb.NetBSD.org/bsdweb.cgi/pkgsrc/doc/TODO?rev=HEAD&amp;content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/TODO</code></a> files.</p></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="patching"></a>22.4. Patching guidelines</h2></div></div></div>
<p>GNOME is a very big component in pkgsrc which approaches 100
packages.  Please, it is very important that you always, always,
<span class="strong"><strong>always</strong></span> feed back any portability
fixes you do to a GNOME package to the mainstream developers (see <a class="xref" href="#components.patches.feedback" title="12.3.5. Feedback to the author">Section 12.3.5, &#8220;Feedback to the author&#8221;</a>).  This is the only way to get
their attention on portability issues and to ensure that future versions
can be built out-of-the box on NetBSD.  The less custom patches in
pkgsrc, the easier further updates are.  Those developers in charge of
issuing major GNOME updates will be grateful if you do that.</p>
<p>The most common places to report bugs are the <a class="ulink" href="https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME" target="_top">GNOME's GitLab</a> and the <a class="ulink" href="https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/explore/groups" target="_top">freedesktop.org's
GitLab</a>.  Not all components use these to track bugs, but most
of them do.  Do not be short on your reports: always provide detailed
explanations of the current failure, how it can be improved to achieve
maximum portability and, if at all possible, provide a patch against the
main Git branch.  The more verbose you are, the higher chances of your
patch being accepted.</p>
<p>Also, please avoid using preprocessor magic to fix portability
issues.  While the FreeBSD GNOME people are doing a great job in porting
GNOME to their operating system, the official GNOME sources are now
plagued by conditionals that check for <code class="varname">__FreeBSD__</code>
and similar macros.  This hurts portability.  Please see our patching
guidelines (<a class="xref" href="#components.patches.guidelines" title="12.3.4. Patching guidelines">Section 12.3.4, &#8220;Patching guidelines&#8221;</a>) for more
details.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="submit"></a>Chapter 23. Submitting and Committing</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#submitting-binary-packages">23.1. Submitting binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#submitting-your-package">23.2. Submitting source packages (for non-NetBSD-developers)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#general-notes-for-changes">23.3. General notes when adding, updating, or removing packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#commit-messages">23.4. Commit Messages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#committing-importing">23.5. Committing: Adding a package to CVS</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#updating-package">23.6. Updating a package to a newer version</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#renaming-package">23.7. Renaming a package in pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#moving-package">23.8. Moving a package in pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="submitting-binary-packages"></a>23.1. Submitting binary packages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Our policy is that we accept binaries only from pkgsrc
	developers to guarantee that the packages don't contain any
	trojan horses etc. This is not to annoy anyone but rather to
	protect our users! You're still free to put up your home-made
	binary packages and tell the world where to get them. NetBSD
	developers doing bulk builds and wanting to upload them please
	see <a class="xref" href="#bulk" title="Chapter 8. Creating binary packages for everything in pkgsrc (bulk builds)">Chapter 8, <i>Creating binary packages for everything in pkgsrc (bulk
builds)</i></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="submitting-your-package"></a>23.2. Submitting source packages (for non-NetBSD-developers)</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Firstly, you can import new packages into
	pkgsrc-wip (<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">pkgsrc work-in-progress</span>&#8221;</span>); see the
	homepage at <a class="ulink" href="https://pkgsrc.org/wip/" target="_top">https://pkgsrc.org/wip/</a>
	for details.</p>
<p>Next, check that your package is complete, compiles and
	runs well; see <a class="xref" href="#creating" title="Chapter 14. Creating a new pkgsrc package from scratch">Chapter 14, <i>Creating a new pkgsrc package from scratch</i></a> and the rest of this
	document. Run the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkglint/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkglint</code></a>
	tool and fix any errors that appear.</p>
<p>Finally, send a report to the pkgsrc bug tracking system,
	either with the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/send-pr.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">send-pr</span>(1)</span></a> command, or if you don't have
	that, go to the web page
	<a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html" target="_top">https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html</a>,
	which contains some instructions and a link to a form where you
	can submit packages.  The
	<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/gtk-send-pr/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">sysutils/gtk-send-pr</code></a> package is
	also available as a substitute for either of the above two tools.
	</p>
<p>In the form of the problem report, the category should be
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">pkg</span>&#8221;</span>, the synopsis should include the package name
	and version number, and the description field should contain a
	short description of your package (contents of the COMMENT
	variable or DESCR file are OK).</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="general-notes-for-changes"></a>23.3. General notes when adding, updating, or removing packages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Please note all package additions, updates, moves, and
	removals in <code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/CHANGES-<em class="replaceable"><code>YYYY</code></em></code>. It's very
	important to keep this file up to date and conforming to the
	existing format, because it will be used by scripts to
	automatically update pages on <a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/" target="_top">www.NetBSD.org</a> and other
	sites. Additionally, check the
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/TODO</code> file and remove the entry
	for the package you updated or removed, in case it was mentioned
	there.</p>
<p>When the <code class="varname">PKGREVISION</code> of a package is
	bumped, the change should appear in
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/CHANGES-<em class="replaceable"><code>YYYY</code></em></code> if it is security
	related or otherwise relevant. Mass bumps that result from a
	dependency being updated should not be mentioned. In all other
	cases it's the developer's decision.</p>
<p>There is a make target that helps in creating proper
  <code class="filename">CHANGES-<em class="replaceable"><code>YYYY</code></em></code> entries:  <span class="command"><strong>make
  changes-entry</strong></span>. It uses the optional <code class="varname">CTYPE</code>
  and <code class="varname">NETBSD_LOGIN_NAME</code> variables. The general
  usage is to first make sure that your <code class="filename">CHANGES-<em class="replaceable"><code>YYYY</code></em></code>
  file is up-to-date (to avoid having to resolve conflicts later-on)
  and then to <span class="command"><strong>cd</strong></span> to the package directory.  For
  package updates, <span class="command"><strong>make changes-entry</strong></span> is enough.
  For new packages, or package moves or removals, set the
  <code class="varname">CTYPE</code> variable on the command line to "Added",
  "Moved", or "Removed".  You can set <code class="varname">NETBSD_LOGIN_NAME</code>
  in <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a> if your local login name is
  not the same as your NetBSD login name. The target also automatically
  removes possibly existing entries for the package in the
  <code class="filename">TODO</code> file. Don't forget to commit
  the changes, e.g. by using <span class="command"><strong>make commit-changes-entry</strong></span>!
  If you are not using a checkout directly from cvs.NetBSD.org, but e.g.
  a local copy of the repository, you can set USE_NETBSD_REPO=yes. This
  makes the cvs commands use the main repository.
  </p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="commit-messages"></a>23.4. Commit Messages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>For several years, there have been mirrors of pkgsrc in
  fossil, git, and hg. Standard practise when using these tools is to
  make the first line of a commit message function as a summary that
  can be read without the rest, such as is commonly done with "git log
  --oneline". For this reason, we have the following guidelines for
  pkgsrc commit messages:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Start the commit message with a line that explains the
    big picture in 65 characters or less. When a commit is for one
    package, include the name of the package. For updates, include the
    version to which it is updated.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Leave the next line empty.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Then come the details for the commit (changes in that
    package, reason for a change) and any relevant PRs. Wrap this
    section.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>Here is an example:
  </p>
<pre class="programlisting">
  libxslt: update to 1.0.30

  Changes since 1.0.29:
  ...
  </pre>
<p>
  </p>
<p>Here is another example:
  </p>
<pre class="programlisting">
  mk/bsd.pkg.mk: enable SSP by default on NetBSD

  (rationale)
  </pre>
<p>
  </p>
<p>Commit messages are final: no <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">cvs admin</span>&#8221;</span> is
  allowed on the pkgsrc repository to change commit messages.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="committing-importing"></a>23.5. Committing: Adding a package to CVS</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This section is only of interest for pkgsrc developers with write
  access to the pkgsrc repository.</p>
<p>When the package is finished, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">cvs add</span>&#8221;</span> the files.
Start by adding the directory and then files in the directory. Don't
forget to add the new package to the category's
<code class="filename">Makefile</code>. Make sure you don't forget any files;
you can check by running <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">cvs status</span>&#8221;</span>. An example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<code class="prompt">$</code> cd .../pkgsrc/category
<code class="prompt">$</code> cvs add pkgname
<code class="prompt">$</code> cd pkgname
<code class="prompt">$</code> cvs add DESCR Makefile PLIST distinfo buildlink3.mk patches
<code class="prompt">$</code> cvs add patches/p*
<code class="prompt">$</code> cvs status | less
<code class="prompt">$</code> cvs commit
<code class="prompt">$</code> cd ..
<code class="prompt">$</code> vi Makefile # add SUBDIRS+=pkgname line
<code class="prompt">$</code> cvs commit Makefile
<code class="prompt">$</code> cd pkgname
<code class="prompt">$</code> make CTYPE=Added commit-changes-entry
</pre>
<p>The commit message of the initial import should include part of the
  <code class="filename">DESCR</code> file, so people reading the mailing lists know
  what the package is/does.</p>
<p>Also mention the new package in
<code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/CHANGES-20xx</code>.</p>
<p>Previously, <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">cvs import</span>&#8221;</span> was suggested, but it was
much easier to get wrong than <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">cvs add</span>&#8221;</span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="updating-package"></a>23.6. Updating a package to a newer version</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Please always put a concise, appropriate and relevant summary of the
  changes between old and new versions into the commit log when updating
  a package. There are various reasons for this:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>A URL is volatile, and can change over time. It may go away completely
  or its information may be overwritten by newer information.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Having the change information between old and new versions in our CVS
  repository is very useful for people who use either cvs or anoncvs.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Having the change information between old and new versions in our CVS
  repository is very useful for people who read the pkgsrc-changes mailing
  list, so that they can make tactical decisions about when to upgrade
  the package.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>Please also recognize that, just because a new version of a package
  has been released, it should not automatically be upgraded in the CVS
  repository.  We prefer to be conservative in the packages that are
  included in pkgsrc - development or beta packages are not really the
  best thing for most places in which pkgsrc is used. Please use your
  judgement about what should go into pkgsrc, and bear in mind that
  stability is to be preferred above new and possibly untested features.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="renaming-package"></a>23.7. Renaming a package in pkgsrc</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Renaming packages is not recommended.</p>
<p>When renaming packages, be sure to fix any references to the old name
  in other Makefiles, options, buildlink files, etc.</p>
<p>
  Also, when renaming a package, please add
  the package name and version pattern(s) of the previous package
  to <code class="varname">SUPERSEDES</code>.
  This may be repeated for multiple renames.
  The new package would be an exact replacement.
  Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SUPERSEDES+=    p5-IO-Compress-Zlib&lt;2.017
SUPERSEDES+=    optcomp-[0-9]*
</pre>
<p>Note that <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">successor</span>&#8221;</span> in the
  CHANGES-<em class="replaceable"><code>YYYY</code></em> file doesn't necessarily
  mean that it <span class="emphasis"><em>supersedes</em></span>, as that successor may
  not be an exact replacement but is a suggestion for the replaced
  functionality.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="moving-package"></a>23.8. Moving a package in pkgsrc</h2></div></div></div>
<p>It is preferred that packages are not renamed or moved, but if needed
  please follow these steps.
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Make a copy of the directory somewhere else.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>Remove all CVS dirs.</p>
<p>Alternatively to the first two steps you can also do:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cvs -d user@cvs.NetBSD.org:/cvsroot export -D today pkgsrc/category/package</code></strong></pre>
<p>and use that for further work.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Fix <code class="varname">CATEGORIES</code> and any
<code class="varname">DEPENDS</code> paths that just did <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">../package</span>&#8221;</span>
instead of <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">../../category/package</span>&#8221;</span>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>In the modified package's Makefile, consider setting
<code class="varname">PREV_PKGPATH</code> to the previous category/package
pathname.  The <code class="varname">PREV_PKGPATH</code> can be used by tools
for doing an update using pkgsrc building; for example, it can
search the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/pkg_summary.5"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">pkg_summary</span>(5)</span></a> database for <code class="varname">PREV_PKGPATH</code>
(if no <code class="varname">SUPERSEDES</code>) and then use the corresponding
new <code class="varname">PKGPATH</code> for that moved package.  Note that
it may have multiple matches, so the tool should also check on the
<code class="varname">PKGBASE</code> too.  The <code class="varname">PREV_PKGPATH</code>
probably has no value unless <code class="varname">SUPERSEDES</code> is not
set, i.e.  <code class="varname">PKGBASE</code> stays the same.  </p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>cvs import</strong></span> the modified package in the new
place.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>Check if any package depends on it:
</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /usr/pkgsrc</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>grep /package */*/Makefile* */*/buildlink*</code></strong></pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Fix paths in packages from step 5 to point to new location.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>cvs rm (-f)</strong></span> the package at the old location.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Remove from <code class="filename">oldcategory/Makefile</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Add to <code class="filename">newcategory/Makefile</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>Commit the changed and removed files:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">%</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cvs commit oldcategory/package oldcategory/Makefile newcategory/Makefile</code></strong></pre>
<p>(and any packages from step 5, of course).</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="devfaq"></a>Chapter 24. Frequently Asked Questions</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This section contains the answers to questions that may
	arise when you are writing a package. If you don't find your
	question answered here, first have a look in the other chapters,
	and if you still don't have the answer, ask on the
	<code class="literal">pkgsrc-users</code> mailing list.</p>
<div class="qandaset">
<a name="devfaq.qandaset"></a><dl>
<dt>24.1. <a href="#devfaq.makeflags">What is the difference between
	MAKEFLAGS, .MAKEFLAGS and
	MAKE_FLAGS?</a>
</dt>
<dt>24.2. <a href="#devfaq.make">What is the difference between
	MAKE, GMAKE and
	MAKE_PROGRAM?</a>
</dt>
<dt>24.3. <a href="#devfaq.cc">What is the difference between
	CC, PKG_CC and
	PKGSRC_COMPILER?</a>
</dt>
<dt>24.4. <a href="#devfaq.bl3prefix">Why does make show-var
	VARNAME=BUILDLINK_PREFIX.foo
	say it's empty?</a>
</dt>
<dt>24.5. <a href="#devfaq.master_sites">What does
	${MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE:=package/} mean? I
	don't understand the := inside
	it.</a>
</dt>
<dt>24.6. <a href="#devfaq.mailinglists">Which mailing lists are there for package
	developers?</a>
</dt>
<dt>24.7. <a href="#devfaq.documentation">Where is the pkgsrc
	documentation?</a>
</dt>
<dt>24.8. <a href="#devfaq.too-much-time">I have a little time to kill.
