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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
Copyright (c) 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
endorse or promote products derived from this software without
specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
]>
<refentry id='passwd.5'>
<!-- $Id: passwd.5.xml 3742 2012-05-25 11:45:21Z nekral-guest $ -->
<refentryinfo>
<author>
<firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
<surname>Haugh</surname>
<contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>Thomas</firstname>
<surname>Kłoczko</surname>
<email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
<contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
<surname>François</surname>
<email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
<contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
</author>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv id='name'>
<refname>passwd</refname>
<refpurpose>the password file</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsect1 id='description'>
<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
<para>
<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each
user account, with seven fields delimited by colons
(<quote>:</quote>).
These fields are:
</para>
<itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
<listitem>
<para>login name</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>optional encrypted password</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>numerical user ID</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>numerical group ID</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>user name or comment field</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>user home directory</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>optional user command interpreter</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
The encrypted password field may be blank, in which case no password
is required to authenticate as the specified login name. However,
some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file
may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the
<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank. If the
<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>,
then the encrypted password is actually stored in the
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file instead; there
<emphasis>must</emphasis> be a corresponding line in the
<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the user account is invalid.
If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is any other string, then
it will be treated as an encrypted password, as specified by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
<para>
The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
<para>
The home directory field provides the name of the initial working
directory. The <command>login</command> program uses this information
to set the value of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable.
</para>
<para>
The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command
language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute.
The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the
value of the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this
field is empty, it defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id='files'>
<title>FILES</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>User account information.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>optional encrypted password file</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/etc/passwd-</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>Backup file for /etc/passwd.</para>
<para>
Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow
toolsuite, but not by all user and password management tools.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id='see_also'>
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
<para>
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>.
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
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