What shall I do?</a>
</dt>
</dl>
<table border="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" width="1%">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="question">
<td align="left" valign="top">
<a name="devfaq.makeflags"></a><a name="devfaq.makeflags.q"></a><p><b>24.1.</b></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>What is the difference between
	<code class="varname">MAKEFLAGS</code>, <code class="varname">.MAKEFLAGS</code> and
	<code class="varname">MAKE_FLAGS</code>?</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="answer">
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p><code class="varname">MAKEFLAGS</code> are the flags passed
	to the pkgsrc-internal invocations of <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a>.</p>
<p><code class="varname">MAKE_FLAGS</code> are the flags that are
	passed to the <code class="varname">MAKE_PROGRAM</code> when building the
	package.</p>
<p><code class="varname">.MAKEFLAGS</code> is an internal variable of
	<span class="command"><strong>bmake</strong></span> and should not be used by
	packages.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="question">
<td align="left" valign="top">
<a name="devfaq.make"></a><a name="devfaq.make.q"></a><p><b>24.2.</b></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>What is the difference between
	<code class="varname">MAKE</code>, <code class="varname">GMAKE</code> and
	<code class="varname">MAKE_PROGRAM</code>?</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="answer">
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p><code class="varname">MAKE</code> is the path to the
	<a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> program that is used in the pkgsrc
	infrastructure.</p>
<p><code class="varname">GMAKE</code> is the path to GNU Make, but you
	need to say <code class="varname">USE_TOOLS+=gmake</code> to use
	that.</p>
<p><code class="varname">MAKE_PROGRAM</code> is the path to the Make
	program that is used for building the package.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="question">
<td align="left" valign="top">
<a name="devfaq.cc"></a><a name="devfaq.cc.q"></a><p><b>24.3.</b></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>What is the difference between
	<code class="varname">CC</code>, <code class="varname">PKG_CC</code> and
	<code class="varname">PKGSRC_COMPILER</code>?</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="answer">
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p><code class="varname">CC</code> is the path to the real C
	compiler, which can be configured by the pkgsrc user.</p>
<p><code class="varname">PKG_CC</code> is the path to the compiler
	wrapper.</p>
<p><code class="varname">PKGSRC_COMPILER</code> is
	<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> a path to a compiler, but the type of
	compiler that should be used. See
	<code class="filename">mk/compiler.mk</code> for more information about
	the latter variable.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="question">
<td align="left" valign="top">
<a name="devfaq.bl3prefix"></a><a name="devfaq.bl3prefix.q"></a><p><b>24.4.</b></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>Why does <span class="command"><strong>make show-var
	VARNAME=BUILDLINK_PREFIX.<em class="replaceable"><code>foo</code></em></strong></span>
	say it's empty?</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="answer">
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>For optimization reasons, some variables are only
	available in the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">wrapper</span>&#8221;</span> phase and later. To
	<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">simulate</span>&#8221;</span> the wrapper phase, append
	<span class="command"><strong>PKG_PHASE=wrapper</strong></span> to the above
	command.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="question">
<td align="left" valign="top">
<a name="devfaq.master_sites"></a><a name="devfaq.master_sites.q"></a><p><b>24.5.</b></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>What does
	<code class="code">${MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE:=package/}</code> mean? I
	don't understand the <code class="code">:=</code> inside
	it.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="answer">
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>The <code class="code">:=</code> is not an
	assignment operator, even though it may look like one.
	Instead, it is a degenerate form of
	<code class="code">${LIST:<em class="replaceable"><code>old_string</code></em>=<em class="replaceable"><code>new_string</code></em>}</code>,
	which is documented in the <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/make.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">make</span>(1)</span></a> man page and which is
	commonly used in the form <code class="code">${SRCS:.c=.o}</code>. In the
	case of <code class="varname">MASTER_SITE_*</code>,
	<em class="replaceable"><code>old_string</code></em> is the empty string and
	<em class="replaceable"><code>new_string</code></em> is
	<code class="code">package/</code>. That's where the
	<code class="code">:</code> and the <code class="code">=</code> fall
	together.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="question">
<td align="left" valign="top">
<a name="devfaq.mailinglists"></a><a name="devfaq.mailinglists.q"></a><p><b>24.6.</b></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>Which mailing lists are there for package
	developers?</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="answer">
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/index.html#tech-pkg" target="_top">tech-pkg</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This is a list for technical discussions related
	to pkgsrc development, e.g. soliciting feedback for changes to
	pkgsrc infrastructure, proposed new features, questions related
	to porting pkgsrc to a new platform, advice for maintaining a
	package, patches that affect many packages, help requests moved
	from pkgsrc-users when an infrastructure bug is found,
	etc.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/index.html#pkgsrc-bugs" target="_top">pkgsrc-bugs</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>All bug reports in category "pkg" sent with
	<a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/send-pr.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">send-pr</span>(1)</span></a> appear here. Please do not report your bugs here
	directly; use one of the other mailing
	lists.</p></dd>
</dl></div></td>
</tr>
<tr class="question">
<td align="left" valign="top">
<a name="devfaq.documentation"></a><a name="devfaq.documentation.q"></a><p><b>24.7.</b></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>Where is the pkgsrc
	documentation?</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="answer">
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p>There are many places where you can find
	documentation about pkgsrc:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>The pkgsrc guide (this document) is a collection
	of chapters that explain large parts of pkgsrc, but some
	chapters tend to be outdated. Which ones they are is hard to
	say.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>On the mailing list archives (see <a class="ulink" href="https://mail-index.NetBSD.org/" target="_top">https://mail-index.NetBSD.org/</a>), you can find discussions
	about certain features, announcements of new parts of the pkgsrc
	infrastructure and sometimes even announcements that a certain
	feature has been marked as obsolete. The benefit here is that
	each message has a date appended to it.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Many of the files in the
	<code class="filename">mk/</code> directory start with a comment that
	describes the purpose of the file and how it can be used by the
	pkgsrc user and package authors. An easy way to find this
	documentation is to run <span class="command"><strong>bmake
	help</strong></span>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The CVS log messages are a rich source of
	information, but they tend to be highly abbreviated, especially
	for actions that occur often. Some contain a detailed
	description of what has changed, but they are geared towards the
	other pkgsrc developers, not towards an average pkgsrc user.
	They also only document <span class="emphasis"><em>changes</em></span>, so if you
	don't know what has been before, these messages may not be worth
	too much to you.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Some parts of pkgsrc are only <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">implicitly
	documented</span>&#8221;</span>, that is the documentation exists only in the
	mind of the developer who wrote the code. To get this
	information, use the <span class="command"><strong>cvs annotate</strong></span> command
	to see who has written it and ask on the
	<code class="literal">tech-pkg</code> mailing list, so that others can
	find your questions later (see above). To be sure that the
	developer in charge reads the mail, you may CC him or
	her.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="question">
<td align="left" valign="top">
<a name="devfaq.too-much-time"></a><a name="devfaq.too-much-time.q"></a><p><b>24.8.</b></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p>I have a little time to kill.
What shall I do?</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="answer">
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p>This is not really an FAQ yet, but here's the answer
anyway.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Run <span class="command"><strong>pkg_chk -N</strong></span> (from the
    <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_chk/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_chk</code></a> package).  It
    will tell you about newer versions of installed packages that are
    available, but not yet updated in pkgsrc.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Browse <code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/TODO</code>
    &mdash; it contains a list of suggested new packages and a list of
    cleanups and enhancements for pkgsrc that would be nice to
    have.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Review packages for which review was requested on
    the <a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/index.html#tech-pkg" target="_top">tech-pkg</a>
    mailing list.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="part">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="infrastructure"></a>Part III. The pkgsrc infrastructure internals</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="partintro">
<div></div>
<p>This part of the guide deals with everything
	from the infrastructure that is behind the interfaces described
	in the developer's guide. A casual package maintainer should not
	need anything from this part.</p>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#infr.design">25. Design of the pkgsrc infrastructure</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.vardef">25.1. The meaning of variable definitions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.vardef.problems">25.2. Avoiding problems before they arise</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.var">25.3. Variable evaluation</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.var.load">25.3.1. At load time</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.var.run">25.3.2. At runtime</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.varspec">25.4. How can variables be specified?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.design.intf">25.5. Designing interfaces for Makefile fragments</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.design.intf.proc">25.5.1. Procedures with parameters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.design.intf.action">25.5.2. Actions taken on behalf of parameters</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.order">25.6. The order in which files are loaded</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.order.prefs">25.6.1. The order in <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.order.pkg">25.6.2. The order in <code class="filename">bsd.pkg.mk</code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#regression">26. Regression tests</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#regression.run">26.1. Running the regression tests</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#regression.new">26.2. Adding a new regression test</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#regression.fun.override">26.2.1. Overridable functions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#regression.fun.helper">26.2.2. Helper functions</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#porting">27. Porting pkgsrc</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#porting.opsys">27.1. Porting pkgsrc to a new operating system</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="infr.design"></a>Chapter 25. Design of the pkgsrc infrastructure</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.vardef">25.1. The meaning of variable definitions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.vardef.problems">25.2. Avoiding problems before they arise</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.var">25.3. Variable evaluation</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.var.load">25.3.1. At load time</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.var.run">25.3.2. At runtime</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.varspec">25.4. How can variables be specified?</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.design.intf">25.5. Designing interfaces for Makefile fragments</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.design.intf.proc">25.5.1. Procedures with parameters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.design.intf.action">25.5.2. Actions taken on behalf of parameters</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#infr.order">25.6. The order in which files are loaded</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.order.prefs">25.6.1. The order in <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#infr.order.pkg">25.6.2. The order in <code class="filename">bsd.pkg.mk</code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The pkgsrc infrastructure consists of many small Makefile
	fragments. Each such fragment needs a properly specified
	interface. This chapter explains how such an interface looks
	like.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="infr.vardef"></a>25.1. The meaning of variable definitions</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Whenever a variable is defined in the pkgsrc
	infrastructure, the location and the way of definition provide
	much information about the intended use of that variable.
	Additionally, more documentation may be found in a header
	comment or in this pkgsrc guide.</p>
<p>A special file is
	<code class="filename">mk/defaults/mk.conf</code>, which lists all
	variables that are intended to be user-defined. They are either
	defined using the <code class="literal">?=</code> operator or they are
	left undefined because defining them to anything would
	effectively mean <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">yes</span>&#8221;</span>. All these variables may be
	overridden by the pkgsrc user in the <code class="varname">MAKECONF</code>
	file.</p>
<p>Outside this file, the following conventions apply:
	Variables that are defined using the <code class="literal">?=</code>
	operator may be overridden by a package.</p>
<p>Variables that are defined using the <code class="literal">=</code>
	operator may be used read-only at run-time.</p>
<p>Variables whose name starts with an underscore must not be
	accessed outside the pkgsrc infrastructure at all. They may
	change without further notice.</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>These conventions are currently not applied
	consistently to the complete pkgsrc
	infrastructure.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="infr.vardef.problems"></a>25.2. Avoiding problems before they arise</h2></div></div></div>
<p>All variables that contain lists of things should default
	to being empty. Two examples that do not follow this rule are
	<code class="varname">USE_LANGUAGES</code> and
	<code class="varname">DISTFILES</code>. These variables cannot simply be
	modified using the <code class="literal">+=</code> operator in package
	<code class="filename">Makefile</code>s (or other files included by
	them), since there is no guarantee whether the variable is
	already set or not, and what its value is. In the case of
	<code class="varname">DISTFILES</code>, the packages <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">know</span>&#8221;</span>
	the default value and just define it as in the following
	example.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
DISTFILES=      ${DISTNAME}${EXTRACT_SUFX} additional-files.tar.gz
</pre>
<p>Because of the selection of this default value, the same
	value appears in many package Makefiles. Similarly for
	<code class="varname">USE_LANGUAGES</code>, but in this case the default
	value (<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote"><code class="literal">c</code></span>&#8221;</span>) is so short that it
	doesn't stand out. Nevertheless it is mentioned in many
	files.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="infr.var"></a>25.3. Variable evaluation</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="infr.var.load"></a>25.3.1. At load time</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Variable evaluation takes place either at load time or at
	runtime, depending on the context in which they occur. The
	contexts where variables are evaluated at load time are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>The right hand side of the <code class="literal">:=</code>
	and <code class="literal">!=</code> operators,</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Make directives like <code class="literal">.if</code> or
	<code class="literal">.for</code>,</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Dependency lines.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>A special exception are references to the iteration
	variables of <code class="literal">.for</code> loops, which are expanded
	inline, no matter in which context they appear.</p>
<p>As the values of variables may change during load time,
	care must be taken not to evaluate them by accident. Typical
	examples for variables that should not be evaluated at load time
	are <code class="varname">DEPENDS</code> and
	<code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ARGS</code>. To make the effect more
	clear, here is an example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CONFIGURE_ARGS=         # none
CFLAGS=                 -O
CONFIGURE_ARGS+=        CFLAGS=${CFLAGS:Q}

CONFIGURE_ARGS:=        ${CONFIGURE_ARGS}

CFLAGS+=                -Wall
</pre>
<p>This code shows how the use of the <code class="literal">:=</code>
	operator can quickly lead to unexpected results. The first
	paragraph is fairly common code. The second paragraph evaluates
	the <code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ARGS</code> variable, which results in
	<code class="literal">CFLAGS=-O</code>. In the third paragraph, the
	<code class="literal">-Wall</code> is appended to the
	<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code>, but this addition will not appear in
	<code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ARGS</code>. In actual code, the three
	paragraphs from above typically occur in completely unrelated
	files.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="infr.var.run"></a>25.3.2. At runtime</h3></div></div></div>
<p>After all the files have been loaded, the values of the
	variables cannot be changed anymore. Variables that are used in
	the shell commands are expanded at this point.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="infr.varspec"></a>25.4. How can variables be specified?</h2></div></div></div>
<p>There are many ways in which the definition and use of a
	variable can be restricted in order to detect bugs and violations
	of the (mostly unwritten) policies. A package can be checked with
	<code class="literal">pkglint -Wall</code> to see whether it meets these
	rules.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="infr.design.intf"></a>25.5. Designing interfaces for Makefile fragments</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Most of the <code class="filename">.mk</code> files fall into one
	of the following classes. Cases where a file falls into more
	than one class should be avoided as it often leads to subtle
	bugs.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="infr.design.intf.proc"></a>25.5.1. Procedures with parameters</h3></div></div></div>
<p>In a traditional imperative programming language some of
	the <code class="filename">.mk</code> files could be described as
	procedures. They take some input parameters and&mdash;after
	inclusion&mdash;provide a result in output parameters. Since all
	variables in <code class="filename">Makefile</code>s have global scope
	care must be taken not to use parameter names that have already
	another meaning. For example, <code class="varname">PKGNAME</code> is a
	bad choice for a parameter name.</p>
<p>Procedures are completely evaluated at preprocessing time.
	That is, when calling a procedure all input parameters must be
	completely resolvable. For example,
	<code class="varname">CONFIGURE_ARGS</code> should never be an input
	parameter since it is very likely that further text will be
	added after calling the procedure, which would effectively apply
	the procedure to only a part of the variable. Also, references
	to other variables will be modified after calling the
	procedure.</p>
<p>A procedure can declare its output parameters either as
	suitable for use in preprocessing directives or as only
	available at runtime. The latter alternative is for variables
	that contain references to other runtime variables.</p>
<p>Procedures shall be written such that it is possible to
	call the procedure more than once. That is, the file must not
	contain multiple-inclusion guards.</p>
<p>Examples for procedures are
	<code class="filename">mk/bsd.options.mk</code> and
	<code class="filename">mk/buildlink3/bsd.builtin.mk</code>. To express
	that the parameters are evaluated at load time, they should be
	assigned using the <code class="literal">:=</code> operator, which should
	be used only for this purpose.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="infr.design.intf.action"></a>25.5.2. Actions taken on behalf of parameters</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Action files take some input parameters and may define
	runtime variables. They shall not define loadtime variables.
	There are action files that are included implicitly by the
	pkgsrc infrastructure, while other must be included
	explicitly.</p>
<p>An example for action files is
	<code class="filename">mk/subst.mk</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="infr.order"></a>25.6. The order in which files are loaded</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Package <code class="filename">Makefile</code>s usually consist of
	a set of variable definitions, and include the file
	<code class="filename">../../mk/bsd.pkg.mk</code> in the very last line.
	Before that, they may also include various other
	<code class="filename">*.mk</code> files if they need to query the
	availability of certain features like the type of compiler or
	the X11 implementation. Due to the heavy use of preprocessor
	directives like <code class="literal">.if</code> and
	<code class="literal">.for</code>, the order in which the files are loaded
	matters.</p>
<p>This section describes at which point the various files
	are loaded and gives reasons for that order.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="infr.order.prefs"></a>25.6.1. The order in <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The very first action in <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code>
	is to define some essential variables like
	<code class="varname">OPSYS</code>, <code class="varname">OS_VERSION</code> and
	<code class="varname">MACHINE_ARCH</code>.</p>
<p>Then, the user settings are loaded from the file specified
	in <code class="varname">MAKECONF</code>, which is usually <a class="link" href="#mk.conf"><code class="filename">mk.conf</code></a>.
	After that, those variables
	that have not been overridden by the user are loaded from
	<code class="filename">mk/defaults/mk.conf</code>.</p>
<p>After the user settings, the system settings and platform
	settings are loaded, which may override the user
	settings.</p>
<p>Then, the tool definitions are loaded. The tool wrappers
	are not yet in effect. This only happens when building a
	package, so the proper variables must be used instead of the
	direct tool names.</p>
<p>As the last steps, some essential variables from the
	wrapper and the package system flavor are loaded, as well as the
	variables that have been cached in earlier phases of a package
	build.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="infr.order.pkg"></a>25.6.2. The order in <code class="filename">bsd.pkg.mk</code>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>First, <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code> is loaded.</p>
<p>Then, the various <code class="filename">*-vars.mk</code> files are
	loaded, which fill default values for those variables that have
	not been defined by the package. These variables may later
	be used even in unrelated files.</p>
<p>Then, the file <code class="filename">bsd.pkg.error.mk</code>
	provides the target <code class="literal">error-check</code> that is added
	as a special dependency to all other targets that use
	<code class="varname">DELAYED_ERROR_MSG</code> or
	<code class="varname">DELAYED_WARNING_MSG</code>.</p>
<p>Then, the package-specific hacks from
	<code class="filename">hacks.mk</code> are included.</p>
<p>Then, various other files follow. Most of them don't have
	any dependencies on what they need to have included before or
	after them, though some do.</p>
<p>The code to check <code class="varname">PKG_FAIL_REASON</code> and
	<code class="varname">PKG_SKIP_REASON</code> is then executed, which
	restricts the use of these variables to all the files that have
	been included before. Appearances in later files will be
	silently ignored.</p>
<p>Then, the files for the main targets are included, in the
	order of later execution, though the actual order should not
	matter.</p>
<p>At last, some more files are included that don't set any
	interesting variables but rather just define make targets to be
	executed.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="regression"></a>Chapter 26. Regression tests</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#regression.run">26.1. Running the regression tests</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#regression.new">26.2. Adding a new regression test</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#regression.fun.override">26.2.1. Overridable functions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#regression.fun.helper">26.2.2. Helper functions</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The pkgsrc infrastructure consists of a large codebase,
	and there are many corners where every little bit of a file is
	well thought out, making pkgsrc likely to fail as soon as
	anything is changed near those parts. To prevent most changes
	from breaking anything, a suite of regression tests should go
	along with every important part of the pkgsrc infrastructure.
	This chapter describes how regression tests work in pkgsrc and
	how you can add new tests.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="regression.run"></a>26.1. Running the regression tests</h2></div></div></div>
<p>You first need to install the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkg_regress/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkg_regress</code></a> package, which
	provides the <span class="command"><strong>pkg_regress</strong></span> command. Then you
	can simply run that command, which will run all tests in the
	<code class="filename">regress/</code> directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="regression.new"></a>26.2. Adding a new regression test</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Every directory in the <code class="filename">regress/</code>
	directory that contains a file called <code class="filename">spec</code>
	is considered a regression test. This file is a shell program
	that is included by the <span class="command"><strong>pkg_regress</strong></span> command.
	The following functions can be overridden to suit your
	needs.</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="regression.fun.override"></a>26.2.1. Overridable functions</h3></div></div></div>
<p>These functions do not take any parameters. Although they
	are called in <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">set -e</span>&#8221;</span> mode, they don't stop at the
	first failing command. See <a class="ulink" href="https://stackoverflow.com/q/4072984" target="_top">this Stack Overflow
	question</a> for details.</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">do_setup</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This function prepares the environment for the
	test. By default it does nothing.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">do_test</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function runs the actual test. By default,
	it calls <code class="varname">TEST_MAKE</code> with the arguments
	<code class="varname">MAKEARGS_TEST</code> and writes its output including
	error messages into the file
	<code class="varname">TEST_OUTFILE</code>.</p>
<p>When defining this function, make sure that all output that
	needs to be checked is written to the correct output file.
	Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
do_test() {
        echo "Example output"
} 1&gt;$TEST_OUTFILE 2&gt;&amp;1
</pre>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">check_result</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function is run after the test and is
	typically used to compare the actual output from the one that is
	expected. It can make use of the various helper functions from
	the next section. Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
check_result() {
        exit_status 0
        output_require "Example"
        output_require "^[[:alpha:]+[[:space:]][[:alpha:]]{6}$"
        output_prohibit "no such file or directory"
        regress_fail "expected $expected but got $actual for input $input"
}
</pre>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">do_cleanup</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This function cleans everything up after the
	test has been run. By default it does nothing.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="regression.fun.helper"></a>26.2.2. Helper functions</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">regress_fail <em class="replaceable"><code>message...</code></em></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This function makes the test fail with the given error message.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">exit_status expected</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This function compares the exitcode of the
	<span class="command"><strong>do_test</strong></span> function with its first parameter.
	If they differ, the test will fail.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">output_require regex...</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function checks for each of its parameters
	if the output from <span class="command"><strong>do_test</strong></span> matches the
	extended regular expression. If it does not, the test will
	fail. Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
output_require "looks fine"
output_require "^[[:alpha:]+[[:space:]][[:alpha:]]{6}$"
</pre>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">output_prohibit regex...</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This function checks for each of its parameters
	if the output from <span class="command"><strong>do_test()</strong></span> does
	<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> match the extended regular expression.
	If any of the regular expressions matches, the test will
	fail.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
<a name="porting"></a>Chapter 27. Porting pkgsrc</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#porting.opsys">27.1. Porting pkgsrc to a new operating system</a></span></dt></dl>
</div>
<p>The pkgsrc system has already been ported to many
	operating systems, hardware architectures and compilers. This
	chapter explains the necessary steps to make pkgsrc even more
	portable.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="porting.opsys"></a>27.1. Porting pkgsrc to a new operating system</h2></div></div></div>
<p>To port pkgsrc to a new operating system (called
	<code class="literal">MyOS</code> in this example), you need to touch the
	following files:</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">pkgtools/bootstrap-mk-files/files/mods/<em class="replaceable"><code>MyOS</code></em>.sys.mk</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This file contains some basic definitions, for
	example the name of the C
	compiler.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">mk/bsd.prefs.mk</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Insert code that defines the variables
	<code class="varname">OPSYS</code>, <code class="varname">OS_VERSION</code>,
	<code class="varname">OPSYS_VERSION</code>, <code class="varname">LOWER_VENDOR</code>,
	<code class="varname">MACHINE_ARCH</code>, <code class="varname">OBJECT_FMT</code>,
	<code class="varname">APPEND_ELF</code>, and the other variables that
	appear in this file.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">mk/platform/<em class="replaceable"><code>MyOS</code></em>.mk</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This file contains the platform-specific
	definitions that are used by pkgsrc. Start by copying one of the
	other files and edit it to your
	needs.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">mk/tools/tools.<em class="replaceable"><code>MyOS</code></em>.mk</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This file defines the paths to all the tools
	that are needed by one or the other package in pkgsrc, as well
	as by pkgsrc itself. Find out where these tools are on your
	platform and add them.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>Now, you should be able to build some basic packages, like
	<a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/lang/perl5/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">lang/perl5</code></a>, <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/shells/bash/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">shells/bash</code></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="examples"></a>Appendix A. A simple example package: bison</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#example-files">A.1. files</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#example-Makefile">A.1.1. Makefile</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#example-descr">A.1.2. DESCR</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#example-plist">A.1.3. PLIST</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#checking-package-with-pkglint">A.1.4. Checking a package with pkglint</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#steps-for-b-i-p">A.2. Steps for building, installing, packaging</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>We checked to find a piece of software that wasn't in the packages
    collection, and picked GNU bison. Quite why someone would want to have
    <span class="command"><strong>bison</strong></span> when Berkeley <span class="command"><strong>yacc</strong></span> is already
    present in the tree is beyond us, but it's useful for the purposes of
    this exercise.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="example-files"></a>A.1. files</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="example-Makefile"></a>A.1.1. Makefile</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
# $NetBSD$
#

DISTNAME=       bison-1.25
CATEGORIES=     devel
MASTER_SITES=   ${MASTER_SITE_GNU:=bison/}

MAINTAINER=     pkgsrc-users@NetBSD.org
HOMEPAGE=       https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/bison.html
COMMENT=        GNU yacc clone

GNU_CONFIGURE=  yes
INFO_FILES=     yes

.include "../../mk/bsd.pkg.mk"
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="example-descr"></a>A.1.2. DESCR</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
GNU version of yacc.  Can make re-entrant parsers, and numerous other
improvements.  Why you would want this when Berkeley <a class="citerefentry" href="https://man.NetBSD.org/NetBSD-9.2/i386/yacc.1"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">yacc</span>(1)</span></a> is part
of the NetBSD source tree is beyond me.
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="example-plist"></a>A.1.3. PLIST</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting">
@comment $NetBSD$
bin/bison
man/man1/bison.1.gz
share/bison.simple
share/bison.hairy
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="checking-package-with-pkglint"></a>A.1.4. Checking a package with pkglint</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The NetBSD package system comes with
        <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkglint/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">pkgtools/pkglint</code></a>
	which helps to check the contents of these
	files. After installation it is quite easy to use, just change to the
	directory of the package you wish to examine and run
	<span class="command"><strong>pkglint</strong></span>:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pkglint</code></strong>
ERROR: Makefile: Each package must define its LICENSE.
WARN: Makefile:9: HOMEPAGE should migrate from http to https.
NOTE: PLIST:3: The .gz extension is unnecessary for manual pages.
WARN: PLIST:5: "share/bison.hairy" should be sorted before "share/bison.simple".
1 error, 2 warnings and 1 note found.
(Run "pkglint -e" to show explanations.)
(Run "pkglint -fs" to show what can be fixed automatically.)
(Run "pkglint -F" to automatically fix some issues.)</pre>
<p>Depending on the supplied command line arguments (see pkglint(1)),
	more checks will be performed. Use e.g. <span class="command"><strong>pkglint
	-Wall</strong></span> for a very thorough check.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="steps-for-b-i-p"></a>A.2. Steps for building, installing, packaging</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Create the directory where the package lives,
      plus any auxiliary directories:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd /usr/pkgsrc/lang</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mkdir bison</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd bison</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mkdir patches</code></strong></pre>
<p>Create <code class="filename">Makefile</code>, <code class="filename">DESCR</code> and
      <code class="filename">PLIST</code> (see <a class="xref" href="#components" title="Chapter 12. Package components - files, directories and contents">Chapter 12, <i>Package components - files, directories and contents</i></a>)
      then continue with fetching the distfile:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make fetch</code></strong>
&gt;&gt; bison-1.25.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system.
&gt;&gt; Attempting to fetch from ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu//.
Requesting ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu//bison-1.25.tar.gz (via ftp://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/)
ftp: Error retrieving file: 500 Internal error

&gt;&gt; Attempting to fetch from ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/systems/gnu//.
Requesting ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/systems/gnu//bison-1.25.tar.gz (via ftp://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/)
ftp: Error retrieving file: 500 Internal error

&gt;&gt; Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles//.
Requesting ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles//bison-1.25.tar.gz (via ftp://orpheus.amdahl.com:80/)
Successfully retrieved file.</pre>
<p>Generate the checksum of the distfile into
      <code class="filename">distinfo</code>:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make makedistinfo</code></strong></pre>
<p>Now compile:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make</code></strong>
&gt;&gt; Checksum OK for bison-1.25.tar.gz.
===&gt;  Extracting for bison-1.25
===&gt;  Patching for bison-1.25
===&gt;   Ignoring empty patch directory
===&gt;  Configuring for bison-1.25
creating cache ./config.cache
checking for gcc... cc
checking whether we are using GNU C... yes
checking for a BSD compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin
checking how to run the C preprocessor... cc -E
checking for minix/config.h... no
checking for POSIXized ISC... no
checking whether cross-compiling... no
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for working const... yes
checking for working alloca.h... no
checking for alloca... yes
checking for strerror... yes
updating cache ./config.cache
creating ./config.status
creating Makefile
===&gt;  Building for bison-1.25
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g LR0.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g allocate.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g closure.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g conflicts.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g derives.c
cc -c -DXPFILE=\"/usr/pkg/share/bison.simple\"  -DXPFILE1=\"/usr/pkg/share/bison.hairy\" -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1  -g  ./files.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g getargs.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g gram.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g lalr.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g lex.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g main.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g nullable.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g output.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g print.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g reader.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g reduce.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g symtab.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g warshall.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g version.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g getopt.c
cc -c -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_ALLOCA=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR=1 -I./../include  -g getopt1.c
cc  -g -o bison LR0.o allocate.o closure.o conflicts.o derives.o files.o         getargs.o gram.o lalr.o lex.o                                   main.o nullable.o output.o print.o reader.o reduce.o symtab.o   warshall.o version.o getopt.o getopt1.o
./files.c:240: warning: mktemp() possibly used unsafely, consider using mkstemp()
rm -f bison.s1
sed -e "/^#line/ s|bison|/usr/pkg/share/bison|" &lt; ./bison.simple &gt; bison.s1</pre>
<p>Everything seems OK, so install the files:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make install</code></strong>
&gt;&gt; Checksum OK for bison-1.25.tar.gz.
===&gt;  Installing for bison-1.25
sh ./mkinstalldirs /usr/pkg/bin /usr/pkg/share  /usr/pkg/info /usr/pkg/man/man1
rm -f /usr/pkg/bin/bison
cd /usr/pkg/share; rm -f bison.simple bison.hairy
rm -f /usr/pkg/man/man1/bison.1 /usr/pkg/info/bison.info*
install -c  -o bin -g bin -m 555 bison /usr/pkg/bin/bison
/usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin -m 644 bison.s1 /usr/pkg/share/bison.simple
/usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin -m 644 ./bison.hairy /usr/pkg/share/bison.hairy
cd .; for f in bison.info*;  do /usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin -m 644 $f /usr/pkg/info/$f; done
/usr/bin/install -c -o bin -g bin -m 644 ./bison.1 /usr/pkg/man/man1/bison.1
===&gt;  Registering installation for bison-1.25</pre>
<p>You can now use bison, and also - if you decide so - remove it with
      <span class="command"><strong>pkg_delete bison</strong></span>. Should you decide that you want a
      binary package, do this now:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make package</code></strong>
&gt;&gt; Checksum OK for bison-1.25.tar.gz.
===&gt;  Building package for bison-1.25
Creating package bison-1.25.tgz
Registering depends:.
Creating gzip'd tar ball in '/u/pkgsrc/lang/bison/bison-1.25.tgz'</pre>
<p>Now that you don't need the source and object files
      any more, clean up:</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make clean</code></strong>
===&gt;  Cleaning for bison-1.25</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="hardening"></a>Appendix B. Security hardening</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#hardening.mechanisms">B.1. Mechanisms</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.mechanisms.enabled">B.1.1. Enabled by default</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.mechanisms.disabled">B.1.2. Not enabled by default</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#hardening.caveats">B.2. Caveats</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.caveats.pie">B.2.1. Problems with PKGSRC_MKPIE</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.caveats.fortify">B.2.2. Problems with PKGSRC_USE_FORTIFY</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.caveats.relro">B.2.3. Problems with PKGSRC_USE_RELRO</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.caveats.ssp">B.2.4. Problems with PKGSRC_USE_SSP</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#hardening.audit">B.3. Auditing the system</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.audit.pie">B.3.1. Checking for PIE</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.audit.relropartial">B.3.2. Checking for partial RELRO</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.audit.relrofull">B.3.3. Checking for full RELRO</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#hardening.audit.ssp">B.3.4. Checking for SSP</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
A number of mechanisms are available in pkgsrc to improve the security of the
resulting system. This page describes the mechanisms, and gives hints
about detecting and fixing problems.
</p>
<p>
Mechanisms can be enabled individually in
<code class="filename">mk.conf</code>, and are
individually described below.
</p>
<p>
Typically, a feature will cause some programs to fail to build or work
when first enabled. This can be due to latent problems in the
program, and can be due to other reasons. After enough testing to
have confidence that user problems will be quite rare, individual
mechanisms will be enabled by default.
</p>
<p>
For each mechanism, see the Caveats section below for an explanation
of what might go wrong at compile time and at run time, and how to
notice and address these problems.
</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="hardening.mechanisms"></a>B.1. Mechanisms</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.mechanisms.enabled"></a>B.1.1. Enabled by default</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.mechanisms.enabled.fortify"></a>B.1.1.1. PKGSRC_USE_FORTIFY</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
This allows substitute wrappers to be used for some commonly used
library functions that do not have built-in bounds checking - but
could in some cases.
</p>
<p>
Two mitigation levels are available:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>"weak" only enables checks at compile-time.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>"strong" enables checks at compile-time and runtime.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
"strong" has been enabled by default since pkgsrc-2017Q3.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.mechanisms.enabled.ssp"></a>B.1.1.2. PKGSRC_USE_SSP</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
This enables a stack-smashing protection mitigation. It is done by adding a
guard variable to functions with vulnerable objects. The guards are initialized
when a function is entered and then checked when the function exits. The guard
check will fail and the program forcibly exited if the variable was modified in
the meantime. This can happen in case of buffer overflows or memory corruption,
and therefore exposing these bugs.
</p>
<p>
Different mitigation levels are available:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>"yes", which will only protect functions considered vulnerable
by the compiler;</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>"all", which will protect every function;</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>"strong", the default, which will apply a better balance between the
two settings above.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
This mitigation is supported by both GCC and clang. It may be supported in
additional compilers, possibly under a different name. It is particularly useful
for unsafe programming languages, such as C/C++.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>"yes" is enabled by default where known supported since pkgsrc-2017Q3.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>"strong" is enabled by default where known supported since pkgsrc-2021Q4.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>More details can be found here:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
<a class="ulink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow_protection" target="_top">Buffer overflow protection on Wikipedia</a>
</p></li></ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.mechanisms.enabled.pie"></a>B.1.1.3. PKGSRC_MKPIE</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
This requests the creation of PIE (Position Independent Executables) for all
executables. The PIE mechanism is normally used for shared libraries, so that
they can be loaded at differing addresses at runtime. PIE itself does not have
useful security properties; however, it is necessary to fully leverage some,
such as ASLR.  Some operating systems support Address Space Layout Randomization
(ASLR), which causes different addresses to be used each time a program is run.
This makes it more difficult for an attacker to guess addresses and thus makes
exploits harder to construct. With PIE, ASLR can really be applied to the entire
program, instead of the stack and heap only.
</p>
<p>
PIE executables will only be built for toolchains that are known to support PIE.
Currently, this means NetBSD on x86, ARM, SPARC64, m68k, and MIPS.
</p>
<p>
<code class="varname">PKGSRC_MKPIE</code> was enabled by default after the pkgsrc-2021Q3 branch.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.mechanisms.enabled.relro"></a>B.1.1.4. PKGSRC_USE_RELRO</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
This also makes the exploitation of some security vulnerabilities more
difficult in some cases.
</p>
<p>Two different mitigation levels are available:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>
partial (the default): the ELF sections are reordered so that internal data sections
precede the program's own data sections, and non-PLT GOT is read-only;
</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>
full: in addition to partial RELRO, every relocation is performed immediately
when starting the program, allowing the entire GOT to be read-only.  This
can greatly slow down startup of large programs.
</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
This is currently supported by GCC. Many software distributions now enable this
feature by default, at the "partial" level.
</p>
<p>
More details can be found here:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
<a class="ulink" href="https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/hardening-elf-binaries-using-relocation-read-only-relro" target="_top">Hardening ELF binaries using Relocation Read-Only (RELRO)</a>
</p></li></ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.mechanisms.disabled"></a>B.1.2. Not enabled by default</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.mechanisms.disabled.repro"></a>B.1.2.1. PKGSRC_MKREPRO</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
With this option, pkgsrc will try to build packages reproducibly. This allows
packages built from the same tree and with the same options, to produce
identical results bit by bit. This option should be combined with ASLR and
<code class="varname">PKGSRC_MKPIE</code> to avoid predictable address offsets for
attackers attempting to exploit security vulnerabilities.
</p>
<p>
More details can be found here:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
<a class="ulink" href="https://reproducible-builds.org/" target="_top">Reproducible Builds - a set of software development practices that create an independently-verifiable path from source to binary code</a>
</p></li></ul></div>
<p>
More work likely needs to be done before pkgsrc is fully reproducible.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.mechanisms.disabled.stackcheck"></a>B.1.2.2. PKGSRC_USE_STACK_CHECK</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
This uses <code class="literal">-fstack-check</code> with GCC for
another stack protection mitigation.
</p>
<p>
It asks the compiler to generate code verifying that it does not corrupt the
stack. According to GCC's manual page, this is really only useful for
multi-threaded programs.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="hardening.caveats"></a>B.2. Caveats</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.pie"></a>B.2.1. Problems with PKGSRC_MKPIE</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.pie.build"></a>B.2.1.1. Packages failing to build</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
A number of packages may fail to build with this option enabled. The
failures are often related to the absence of the <code class="literal">-fPIC</code>
compilation flag when building libraries or executables (or ideally
<code class="literal">-fPIE</code> in the latter case). This flag is added to the
<code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> already, but requires the package to
actually support it.
</p>
<div class="sect4">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.pie.build.fix"></a>B.2.1.1.1. How to fix</h5></div></div></div>
<p>
These instructions are meant as a reference only; they likely need to be adapted
for many packages individually.
</p>
<p>
For packages using <code class="filename">Makefiles</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MAKE_FLAGS+=	CFLAGS=${CFLAGS:Q}
MAKE_FLAGS+=	LDFLAGS=${LDFLAGS:Q}
</pre>
<p>
For packages using <code class="filename">Imakefiles</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MAKE_FLAGS+=	CCOPTIONS=${CFLAGS:Q}
MAKE_FLAGS+=	LOCAL_LDFLAGS=${LDFLAGS:Q}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.pie.crash"></a>B.2.1.2. Run-time crashes</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Some programs may fail to run, or crash at random times once built as PIE. Two
scenarios are essentially possible. This is nearly always due to a bug in
the program being exposed due to ASLR.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.pie.disable"></a>B.2.1.3. Disabling PKGSRC_MKPIE on a per-package basis</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Ideally, packages should be fixed for compatibility with MKPIE.
However, in some cases this is very difficult, due to complex build systems,
packages using non-standard toolchains, or programming languages with odd
bootstrapping mechanisms.
</p>
<p>
To disable <code class="varname">PKGSRC_MKPIE</code> on a per-package basis, set
<code class="varname">MKPIE_SUPPORTED= no</code> in the package's Makefile before
<code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code> is included.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.fortify"></a>B.2.2. Problems with PKGSRC_USE_FORTIFY</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.fortify.build"></a>B.2.2.1. Packages failing to build</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
This feature makes use of pre-processing directives to look for hardened,
alternative implementations of essential library calls. Some programs may fail
to build as a result; this usually happens for those trying too hard to be
portable, or otherwise abusing definitions in the standard library.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.fortify.crash"></a>B.2.2.2. Run-time crashes</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
This feature may cause some programs to crash, usually indicating an
actual bug in the program. The fix will typically involve patching the
original program's source code.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.fortify.opt"></a>B.2.2.3. Optimization is required</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
At least in the case of GCC, FORTIFY will only be applied if optimization is
applied while compiling. This means that the <code class="varname">CFLAGS</code> should
also contain <code class="literal">-O</code>, <code class="literal">-O2</code> or another
optimization level. This cannot easily be applied globally, as some packages
may require specific optimization levels.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.fortify.disable"></a>B.2.2.4. Disabling FORTIFY on a per-package basis</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>FORTIFY should not be disabled to work around runtime crashes in
the program!  This is a very bad idea and will expose you to security
vulnerabilities.
</p>
</div>
<p>
To disable FORTIFY on a per-package basis, set the following
in the package's <code class="filename">Makefile</code>
before <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code> is included:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
FORTIFY_SUPPORTED=	no
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.relro"></a>B.2.3. Problems with PKGSRC_USE_RELRO</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.relro.performance"></a>B.2.3.1. Performance impact</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
For better protection, full RELRO requires every symbol to be resolved when the
program starts, rather than simply when required at run-time. This will have
more impact on programs using a lot of symbols, or linked to libraries exposing
a lot of symbols. Therefore, daemons or programs otherwise running in
background are affected only when started. Programs loading plug-ins at
run-time are affected when loading the plug-ins.
</p>
<p>
The impact is not expected to be noticeable on modern hardware, except in some
cases for big programs.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.relro.crash"></a>B.2.3.2. Run-time crashes</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Some programs handle plug-ins and dependencies in a way that conflicts with
RELRO: for instance, with an initialization routine listing any other plug-in
required. With full RELRO, the missing symbols are resolved before the
initialization routine can run, and the dynamic loader will not be able to find
them directly and abort as a result. Unfortunately, this is how Xorg loads its
drivers. Partial RELRO can be applied instead in this case.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.relro.disable"></a>B.2.3.3. Disabling RELRO on a per-package basis</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
To disable RELRO on a per-package basis, set the following
in the package's <code class="filename">Makefile</code>
before <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code> is included:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
RELRO_SUPPORTED=	no
</pre>
<p>
It is also possible to at most enable partial RELRO, by
setting <code class="varname">RELRO_SUPPORTED</code> to <code class="literal">partial</code>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.ssp"></a>B.2.4. Problems with PKGSRC_USE_SSP</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.ssp.build"></a>B.2.4.1. Packages failing to build</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
The stack-smashing protection provided by this option does not work for some
programs. The most common situation in which this happens is when the program
allocates variables on the stack, with the size determined at run-time.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.ssp.crash"></a>B.2.4.2. Run-time crashes</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Again, this feature may cause some programs to crash via a
<code class="varname">SIGABRT</code>, usually indicating an actual bug in the program.
</p>
<p>
On NetBSD <code class="varname">LOG_CRIT</code> level syslog
messages are sent and - by default -
appended to <code class="filename">/var/log/messages</code>, e.g.:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Jan  6 15:42:51 hostname -: hostname program - - - buffer overflow detected; terminated
</pre>
<p>
(where <code class="literal">hostname</code> is the hostname(1) and
<code class="literal">program</code> is the basename(1) of the program crashed).
</p>
<p>
Patching the original program is then required.
</p>
<p>
Rebuilding the package via:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<strong class="userinput"><code>% env CFLAGS=-g INSTALL_UNSTRIPPED=yes make replace</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>
and inspecting the backtrace of the coredump via the debugger
should point out the problematic call by inspecting the frame
calling the _chk() (SSP) function.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.ssp.performance"></a>B.2.4.3. Performance impact</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
The compiler emits extra code when using this feature: a check for buffer
overflows is performed when entering and exiting functions, requiring an extra
variable on the stack. The level of protection can otherwise be adjusted to
affect only those functions considered more sensitive by the compiler (with
-fstack-protector instead of -fstack-protector-all).
</p>
<p>
The impact is not expected to be noticeable on modern hardware. However,
programs with a hard requirement to run at the fastest possible speed should
avoid using this feature, or using libraries built with this feature.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="hardening.caveats.ssp.disable"></a>B.2.4.4. Disabling SSP on a per-package basis</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>SSP should not be disabled to work around runtime crashes in
the program!  This is a very bad idea and will expose you to security
vulnerabilities.</p>
</div>
<p>
To disable SSP on a per-package basis, set the following
in the package's <code class="filename">Makefile</code>
before <code class="filename">bsd.prefs.mk</code> is included:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SSP_SUPPORTED=	no
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="hardening.audit"></a>B.3. Auditing the system</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
The illusion of security is worse than having no security at all. This section
lists a number of ways to ensure the security features requested are actually
effective.
</p>
<p>
These instructions were obtained and tested on a system derived from NetBSD 7
(amd64). YMMV.
</p>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.audit.pie"></a>B.3.1. Checking for PIE</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The ELF executable type in use changes for binaries built as PIE; without:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<strong class="userinput"><code>$ file /path/to/bin/ary</code></strong>
/path/to/bin/ary: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for NetBSD 7.0, not stripped
</pre>
<p>as opposed to the following binary, built as PIE:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<strong class="userinput"><code>$ file /path/to/pie/bin/ary</code></strong>
/path/to/pie/bin/ary: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for NetBSD 7.0, not stripped
</pre>
<p>
The latter result is then what is expected.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.audit.relropartial"></a>B.3.2. Checking for partial RELRO</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The following command should list a section called RELRO:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<strong class="userinput"><code>$ objdump -p /path/to/bin/ary</code></strong>

/path/to/bin/ary:     file format elf64-x86-64

Program Header:
[...]
   RELRO off    0x0000000000000d78 vaddr 0x0000000000600d78 paddr 0x0000000000600d78 align 2**0
</pre>
<p>
This check is now performed automatically if
<code class="varname">PKG_DEVELOPER</code> is set and RELRO is enabled.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.audit.relrofull"></a>B.3.3. Checking for full RELRO</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The dynamic loader will apply RELRO immediately when detecting the presence of
the <code class="varname">BIND_NOW</code> flag:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<strong class="userinput"><code>$ objdump -x /path/to/bin/ary</code></strong>

/path/to/bin/ary:     file format elf64-x86-64

Dynamic Section:
[...]
  BIND_NOW             0x0000000000000000
</pre>
<p>
This has to be combined with partial RELRO (see above) to be fully efficient.
</p>
<p>
This check is now performed automatically (where supported) if
<code class="varname">PKG_DEVELOPER</code> is set.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="hardening.audit.ssp"></a>B.3.4. Checking for SSP</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
Checking for SSP using this method only works where the operating system
uses <code class="literal">libssp</code>. <code class="literal">libssp</code> is not used
on recent NetBSD/FreeBSD/Linux versions.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Building objects, binaries and libraries with SSP will affect the presence of
additional symbols in the resulting file:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<strong class="userinput"><code>$ nm /path/to/bin/ary</code></strong>
[...]
                 U __stack_chk_fail
0000000000600ea0 B __stack_chk_guard
</pre>
<p>
This is an indicator that the program was indeed built with support for SSP.
</p>
<p>
This check is now performed automatically (where supported) if
<code class="varname">PKG_DEVELOPER</code> is set and SSP is enabled.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="logs"></a>Appendix C. Build logs</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#logs.building">C.1. Building figlet</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#logs.package">C.2. Packaging figlet</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="logs.building"></a>C.1. Building figlet</h2></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make</code></strong>
===&gt; Checking for vulnerabilities in figlet-2.2.1nb2
=&gt; figlet221.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system.
=&gt; Attempting to fetch figlet221.tar.gz from ftp://ftp.figlet.org/pub/figlet/program/unix/.
=&gt; [172219 bytes]
Connected to ftp.plig.net.
220 ftp.plig.org NcFTPd Server (licensed copy) ready.
331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password.
230-You are user #5 of 500 simultaneous users allowed.
230-
230-  ___ _             _ _
230- |  _| |_ ___   ___| |_|___   ___ ___ ___
230- |  _|  _| . |_| . | | | . |_| . |  _| . |
230- |_| |_| |  _|_|  _|_|_|_  |_|___|_| |_  |
230-         |_|   |_|     |___|         |___|
230-
230-** Welcome to ftp.plig.org **
230-
230-Please note that all transfers from this FTP site are logged. If you
230-do not like this, please disconnect now.
230-
230-This archive is available via
230-
230-HTTP:  http://ftp.plig.org/
230-FTP:   ftp://ftp.plig.org/     (max 500 connections)
230-RSYNC: rsync://ftp.plig.org/   (max  30 connections)
230-
230-Please email comments, bug reports and requests for packages to be
230-mirrored to ftp-admin@plig.org.
230-
230-
230 Logged in anonymously.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
200 Type okay.
250 "/pub" is new cwd.
250-"/pub/figlet" is new cwd.
250-
250-Welcome to the figlet archive at ftp.figlet.org
250-
250-	ftp://ftp.figlet.org/pub/figlet/
250-
250-The official FIGlet web page is:
250-	http://www.figlet.org/
250-
250-If you have questions, please mailto:info@figlet.org. If you want to
250-contribute a font or something else, you can email us.
250
250 "/pub/figlet/program" is new cwd.
250 "/pub/figlet/program/unix" is new cwd.
local: figlet221.tar.gz remote: figlet221.tar.gz
502 Unimplemented command.
227 Entering Passive Mode (195,40,6,41,246,104)
150 Data connection accepted from 84.128.86.72:65131; transfer starting for figlet221.tar.gz (172219 bytes).
38% |**************                       | 65800      64.16 KB/s    00:01 ETA
226 Transfer completed.
172219 bytes received in 00:02 (75.99 KB/s)
221 Goodbye.
=&gt; Checksum OK for figlet221.tar.gz.
===&gt; Extracting for figlet-2.2.1nb2
===&gt; Required installed package ccache-[0-9]*: ccache-2.3nb1 found
===&gt; Patching for figlet-2.2.1nb2
===&gt; Applying pkgsrc patches for figlet-2.2.1nb2
===&gt; Overriding tools for figlet-2.2.1nb2
===&gt; Creating toolchain wrappers for figlet-2.2.1nb2
===&gt; Configuring for figlet-2.2.1nb2
===&gt; Building for figlet-2.2.1nb2
gcc -O2 -DDEFAULTFONTDIR=\"/usr/pkg/share/figlet\"  -DDEFAULTFONTFILE=\"standard.flf\"  figlet.c zipio.c crc.c inflate.c -o figlet
chmod a+x figlet
gcc -O2 -o chkfont chkfont.c
=&gt; Unwrapping files-to-be-installed.
<code class="prompt">#</code>
<code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make install</code></strong>
===&gt; Checking for vulnerabilities in figlet-2.2.1nb2
===&gt; Installing for figlet-2.2.1nb2
install -d -o root -g wheel -m 755 /usr/pkg/bin
install -d -o root -g wheel -m 755 /usr/pkg/man/man6
mkdir -p /usr/pkg/share/figlet
cp figlet /usr/pkg/bin
cp chkfont /usr/pkg/bin
chmod 555 figlist showfigfonts
cp figlist /usr/pkg/bin
cp showfigfonts /usr/pkg/bin
cp fonts/*.flf /usr/pkg/share/figlet
cp fonts/*.flc /usr/pkg/share/figlet
cp figlet.6 /usr/pkg/man/man6
===&gt; Registering installation for figlet-2.2.1nb2
<code class="prompt">#</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="logs.package"></a>C.2. Packaging figlet</h2></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">#</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>make package</code></strong>
===&gt; Checking for vulnerabilities in figlet-2.2.1nb2
===&gt; Packaging figlet-2.2.1nb2
===&gt; Building binary package for figlet-2.2.1nb2
Creating package /home/cvs/pkgsrc/packages/i386/All/figlet-2.2.1nb2.tgz
Using SrcDir value of /usr/pkg
Registering depends:.
<code class="prompt">#</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="ftp-layout"></a>Appendix D. Directory layout of the pkgsrc FTP server</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-distfiles">D.1. <code class="filename">distfiles</code>: The distributed source files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-misc">D.2. <code class="filename">misc</code>: Miscellaneous things</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-packages">D.3. <code class="filename">packages</code>: Binary packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-reports">D.4. <code class="filename">reports</code>: Bulk build reports</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#ftp-source">D.5. <code class="filename">current</code>,
<code class="filename">stable</code>,
<code class="filename">pkgsrc-20<em class="replaceable"><code>xx</code></em>Q<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em></code>:
source packages</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>As in other big projects, the directory layout of pkgsrc
	is quite complex for newbies. This chapter explains where you
	find things on the FTP server. The base directory on
	<code class="filename">ftp.NetBSD.org</code> is <a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/" target="_top"><code class="filename">/pub/pkgsrc/</code></a>.
	On other servers it may be different, but inside this directory,
	everything should look the same, no matter on which server you
	are. This directory contains some subdirectories, which are
	explained below.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="ftp-distfiles"></a>D.1. <code class="filename">distfiles</code>: The distributed source files</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The directory <code class="filename">distfiles</code> contains lots
	of archive files from all pkgsrc packages, which are mirrored
	here. The subdirectories are called after their package names
	and are used when the distributed files have names that don't
	explicitly contain a version number or are otherwise too generic
	(for example <code class="filename">release.tar.gz</code>).</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="ftp-misc"></a>D.2. <code class="filename">misc</code>: Miscellaneous things</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This directory contains things that individual pkgsrc
	developers find worth publishing.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="ftp-packages"></a>D.3. <code class="filename">packages</code>: Binary packages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>This directory contains binary packages for the various
	platforms that are supported by pkgsrc.
	Each subdirectory is of the form <em class="replaceable"><code>OPSYS</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>ARCH</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>OSVERSION_TAG</code></em>. The meaning of these variables is:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">OPSYS</code> is the name of the
	operating system for which the packages have been built. The
	name is taken from the output of the <span class="command"><strong>uname</strong></span>
	command, so it may differ from the one you are used to
	hear.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">ARCH</code> is the hardware
	architecture of the platform for which the packages have been
	built. It also includes the <code class="varname">ABI</code> (Application
	Binary Interface) for platforms that have several of
	them.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">OSVERSION</code> is the version of
	the operating system. For version numbers that change often (for
	example NetBSD-current), the often-changing part should be
	replaced with an <code class="literal">x</code>, for example
	<code class="literal">4.99.x</code>.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">TAG</code> is either
	<code class="literal">20<em class="replaceable"><code>xx</code></em>Q<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em></code>
	for a stable branch, or <code class="literal">head</code> for packages
	built from the HEAD branch. The latter should only be used when
	the packages are updated on a regular basis. Otherwise the date
	from checking out pkgsrc should be appended, for example
	<code class="literal">head_20071015</code>.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>The rationale for exactly this scheme is that the pkgsrc users looking for binary packages
	can quickly click through the directories on the
	server and find the best binary packages for their machines. Since they
	usually know the operating system and the hardware architecture, OPSYS
	and ARCH are placed first. After these choices, they can select the
	best combination of OSVERSION and TAG together, since it is usually the
	case that packages stay compatible between different version of the
	operating system.</p>
<p>In each of these directories, there is a
	whole binary packages collection for a specific platform. It has a directory called
	<code class="filename">All</code> which contains all binary packages.
	Besides that, there are various category directories that
	contain symbolic links to the real binary packages.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="ftp-reports"></a>D.4. <code class="filename">reports</code>: Bulk build reports</h2></div></div></div>
<p>Here are the reports from bulk builds, for those who want
	to fix packages that didn't build on some of the platforms. The
	structure of subdirectories should look like the one in <a class="xref" href="#ftp-packages" title="D.3. packages: Binary packages">Section D.3, &#8220;<code class="filename">packages</code>: Binary packages&#8221;</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="ftp-source"></a>D.5. <code class="filename">current</code>,
<code class="filename">stable</code>,
<code class="filename">pkgsrc-20<em class="replaceable"><code>xx</code></em>Q<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em></code>:
source packages</h2></div></div></div>
<p>These directories contain the <span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">real</span>&#8221;</span> pkgsrc,
	that is the files that define how to create binary packages from
	source archives.</p>
<p>Each of the <code class="filename">current</code>,
	<code class="filename">stable</code> and
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc-20<em class="replaceable"><code>xx</code></em>Q<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em></code>
	directories share the same structure.  They each contain a
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc</code> directory and
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc.tar.{bz,gz,xz}</code> file.</p>
<p>The directory <code class="filename">pkgsrc</code> contains a
	snapshot of the CVS repository, which is updated regularly. The
	file <code class="filename">pkgsrc.tar.{bz,gz,xz}</code> contains the same
	as the directory, ready to be downloaded as a whole.</p>
<p>The <code class="filename">current</code> directory contains files
	related to the HEAD branch of the CVS repository.
	In this directory there is an additional file called
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc-readmes.tar.{bz,gz,xz}</code> that contains
	all pkgsrc <code class="filename">README</code>s with information about
	categories and packages.
	</p>
<p>The <code class="filename">stable</code> directory is a symlink to
	the latest 
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc-20<em class="replaceable"><code>xx</code></em>Q<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em></code>.
	</p>
<p>The
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc-20<em class="replaceable"><code>xx</code></em>Q<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em></code>.
	directories contain files related to the 
	<code class="filename">-20<em class="replaceable"><code>xx</code></em>Q<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em></code>
	stable branch of the CVS repository. In these directories there is
	an additional file called
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc-20<em class="replaceable"><code>xx</code></em>Q<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em>.tar.{bz,gz,xz}</code>,
	which contains the state of pkgsrc when it was branched.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="help-topics"></a>Appendix E. Help topics</h1></div></div></div>
<p>
	The following list contains all help topics that are available
	when running <span class="command"><strong>bmake help topic=:index</strong></span>.
</p>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr>
<td>#!</td>
<td>-lintl</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>32bit</td>
<td>64bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ABI</td>
<td>ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACROREAD_FONTPATH</td>
<td>ADDITIONAL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AFAIK</td>
<td>AIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ALLOW_VULNERABLE_PACKAGES</td>
<td>ALL_ENV</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ALTERNATIVES_SRC</td>
<td>AMANDA_TMP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AMANDA_USER</td>
<td>AMANDA_VAR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>APACHE_GROUP</td>
<td>APACHE_MODULE_NAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>APACHE_MODULE_SRC</td>
<td>APACHE_MODULE_SRCDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>APACHE_PKG_PREFIX</td>
<td>APACHE_SUEXEC_CONFIGURE_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>APACHE_SUEXEC_DOCROOT</td>
<td>APACHE_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>APPEND_ABI</td>
<td>APPEND_ELF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ARLA_CACHE</td>
<td>AUDIT_PACKAGES_FLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AUTOCONF_REQD</td>
<td>AUTOMAKE_OVERRIDE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AUTOMAKE_REQD</td>
<td>AUTO_MKDIRS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BDB185_DEFAULT</td>
<td>BDBBASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BDB_ACCEPTED</td>
<td>BDB_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BDB_LIBS</td>
<td>BDB_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BINCIMAP_GROUP</td>
<td>BINCIMAP_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BIND_DIR</td>
<td>BIND_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BIND_USER</td>
<td>BINOWN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BINPKG_SITES</td>
<td>BIN_INSTALL_FLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BISON_PKGDATADIR</td>
<td>BLAS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BLAS_ACCEPTED</td>
<td>BLAS_C_INTERFACE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BLAS_INCLUDES</td>
<td>BLAS_INDEX64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BLAS_LIBS</td>
<td>BLAS_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BOOTSTRAP_DEPENDS</td>
<td>BROKEN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BROKEN_EXCEPT_ON_PLATFORM</td>
<td>BROKEN_ON_PLATFORM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BSDSRCDIR</td>
<td>BSDXSRCDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BSD_MAKE_ENV</td>
<td>BUILDLINK_AUTO_DIRS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILDLINK_AUTO_VARS</td>
<td>BUILDLINK_CFLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILDLINK_CONTENTS_FILTER</td>
<td>BUILDLINK_CPPFLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILDLINK_FILES</td>
<td>BUILDLINK_FILES_CMD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILDLINK_FNAME_TRANSFORM</td>
<td>BUILDLINK_LDFLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILDLINK_LIBS</td>
<td>BUILDLINK_OPSYS_SUPPORT_PTHREAD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILDLINK_PKGNAME</td>
<td>BUILDLINK_PREFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILDLINK_RPATHDIRS</td>
<td>BUILDLINK_TREE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILD_DEFS</td>
<td>BUILD_DEFS_EFFECTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILD_DEPENDS</td>
<td>BUILD_DIRS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILD_ENV_SHELL</td>
<td>BUILD_MAKE_CMD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILD_MAKE_FLAGS</td>
<td>BUILD_TARGET</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILTIN_FIND_FILES</td>
<td>BUILTIN_FIND_FILES_VAR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILTIN_FIND_GREP</td>
<td>BUILTIN_FIND_HEADERS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILTIN_FIND_HEADERS_VAR</td>
<td>BUILTIN_FIND_PKGCONFIG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILTIN_FIND_PKGCONFIG_VAR</td>
<td>BUILTIN_PKG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILTIN_TEST_CURSES_DEFINES</td>
<td>BUILTIN_TEST_CURSES_FUNCS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILTIN_VERSION_SCRIPT</td>
<td>BUILTIN_X11_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BUILTIN_X11_VERSION</td>
<td>CACTI_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CACTI_USER</td>
<td>CANNA_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CANNA_USER</td>
<td>CAT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CBLAS_LIBS</td>
<td>CCACHE_BASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CCACHE_DIR</td>
<td>CCACHE_LOGFILE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CC_VERSION</td>
<td>CC_VERSION_STRING</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CDRECORD_CONF</td>
<td>CDROM_PKG_URL_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CDROM_PKG_URL_HOST</td>
<td>CHANGES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_COMPILER</td>
<td>CHECK_FAKEHOME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_FILES</td>
<td>CHECK_FILES_SKIP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_FILES_STRICT</td>
<td>CHECK_HEADERS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_HEADERS_SKIP</td>
<td>CHECK_INTERPRETER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_INTERPRETER_SKIP</td>
<td>CHECK_PERMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_PERMS_AUTOFIX</td>
<td>CHECK_PERMS_SKIP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_PIE</td>
<td>CHECK_PIE_SKIP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_PIE_SUPPORTED</td>
<td>CHECK_PORTABILITY</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_PORTABILITY_EXPERIMENTAL</td>
<td>CHECK_PORTABILITY_SKIP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_RELRO</td>
<td>CHECK_RELRO_SKIP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_RELRO_SUPPORTED</td>
<td>CHECK_SHLIBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_SHLIBS_SKIP</td>
<td>CHECK_SHLIBS_SUPPORTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_SHLIBS_TOXIC</td>
<td>CHECK_SSP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_SSP_SKIP</td>
<td>CHECK_SSP_SUPPORTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_STRIPPED</td>
<td>CHECK_STRIPPED_SKIP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_WRKREF</td>
<td>CHECK_WRKREF_EXTRA_DIRS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CHECK_WRKREF_SKIP</td>
<td>CLAMAV_DBDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CLAMAV_GROUP</td>
<td>CLAMAV_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CLANGBASE</td>
<td>CLEANDEPENDS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMAKE_DEPENDENCIES_REWRITE</td>
<td>CMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX</td>
<td>CMAKE_MODULE_PATH_OVERRIDE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMAKE_PKGSRC_BUILD_FLAGS</td>
<td>CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMAKE_USE_GNU_INSTALL_DIRS</td>
<td>COMPILER_RPATH_FLAG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>COMPILER_USE_SYMLINKS</td>
<td>CONFIGURE_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CONFIGURE_DIRS</td>
<td>CONFIGURE_ENV</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CONFIGURE_ENV_SHELL</td>
<td>CONFIGURE_HAS_INFODIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CONFIGURE_HAS_MANDIR</td>
<td>CONFIGURE_SCRIPT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CONFIG_SHELL</td>
<td>CONFIG_SHELL_FLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CONF_FILES</td>
<td>CONF_FILES_MODE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CONF_FILES_PERMS</td>
<td>CONSERVER_DEFAULTHOST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CONSERVER_DEFAULTPORT</td>
<td>CP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CPP</td>
<td>CPP_PRECOMP_FLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CREATE_WRKDIR_SYMLINK</td>
<td>CROSSBASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CTFCONVERT</td>
<td>CTF_FILES_SKIP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CTF_SUPPORTED</td>
<td>CTYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CUPS_GROUP</td>
<td>CUPS_SYSTEM_GROUPS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CUPS_USER</td>
<td>CURSES_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CURSES_TYPE</td>
<td>CXX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CYRUS_GROUP</td>
<td>CYRUS_IDLE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CYRUS_USER</td>
<td>DAEMONTOOLS_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DAEMONTOOLS_LOG_USER</td>
<td>DARWIN_NO_SYSTEM_LIBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DARWIN_REQUIRES_FILTER</td>
<td>DBUS_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DBUS_USER</td>
<td>DEFANG_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DEFANG_USER</td>
<td>DEFAULT_ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DEFAULT_DISTFILES</td>
<td>DEFAULT_IRC_SERVER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DEFAULT_SERIAL_DEVICE</td>
<td>DEF_UMASK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DEINSTALLDEPENDS</td>
<td>DEINSTALL_SRC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DEINSTALL_TEMPLATES</td>
<td>DELAYED_ERROR_MSG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DELAYED_WARNING_MSG</td>
<td>DEPENDS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DEPENDS_TARGET</td>
<td>DEPENDS_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DESTDIR</td>
<td>DESTDIR_VARNAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DIALER_GROUP</td>
<td>DIGEST_REQD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DISTDIR</td>
<td>DISTFILES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DISTINFO_FILE</td>
<td>DISTNAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DIST_PATH</td>
<td>DIST_SUBDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DJBDNS_AXFR_USER</td>
<td>DJBDNS_CACHE_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DJBDNS_DJBDNS_GROUP</td>
<td>DJBDNS_LOG_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DJBDNS_RBL_USER</td>
<td>DJBDNS_TINY_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DLOPEN_REQUIRE_PTHREADS</td>
<td>DL_AUTO_VARS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DL_CFLAGS</td>
<td>DL_LDFLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DL_LIBS</td>
<td>DNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DOCOWN</td>
<td>DOWNLOADED_DISTFILE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DQCACHE_GROUP</td>
<td>DQCACHE_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DT_LAYOUT</td>
<td>DYNAMIC_SITES_CMD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DYNAMIC_SITES_SCRIPT</td>
<td>ECHO</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ECHO_N</td>
<td>ELK_GUI</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMACS_TYPE</td>
<td>EMULDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMULSUBDIR</td>
<td>EMULSUBDIRSLASH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMUL_ARCH</td>
<td>EMUL_DISTRO</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMUL_EXEC_FMT</td>
<td>EMUL_IS_NATIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMUL_MODULES</td>
<td>EMUL_OPSYS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMUL_PKG_FMT</td>
<td>EMUL_PLATFORM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMUL_PLATFORMS</td>
<td>EMUL_PREFER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMUL_REQD</td>
<td>EMUL_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ERROR_MSG</td>
<td>EXIM_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EXIM_USER</td>
<td>EXPORT_SYMBOLS_LDFLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EXTRACTOR</td>
<td>EXTRACT_CMD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EXTRACT_CMD_DEFAULT</td>
<td>EXTRACT_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EXTRACT_ELEMENTS</td>
<td>EXTRACT_ENV</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EXTRACT_ONLY</td>
<td>EXTRACT_OPTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EXTRACT_SUFX</td>
<td>EXTRACT_USING</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FAIL</td>
<td>FAILOVER_FETCH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FAIL_MSG</td>
<td>FAKE_NCURSES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FAM</td>
<td>FAM_ACCEPTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FAM_DEFAULT</td>
<td>FAM_SERVER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FCPATH</td>
<td>FEATURE_CPPFLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FEATURE_LDFLAGS</td>
<td>FEATURE_LIBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FETCH_AFTER_ARGS</td>
<td>FETCH_BEFORE_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FETCH_CMD</td>
<td>FETCH_OUTPUT_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FETCH_PROXY</td>
<td>FETCH_RESUME_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FETCH_TIMEOUT</td>
<td>FETCH_USE_IPV4_ONLY</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FETCH_USING</td>
<td>FILES_SUBST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FILES_SUBST_SED</td>
<td>FIX_SYSTEM_HEADERS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FONTS_DIRS</td>
<td>FONTS_VERBOSE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FOO_HACKS_MK</td>
<td>FOX_USE_XUNICODE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FREEWNN_GROUP</td>
<td>FREEWNN_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FTP_PKG_URL_DIR</td>
<td>FTP_PKG_URL_HOST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GAMEDATAMODE</td>
<td>GAMEDATA_PERMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GAMEDIRMODE</td>
<td>GAMEDIR_PERMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GAMEGRP</td>
<td>GAMEMODE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GAMEOWN</td>
<td>GAMES_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GAMES_USER</td>
<td>GCC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GCCBASE</td>
<td>GCC_REQD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GCC_VERSION_SUFFIX</td>
<td>GEM_BUILD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GEM_CLEANBUILD</td>
<td>GEM_CLEANBUILD_EXTENSIONS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GEM_DOCDIR</td>
<td>GEM_EXTSDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GEM_HOME</td>
<td>GEM_KEEPBUILD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GEM_LIBDIR</td>
<td>GEM_NAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GEM_PATH</td>
<td>GEM_PLUGINSDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GEM_SPECFILE</td>
<td>GENERATE_PLIST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GHC</td>
<td>GHOSTSCRIPT_REQD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GITHUB_PROJECT</td>
<td>GITHUB_RELEASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GITHUB_SUBMODULES</td>
<td>GITHUB_TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GITHUB_TYPE</td>
<td>GITLAB_PROJECT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GITLAB_RELEASE</td>
<td>GITLAB_SUBMODULES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GITLAB_TAG</td>
<td>GITLAB_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GNU</td>
<td>GNU_CONFIGURE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GNU_CONFIGURE_INFODIR</td>
<td>GNU_CONFIGURE_MANDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GNU_CONFIGURE_QUIET</td>
<td>GNU_CONFIGURE_STRICT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GODEP_REDIRECTS</td>
<td>GO_BUILD_PATTERN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GO_DEPS</td>
<td>GO_DIST_BASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GO_EXTRA_MOD_DIRS</td>
<td>GO_MODULE_FILES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GO_SRCPATH</td>
<td>GO_VERSION_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GROUP_SPECIFIC_PKGS</td>
<td>GRUB_NETWORK_CARDS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GRUB_PRESET_COMMAND</td>
<td>GRUB_SCAN_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GZIP</td>
<td>HASKELL_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_EXECUTABLE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HASKELL_ENABLE_HADDOCK_DOCUMENTATION</td>
<td>HASKELL_ENABLE_LIBRARY_PROFILING</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HASKELL_ENABLE_SHARED_LIBRARY</td>
<td>HASKELL_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HAS_CONFIGURE</td>
<td>HEADER_TEMPLATES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HOMEPAGE</td>
<td>HOST_PKGTOOLS_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HOST_SPECIFIC_PKGS</td>
<td>HOWL_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HOWL_USER</td>
<td>ICCBASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ICECAST_CHROOTDIR</td>
<td>ICON_THEMES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IDOBASE</td>
<td>IGNORE_CCACHE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IGNORE_INFO_DIRS</td>
<td>IGNORE_INTERACTIVE_FETCH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IMAKE</td>
<td>IMAKEOPTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IMAKE_MAKE</td>
<td>IMAKE_MANINSTALL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IMAP_UW_CCLIENT_MBOX_FMT</td>
<td>IMDICTDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>INCOMPAT_CURSES</td>
<td>INFO_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>INFO_FILES</td>
<td>INFO_FILES_VERBOSE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>INFO_MSG</td>
<td>INIT_SYSTEM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>INN_DATA_DIR</td>
<td>INN_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>INN_USER</td>
<td>INSTALLATION_DIRS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>INSTALLATION_DIRS_FROM_PLIST</td>
<td>INSTALL_ENV</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>INSTALL_SH_OVERRIDE</td>
<td>INSTALL_SRC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>INSTALL_TEMPLATES</td>
<td>INSTALL_UNSTRIPPED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IRCD_HYBRID_IRC_GROUP</td>
<td>IRCD_HYBRID_IRC_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IRCD_HYBRID_MAXCONN</td>
<td>IRCD_HYBRID_NICLEN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IRCD_HYBRID_SYSLOG_EVENTS</td>
<td>IRCD_HYBRID_SYSLOG_FACILITY</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IRCD_HYBRID_TOPICLEN</td>
<td>IRIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IRRD_USE_PGP</td>
<td>JABBERD_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JABBERD_LOGDIR</td>
<td>JABBERD_PIDDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JABBERD_SPOOLDIR</td>
<td>JABBERD_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JAVA_BINPREFIX</td>
<td>JAVA_CLASSPATH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JAVA_HOME</td>
<td>JAVA_LD_LIBRARY_PATH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JAVA_NAME</td>
<td>JAVA_UNLIMIT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JAVA_WRAPPERS</td>
<td>JPEG_ACCEPTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JPEG_DEFAULT</td>
<td>KERBEROS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>KERMIT_SUID_UUCP</td>
<td>KJS_USE_PCRE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>KNEWS_DOMAIN_FILE</td>
<td>KNEWS_DOMAIN_NAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>KRB5_ACCEPTED</td>
<td>KRB5_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LANGUAGES</td>
<td>LAPACKE_LIBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LAPACK_LIBS</td>
<td>LATEX2HTML_ICONPATH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LDCONFIG_ADD_CMD</td>
<td>LDCONFIG_REMOVE_CMD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LDD</td>
<td>LEAFNODE_DATA_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LEAFNODE_GROUP</td>
<td>LEAFNODE_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LIBDVDCSS_HOMEPAGE</td>
<td>LIBDVDCSS_MASTER_SITES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LIBRSVG_TYPE</td>
<td>LIBTOOL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LIBTOOLIZE_PLIST</td>
<td>LIBTOOL_M4_OVERRIDE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LIBUSB_TYPE</td>
<td>LICENSE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LINKER_RPATH_FLAG</td>
<td>LINK_RPATH_FLAG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LINUX_LOCALES</td>
<td>LOCALBASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LOCALBASE_LOCKTYPE</td>
<td>LOCALPATCHES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LOVE_DATA</td>
<td>LOVE_GAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LOVE_VERSION</td>
<td>LP32PLATFORMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LP64PLATFORMS</td>
<td>LUA_BUSTED_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LUA_CDIR</td>
<td>LUA_COMPILER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LUA_DOCDIR</td>
<td>LUA_EXAMPLESDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LUA_INCDIR</td>
<td>LUA_INTERPRETER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LUA_LDIR</td>
<td>LUA_LINKER_MAGIC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LUA_PKGPREFIX</td>
<td>LUA_SELF_CONFLICT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LUA_USE_BUSTED</td>
<td>LUA_VERSIONS_ACCEPTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LUA_VERSIONS_INCOMPATIBLE</td>
<td>LUA_VERSION_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LUA_VERSION_REQD</td>
<td>Lua</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MACHINE_PLATFORM</td>
<td>MAILAGENT_DOMAIN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MAILAGENT_EMAIL</td>
<td>MAILAGENT_FQDN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MAILAGENT_ORGANIZATION</td>
<td>MAJORDOMO_HOMEDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MAKEINFO_ARGS</td>
<td>MAKE_DIRS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MAKE_DIRS_PERMS</td>
<td>MAKE_ENV</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MAKE_FILE</td>
<td>MAKE_FLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MAKE_JOBS</td>
<td>MAKE_JOBS_SAFE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MAKE_PROGRAM</td>
<td>MANCOMPRESSED_IF_MANZ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MANINSTALL</td>
<td>MANZ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITES</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_BACKUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_LOCAL</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_MOZILLA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE</td>
<td>MASTER_SITE_PERL_CPAN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SORT</td>
<td>MASTER_SORT_RANDOM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MASTER_SORT_REGEX</td>
<td>MECAB_CHARSET</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MEDIATOMB_GROUP</td>
<td>MEDIATOMB_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MIPSPROBASE</td>
<td>MIREDO_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MIREDO_USER</td>
<td>MISSING_FEATURES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MKDIR</td>
<td>MKPIE_SUPPORTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MLDONKEY_GROUP</td>
<td>MLDONKEY_HOME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MLDONKEY_USER</td>
<td>MONOTONE_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MONOTONE_USER</td>
<td>MOTIFBASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MOTIF_TYPE</td>
<td>MOTIF_TYPE_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MPI_TYPE</td>
<td>MSGFMT_STRIP_MSGCTXT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MSGFMT_STRIP_MSGID_PLURAL</td>
<td>MTOOLS_ENABLE_FLOPPYD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MV</td>
<td>MYSQL_CHARSET</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MYSQL_DATADIR</td>
<td>MYSQL_EXTRA_CHARSET</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MYSQL_GROUP</td>
<td>MYSQL_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MYSQL_VERSION</td>
<td>MYSQL_VERSIONS_ACCEPTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MYSQL_VERSIONS_ALL</td>
<td>MYSQL_VERSION_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NAGIOSCMD_GROUP</td>
<td>NAGIOSDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NAGIOS_GROUP</td>
<td>NAGIOS_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NATIVE_APPEND_ABI</td>
<td>NATIVE_APPEND_ELF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NATIVE_EXEC_FMT</td>
<td>NATIVE_MACHINE_PLATFORM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NATIVE_OBJECT_FMT</td>
<td>NBPAX_PROGRAM_PREFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NETBSD_LOGIN_NAME</td>
<td>NMH_EDITOR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NMH_MTA</td>
<td>NMH_PAGER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NODE_VERSIONS_ACCEPTED</td>
<td>NODE_VERSIONS_INCOMPATIBLE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NODE_VERSION_DEFAULT</td>
<td>NODE_VERSION_REQD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NOLOGIN</td>
<td>NOTE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NOT_FOR_PLATFORM</td>
<td>NOT_PAX_ASLR_SAFE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NOT_PAX_MPROTECT_SAFE</td>
<td>NO_BUILD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NO_CHECKSUM</td>
<td>NO_CONFIGURE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NO_SKIP</td>
<td>NS_PREFERRED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NULLMAILER_GROUP</td>
<td>NULLMAILER_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OASIS</td>
<td>OASIS_BUILD_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OBJHOSTNAME</td>
<td>OBJMACHINE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OCAML_FINDLIB_DIRS</td>
<td>OCAML_FINDLIB_REGISTER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OCAML_FINDLIB_REGISTER_VERBOSE</td>
<td>OCAML_SITELIBDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OCAML_TOPKG_DOCDIR</td>
<td>OCAML_USE_DUNE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OCAML_USE_FINDLIB</td>
<td>OCAML_USE_OASIS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OCAML_USE_OASIS_DYNRUN</td>
<td>OCAML_USE_OPAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OCAML_USE_TOPKG</td>
<td>OMF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ONLY_FOR_COMPILER</td>
<td>ONLY_FOR_PLATFORM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OPENSSH_CHROOT</td>
<td>OPENSSH_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OPENSSH_USER</td>
<td>OPSYS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OPSYS_EMULDIR</td>
<td>OPSYS_VERSION</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OS</td>
<td>OSS_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OSX</td>
<td>OSX_TOLERATE_SDK_SKEW</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OS_VARIANT</td>
<td>OS_VERSION</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OTF_FONTS_DIR</td>
<td>OVERRIDE_DIRDEPTH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OVERRIDE_GEMSPEC</td>
<td>OVERRIDE_GNU_CONFIG_SCRIPTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OWN_DIRS</td>
<td>OWN_DIRS_PERMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P4GROUP</td>
<td>P4PORT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P4ROOT</td>
<td>P4USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PACKAGES</td>
<td>PALMOS_DEFAULT_SDK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PAMBASE</td>
<td>PAM_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PAPERSIZE</td>
<td>PASSIVE_FETCH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PATCHDIR</td>
<td>PATCHFILES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PATCH_ARGS</td>
<td>PATCH_DEBUG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PATCH_DIST_ARGS</td>
<td>PATCH_DIST_CAT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PATCH_DIST_STRIP</td>
<td>PATCH_FUZZ_FACTOR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PATCH_STRIP</td>
<td>PATH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PCCBASE</td>
<td>PEAR_CMD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PEAR_LIB</td>
<td>PEAR_PACKAGE_XML</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PERL5</td>
<td>PERL5_CONFIGURE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PERL5_CONFIGURE_DIRS</td>
<td>PERL5_LDFLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PERL5_LICENSE</td>
<td>PERL5_MODULE_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PERL5_PACKLIST</td>
<td>PERL5_PACKLIST_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PERL5_PERLBASE</td>
<td>PERL5_SITEBASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PERL5_USE_PACKLIST</td>
<td>PERL5_VENDORBASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PFCTL</td>
<td>PFVAR_H</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PF_VERSION</td>
<td>PGGROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PGHOME</td>
<td>PGPKGSRCDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PGSQL_TYPE</td>
<td>PGSQL_VERSION</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PGSQL_VERSIONS_ACCEPTED</td>
<td>PGSQL_VERSION_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PGUSER</td>
<td>PG_LIB_EXT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PHP</td>
<td>PHPCOMMON_MK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PHPPKGSRCDIR</td>
<td>PHP_BASE_VERS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PHP_CHECK_INSTALLED</td>
<td>PHP_EXTENSION_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PHP_INITIAL_TEENY</td>
<td>PHP_PKG_PREFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PHP_VERSION</td>
<td>PHP_VERSIONS_ACCEPTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PHP_VERSIONS_INCOMPATIBLE</td>
<td>PHP_VERSION_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PHP_VERSION_REQD</td>
<td>PILRC_USE_GTK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGCONFIG_BASE</td>
<td>PKGCONFIG_FILE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGCONFIG_OVERRIDE</td>
<td>PKGCONFIG_OVERRIDE_STAGE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGDIR</td>
<td>PKGGNUDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGINFODIR</td>
<td>PKGLOCALEDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGMANDIR</td>
<td>PKGNAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGNAME_REQD</td>
<td>PKGPATH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGREVISION</td>
<td>PKGSRC_BLAS_TYPES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_CHANGES</td>
<td>PKGSRC_COMPILER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_KEEP_BIN_PKGS</td>
<td>PKGSRC_LOCKTYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_MAKE_ENV</td>
<td>PKGSRC_MESSAGE_RECIPIENTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_MKPIE</td>
<td>PKGSRC_MKREPRO</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_OVERRIDE_MKPIE</td>
<td>PKGSRC_RUN_TEST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_SETENV</td>
<td>PKGSRC_SLEEPSECS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_TODO</td>
<td>PKGSRC_USE_CTF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_USE_FORTIFY</td>
<td>PKGSRC_USE_MKTOOLS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_USE_RELRO</td>
<td>PKGSRC_USE_SSP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGSRC_USE_STACK_CHECK</td>
<td>PKGTASKS_DATAFILE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKGTOOLS_ARGS</td>
<td>PKGTOOLS_ENV</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_ALTERNATIVES</td>
<td>PKG_APACHE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_APACHE_ACCEPTED</td>
<td>PKG_APACHE_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_BEST_EXISTS</td>
<td>PKG_BUILD_OPTIONS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_COMPRESSION</td>
<td>PKG_CONFIG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_CONFIG_PERMS</td>
<td>PKG_CREATE_USERGROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_DB_TMPDIR</td>
<td>PKG_DEBUG_LEVEL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_DEFAULT_OPTIONS</td>
<td>PKG_DESTDIR_SUPPORT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_DEVELOPER</td>
<td>PKG_DISABLED_OPTIONS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_FATAL_ERRORS</td>
<td>PKG_FC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_FILELIST_CMD</td>
<td>PKG_GECOS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_GID</td>
<td>PKG_GROUPS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_GROUPS_VARS</td>
<td>PKG_HOME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_INIT_SCRIPTS</td>
<td>PKG_JAVA_HOME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_JVM</td>
<td>PKG_JVMS_ACCEPTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_JVM_DEFAULT</td>
<td>PKG_LEGACY_OPTIONS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_LIBTOOL</td>
<td>PKG_MKSYMLINKS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_OPTIONS</td>
<td>PKG_OPTIONS_DEPRECATED_WARNINGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_OPTIONS_LEGACY_OPTS</td>
<td>PKG_OPTIONS_LEGACY_VARS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_OPTIONS_NONEMPTY_SETS</td>
<td>PKG_OPTIONS_OPTIONAL_GROUPS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_OPTIONS_REQUIRED_GROUPS</td>
<td>PKG_OPTIONS_VAR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_PHP</td>
<td>PKG_PHP_MAJOR_VERS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_PHP_VERSION</td>
<td>PKG_RCD_SCRIPTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_REFCOUNT_DBDIR</td>
<td>PKG_REGISTER_SHELLS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_RESUME_TRANSFERS</td>
<td>PKG_SHELL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_SUGGESTED_OPTIONS</td>
<td>PKG_SUPPORTED_OPTIONS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_SYSCONFBASE</td>
<td>PKG_SYSCONFBASEDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_SYSCONFDIR</td>
<td>PKG_SYSCONFDIR_PERMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_SYSCONFSUBDIR</td>
<td>PKG_SYSCONFVAR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_TOOLS_BIN</td>
<td>PKG_UID</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_UPDATE_FONTS_DB</td>
<td>PKG_USERS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PKG_USERS_VARS</td>
<td>PKG_VERBOSE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PLEASE</td>
<td>PLIST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PLIST_AWK</td>
<td>PLIST_AWK_ENV</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PLIST_SRC</td>
<td>PLIST_SUBST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PLIST_TYPE</td>
<td>PLIST_VARS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POPTOP_USE_MPPE</td>
<td>POSSIBLE_GFORTRAN_VERSION</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POST_FETCH_HOOK</td>
<td>PREFER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PREFER_NATIVE</td>
<td>PREFER_NATIVE_PTHREADS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PREFER_PKGSRC</td>
<td>PREFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PREPEND_PATH</td>
<td>PRE_ROOT_CMD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PRIVILEGED_STAGES</td>
<td>PS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PTHREAD_AUTO_VARS</td>
<td>PTHREAD_CFLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PTHREAD_LDFLAGS</td>
<td>PTHREAD_LIBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PTHREAD_OPTS</td>
<td>PTHREAD_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PVM_SSH</td>
<td>PYPKGPREFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PYTHON_FOR_BUILD_ONLY</td>
<td>PYTHON_SELF_CONFLICT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PYTHON_VERSIONED_DEPENDENCIES</td>
<td>PYTHON_VERSIONS_ACCEPTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PYTHON_VERSIONS_INCOMPATIBLE</td>
<td>PYTHON_VERSION_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PYTHON_VERSION_REQD</td>
<td>PYVERSSUFFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QMAILDIR</td>
<td>QMAIL_ALIAS_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QMAIL_DAEMON_USER</td>
<td>QMAIL_LOG_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QMAIL_NOFILES_GROUP</td>
<td>QMAIL_PASSWD_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QMAIL_QMAIL_GROUP</td>
<td>QMAIL_QUEUE_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QMAIL_QUEUE_EXTRA</td>
<td>QMAIL_QUEUE_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QMAIL_REMOTE_USER</td>
<td>QMAIL_ROOT_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QMAIL_SEND_USER</td>
<td>QORE_LATEST_MODULE_API</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QORE_MODULE_API</td>
<td>QORE_MODULE_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QORE_USER_MODULE_DIR</td>
<td>QORE_VERSION</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QPOPPER_FAC</td>
<td>QPOPPER_SPOOL_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QPOPPER_USER</td>
<td>RAKE_NAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RASMOL_DEPTH</td>
<td>RCD_SCRIPTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RCD_SCRIPTS_DIR</td>
<td>RCD_SCRIPTS_EXAMPLEDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RCD_SCRIPTS_MODE</td>
<td>RCD_SCRIPTS_SHELL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RCD_SCRIPT_SRC</td>
<td>RDOC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>READLINE_DEFAULT</td>
<td>READLINE_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REAL_ROOT_GROUP</td>
<td>REAL_ROOT_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RECURSIVE_MAKE</td>
<td>RELAY_CTRL_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RELRO_SUPPORTED</td>
<td>REPLACE_AWK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REPLACE_BASH</td>
<td>REPLACE_CSH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REPLACE_KSH</td>
<td>REPLACE_LUA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REPLACE_NODEJS</td>
<td>REPLACE_OCTAVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REPLACE_PERL</td>
<td>REPLACE_PERL6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REPLACE_PHP</td>
<td>REPLACE_PYTHON</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REPLACE_QORE</td>
<td>REPLACE_R</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REPLACE_RUBY</td>
<td>REPLACE_RUBY_DIRS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REPLACE_RUBY_PAT</td>
<td>REPLACE_SH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REPLACE_TEXLUA</td>
<td>REPLACE_WISH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REQD_DIRS</td>
<td>REQD_DIRS_PERMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REQD_FILES</td>
<td>REQD_FILES_MODE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>REQD_FILES_PERMS</td>
<td>RESOLV_AUTO_VARS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RESOLV_LDFLAGS</td>
<td>RESOLV_LIBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RM</td>
<td>ROOT_CMD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ROOT_GROUP</td>
<td>ROOT_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RPCGEN</td>
<td>RPM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RPM2PKG_PLIST</td>
<td>RPM2PKG_PREFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RPM2PKG_STAGE</td>
<td>RPM2PKG_STRIP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RPM2PKG_SUBPREFIX</td>
<td>RPMFILES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RPMIGNOREPATH</td>
<td>RPM_DB_PREFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RSSH_CVS_PATH</td>
<td>RSSH_RDIST_PATH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RSSH_RSYNC_PATH</td>
<td>RSSH_SCP_PATH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RSSH_SFTP_SERVER_PATH</td>
<td>RUBY</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBYGEM</td>
<td>RUBYGEM_NAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBYGEM_OPTIONS</td>
<td>RUBYGEM_VERBOSE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_ABI_VERSION</td>
<td>RUBY_ARCH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_ARCHINC</td>
<td>RUBY_ARCHLIB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_BASE</td>
<td>RUBY_BASERIDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_BUILD_DOCUMENT</td>
<td>RUBY_DLEXT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_DOC</td>
<td>RUBY_DYNAMIC_DIRS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_EG</td>
<td>RUBY_ENCODING_ARG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_EXTCONF</td>
<td>RUBY_EXTCONF_CHECK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_EXTCONF_DEBUG</td>
<td>RUBY_EXTCONF_MAKEFILE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_GEM_ARCH</td>
<td>RUBY_GEM_BASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_INC</td>
<td>RUBY_LIB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_LIB_BASE</td>
<td>RUBY_NAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_NOVERSION</td>
<td>RUBY_PKGPREFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_RAILS</td>
<td>RUBY_RAILS52_VERSION</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_RAILS60_VERSION</td>
<td>RUBY_RAILS61_VERSION</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_RAILS70_VERSION</td>
<td>RUBY_RAILS_ACCEPTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_RAILS_DEFAULT</td>
<td>RUBY_RAILS_REQD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_RAILS_STRICT_DEP</td>
<td>RUBY_RIDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_SETUP</td>
<td>RUBY_SHLIB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_SHLIBALIAS</td>
<td>RUBY_SHLIBVER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_SIMPLE_INSTALL</td>
<td>RUBY_SITEARCHLIB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_SITELIB</td>
<td>RUBY_SITELIB_BASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_SITERIDIR</td>
<td>RUBY_SLEXT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_SRCDIR</td>
<td>RUBY_STATICLIB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_SUFFIX</td>
<td>RUBY_SYSRIDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_USE_PTHREAD</td>
<td>RUBY_VENDORARCHLIB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_VENDORLIB</td>
<td>RUBY_VENDORLIB_BASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_VER</td>
<td>RUBY_VERSION</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_VERSIONS_ACCEPTED</td>
<td>RUBY_VERSIONS_INCOMPATIBLE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_VERSION_DEFAULT</td>
<td>RUBY_VERSION_REQD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUBY_VER_DIR</td>
<td>RUN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RUN_LDCONFIG</td>
<td>RUST_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SCO</td>
<td>SCREWS_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SCREWS_USER</td>
<td>SCRIPTS_ENV</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SCROLLKEEPER_DATADIR</td>
<td>SCROLLKEEPER_REBUILDDB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SCROLLKEEPER_UPDATEDB</td>
<td>SDIST_PAWD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SDL12_TYPE</td>
<td>SERIAL_DEVICES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SETGIDGAME</td>
<td>SETGID_GAMES_PERMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SETUID_ROOT_PERMS</td>
<td>SH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SHLIB</td>
<td>SIGN_PACKAGES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SILC_CLIENT_WITH_PERL</td>
<td>SITE_SPECIFIC_PKGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SKIP_DEPENDS</td>
<td>SMF_INSTANCES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMF_MANIFEST</td>
<td>SMF_METHODS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMF_METHOD_SHELL</td>
<td>SMF_METHOD_SRC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMF_NAME</td>
<td>SMF_PREFIX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMF_SRCDIR</td>
<td>SNIPROXY_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SNIPROXY_USER</td>
<td>SOURCE_BUFFSIZE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SPECIAL_PERMS</td>
<td>SPECIFIC_PKGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SSH_SUID</td>
<td>SSP_SUPPORTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SSYNC_PAWD</td>
<td>STEP_MSG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>STRIP</td>
<td>STRIP_DBG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>STRIP_DEBUG</td>
<td>STRIP_DEBUG_SUPPORTED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>STRIP_FILES_SKIP</td>
<td>SU</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SUBDIR</td>
<td>SUBST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SUBST_CLASSES</td>
<td>SUBST_FILES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SUBST_FILTER_CMD</td>
<td>SUBST_MESSAGE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SUBST_NOOP_OK</td>
<td>SUBST_SED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SUBST_SHOW_DIFF</td>
<td>SUBST_SKIP_TEXT_CHECK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SUBST_STAGE</td>
<td>SUBST_VARS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SUNWSPROBASE</td>
<td>SUSE_PREFER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SU_CMD</td>
<td>SYSCONFBASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TARGET_ARCH</td>
<td>TBL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TERMCAP_TYPE</td>
<td>TERMINFO_DEFAULT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TERMINFO_TYPE</td>
<td>TEST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TEST_DEPENDS</td>
<td>TEST_DIRS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TEST_ENV</td>
<td>TEST_ENV_SHELL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TEST_MAKE_CMD</td>
<td>TEST_MAKE_FLAGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TEST_TARGET</td>
<td>TEXLIVE_IGNORE_PATTERNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TEXLIVE_REV</td>
<td>TEXLIVE_UNVERSIONED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TEXMFSITE</td>
<td>TEX_FORMATS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TEX_HYPHEN_DAT</td>
<td>TEX_HYPHEN_DEF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TEX_TEXMF_DIRS</td>
<td>THTTPD_LOG_FACILITY</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TINYDYN_USER</td>
<td>TLSWRAPPER_CHROOT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TO</td>
<td>TOOLS_ALIASES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TOOLS_ALWAYS_WRAP</td>
<td>TOOLS_ARGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TOOLS_BROKEN</td>
<td>TOOLS_CMD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TOOLS_CMDLINE_SED</td>
<td>TOOLS_CREATE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TOOLS_CROSS_DESTDIR</td>
<td>TOOLS_DIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TOOLS_FAIL</td>
<td>TOOLS_GNU_MISSING</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TOOLS_LDCONFIG</td>
<td>TOOLS_NOOP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TOOLS_PATH</td>
<td>TOOLS_SCRIPT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TOOLS_USE_CROSS_COMPILE</td>
<td>TOOL_DEPENDS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TTF_FONTS_DIR</td>
<td>TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UAC_REQD_EXECS</td>
<td>UCSPI_SSL_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UCSPI_SSL_USER</td>
<td>UNLIMIT_RESOURCES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UNPRIVILEGED</td>
<td>UNPRIVILEGED_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UNPRIVILEGED_GROUPS</td>
<td>UNPRIVILEGED_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UNWRAP_FILES</td>
<td>UNWRAP_PATTERNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UPDATE_GEMSPEC</td>
<td>UPDATE_TARGET</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>URI</td>
<td>USERGROUP_PHASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USERPPP_GROUP</td>
<td>USER_SPECIFIC_PKGS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_ABI_DEPENDS</td>
<td>USE_APR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_BSD_MAKEFILE</td>
<td>USE_BUILTIN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_CROSS_COMPILE</td>
<td>USE_CURSES</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_CWRAPPERS</td>
<td>USE_DB185</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_FEATURES</td>
<td>USE_GAMESGROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_GCC_RUNTIME</td>
<td>USE_IMAKE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_JAVA</td>
<td>USE_JAVA2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_LANGUAGES</td>
<td>USE_LIBTOOL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_NATIVE_GCC</td>
<td>USE_NETBSD_REPO</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_PKGSRC_GCC</td>
<td>USE_PKGSRC_GCC_RUNTIME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_PKGTASKS</td>
<td>USE_PKG_ADMIN_DIGEST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_RUBY_EXTCONF</td>
<td>USE_RUBY_INSTALL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_RUBY_SETUP</td>
<td>USE_RUBY_SETUP_PKG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USE_TOOLS</td>
<td>UUCP_GROUP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UUCP_USER</td>
<td>VARBASE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VARNAME</td>
<td>VIM_EXTRA_OPTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WARNING_MSG</td>
<td>WCALC_CGIDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WCALC_CGIPATH</td>
<td>WCALC_HTMLDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WCALC_HTMLPATH</td>
<td>WDM_MANAGERS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WRAPPER_CC</td>
<td>WRAPPER_REORDER_CMDS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WRKDIR</td>
<td>WRKDIR_BASENAME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WRKDIR_LOCKTYPE</td>
<td>WRKLOG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WRKOBJDIR</td>
<td>WRKSRC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>X10_PORT</td>
<td>X11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>X11BASE</td>
<td>X11_PKGSRCDIR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>X11_TYPE</td>
<td>X509_CERTIFICATE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>X509_KEY</td>
<td>XAW_TYPE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>XLOCK_DEFAULT_MODE</td>
<td>XMKMF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>XMKMF_FLAGS</td>
<td>XXX</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>YES</td>
<td>ZSH_STATIC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>__stdc__</td>
<td>_vargroups</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>accept</td>
<td>acquire-localbase-lock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>acquire-lock</td>
<td>add</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>added</td>
<td>administrator</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>alloca</td>
<td>alternatives</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>aslr</td>
<td>asprintf</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>atlas</td>
<td>autoconf</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>automake</td>
<td>autoreconf</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>awk</td>
<td>bash</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>big-endian</td>
<td>bin-install</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bind</td>
<td>binpkg-list</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>blas</td>
<td>bootstrap-depends</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>broken</td>
<td>broken_on_platform</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bsd</td>
<td>bsd.prog.mk</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>build</td>
<td>build-env</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>buildlink-directories</td>
<td>buildlink-oss-soundcard-h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>c</td>
<td>c++</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ccache</td>
<td>cce</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cdefs</td>
<td>ceil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>changes</td>
<td>changes-entry</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>changes-entry-noupdate</td>
<td>check</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>check-clean</td>
<td>check-files</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>check-files-clean</td>
<td>check-vulnerable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>checksum</td>
<td>checksum-phase</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>clean</td>
<td>clean-depends</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cleandir</td>
<td>commit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>commit-changes-entry</td>
<td>compact</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>compiler</td>
<td>conf</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>config.guess</td>
<td>config.sub</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>configuration</td>
<td>configure</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>configure-env</td>
<td>configure-help</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>configure_args</td>
<td>connect</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cos</td>
<td>cputime</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>create-usergroup</td>
<td>csh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ctf</td>
<td>debug</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>declaration</td>
<td>declare</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>defined</td>
<td>depend</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dependencies</td>
<td>depends</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>depends-checksum</td>
<td>depends-fetch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>deps</td>
<td>describe</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>destdir</td>
<td>disable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>distclean</td>
<td>distinfo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dl</td>
<td>dlopen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>do-buildlink</td>
<td>do-clean</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>do-configure</td>
<td>do-configure-post-hook</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>do-extract</td>
<td>do-fetch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>do-install</td>
<td>emul</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>emul-distinfo</td>
<td>emul-fetch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>emulation</td>
<td>emulator</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>enable</td>
<td>endian</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>enomem</td>
<td>ensurepip</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>err</td>
<td>errx</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>etc</td>
<td>exp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>extract-rpm</td>
<td>fabs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>feature</td>
<td>features</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fetch</td>
<td>fetch-list</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>follows</td>
<td>forbids</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>form</td>
<td>format</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fortify</td>
<td>fortify_source</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>friend</td>
<td>fts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fts_close</td>
<td>fts_open</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fts_read</td>
<td>fts_set</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gcc</td>
<td>gethostbyaddr</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gethostbyname</td>
<td>gethostbyname2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>getopt_long</td>
<td>getprogname</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>getservbyname</td>
<td>getservbyport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>getservent</td>
<td>gettext</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>github</td>
<td>gitlab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>glob</td>
<td>gnu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gnu_configure_strict</td>
<td>go</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>go-deps</td>
<td>golang</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>guess-license</td>
<td>hashbang</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>heimdal</td>
<td>help</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>imake</td>
<td>increment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>indirect</td>
<td>inet_aton</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>interp</td>
<td>interpreter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>intl</td>
<td>ip4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ip6</td>
<td>ipv4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ipv6</td>
<td>iso</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>kerberos</td>
<td>krb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>krb5</td>
<td>ksh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>lapack</td>
<td>latex</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>libintl_bindtextdomain</td>
<td>libintl_gettext</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>libintl_textdomain</td>
<td>libnbcompat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>libs</td>
<td>libtool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>licence</td>
<td>license</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>lintl</td>
<td>little-endian</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>lock</td>
<td>locking</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>lua</td>
<td>lvalue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>make</td>
<td>makesum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>memory</td>
<td>meta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>meta-package</td>
<td>meta_package</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mit-krb5</td>
<td>mk.conf</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mkl</td>
<td>mount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>move</td>
<td>moved</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mprotect</td>
<td>mremap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>nb</td>
<td>nbcompat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>netlib</td>
<td>node</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>node.js</td>
<td>nodejs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>obstack</td>
<td>obstack_ptr_grow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>occurs</td>
<td>only</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>openblas</td>
<td>options</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>options.mk</td>
<td>order</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>override</td>
<td>override-intltool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>override-message-intltool</td>
<td>package</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>parallel</td>
<td>path</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pax</td>
<td>paxctl</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pbulk-index</td>
<td>pc</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>perl</td>
<td>perl5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>perms</td>
<td>php</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pkg-build-options</td>
<td>pkg-config</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pkg_build_options</td>
<td>platform</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>plist</td>
<td>post-extract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>post-fetch</td>
<td>post-wrapper</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pre-build-checks-hook</td>
<td>pre-configure</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pre-configure-checks-hook</td>
<td>pre-extract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pre-fetch</td>
<td>print-go-deps</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>print-plist</td>
<td>print-summary-data</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>privileged-install-hook</td>
<td>pypi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>python</td>
<td>r</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>readme-all</td>
<td>recursive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>recv</td>
<td>recvfrom</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>regcomp</td>
<td>release-localbase-lock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>release-lock</td>
<td>relro</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>remove</td>
<td>removed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>rename</td>
<td>renamed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>reorder</td>
<td>replace</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>replace_interpreter</td>
<td>reproducible</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>resolv</td>
<td>root</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ruby</td>
<td>send</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sendfile</td>
<td>sendto</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>setenv</td>
<td>setgid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>setprogname</td>
<td>setuid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sh</td>
<td>shebang</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>show</td>
<td>show-all</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>show-build-defs</td>
<td>show-depends</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>show-depends-dirs</td>
<td>show-depends-pkgpaths</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>show-depends-recursive</td>
<td>show-deps</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>show-distfiles</td>
<td>show-downlevel</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>show-subdir-var</td>
<td>show-tools</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>show-var</td>
<td>show-vars</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>snprintf</td>
<td>socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ssp</td>
<td>st_mode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>stage-install</td>
<td>strcasestr</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>strict</td>
<td>strip</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>strndup</td>
<td>strnlen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>strsep</td>
<td>subst</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>substitutions</td>
<td>sun</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sunpro</td>
<td>sunwspro</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>symlink</td>
<td>test</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>test-env</td>
<td>tex</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>texlive</td>
<td>tmp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>todo</td>
<td>tool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tools</td>
<td>tools-libtool-m4-override</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>transitive</td>
<td>type</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ulimit</td>
<td>undefined</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>undo-replace</td>
<td>unlimit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unprivileged</td>
<td>unprivileged-install-hook</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unstripped</td>
<td>update</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>updated</td>
<td>upload</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>upload-distfiles</td>
<td>use_tools</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>user</td>
<td>utimes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>vasprintf</td>
<td>verbose</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>vsnprintf</td>
<td>warn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>warning</td>
<td>warnings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>warnx</td>
<td>wattr_off</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>wattr_on</td>
<td>work</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>wrapper</td>
<td>wrkdir</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="editing"></a>Appendix F. Editing guidelines for the pkgsrc guide</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#targets">F.1. Make targets</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#procedure">F.2. Procedure</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This section contains information on editing the pkgsrc
	guide itself.</p>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="targets"></a>F.1. Make targets</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The pkgsrc guide's source code is stored in
	<code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/guide/files</code>, and several files
	are created from it:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.html</code></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/" target="_top">https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/</a></p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/pkgsrc.pdf" target="_top">https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/pkgsrc.pdf</a>:
	The PDF version of the pkgsrc guide.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p><a class="ulink" href="https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/pkgsrc.ps" target="_top">https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/pkgsrc.ps</a>:
	PostScript version of the pkgsrc guide.</p></li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="procedure"></a>F.2. Procedure</h2></div></div></div>
<p>The procedure to edit the pkgsrc guide is:</p>
<div class="procedure"><ol class="procedure" type="1">
<li class="step"><p>Make sure you have checked out the htdocs repository
	into a sibling directory of your pkgsrc directory.  You will need
	the ability to commit from both pkgsrc and htdocs.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Make sure you have the packages needed to
	regenerate the pkgsrc guide (and other XML-based NetBSD
	documentation) installed. These are automatically installed when
	you install the <a href="https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/meta-pkgs/pkgsrc-guide-tools/index.html" target="_top"><code class="filename">meta-pkgs/pkgsrc-guide-tools</code></a> package.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Run <span class="command"><strong>cd doc/guide</strong></span> to get to the
	right directory. All further steps will take place
	here.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Edit the XML file(s) in
	<code class="filename">files/</code>.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Run <span class="command"><strong>bmake</strong></span> to check the pkgsrc
	guide for valid XML and to build the final output files. If you
	get any errors at this stage, you can just edit the files, as
	there are only symbolic links in the working directory, pointing
	to the files in <code class="filename">files/</code>.</p></li>
<li class="step"><p><span class="command"><strong>(cd files &amp;&amp; cvs
	commit)</strong></span></p></li>
<li class="step"><p>Run <span class="command"><strong>bmake clean &amp;&amp; bmake</strong></span> to
	regenerate the output files with the proper RCS
	Ids.</p></li>
<li class="step">
<p>Run <span class="command"><strong>bmake regen</strong></span> to install and
	commit the files in both <code class="filename">pkgsrc/doc</code> and
	<code class="filename">htdocs</code>.</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>If you have added, removed or renamed some chapters,
	you need to synchronize them using <span class="command"><strong>cvs add</strong></span> or
	<span class="command"><strong>cvs delete</strong></span> in the htdocs
	directory.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
</div>
</div></body>
</html>
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